Geology 1403 Final
During the Pleistocene, continental glaciers covered large parts of? - North America and South America - North America, South America and Europe - North America, Europe and Asia - North America, Asia and Africa
- North America, Europe and Asia
A baymouth bar is..... - a linear bar separated from the mainland by a lagoon - a bar that totally seals off an embayment - a bar that connects an island to the mainland - none of the above
- a bar that totally seals off an embayment
Pluvial lakes formed in the far western U.S. during the Pleistocene glaciation as a result of what? - blocks of ice melting in outwash plains - impoundment of water by terminal moraines - water filling depressions carved in bedrock by glaciers - an overall cooler and wetter climate in the area
- an overall cooler and wetter climate in the area
The difference between summer and winter beaches is primarily due to what? - seasonal variations in the strength of tides - freezing and thawing of ocean water - seasonal reversals in the direction of longshore currents - seasonal differences in the frequency and intensity of storms
- seasonal variations in the strength of tides
Intrusive igneous (plutonic) rocks: - solidify below the surface of the ground. - solidify above the surface of the ground. -form by crystallization of magmas intruded into surrounding rocks. - solidify below the ground AND form by crystallization and intrusion of magma into surrounding rocks - solidify above the ground AND form by crystallization and intrusion of magma into surrounding rocks
- solidify below the ground AND form by crystallization and intrusion of magma into surrounding rocks
Rip currents _________________________. - transfer water brought in by waves back out to sea - are usually parallel to the shoreline - carry water landward in the nearshore zone - form chiefly in areas of high tidal range
- transfer water brought in by waves back out to sea
Which of the following correctly lists the order of formation of landforms as a headland is eroded? -sea cave, sea stack, sea arch -sea stack, sea cave, sea arch -sea cave, sea arch, sea stack -sea arch, sea cave, sea stack
-sea cave, sea arch, sea stack
If the wavelength is 10 meters, the wave height is 1 meter and the wave period is 50 seconds, calculate the celerity. 10 meters 5 seconds/meter 500 meter seconds .2 meters per second
.2
The percentage of the Earth's water that is fresh water, which is not frozen, is: 5%. 3%. 1%. 0.65%. 0.01%.
0.65%.
Each dark/light couplet in a sequence of varves represents approximately how much time? one year about 10 years about 1000 years about 1000000 years
1 yr
If an isotope has a half-life of 50 million years and an 1/4 of the sample remaining consists of that parent isotope, the age of the rock from which it was taken is: 400 million years 200 million years 100 million years 800 million years none of the above
100
Match the correct type of metamorphism with its description. 1: Type of metamorphism that occurs when magma comes into contact with country rock at depth 2: Metamorphism over a large area resulting from extreme temperature and pressure 3: Metamorphism through pressure dominated recrystallization 4: Metamorphism resulting from intense heat and pressure resulting from a bolide collision Answer choices: Regional Contact Dynamic Shock
1: Contact 2: Regional 3: Dynamic 4: Shock
1: arching pluton that lifts the overlying crust as magma pressure increases 2: discordant intrusion slicing across sedimentary strata 3: concordant intrusion emplaced along the contact between two adjacent layers 4: exposed plutons that have at least 100 square kilometers of surface area and are formed from multiple injects of magma Answer Choices: Dike Sill Batholith Laccolith
1: Laccolith 2: Dike 3: Sill 4: Batholith
Match the following type of volcano with the correct description. 1: has the appearance of the outer side of a convex shield, resulting from repeated low-viscosity basaltic eruptions 2: Small, steep sided volcanoes made up of pyroclastic materials resulting from short-lived eruptions 3: Consist of layers of pyroclastic material and lava flows Choices: Cinder Cones Composite Volcano Shield Volcano
1: Shield 2: Cinder 3: Composite
Geothermal energy makes up about_____ % of the energy harnessed by humans. 2 10 50 75
2
Deserts receive less than _______ centimeters of rain per year. 15 2.5 35 25
25
The percentage of the Earth's surface that is covered by water is about: 10%. 30%. 50%. 70%. 100%.
