geography part two

Two different climates have the same amount of precipitation, but one has higher temperatures than the other. Which one has more runoff? Why?

The warmest one has less runoff because it has more evapotranspiration

POTET never exceeds ACTET.`

FALSE

Trees in rainforests can have a substantial impact on weather

TRUE

Discharge would be measured in which of the following units? A) 4 meters B) 4 cubic meters C) 4 square meters D) 4 cubic meters per second

4 cubic meters per second

Which of the following measurements would be a correct way to report runoff? A) 30 centimeters per second B) 30 centimeters C) 30 square centimeters D) 30 cubic centimeters per meter

30 cubic centimeters per meter

What is the difference between a renewable and a nonrenewable resource?

A renewable resource regenerates itself naturally if used carefully; a nonrenewable resource is not naturally regenerated (or is regenerated at rates that are much slower than any reasonable rate of use).

Which of the following is true? A) Humid tropical soils are resistant to weathering. B) Arid region soils are high in soluble materials. C) Midlatitude humid soils are oxisols and ultisols. D) Midlatitude subhumid soils include mollisols.

Arid region soils are high in soluble materials.

Would one expect to find more soluble materials in the soil of an arid region or the soil of a humid region? Why?

Arid region soils contain more soluble minerals because water has not removed them.

________ is the world's second largest commercial fuel source. A) Oil B) Uranium C) Natural gas D) Coal E) Running water

Coal

The CO2 content of the atmosphere as measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii is highest in spring and lowest in autumn. Explain this seasonal pattern.

During the summer carbon is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and stored in biomass. During the winter respiration is greater than photosynthesis and carbon is returned to the atmosphere.

Hydrothermal energy comes from A) Earth's internal heat in volcanic areas. B) Earth's wind power from natural movements of water and air. C) the sun. D) the force of running surface water.

Earth's internal heat in volcanic areas.

) Hydroelectric power offers great potential as a future energy source in the United States.

FALSE

) Sustained yield management for forests is more prevalent in developing countries than in developed countries.

FALSE

About half the world's forests are protected from cutting.

FALSE

Acid deposition is minor in the American Midwest.

FALSE

Bacteria and fungi are the primary producers in food chains. Answer:

FALSE

Coniferous forests are the dominant vegetation type in the tundra biome

FALSE

Deforestation is most rapid in North America.

FALSE

Deforestation is the major cause of the increase in atmospheric CO2 content.

FALSE

Desertification is usually accompanied by decreased erosion.

FALSE

Evapotranspiration has no significant effect on the hydrologic cycle.

FALSE

Hydroelectric power provides 15% of the total commercial energy production in the United States.

FALSE

It is usually easy for scientists to measure soil fertility.

FALSE

Oil prices in 2000 were the lowest they had been in nearly two decades.

FALSE

Recycling has become so important in the United States that 80 to 85 percent of all municipal wastes are recycled.

FALSE

Respiration is a process whereby carbohydrates and water are converted to oxygen and carbon dioxide.

FALSE

There is no proven relationship between acid rain and the burning of coal for energy production.

FALSE

Which country relies on nuclear energy for over 70 percent of its electricity? A) France B) Belgium C) South Korea D) Taiwan E) the United States

France

Name the natural vegetation type one would expect to find in each of the following climates: Humid tropical climate Seasonally dry tropical climate Humid mid-latitude climate Mid-latitude semiarid climate

Humid tropical climate: tropical rainforest Seasonally dry tropical climate: tropical savanna Humid mid-latitude climate: broadleaf deciduous forest Mid-latitude semiarid climate: grassland or prairie

Which of the following is NOT true of oil? A) When burned it is actually releasing stored solar energy. B) It is deposited next to coal. C) It was created over millions of years and is still being created. D) It is a nonrenewable resource from the human perspective

It is deposited next to coal.

) Rank the following in order of decreasing volume of water in storage at any given time: glaciers ________ oceans ________ rivers ________ underground water ________

Oceans; glaciers; underground water; rivers

What is meant by the term "nonpoint pollution"? Give examples.

Pollution that does not come from a defined site such as a pipe or a smokestack; examples of nonpoint water pollution include agricultural runoff, and urban runoff; windblown dust is an example of nonpoint air pollution.

Which of the following is true? A) Precipitation and evapotranspiration are approximately equal over land areas. B) Precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration over land areas. C) Precipitation is less than evapotranspiration over land areas. D) Precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration over ocean areas.

Precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration over land areas.

48) Areas of humid tropical climate generally have higher net primary productivity than areas of semiarid climate.

TRUE

Biomagnification is a process by which pollutant concentrations increase as food is passed up the food chain from lower trophic levels to higher ones

TRUE

China is the world's largest consumer of coal

TRUE

Fossil fuels possess energy that is ultimately traced back to the sun.

TRUE

High prices for petroleum stimulated new worldwide exploration.

TRUE

Hydrocarbon emissions are a major contributor to smog formation.

TRUE

In California chaparral country, the longer a given region goes without a fire, the more likely the next fire will be large and destructive.

TRUE

In an arid climate actual evapotranspiration exceeds potential evapotranspiration.

TRUE

In mid-latitude climates potential evapotranspiration is higher in the warm season than in the cool season.

TRUE

In most soils the O and A horizons contain more organic matter than the B and C horizons.

TRUE

Large carnivores are not necessary for the maintenance of a food chain.

TRUE

Most of the solid waste generated in the United States is deposited in landfills.

TRUE

Oil shales and tar sands contain trillions of barrels of oil that are chemically locked in the formations.

TRUE

On average the amount of precipitation on land areas is greater than the amount of evapotranspiration from those areas.

TRUE

One hundred years ago in the United States, wetlands were generally considered to be wastelands that should be eliminated.

TRUE

Since 1973 OPEC has used its control of oil as a political weapon in world affairs.

TRUE

Soils in mountainous regions generally show less-developed horizons than soils in areas of gentle slopes.

TRUE

Summer has been coming earlier to the southern portion of Hudson Bay.

TRUE

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has enjoyed unique success in maintaining high prices for its product, despite the fact that in a completely free world market, petroleum would be inexpensive.

TRUE

The United States has enough coal to last more than 150 years at present rates of consumption.

TRUE

The price of a mineral fluctuates according to the factors of supply, of demand, and according to the perception of future supplies and demands.

TRUE

The world "reserves," when used in the context of amounts of minerals that can be recovered for use, is an economic term, not a geographical or geological term.

TRUE

The worst air pollution problems in the world are in the developed countries.

TRUE

Transportation is the major source of pollutants that cause photochemical smog.

TRUE

What is sustained yield forestry?

The number of trees harvested does not exceed those replaced by new growth.

Applying the principal of supply and demand, which of the following is likely to be true of wheat in Saudi Arabia? A) The demand will be high and the price will be low. B) The supply and price will be high. C) The price will be low; therefore, the demand will be greater. D) The supply will be low and the price high.

The supply will be low and the price high.

The leading consumer and polluter of water in the United States is A) industry. B) agriculture. C) household use. D) municipalities.

agriculture

Which of the following is NOT true of non-point source pollutants? A) They come from a large, diffuse area. B) They are easier to control than point sources. C) They include fertilizer washed from a field. D) They usually pollute in greater quantities than point sources.

They are easier to control than point sources.

Which of the following is NOT true of developed countries? A) They comprise about one-fourth of the world's population. B) They possess nearly 90 percent of the world's coal. C) They contain nearly 80 percent of the world's oil reserves. D) They contain nearly 40 percent of the world's natural gas.

They contain nearly 80 percent of the world's oil reserves.

A group of countries that agree to control the market by limiting production in order to drive up prices is A) a cartel. B) a world bank. C) an ITCZ. D) an ecumene.``

a cartel

Photovoltaic electric production A) is a direct conversion of solar energy to electricity, such as in solar-powered calculators. B) is heat collected directly from sunshine. C) is a result of the heat absorbed by collectors, such as those on rooftops. D) is carried in water or other liquids to places where it is needed.

a direct conversion of solar energy to electricity, such as in solar-powered calculators.

) Evapotranspiration occurs faster with A) windy conditions. B) warm conditions. C) dry conditions. D) all of the above

all of the above

3) Soil A) is a mixture of mineral particles, organic materials, water, and air. B) is formed through a combination of physical, chemical, and biologic processes. C) is locally variable. D) all of the above

all of the above

5) Water constantly circulates through the A) lithosphere. B) biosphere. C) atmosphere. D) all of the above

all of the above

A soil's infiltration capacity A) has little effect on POTET. B) typically increases when dense vegetation is present at ground level. C) is a measure of how much sunlight a given type of soil can absorb. D) all of the above

all of the above

In what form are nutrients available in soil? A) dissolved in soil water B) part of organic matter C) attached to surfaces of mineral grains and in crystalline structure of minerals D) all of the above

all of the above

A newly discovered conventional oil reserve is most likely to be found A) beneath the sea floor. B) in the Middle East. C) in Texas. D) in the Appalachian Mountains.

beneath the sea floor.

