Geol HW 1

Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element? Select one: a. The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons. b. The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons. c. The atoms have different numbers of electrons but the same number of neutrons. d. The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons.

A

*What is diagenesis?

The textural, compositional, and other changes that occur to sediments after deposition

*The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years.

4.6 Billion

A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that ________. Select one: a. gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine b. olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold c. gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon d. gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz

A

All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________. Select one: a. assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation b. the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts c. development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses d. the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement

A

The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior. Select one: a. outer core b. mantle c. inner core d. lithosphere

A

What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology? Select one: a. Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface. b. Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past. c. Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past. d. None of the abovephysical geology and historical geology are essentially the same.

A

What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles? Select one: a. electrons b. neutrons c. protons d. uranium nuclei

A

What is the name of dark-colored mica? Select one: a. biotite b. calcite c. olivine d. quartz

A

All of the following provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earth's interior except for ________. Select one: a. slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now exposed at Earth's surface b. comets c. diamond-bearing rocks d. meteorites

B

Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)? Select one: a. diamond b. quartz c. calcite d. olivine

B

*What is the most abundant igneous rock making up the crust of the seafloor ______

Basalt

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? Select one: a. chlorine b. sodium c. oxygen d. carbon

C

*Shale is formed by lithification of _______ size clastic particles

Mud

*What was the name that Wegener used for the supercontinent at the end of the Paleozoic

Pangaea

*Which of the following is a common cementing agent for sandstones

Quartz

*Detrital sedimentary rocks are primarily classified (named) based on the ______ of the grains

Size

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? Select one: a. silicates b. carbonates c. sulfides d. chlorides

A

Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? Select one: a. In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains. b. A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles. c. A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks. d. A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.

A

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? Select one: a. clays b. pyroxenes c. feldspars d. carbonates

A

________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments. Select one: a. Weathering b. Metamorphism c. Subduction d. Lithification

A

How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding? Select one: a. They are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move. b. They can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral. c. They move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions. d. They react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells.

B

The continental shelf is located ________. Select one: a. seaward of the continental slope b. landward of the continental slope c. between the continental rise and the abyssal plains d. between the continental slope and continental rise

B

Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? Select one: a. talc b. halite c. diamond d. olivine

B

Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates? Select one: a. They contain magnetite and ferroite and they are clear to light green. b. They are black to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium. c. They contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters. d. They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrium.

B

Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica? Select one: a. augite b. muscovite c. olivine d. orthoclase

B

Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric? Select one: a. quartz b. calcite c. diamond d. talc

B

________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. Select one: a. Primary b. Igneous c. Indigenous d. Sedimentary

B

A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. Select one: a. hypothesis b. law c. theory d. generalization

C

What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? Select one: a. native gold b. muscovite c. diamond d. silicate

C

Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate? Select one: a. orthoclase b. quartz c. hornblende d. muscovite

C

Which the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles? Select one: a. neutrons b. isotrons c. protons d. electrons

C

________ was an important 18th-century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism. Select one: a. James Ussher b. Isaac Newton c. James Hutton d. Charles Lyell

C

*Which type of limestone consists mainly of tiny, marine fossils composed of calcite?

Chalk

*Which type of volcanoes have flanks with the steepest angle of respose (between 30-40 degrees)?

Cinder cone

*The relatively stable interior portion of a continent is known as a ________.

Craton

*The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.

Crust

*The temperature at which Iron minerals attain their magnetism is the

Curie Point

The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon. Select one: a. Proterozoic b. Paleocene c. Permian d. Paleozoic

D

The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth. Select one: a. asthenosphere b. atmosphere c. hydrosphere d. biosphere

D

The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth. Select one: a. crust b. inner core c. outer core d. mantle

D

The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________. Select one: a. 6 sodium ions b. 6 oxygen ions c. 4 sodium ions d. 4 oxygen ions

D

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________. Select one: a. cracking luster b. streak c. crystal form d. cleavage

D

What is the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction? Select one: a. molecule b. nucleon c. isotope d. ion

D

Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms? Select one: a. protons b. electron c. neutron d. selectron

D

Which of the following minerals is a silicate? Select one: a. hematite b. halite c. calcite d. muscovite

D

Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering? Select one: a. feldspars b. micas c. ferromagnesians d. clays

D

________ was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his writings and teachings on natural philosophy and on the workings of Earth. Select one: a. Pappagapolis b. Nero c. Odysseus d. Aristotle

D

*Name a phaneritic rock that contains olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and Ca rich plagioclase _______

Gabbro

*What is a phaneritic rock that contains quartz, potassium felspar, and muscovite

Granite

*A very long lived magma source located deep in the mantle is called a

Hot spot

*A _____ is a mushroom-shaped pluton that forms by injecting magma between sedimentary strata, forcing the upper layers to arch upward

Laccolith

*The outer, rigid layer of the Earth based on physical properties is called the _______

Lithosphere

*The partial melting of ultramafic rock would produce what composition of magma?

Mafic

*________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past."

Uniformitarianism