70%
Radioactive carbon dates are useful for the past..... - 5000 years - 70,000 years - 250,000,000 years - 4.5 billion years
70k
During the formation of our solar system ___% of the mass in the collapsing nebulae concentrated in the center to become our sun? - less than 10% - 30% - 60% - 90%
90%
Igneous rocks form from... - Pre-existing rocks undergoing changed due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids - A cooling magma or lava - Sediments compacted and cemented - All of the above
A cooling magma or lava
What would it take for a chain of Stratovolcanoes to from along the Atlantic coast of the United States, similar to the ones along the Pacific Coast of the United States? A hot spot would need to develop to allow for decompression melting under the continent A subduction zone would need to develop allowing for partial melting of the subducting plate under the continent A divergent boundary would need to develop under the continent to allow for basaltic plateaus and fissure eruptions to form It is not possible for a series Stratovolcanoes to develop along the Eastern United States
A subduction zone would need to develop allowing for partial melting of the subducting plate under the continent
According to Big Bang Theory, how did the formation of our universe happen? - A tiny ball of matter burst open and has been expanding ever since forming our universe - Two giant balls of matter collided and caused an explosion that formed our universe - Our universe has always existed as is and there wasn't a moment of creation
A tiny ball of matter burst open and has been expanding ever since forming our universe
Since dams and levees are useful for flood control, why are dams and levees sometimes controversial and considered to do more harm than good? Dams and levees can fail Can result in the flooding of productive lands Can displace people A, B, & C None of the responses are correct
A, B, & C
What causes the subsidence sometimes associated with groundwater removal? Over pumping reduces water pressure, resulting in less support to the rock/mineral grains Over pumping results in excessive amounts of sediments being withdrawn along with the groundwater Over pumping results in the transfer of too much hydrostatic weight from below ground to above ground A, B, & C None of the responses are correct
A, B, & C
Match the correct continental margin in each of the following images. Active Margin Passive Margin
A: Active B: Passive
Match the correct name to each layer of Earth. Lower Mantle Crust Outer Core Upper Mantle Inner Core
A: Inner Core B: Outer Core C: Lower Mantle D: Upper Mantle E: Crust
Match the following rock types and processes to the corresponding box letters on the rock cycle figure. Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock Melting Heat and Pressure Weathering and Erosion Cooling Compaction and Cementation
A: Metamorphic B: Igneous C: Sedimentary D: Weathering and Erosion E: Heat and Pressure F: Melting G: Cooling H: Melting I: Heat and Pressure J: Weathering and Erosion K: Compaction and Cementation L: Weathering and Erosion
Events that geologists monitor to try and predict earthquakes include... - seismic gaps. - changes in elevation and tilting of the ground. - fluctuations of water levels in water wells, variations in the Earth's magnetic and electric resistance. - all of the above
All
Plastic versus brittle rock behavior is determined by? the temperature the rock type the type of stress all of the above
All
What features must be present for the accumulation of oil? Source rock Reservoir rock Trap All of the above
All
Which would you LEAST expect to find at an ocean-continent convergent margin? volcanic mountains thrust faulted mountains accretionary wedge all of the above
All
Methane hydrates: - could supply much of our energy needs if we find a way to recover it. - would be considered a non-renewable resource. - is found within many Exclusive Economic Zones. - all of the above
All of the above
The differentiation of Earth resulted in the formation of.... - The layers of Earth - The atmosphere - The oceans - All of the above
All of the above
What is a nuee ardente? "Glowing Cloud" Cloud of ash and gases Extremely dangerous part of an eruption All of the above
All of the above
Plate movements have.... - created mountains like the Andes - formed volcanoes - Altered the distribution of life on Earth - All the above
All the above
Study of metamorphic rocks is important because.... - Metamorphic rocks form much of the continental crust - Metamorphic rocks may contain gemstones - Some metamorphic minerals have industrial uses - All of the above
All the above
The more viscous a lava, the more... - slowly it flows - likely it is to erupt violently - silica it contains - all the above
All the above
How do alpha decay and beta decay differ? Alpha decay loses sub-atomic particles from the nucleus while beta decay gains sub-atomic particles Alpha decay involves the capture of electrons while beta decay does not Alpha decay has a change in both the atomic mass and atomic number while beta decay only has a change in the atomic number beta decay results in an increase in atomic mass while alpha decay results in a decrease in atomic mass
Alpha decay has a change in both the atomic mass and atomic number while beta decay only has a change in the atomic number
An earthquake's magnitude takes into account ________________. - the amount of building damage. - the amount of energy released by the earthquake. - the number of people displaced. - all of the above
Amount of energy released by the earthquake
Which high grade coal provides the most energy? Peat Lignite Bituminous Anthracite
Anthracite
Rapid cooling rate Porphyritic Phaneritic Aphanitic
Aphanitic
fine-grained, minerals are too small to observe without a microscope Porphyritic Phaneritic Aphanitic
Aphanitic
In undisturbed sedimentary deposits, the oldest beds: - Are usually lava flows - Are on the top - Are on the bottom - None of the above
Are on the bottom
What is the asthenosphere? Solid inner core and all overlying tectonic plates Numerous shifting tectonic plates that result in all geologic interactions Solid upper mantle and overlying crust (continental & oceanic) Area that surrounds the lower mantle, has a similar composition, behaves plastically, and continually flows because of convection cells
