Geology 101 Chapter 18

Which landform marks the furthest extent of an advancing glacier? A. ground moraine B. terminal moraine C. esker D. drumlin E. recessional moraine

B. terminal moraine

Where do glaciers form? A. in places where more snow melts away in the winter than melts away in the summer B. in places where more snow falls in the summer than melts away in the winter C. in places where more snow falls in the winter than melts away in the summer D. in places where more snow falls in the winter than falls in the summer

C. in places where more snow falls in the winter than melts away in the summer

involves movement within the ice A. basal slip B. crevasses C. plastic flow D. firn E. glacial ice

C. plastic flow

What is the zone of wastage? A. the part of a glacier where water freezing exceeds snow melting B. the part of a glacier where snow accumulation exceeds snow melting C. the part of a glacier where snow melting exceeds snow accumulation D. the part of a glacier where snow melting exceeds water freezing

C. the part of a glacier where snow melting exceeds snow accumulation

How does an end moraine form? A. Pieces of rock are pushed in front of a glacier as the glacier moves. B. Pieces of rock are pushed in front of a glacier as the glacier melts. C. Pieces of rock are transported to the front of a glacier as water within the glacier moves. D. Pieces of rock are transported to the front of a glacier as ice within the glacier moves.

D. Pieces of rock are transported to the front of a glacier as ice within the glacier moves.

What is the best way to describe the shape of a glacial valley? A. V-shape B. irregular C. rectangular D. U-shape

D. U-shape

granular recrystallized snow A. basal slip B. crevasses C. plastic flow D. firn E. glacial ice

D. firn

Ice flows in all directions from accumulation centers A. valley (alpine) glacier B. glacier C. ice shelves D. ice sheets/continental glaciers

D. ice sheets/continental glaciers

forms once 50 m of accumulation above A. basal slip B. crevasses C. plastic flow D. firn E. glacial ice

E. glacial ice

How would you expect the front of a glacier to move if it undergoes a period of net accumulation, followed by net wastage, and finally a period of net accumulation? A. The glacier's front would move forward, backward, and then forward again. B. The glacier's front would move backward. C. The glacier's front would move backward, forward, and then backward again. D. The glacier's front would move forward.

A. The glacier's front would move forward, backward, and then forward again.

Will plucking occur if a glacier is NOT advancing? A. Yes, because glacial ice is still moving inside the glacier even if the glacier's front is not advancing. B. No, because snow accumulation and snow melting are equal when a glacier's front is not advancing. C. Yes, because snow accumulation and snow melting are equal when a glacier's front is not advancing. D. No, because glacial ice is still moving inside the glacier even if the glacier's front is not advancing.

A. Yes, because glacial ice is still moving inside the glacier even if the glacier's front is not advancing.

bedrock slipping and slight melting A. basal slip B. crevasses C. plastic flow D. firn E. glacial ice

A. basal slip

Which type of glacial movement will be responsible for the greatest amount of glacial flow? A. internal flow B. ice flow C. fracture zone D. basal sliding E. crevasses

A. internal flow

small glaciers exist in lofty mountain areas, where they usually follow valleys that were originally occupied by streams. What are these glaciers called? A. valley (alpine) glacier B. glacier C. ice shelves D. ice sheets/continental glaciers

A. valley (alpine) glaciers

What effect will an increased angle of tilt have on the Earth's climate? A. warmer summers and colder winters B. overall cooling planet-wide regardless of season C. cooler summers and warmer winters D. The climate will not be affected. E. overall warming planet-wide regardless of season

A. warmer summers and colder winters

Which part of a glacier will see the build-up of ice and snow over the course of a full year? A. zone of accumulation B. end moraine C. zone of wastage D. crevasses C. terminus

A. zone of accumulation

How many years does one complete cycle of precession take? A. 100,000 years B. 26,000 years C. 18,000 years D. 13,000 years

B. 26,000 years

Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary? A. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are unequal. B. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal. C. Glacial fronts remain stationary when gravity forces exceed friction. D. Glacial fronts remain stationary when friction exceeds gravity forces.

B. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal.

