geography final exam

Which of the following is not factored when considering discharge? A) channel length B) channel width C) channel depth D) velocity

A) channel length

The zone where accumulation balances ablation is known as the A) equilibrium line. B) medial moraine. C) snowline. D) crevasses

A) equilibrium line.

High tides are known as ________ whereas low tides are kown as ________. A) flood tides; ebb tides B) ebb tides; flood tides C) spring tides; neap tides D) neap tides; spring tides

A) flood tides; ebb tides

Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed A) fluvial. B) geomorphic. C) lemnetic D) lotic

A) fluvial.

The branch of soil science that deals with the origin, classification, distribution, and description of soils is known as A) pedology. B) edaphology. C) geology. D) geomorphology

A) pedology.

A central peak, such as a volcanic mountain, generally produces a ________ drainage pattern. A) radial B) trellis C) parallel D) annular

A) radial

The cation-exchange capacity is related to A) the ability of soils to capture nutrients B) the ability of soils to remain moist C) clay and organic-rich soils D) A and B E) parent material

A) the ability of soils to capture nutrients

An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a A) tsunami. B) tidal wave. C) slow-moving giant swell. D) wave in the open ocean of great height

A) tsunami.

Salinization is likely to occur A. in the tropics B. in areas of high potential evapotranspiration and low actual evapotranspiration C. in humid climate regions D. in areas characterized by sandy soils and coniferous forest

B. in areas of high potential evapotranspiration and low actual evapotranspiration

The bulk of ice on Earth is in A) North America, specifically Alaska. B) European and Asian mountain ranges. C) Greenland and Antarctica. D) floating ice shelves and packs.

C) Greenland and Antarctica.

The process that breaks down rock at the Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as A) erosion. B) mass movement. C) landmass denudation. D) weathering.

D) weathering.

As a stream velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last? A. gravel B. sand C. silt D. clay

D. clay

When two valley glaciers join together, they form a _______ at the point at which they merge. A. terminal moraine B. till plain C. recessional moraine D. medial moraine

D. medial moraine

Soil structure can be defined as which of the following? A) crumb or granular B) platy C) blocky D) prismatic E) crumb or granular, platy, blocky, or prismatic are all type of soil structure

E) crumb or granular, platy, blocky, or prismatic are all type of soil structure

Which of the following is not correct regarding tides? A) They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun. B) They are complex twice daily oscillations in sea level. C) They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. D) They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude.

A) They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to A) a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape. B) a theory involving the cyclic or evolutionary development of a landscape. C) a sequential development of landforms. D) an important concept first stated by William Morris Davis.

A) a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape.

All of the following are related to glacial erosion except A) ablation. B) abrasion. C) plucking. D) erratics.

A) ablation.

Alpine glaciers include all of the following except A) an ice cap. B) a piedmont glacier. C) a cirque glacier. D) a valley glacier

A) an ice cap.

Seawater with less than 35‰ is termed A) brackish. B) brine. C) metahaline. D) freshwater

A) brackish.

Karst topography is formed primarily by A) carbonation and solution. B) mass wasting processes. C) oxidation and hydrolysis. D) exfoliation and hydration.

A) carbonation and solution.

The organic rich horizon found at the top of the soil profile is the ________ horizon. A) A B) O C) E D) B E) C

B) O

Which of the following is true about seawater? A) Seawater is pure water (H20). B) Seawater is a solution. C) The chemical composition of seawater has great spatial variability. D) The salinity of seawater is negligible.

B) Seawater is a solution.

Excess sediment may result in which of the following channel patterns? A) V-shaped valleys B) braided stream C) meandering stream D) straight, steep-walled channels

B) braided stream

The phenomenon of desert expansion along the margins of semiarid and arid lands is known as A) deflation. B) desertification. C) erosion. D) permeability.

B) desertification.

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process? A) exfoliation B) hydrolysis C) salt crystal growth D) frost wedging

B) hydrolysis

An extensive, continuous mass of ice covering a continental scale is known as a(n) A) tidal glacier. B) ice sheet. C) piedmont glacier. D) tidewater glacier.