Area that surrounds the lower mantle, has a similar composition, behaves plastically, and continually flows because of convection cells
Which characteristics are correctly matched with a layer of Earth? Lithosphere - zone of magma generation Asthenosphere - lacks strength and flows plastically Mantle - outer ridge plates Outer core - solid layer due to intense pressure
Asthenosphere - lacks strength and flows plastically
Geochronology Physics Biology/Chemistry Astronomy Biology Chemistry
Astronomy
The most widespread regional metamorphism can be found? - At divergent margins - At convergent margins - At transform boundaries - Over hot spots in the middle of plates
At convergent margins
Which of the following Earth subsystems is correctly matched with its description? Atmosphere - interaction between air masses Hydrosphere - all living organisms Biosphere - Earth's crust, mantle, and core Lithosphere - Earth's water in various states of matter
Atmosphere - interaction between air masses
The most stable geologic setting occurs when... - the beds dip into a hillside - the beds dip in the same direction as the slope of the ground - a dense fracture pattern is present - all of the above
Beds dip into a hillside
What is a common method that material from the unaltered parent material is exposed to atmospheric conditions during soil development? Tectonic Activity Biologic Activity Stratospheric Activity Unaltered parent material is never exposed to the atmosphere
Biologic Activity
Paleontology Physics Biology/Chemistry Astronomy Biology Chemistry
Biology
Environmental Geology Physics Biology/Chemistry Astronomy Biology Chemistry
Biology/Chemistry
How do renewable and nonrenewable resources differ? - Nonrenewable resources can be exploited while renewable resources are not -Renewable resources cannot be replenished at a sustainable rate - Nonrenewable resources can be exploited and replenished - Both types can be exploited but nonrenewable resources cannot be replenished at a sustainable rate
Both
Unconformities represent: - A gap in the rock record - A period of erosion or non-deposition - Both of the above - None of the above
Both
What evidence do scientists use to support the Big Bang Theory? Background radiation Volcanic eruptions on multiple planets The universe is expanding Both A & B Both A & C
Both A & C
What could transform a sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock? Uplift, weathering, and erosion Immense heat and pressure at a convergent plate boundary Intense heat from being in contact with a large with a large intrusive body Both B & C
Both B & C
Which of these spectra represents a star that is probably furthest away from Earth? The top spectrum The middle spectrum The bottom spectrum
Bottom
A very abundant carbonate mineral is..... - Gypsum - Halite - Calcite - Hematite
Calcite
Which type of fossilization results in an organism preserved as a thin carbon film instead of the original organic matter? Replacement Permineralization Molds and Casts Carbonization
Carbonization
Which of the following does not adversely increase the probability of a mass wasting event? Anchoring vegetation removal Forest fires Overloading Channelization None of the responses are correct
Channelization?
Geochemistry Physics Biology/Chemistry Astronomy Biology Chemistry
Chemistry
Which type of fossil fuel is developed from primarily terrestrial plant material? Tar sands Coal Oil shale Non-metallic minerals
Coal
Which of the following is a type of physical soil degradation? Improper use of fertilizers Salinization Pollution from improper disposal of chemicals Compaction of soil particles All of the above
Compaction of soil particles
What could change an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock? Alteration by hot mineral rich groundwater Consolidation of weathered igneous rock fragments Melting and crystallization of the igneous rock Precipitation of calcite from ocean water
Consolidation of weathered igneous rock fragments
Trenches are NOT present at _____ convergent margins. - Oceanic-oceanic - Oceanic-continental - Continental-continental - None of these
Continental- continental
What are the three concentric layers of Earth in order from the outside towards the center of Earth? Crust - Upper Mantle - Asthenosphere - Lower Mantle - Outer Core - Inner Core Crust - Asthenosphere - Upper Mantle - Lower Mantle - Inner Core - Outer Core Crust - Asthenosphere - Outer Core - Inner Core - Outer Mantle - Inner Mantle Crust - Upper Mantle - Lower Mantle - Asthenosphere - Upper Core - Lower Core
Crust - Upper Mantle - Asthenosphere - Lower Mantle - Outer Core - Inner Core
The lithosphere is composed of the... - Crust only - Crust and entire mantle - Crust and asthenosphere - Crust and the mantle above the asthenosphere
Crust and the mantle above the asthenosphere
What is the process called that allowed the layers of Earth to form? Differentiation from more dense material collecting near Earth's surface forming the solid crust Stratification from equal liquid molten states formed during the Big Bang. Differentiation from denser material collecting in Earth's interior resulting in lighter crustal elements Stratification from the natural layering process of solid rocks
Differentiation from denser material collecting in Earth's interior resulting in lighter crustal elements
Which would represent the greatest amount of nonrenewable ore? - Proven reserves - Inferred reserve - Resource - Discovered and Undiscovered resources
Discovered and Undiscovered resources
Which plate boundary can be characterized by two plates moving away from one another due to upwelling of magma? Continent-Continent plate boundary Continent-Oceanic plate boundary Divergent plate boundary Transform plate boundary
Divergent plate boundary
As light or sound approaches an object it's wavelength is squished in front of it and as it passes by and moves away from an object it's wavelength is stretched out behind it. What do scientists call this effect? - The Hubble Effect - Newton's Effect - The Doppler Effect - Murphy's Law
Doppler Effect
Vesicles in an igneous rock form from.... - Escaping gases - Phenocrysts - Falling ash - None of these
Escaping gases
T/F: A caldera is relatively small compared to a crater
False
T/F: All minerals have specific chemical formulas that cannot very.