A large region of Earth's surface characterized by particular plant and animal types is a(n) A) biome. B) ecosystem. C) biosphere. D) biomass.

biome

4) The thin layer of living things, of which we are an inseparable part, is the A) lithosphere. B) hydrosphere. C) biosphere. D) troposphere

biosphere

1) Atmospheric ________ is absorbed by the biosphere during photosynthesis, stored in living organisms and in the soil, and released through respiration. A) water B) carbon C) nitrogen D) hydrogen

carbon

Meat eating animals are known as A) herbivores. B) carnivores. C) detrivores. D) all of the above

carnivores

What forms in swampy areas, rich in plants? A) coal B) oil C) wood D) solar energy

coal

Terrestrial biomes reflect two especially visible features: A) soil and vegetation type. B) climate and vegetation type. C) terrain and climate type. D) none of the above

climate and vegetation type.

For electric generation in the United States, the main energy resource is A) coal. B) oil and natural gas. C) wood. D) solar energy.

coal

Sulfur oxides are a major component of acid rain; they come primarily from the burning of A) coal. B) oil. C) natural gas. D) wood

coal

The United States is the leading producer of A) natural gas. B) coal. C) oil. D) all fossil fuels

coal

OPEC A) consists of Middle Eastern countries only. B) recycling. C) landfills. D) incineration.

consists of Middle Eastern countries only.

7) Small organisms that digest and recycle dead plants and animals are A) producers. B) consumers. C) decomposers. D) herbivores.

decomposers

California chaparral A) have no known ecological equivalent any where else in the world. B) are heavily shaded by large trees with deep root systems. C) developed over time to accommodate frequent fires. D) all of the above

developed over time to accommodate frequent fires

The presence in water of which of the following indicates the health of a stream or lake? A) chlorofluorocarbons B) hydrocarbons C) sulfur dioxide D) dissolved oxygen concentrations

dissolved oxygen concentrations

6) An interrelated collection of plants and animals and the physical environment with which they react is a(n) A) biome. B) ecosystem. C) biomass. D) biosphere.

ecosystem

North America and Europe account for nearly three-fourths of the world's A) oil production. B) energy consumption. C) population. D) all of the above

energy consumption.

Water A) is not a very good solvent. B) exists in three different states on Earth. C) requires very little energy to change from one state to another. D) is less abundant on Earth than on Venus.

exists in three different states on Earth.

The Three Gorges Dam project A) is not expected to generate much electricity. B) is relatively small in comparison to hydroelectric projects in the United States and Canada. C) has had little, if any, help from international lending agencies. D) all of the above

has had little, if any, help from international lending agencies.

Evapotranspiration A) includes the processes of plants. B) takes water vapor from the atmosphere and stores it in the soil. C) decreases immensely in the summer. D) none of the above

includes the processes of plants.

What areas have highly weathered soils due to leaching and are usually oxidized? A) humid tropical and subtropical B) arid C) mid-latitude humid D) mid-latitude subhumid

humid tropical and subtropical

Smog, the product of NOX, sunlight, and ________, is created by chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere. A) carbon monoxide B) sulfur oxides C) hydrocarbons D) particulates

hydrocarbons

Which of the following is a renewable resource? A) gas B) hydroelectric power C) coal D) plutonium

hydroelectric power

Of the four spheres, this one is most important for linking the four together. A) hydrosphere B) lithosphere C) atmosphere D) biosphere

hydrosphere

) If soil is bare or compact, A) more water is stored than normal. B) runoff decreases. C) infiltration is poor. D) all of the above

infiltration is poor

The carbon cycle A) exists independently of the oxygen cycle. B) involves photosynthesis, but not respiration. C) takes place primarily in the lithosphere. D) is dependent upon the sun's energy

is dependent upon the sun's energy

Which biome includes the eastern United States and much of China? A) mid-latitude broadleaf deciduous forest B) tropical rainforest C) needleleaf forest D) temperate rainforest

mid-latitude broadleaf deciduous forest

The eastern United States falls under which of the following terrestrial biomes? A) midlatitude grasslands B) temperate rain forest C) midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest D) needleleaf forest

midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest

The most common energy source for home use in the United States, especially for heat and hot water, is A) coal. B) natural gas. C) wood. D) solar energy

natural gas.