How would a snow line on a glacier move as a glacial front is advancing? A. The snow line would move upslope. B. The snow line would move downslope. C. The snow line would remain in approximately the same place.

B. The snow line would move downslope.

What is an end moraine? A. a flat plain of debris deposited by glacial meltwater B. a ridge of debris deposited at the end of a glacier C. a ridge of debris deposited by glacial meltwater D. a flat plain of debris deposited at the end of a glacier

B. a ridge of debris deposited at the end of a glacier

When the glacier moves over irregular terrain, the zone of fracture is subjected to tension, resulting in cracks called..... A. basal slip B. crevasses C. plastic flow D. firn E. glacial ice

B. crevasses

Which way does ice flow in a glacier retreating uphill? A. upslope B. downslope C. both upslope and downslope D. ice does not flow into a glacier

B. downslope

a thick ice mass that forms over hundreds or thousands of years. A. valley (alpine) glacier B. glacier C. ice shelves D. ice sheets/continental glaciers

B. glacier

What is the snowline? A. the elevation below which snow persists throughout the year B. the elevation above which snow persists throughout the year C. the line marking the edge of a glacier and snow-free land D. the latitude above which snow persists throughout the year

B. the elevation above which snow persists throughout the year

When was the last time North America had major ice sheets? A. 10 million years ago B. 300,000 years ago C. 18,000 years D. 1 million years

C. 18,000 years

Which two regions currently contain the world's last remaining ice sheets? A. Northern Europe and Siberia B. Antarctica and Siberia C. Antarctica and Greenland D. North America and Siberia

C. Antarctica and Greenland

Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary? A. Glacial fronts remain stationary when gravity forces exceed friction. B. Glacial fronts remain stationary when friction exceeds gravity forces. C. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal. D. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are unequal.

C. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal.

How does a glacier lose ice through sublimation? A. Ice breaks off to form icebergs. B. Ice forms through water freezing. C. Ice changes from solid to gas. D. Ice is worn off at is slides over rocky ground. E. Ice melts

C. Ice changes from solid to gas.

Which of the following budget scenarios describes a glacial advance? A. The amount of melting of ice and snow is equal to the accumulation. B. More ice and snow melts than accumulates each year. C. More ice and snow accumulates than melts each year.

C. More ice and snow accumulates than melts each year.

Which orbital effect describes how the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun will change over time? A. obliquity B. seasonality C. eccentricity D. precession E. wobbling

C. eccentricity

During a glacial retreat, a glacier will flow _____ while the terminus moves _____. A. backward; forward B. uphill; downhill C. forward; backward D. backward; backward E. forward; forward

C. forward; backward

These large, relatively flat masses of glacial ice extend seaward from the coast but remain attached to the land along one or more sides A. valley (alpine) glacier B. glacier C. ice shelves D. ice sheets/continental glaciers

C. ice shelves

Which is the best definition of glacial snow line? A. the line dividing zones of snow and zones of rock at the base of a glacier B. the line of latitude dividing zones of snowfall and zones of glacial ice formation C. the line of latitude dividing zones of melting snow and zones of glacial snow D. the line dividing zones of accumulation and melting of ice at the surface of a glacier

D. the line dividing zones of accumulation and melting of ice at the surface of a glacier

Which of the following scenarios will have the greatest chance of triggering an ice age? A. eccentricity carrying the Earth farther from the Sun B. eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the greatest amount of solar radiation C. obliquity and precession tipping the Earth closer to the Sun to increase incoming solar radiation D. obliquity tipping the Earth farther away from the Sun to shield to polar regions from the Sun E. eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the least amount of solar radiation

E. eccentricity, obliquity, and precession overlapping to provide the least amount of solar radiation

__________ are defined as a chain of glacial lakes where each lake flows into the next. A. glacial troughs B. hanging valleys C. cirques D. tarns E. pater noster lakes

E. pater noster lakes

What feature is responsible for creating eskers? A. braided streams flowing out across the landscape B. kettle lakes melting C. glacial debris piled up along the terminus D. glacial debris smeared out under the glacial ice E. streams that flowed below, in, or on the glacier

E. streams that flowed below, in, or on the glacier