False
T/F: Although common, nuee ardentes rarely constitute a danger to human life
False
T/F: Aseismic ridges are characterized by intensive seismic activity.
False
T/F: Ash seldom travels far from the point of eruption
False
T/F: During the glacial advances of the Pleistocene, sea level was generally higher than today
False
T/F: Guide fossils have a restricted geographic range and short time of existence
False
T/F: In evaluating the eruptive potential of a volcano, the past eruptive history of the volcano is usually very deceptive and so is generally ignored
False
T/F: Metamorphic and sedimentary rocks form the crystalline basement rocks found in the shields of the continents.
False
T/F: Minerals are assemblages of rocks.
False
T/F: Once a hypothesis achieves theory status it is perfect and cannot be disproven.
False
T/F: Plate velocity (speed) can be determined using magnetic anomalies.
False
T/F: The asthenosphere is the only liquid layer of Earth.
False
T/F: The higher the viscosity of lava, the faster it will flow
False
T/F: The hydrosphere and atmosphere are independent of the solid Earth and are unaffected by Plate Tectonics.
False
T/F: Time is not an important factor in metamorphic reactions
False
T/F: Ultramafic lavas have been particularly abundant over the last 100 million years.
False
T/F: Volcanic gasses alone cannot cause death if lava is not present
False
T/F: metamorphic rocks cannot undergo weathering.
False
T/F: most mineral resources are renewable
False
True or False; A fault scarp is a permanent feature on the landscape and is the best way to locate faults
False
True or False; Earthflows are rapid, devastating flows usually triggered by violent earthquakes
False
True or False; If a material returns to its original shape once stress is released, it is exhibiting plastic strain
False
True or False; Loading a slope with large amounts of excavated material compacts the subsurface and increases the slope's stability
False
True or False; Metallic and Non-metallic mineral reserves are always associated with igneous (magmatic) processes?
False
True or False; Mountains always form at the edges of continents where the active margins are
False
True or False; P-waves will not travel through liquids
False
True or False; Rapid mass wasting means that the earth materials move an appreciable distance over the time span of a human life
False
True or False; Weathering of bedrock helps to stabilize the ground surface making it less susceptible to mass movement
False
How do ferromagnesian minerals differ from nonferromagnesian minerals? Ferromagnesian minerals are always harder than nonferromagnesian minerals Ferromagnesian minerals contain calcium, nonferromagnesian do not Ferromagnesian minerals contain iron and magnesium, nonferromagnesian minerals do not Ferromagnesian minerals contain Silica, nonferromagnesian minerals do not
Ferromagnesian minerals contain iron and magnesium, nonferromagnesian minerals do not
Which of the following would not be a consequence of lower sea-level during the Pleistocene Epoch. Glaciers extended out to the continental shelf Continental shelves were above sea-level Fossil reefs on land Deposition of gravel, sand, and mud on continental shelves
Fossil reefs on land
Why can groundwater dissolve limestone when pure water cannot? Pure water is too acidic and counters the alkaline nature of groundwater Groundwater is slightly acidic because of dissolving CO2 from the atmosphere and soil Limestone cannot dissolve in either water Limestone is too acidic to be dissolved by groundwater None of the responses are correct
Groundwater is slightly acidic because of dissolving CO2 from the atmosphere and soil
Why were Lord Kelvin's age calculations incorrect? He had the size of Earth wrong He did not account for heat generated through radioactivity He could not do Algebra correctly He did not know the correct cooling rates
He did not account for heat generated through radioactivity
What were the five main elements of the solar nebula? (Check all five main elements) Hydrogen Lithium Helium Oxygen Gold Carbon Nitrogen
Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen
Tentative explanation that is formulated to explain observable phenomena Scientific Method Hypothesis Theory Not part of scientific method
Hypothesis
Magma Crystallizes Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
Volcanic ash/ejecta accumulates and consolidates Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Igneous
Dynamic metamorphism dominates: - In fault zones - At shallow depths around intrusions - In the cores of mountain belts - None of the above
In fault zones
Where are heavy elements like iron formed? - In volcanoes - In water - In stars - In the center of the Earth
In stars
How does mechanical weathering accelerate chemical weathering? Decreases surface area Increases surface area Decreases additional chemical reaction rates Increases additional chemical reaction rates
Increases additional chemical reaction rates
Water can increase the probability of a mass wasting event by.... Decreasing friction Increasing particle adhesion Decreasing particle cohesion Both A & C Both B & C
Increasing particle adhesion