Renewable energy sources include all of the following except ________ power. A) hydroelectric B) solar C) tidal D) nuclear E) wind

nuclear

) Most of the world's ________ reserves are found in Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and Venezuela. A) natural gas B) coal C) oil D) fossil fuel

oil

Organisms that eat both plants and animals are known as A) herbivores. B) carnivores. C) detrivores. D) omnivores

omnivores

Which of the following is not a common method of disposing of solid waste? A) oceanic submergence B) recycling C) landfills D) incinerati

oceanic submergence

Almost all plastics are made from A) petrochemicals. B) metal alloys. C) wood. D) vegetable fibers. E) none of the above

petrochemicals

The world's principal source of commercial energy is A) coal. B) petroleum. C) wind. D) nuclear. E) natural gas.

petroleum

Which of the following would be considered a primary producer in a typical food chain? A) carnivore B) herbivore C) plant D) bacteria

plant

Which of the following would be logical sequential steps for a drop of water in the hydrologic cycle? A) runoff, precipitation, evapotranspiration, storage B) precipitation, runoff, storage, evapotranspiration C) storage, evapotranspiration, runoff, precipitation D) evapotranspiration, storage, runoff, precipitation

precipitation, runoff, storage, evapotranspiration

Deforestation (cutting and burning) is known to cause A) long-term storage of carbon in the soil. B) relatively large amounts of carbon to enter the atmosphere. C) a decrease of carbon in the atmosphere. D) both A and B

relatively large amounts of carbon to enter the atmosphere.

Which of the following components constitute the greatest portion of the soil? A) humus B) air C) rocks and rock particles D) dissolved substances

rocks and rock particles

) In drier areas, such as central Asia, the biome called short-grass prairie is also known as A) tundra. B) savanna. C) steppe. D) boreal.

steppe

Which of the following is important in stabilizing resource prices and limiting problems caused by resource scarcity? A) nonrenewable resources B) source separation C) substitutability D) potential resources

substitutability

Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and ________ combine with water and fall to Earth as acid rain. A) carbon monoxide B) sulfur dioxides C) hydrocarbons D) particulates

sulfur dioxides

In the United States when would you expect the worst pollution problems? A) winter B) spring C) summer D) at night

summer

A strategy that can maintain the productivity of a resource even as it is being used is A) sustained yield management. B) incineration. C) source separation. D) all of the above

sustained yield management.

2) Photosynthesis A) takes place in green plants. B) requires argon. C) does not occur in bright sunlight. D) occurs independently of the atmosphere.

takes place in green plants.

Through the 1980s the world's biggest producer of petroleum was A) the Soviet Union. B) the United States. C) Saudi Arabia. D) the United Arab Emirates. E) Iraq.

the Soviet Union.

Most of the forest land that has disappeared from Earth over the last few centuries was due to A) forest fires. B) logging. C) various plant diseases. D) the spread of agriculture.

the spread of agriculture.

Average streamflow can be calculated from ________ for a drainage basin. A) evapotranspiration B) the water budget C) runoff D) the carrying capacity

the water budget

Which of the following determine soil properties? A) parent materials and biological activity B) climate and time C) topography D) all of the above

topography

Which highly diverse biome is dominated by tall, broad-leafed trees that retain their leaves all year? A) mid-latitude broadleaf deciduous forest B) tropical rainforest C) needleleaf forest D) temperate rainforest

tropical rainforest

Soils with high infiltration capacities produce less runoff than soils with low infiltration capacities

true

The only substance that can exist as a gas, liquid, and solid at common Earth temperatures is A) carbon. B) nitrogen. C) water. D) oxygen.

water

Which of the following is NOT a nonrenewable resource? A) oil B) iron ore C) gold D) water`

water

List five important uses of forest resources that do not require harvesting trees.

watershed; recreation; wildlife habitat; carbon storage; grazing; native tree crops

In most developing countries the largest proportion of energy is supplied through A) coal. B) oil. C) wood. D) solar energy.

wood