Geology 103, Final Exam - Kansas State University

What is the annual probability of a "1000" year flood occurring? (Convert to percent!)

0.1%

Arid regions are defined as receiving less than ____ inches of rain in a year.

10

Another farmer drilled two wells, one with a hydraulic head of 500ft. and another well 0.5 miles away from the first with a hydraulic head of 430ft. What is the hydraulic gradient between the two wells in ft/mi?

140

Another farmer drilled two wells, one with hydraulic head of 500ft and another well 0.5 miles away from the first with a hydraulic head of 430 ft. What is the hydraulic gradients between the 2 wells?

140

If the hydraulic head of well 1 is 65 ft and the hydraulic head of well 2 is 28 ft and the distance between the two wells is 2 meters, what is the hydraulic gradient?

18.5

What is the annual probability for a "50 year" flood to occur?

2%

Topographic maps are:

2D representations of 3D land surface

Using the equation for discharge, calculate the discharge of a stream with the following characteristics. Cross-sectional area: 30m^2. Average velocity: 10m/s.

300

If the hydraulic head of well 1 is 2393 ft and hydraulic head of well 2 is 2267 ft and the distance between the two is 3.5 miles, what is the hydraulic gradient?

36

If your nearest index contour is 400 ft and your point of interest is on the third contour above your index contour, then what elevation is your point of interest if the contour interval is 10 ft?

430 ft

A farmer is drilling a well on the top of a hill with an elevation of 550ft. The depth to the unconfined aquifer below is 80ft. What is the hydraulic head in ft.?

470

A farmer is drilling a well on the top of a hill with an elevation of 550 ft. The depth to the unconfined aquifer below is 80 ft. What is the hydraulic head in ft?

470 ft

If a hilltop is at an elevation of 1000 feet and the valley below has an elevation of 250 feet, then what is the relief?

750

What does each color on a geologic map represent?

A geologic unit

Arid landscapes are typically described as_______.

Angular

An _______ is a subsurface feature where groundwater is stored.

Aquifer

Groundwater is stored and/or transmitted in a permeable rock unit called an _______.

Aquifer

These combine a geologic map and cross-section to depict geologic formations exposed on the surface and in the subsurface.

Block diagrams

What is NOT a landscape feature you might encounter on a topographic map? Saddle, hill, mesa, bridle

Bridle

Which of these is NOT a major type of drainage pattern?

Circular

A _________ connects all points on the map that have the same elevation.

Contour line

When erosion occurs on the outer edge of meanders, ________ are the result.

Cutbanks

A _________ is a wedge shaped deposit formed from accumulated sediment.

Delta

The point bar in a meandering stream is where ______ occurs.

Deposition

Permeability

Describes how interconnected the pore spaces are

———— streams are common in karst environments.

Disappearing

What type of geologic structure is visible on a geologic map as a bull eye 360 pattern with the oldest rock units in the center?

Dome

Longitude measures degrees

E-W of the prime meridian

The _________ assists any businesses or land owners that need to have contaminants removed from the groundwater on their property.

Environmental Protection Agency

The _________ assists any businesses or land owners that need to have contaminants removed from the groundwater on their property.

Environmental protection agency

Vast areas covered by sand dunes are called sand seas, or _______, and occur in arid or semiarid climates.

Ergs

A contour line is only used for representing elevation on topographic maps.

False

A risk is a potential source of harm or adverse effects to a person or persons.

False

A steep hill on a topographic map will be represented by widely spaced contour lines.

False

A stream starts at its mouth and ends at its headwater.

False

Dispersed load is a type of sediment load carried by a stream.

False

Dune shapes only result from wind direction.

False

Groundwater can always be recharged very quickly. It will never take thousands of years.

False

Groundwater can never be naturally contaminated.

False

In general, groundwater flows in the direction of highest hydraulic head.

False

Sand dunes will never migrate from their original location.

False

The contour spacing is the difference in elevation between two adjacent contour lines.

False

When eroded to a horizontal surface, synclines (and basins) have the youngest beds exposed in the outside and the beds become progressively older toward the center

False

Where discharge (or extraction of water via wells) is less than recharge, the volume of groundwater is reduced.

False

1/100,000 is an example of this type of scale:

Fractional

These depict arrangements of formations and their contacts along a vertical slice of earth.

Geologic cross sections

These depict the distribution of rock units at Earth's surface using colors, lines, and special symbols.

Geologic maps

On the Earth's surface, groundwater dissolution is expressed as ________.

Karst topography

Which of the following features is not found in a meandering stream system? Cut bank, point bar, kettle lake, oxbow lake

Kettle lake

In arid climates ________ and _________ are physically and chemically resistant ridge formers.

Limestones and sandstones

Latitude measures degrees

N-S of the equator

The formation symbol for a rock of Ordovician age would start with what letter?

O

_________ result when evaporation exceeds both precipitation and runoff, these lakes precipitate out salts as the lakes dry out.

Playa lakes / salt pans

An area where groundwater is replenished is called a _________.

Recharge zone

What type of fault would most likely be found in a compressional environment?

Reverse fault

During wind transportation of sediment, large sand grains bounce or hop along the surface in a process called __________.

Saltation

A rock unit that contains water in all pore spaces and fractures is present in the _______.

Saturated zone

What is the definition of dip?

The angle of tilt at right angles to the strike

What does the second and third letters of the name abbreviation symbol for geologic units represent?

The specific name of the geologic unit

In a confined aquifer, the hydraulic head can be higher in elevation than ________.

The water table

A continental divide separates watersheds that flow into one ocean from those that flow into another ocean.

True

A geologic cross-section depicts the distribution of rock units below the Earth's surface.

True

A steeper gradient will cause a higher stream flow.

True

According the he rule of Vs, the apex of the V points in the upstream direction.

True

According to the pre-lab reading, the most recent major flood to affect the Kansas River was in 1993.

True

Anticlines are folds that appear to be bent into an A shaped structure with the oldest rocks in the center of the fold.

True

Contours on topographic maps depict changes in elevation across the surface of the Earth.

True

Generally, contour lines do not intersect each other.

True

In arid environments, physical weathering is more important than chemical weathering due to lack of water.

True

On a topographic map, declination is the difference between magnetic north and true north.

True

Relief is the difference in elevation between two points.

True

Sinkholes are commonly found in karst topography.

True

The outcrop pattern of a vertical bed on a horizontal surface is narrower than a dipping unit of the same thickness.

True

The water table is located at the upper boundary of the saturated zone.

True

There is a hyperlink in the pre-lab reading for downloading free topographic maps from the USGS.

True

When eroded to a horizontal surface, anticlines (and domes) expose the oldest beds in the center and the beds become progressively younger outward.

True

Youthful streams create ____ shapes valley as they cut down through rock.

V

The ability of a stream to erode its bedrock depends on the velocity and _______ of water and on the amount of sediment present within the water.

Volume

What is the formula for calculating gradient?

[vertical distance (rise)]/[horizontal distance (run)]

Bajadas are formed when multiple playa lakes merge together.

false; alluvial fans

In humid environments this type of rock is typically highly dissolvable and would form valleys and lowlands instead of mountains and cliffs.

limestones

Porosity is:

the percentage of the volume of the rock or sediment that is open space

Flash floods are a very erosive and dangerous event that can occur in an arid environment.

true

In arid environments, physical weathering is more important than chemical weathering due to lack of water.

true

Processes of weathering and erosion happen much more slowly in arid climates compared to humid climates.

true

Look at picture questions!

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