Match the name with the correct type of sedimentary rock. Inorganic Limestone Chert Shale Dolostone Sandstone Coal Rock salt Conglomerate Rock gypsum Breccia Mudstone Organic Limestone Options: Biochemical Chemical Detrital/clastic
Inorganic Limestone: Chemical Chert: Chemical Shale : Detrital/clastic Dolostone: Chemical Sandstone: Detrital/clastic Coal: Biochemical Rock salt: Chemical Conglomerate: Detrital/clastic Rock gypsum: chemical Breccia: Detrital/clastic Mudstone: Detrital/clastic Organic Limestone: Biochemical
Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for a mass of ice to be considered a glacier? - It must advance in the winter more than it melts in the summer - It must originate by compaction and recrystallization of snow - It must flow under its own weight - It must be on land
It must advance in the winter more than it melts in the summer
You are sailing the ocean and come across an atoll. What can you predict about the origin of the atoll? It was along a mid-ocean ridge It started as a fringing reef It was built up from a carbonate platform It started as an EEZ methane hydrate
It started as a fringing reef
Whose work was the basis for the principle of uniformitarianism and the unavoidable necessity of a great age for Earth? Charles Lyell William Smith James Hutton Lord Kelvin Clair Patterson
James Hutton
Utilizing and understanding Bowen's reaction series, which description below best summarizes the process of gravitational differentiation (i.e. crystal settling). A person would expect to find iron and magnesium bearing rocks near the type of the igneous body due to the higher concentrations of silica Lighter elements (and associated minerals) would be in a higher concentration at the top of an igneous body as the denser materials precipitated earlier during the cooling phase. There would be no predicted zonation of minerals as the settling process is determined by the quality of the crystal structures Bowen's reaction series does not relate to gravitational differentiation (crystal settling) of igneous bodies
Lighter elements (and associated minerals) would be in a higher concentration at the top of an igneous body as the denser materials precipitated earlier during the cooling phase.
The parent rock for marble is? - Sandstone - Mudrock - Limestone - Any of the above
Limestone
Which of the following is not an agent of metamorphism? Lithification Heat Pressure Fluid activity
Lithification
Why are mafic magmas less viscous than felsic magmas? Mafic magmas are at a higher temperature Mafic magmas have a lower relative silica content Mafic magmas form in continental crust All of the above
Mafic magmas are at a higher temperature Mafic magmas have a lower relative silica content
What type of chemical reaction/change takes place when limestone is converted to dolostone? Calcium replaces Magnesium Magnesium replaces Calcium Carbonate is replaced by Sulfate Potassium replaces Sodium
Magnesium replaces Calcium
What causes the lithosphere plates to move? Earth spinning on its axis Mantle convection cells Oceanic currents Major atmospheric circulation patterns
Mantle convection cells
What is the most likely explanation for offshore sediments/rocks, such as limestones, being deposited on top of onshore sediments such as sand/sandstone? Marine Regression Marine Accession Marine Transgression Marine Accommodation
Marine Transgression
Which of the following is a type of evidence that supports the idea the universe is expanding? Select all that apply. Biological Evidence Mathematical Evidence Observational Evidence There is no supporting evidence
Mathematical Evidence Observational Evidence
What types of evidence did Lord Kelvin use to calculate the age of Earth? Melting temperatures of rocks The size of Earth Cooling rates of rocks The percentage of different rock types
Melting temperatures of rocks
Alteration of existing rocks by heat & pressure Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Metamorphic
What is referred to as the extraction of a valuable material from Earth? Extrapolating Mining Concentrating Replenishing
Mining
Which of the following is evidence that our Universe is expanding? - Most galaxies around us are blue-shifted compared to Earth -- Most galaxies around us are red-shifted compared to Earth - We keep discovering more planets and moons in our solar system - The discovery of black holes
Most galaxies around us are red-shifted compared to Earth
How do the compositions of mid-ocean ridges and mountain ranges on land differ? Composition is the same in both Ocean ridges are all 3 rock types and mountain ranges are only basalt Mountain ridges are all 3 rock types and ocean ridges are only basalt Both are composed of only basalt
Mountain ridges are all 3 rock types and ocean ridges are only basalt
Joints are: - fractures with vertical displacement - fractures with horizontal offset - fractures with both vertical and horizontal offset - none of the above
None
Minerals composed of atoms of a single type are called.... - Oxide minerals - Silicate minerals - Carbonate minerals - None of these
None of these
Paleontology is the study of... - Ancient landforms - Ancient rocks - Ancient minerals - None of these
None of these (fossils- animals/plants)
A speculative or conjectural view of something Scientific Method Hypothesis Theory Not part of the scientific method