B) ice sheet.

Areas with heavy freshwater runoff and low evaporation will have ________ average salinity. A) higher than B) lower than C) approximately the

B) lower than

Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes. A) chemical B) physical C) biological D) both biological and physical

B) physical

Inclined surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms are known as A) catchment. B) slopes. C) free face. D) regolith.

B) slopes.

In which of the following areas would one likely find Oxisols? A) higher latitudes, especially areas dominated by permafrost B) tropical regions C) in mountainous areas with steep slopes D) primarily in grasslands

B) tropical regions

The area of land from which all water in it drains into the same place is known as a(n) A) interfluve. B) watershed. C) drainage divide. D) fluvial units

B) watershed.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding the littoral zone? A) It spans both land and water. B) Landward, it extends to the highest waterline reached on shore during a storm. C) In general usage, it only includes the foreshore area of coastal environments. D) Seaward it extends to where water is too deep for storm waves to move sediments

C) In general usage, it only includes the foreshore area of coastal environments.

Partially compacted snow that is an intermediate between snow and ice is called a(n) A) firn. B) glacier. C) moraine. D) snowline.

C) a glacier.

Drainage density refers to A) the thickness of the water in the stream. B) the number of channels in an area. C) a measure determined by dividing the length of all the channels by the area of its drainage basin. D) the arrangement of channels in a given area

C) a measure determined by dividing the length of all the channels by the area of its drainage basin.

The term periglacial refers to A) areas that are on top of a glacier. B) regions that are too warm for ground ice. C) cold climate processes along the margins of glaciers. D) process and effects that existed during the last ice age.

C) cold climate processes along the margins of glaciers.

The general term for all glacial deposits is A) alluvium. B) erg. C) glacial drift. D) talus.

C) glacial drift.

The drop in stream elevation per unit distance is known as A) discharge. B) base level. C) gradient. D) aspect.

C) gradient.

Which of the following is not a denudation process? A) weathering B) erosion C) orogeny D) mass movement

C) orogeny

Which of the following is not a class of mass movement? A) fall B) slide C) slip D) flow E) creep

C) slip

The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is A) geology. B) geography. C) geomorphology. D) environmental chemistry.

C)geomorphology

Organic soils that form in wet locations are A. alfisols B. mollisols C. histosols D. entisols E. ultisols

C. histosols

Which of the following is correct regarding the soil physical property of soil? A) Dark soils always indicate high organic content. B) Despite the importance of color in describing soils, there is no standard methods for standardized descriptions. C) Soil color is used solely to determine the moisture content of soil—darker soils have a higher moisture content, whereas lighter soils have less water content. D) Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil.

D) Color reflects composition and chemical makeup of a soil.

Coral formations A) tend to occur poleward of 30° latitude. B) survive in a broad ecological range because they are tolerant of temperature, salinity, and depth variation. C) require water that is high in sediment concentration. D) are made of animals living symbiotically with simple algae.

D) are made of animals living symbiotically with simple algae.

Which of the following is an example of a coastal wetland? A) playa lake B) mangrove swamp C) saltwater marsh D) both mangrove swamp and saltwater marsh E) playa lake, mangrove swamp, and saltwater marsh

D) both mangrove swamp and saltwater marsh

A roughly equal mix of sand, silt, and clay is called A) humus. B) regolith. C) solum. D) loam.

D) loam.

Alluvial fans are formed as flowing water ________ as it leaves a constricted channel. A) gains velocity B) changes direction C) down cuts D) loses velocity

D) loses velocity

Factors influencing the weathering process include A) the climate of an area. B) rock composition and structure. C) the amount of vegetation in an area. D) rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation. E) only the climate of an area and rock composition.

D) rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation.

) Stream transport involves all of the following except A) saltation. B) bed load. C) traction. D) sheet flow

D) sheet flow

Which of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform? A) wave-built terrace B) barrier spit C) bay barrier D) wave-cut platform

D) wave-cut platform