Not part of scientific method
What process is responsible for forming heavy elements? - Nuclear Fusion - Nuclear Fission - Spectroscopy - Radioactive Decay
Nuclear Fusion
Which THREE of the following are important evidences that support the Big Bang Theory? Observations and mathematical evidence that the Universe is expanding Observations that show planets orbit around the Sun Mathematical evidence that shows the Universe is getting smaller Observations showing the presence of hydrogen and helium everywhere we look in the Universe The presence of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation everywhere in space
Observations and mathematical evidence that the Universe is expanding Observations showing the presence of hydrogen and helium everywhere we look in the Universe The presence of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation everywhere in space
Which of the following statements about the Big Bang Theory is not true? Occurred about 15 million years ago A hot dense state followed by expansion and cooling The solar systems formed at the at same time as the Big Bang All of the above
Occurred about 15 million years ago
Which of the following tectonic boundaries would result in the lowest chances of a tectonic plate subduction? Oceanic-Oceanic Boundary Oceanic-Continental Boundary Continental-Continental Boundary Subducting plates cannot be predicted None of the responses are correct
Oceanic-Continental Boundary
A half-life is the time it takes for half: - Of the daughters to become parents - Of the parent isotopes to become trapped in a crystal - Of the parent isotope to alter to daughter - Of the daughter isotope to escape
Of the parent isotope to alter to daughter
Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is? - Younger - Older - About the same age - Cannot accurately be dated
Older
The most abundant element in Earth's crust by volume and mass is? - Oxygen - Hydrogen - Iron - Silicon
Oxygen
Which ocean has more trench systems and more composite volcanoes? - Chilean - Pacific - Arctic - Atlantic
Pacific
All of the present day continents were at one time joined together to form? - Gondwanaland - Laurasia - Pangaea - None of the above
Pangaea
Which of the following ways magma evolves best explains why igneous melts are more likely to become felsic at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries? Partial Melting and Assimilation of surrounding country rock Decompression Melting Crystal differentiation None of the above
Partial Melting and Assimilation of surrounding country rock
Which of the following processes best explains the composition of magmas and igneous rocks at Oceanic-Continental Boundaries? Partial melting of a subducting plate Decompression melting of a subducting plate Assimilation of the subducting plate Differentiation of the subducting plate None of the responses are correct
Partial melting of a subducting plate
Put the types of altered plant remains in order from first formed to most altered. Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, Peat Bituminous, Lignite, Anthracite, Peat Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite Lignite, Anthracite, Peat, Bituminous the correct order is not listed
Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite
Slow cooling rate Porphyritic Phaneritic Aphanitic
Phaneritic
coarse-grained, minerals are large enough to observe without a microscope Porphyritic Phaneritic Aphanitic
Phaneritic
Geophysics Physics Biology/Chemistry Astronomy Biology Chemistry
Physics
How do pillow lavas form? Pillow lavas contain a large amount of dissolved gases and other volatiles that escape during an eruption result in a texture similar to mounds of pillows. Pillow lavas result when lava such as an Aa lava type erupt so quickly that no crystals can form resulting in the mounded pillow appearance Pillow lavas form as lava erupts under water and is cooled quickly forcing the remaining lava to break through in another area creating the mounded appearance All of the above will result in some form of mounded pillow lava appearance
Pillow lavas form as lava erupts under water and is cooled quickly forcing the remaining lava to break through in another area creating the mounded appearance
What type of mineral resource concentration is most likely to from as a result of moving water? Bauxite deposit Placer deposit Evaporite deposit Banded Iron Formation (BIFs) None of the responses are correct
Placer deposit
Which term best describes the following definition: Recognition that the lithosphere is defined into rigid plates that move over the asthenosphere, which provides the basis for relating man seemingly unrelated phenomena? Evolutionary Theory Gravitational Theory Lithospheric Theory Plate Tectonic Theory
Plate Tectonic Theory
Two or more cooling rates Porphyritic Phaneritic Aphanitic
Porphyritic
mixed-grain size, some minerals are large enough to observe without a microscope other need to be observed with a microscope Porphyritic Phaneritic Aphanitic
Porphyritic
Which relative dating method involves the use of distinctive fossil content to correlate widely separated sedimentary rock strata? Principle of Superposition Principal of Lateral Continuity Principle of Inclusions Principle of Faunal Succession
Principle of Superposition
Which of the following accurately describes Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation? - Radiation or heat energy left over from the big bang that is found everywhere we look in the universe - Microwave ovens that are floating through space - Light energy that we see coming from distant stars and galaxies - Radiation from space that can show us what elements a star is made of
Radiation or heat energy left over from the big bang that is found everywhere we look in the universe
Which absolute dating method involves the use of radioactive carbon isotopes? Principle of Faunal Succession Igneous crystallization Tree-ring dating method Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating
The newest oceanic crust and the thinnest deep-sea sediments are found at.... - Deep sea trenches - Ridge crests - Transform faults - Abyssal plains
Ridge crests
Petrology is the study of... - Petroleum - Rocks -Fossils - None of these
Rocks
What is the difference between a rock and mineral? Minerals have a narrowly defined chemical composition and rocks do not have a chemical composition Minerals are organic and rocks are inorganic Minerals have a crystalline structure and rocks do not have a structure Rocks consist of multiple minerals and minerals consist of only a single mineral
Rocks consist of multiple minerals and minerals consist of only a single mineral
Which of the following is not a soil conservation practice? Terracing Strip-cropping No-till planting Salinization planting Windbreaks
Salinization planting
Which of the following rocks would show a parallel arrangement of minerals due to metamorphism? Quartzite Schist Marble Hornfels
Schist
An orderly logical approach that involves gathering and analyzing facts or data about the problem under consideration Scientific Method Hypothesis Theory Not part of scientific method
Scientific Method
Listed below are the seven events that led to the formation of the solar system. Number them in order. The attraction between materials in a nebula increases. Accretion between planetesimals continues and planets form. Planets continue to orbit the center of the nebula. A nebula begins to contract and collapse. Particles grown in size and become planetesimals. Gravity attracts more gas and dust and the solar nebula flattens out into a vast rotating disk. The center of the nebula becomes very dense and heats up. Over time the remaining gas and dust begins to rotate around this center. The protostar begins nuclear fusion. A tremendous shockwave rips out of the new star. Light gasses are blown to the outer solar system. Inner planets finish forming from rocky, metallic materials. Outer Planets finish forming from gas and ice particles. Modern solar system is formed.
Second Step Fifth Step First Step Fourth Step Third Step Sixth Step Seventh Step
Consolidation of rock fragments Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Sedimentary
Precipitation of mineral matter from a solution Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Sedimentary
What major contribution did Harry Hess's Theory of Seafloor Spreading provide to geology? Showed that the ocean basins are much older than the continents Showed that the ocean crust moved with the continental crust, starting at spreading centers Showed that the ocean crust is same age everywhere in the world Unfortunately, did not provide any major breakthrough in geology, but helped other scientific disciplines
Showed that the ocean crust moved with the continental crust, starting at spreading centers
Which is the most important factor in the explosiveness of a stratovolcano? Silica Concentration Atmospheric Pressure Conical shape (i.e., sphericity rating) None of the above predict the explosiveness
Silica Concentration
Which of the following minerals would be the result of the greatest heat and pressure? Chlorite Biotite Garnet Sillimanite
Sillimanite
Which of the following pairs is not considered non-metallic resources? Limestone & Marble Gypsum & Halite Silver & Gold Apatite & Potash
Silver and Gold
Which of the following lists contains all foliated rocks? - Schist, gneiss, quartzite - Slate, schist, gneiss - Schist, gneiss, marble - None of the above
Slate, schist, gneiss
What is the lithosphere? Solid inner core and all overlying tectonic plates Numerous shifting tectonic plates that result in all geologic interactions Solid upper mantle and overlying crust (continental & oceanic) Area that surrounds the lower mantle, has a similar composition, behaves plastically, and continually flows because of convection cells
Solid upper mantle and overlying crust (continental & oceanic)
Which of the following technology was most important in proving the universe is expanding? - The Hubble Telescope - Spectroscopy - Robotic Rovers - Space Shuttles
Spectroscopy
Which of the following cannot be determined by studying sedimentary rocks? Wind or current directions Environment of deposition The relative age of a rock with identifiable fossils The absolute age of the sediment
The absolute age of the sediment
What major thing do scientists look at to see what a star is made of, what direction it is moving, and how fast it is moving? - The star's shape - How big the star is in the sky - How the star twinkles in the sky - The light from the star
The light from the star
The best explanation for polar wandering curves is... - The continents were fixed as the north magnetic pole shifted position - There were two north magnetic poles over much of Earth's history - The north magnetic pole was fixed and the continents moved - None of these
The north magnetic pole was fixed and the continents moved
The best explanation for polar wandering curves is.... - The continents were fixed as the north magnetic pole shifted position - There were two north magnetic poles over much of Earth's history - The north magnetic pole was fixed and the continents moved - None of these
The north magnetic pole was fixed and the continents moved
What does it mean if an object is red-shifted compared to another object? - The objects are moving away from each other - The objects are moving toward each other - The objects aren't moving at all compared to each other - The objects both have red light
The objects are moving away from each other
When atoms decay.... - Their number of electrons change - Their atomic number changes - The rate is partly dependent on pressure and temperature - They become ions
Their atomic number changes
Coherent explanation for one or several related phenomena supported by a large body of objective evidence Scientific Method Hypothesis Theory Not part of scientific method
Theory
The abyssal plains are flat because... - they were eroded flat during low sea level stand. - they are covered with flat-lying sediment. - they are capped by flat basalt flows. - all of the above
They are covered with flat-lying sediment
Plate tectonics drives the rock cycle.
True
T/F: A dormant volcano can become an active volcano
True
T/F: A knowledge of geology will help you invest in land and understand environmental issues.
True
T/F: Along the bottom of an ocean basin, seawater has a temperature very close to zero degrees Centigrade.
True
T/F: Although the nucleus makes up only a tiny fraction of an atom's volume, it contains almost all of the mass.
True
T/F: Anthracite is a metamorphic form of coal
True
T/F: As an ultramafic magma cools, the first minerals to form are olivine and calcium plagioclase
True
T/F: Batholiths are the largest of all plutons
True
T/F: Chemical sediments are primarily lithified by cementation
True
T/F: Contact metamorphism can cause new minerals to form.
True
T/F: Correlation on the basis of rock type is only reliable in a fairly restricted area
True
T/F: Earth is composed of layers of different thickness.
True
T/F: Exfoliation may produce large rounded domes of rocks in mountainous areas
True
T/F: Granite is exposed on the surface only after uplift and erosion of the overlying rocks
True
T/F: Hot spots can be used to calculate plate motion velocity and direction.
True
T/F: Most banded iron formations formed over 2 billion years ago
True
T/F: Only under unusual circumstances can the radiometric age for sedimentary rocks be determined
True
T/F: Passive continental margins typically occur within plates rather than at their margins.
True
T/F: Quartz is the most resistant of the common rock forming minerals.
True
T/F: Quartz will scratch glass
True
T/F: Scientists are constantly collecting info and testing the power of theories to explain that info.
True
T/F: Soil is a type of regolith that can support plant life
True
T/F: The process of establishing the time equivalency of rock units in different areas is called correlation
True
T/F: The richer a magma is in silica, the lighter in color it will generally be
True
T/F: The texture of an igneous rock is determined by the cooling history of magma
True
T/F: plates slide past one another at transform plate boundaries.
True
True or False; A mountain system comprises several mountain ranges
True
True or False; An earthquake of intensity X will register 10 times the amplitude on a seismogram as one of intensity IX
True
True or False; Earthquakes have triggered some of the Earth's most devastating mass wasting events
True
True or False; Mudflows are common features on alluvial fans
True
True or False; Nonrenewable resources only involve resources that are used for energy?
True
True or False; On a worldwide basis, there are more small earthquakes each year than large ones
True
True or False; Overturned folds always have an upside down limb
True
True or False; The distance from a seismograph to the epicenter of an earthquake is determined by using the difference in arrival times between P and S waves
True
True or False; Under cutting by rivers can trigger rock slides
True
True or False; A one-unit increase in Richter magnitude represents a 10-fold increase in earthquake size
Turetrue
The Himalayas, Appalachians, and Alps are examples of mountain ranges formed: - An oceanic and continental bearing plate colliding - Two continental bearing plates colliding - Two ocean-bearing plates colliding - A transform fault
Two continental bearing plates colliding
An alpha particle is composed of.... - Two protons and two neutrons - A proton and an electron - A neutron and an electron - An electron
Two protons; two neutrons
Which type of mining operation poses the most immediate risk to mine workers? Strip mine Open-pit mine Mountaintop mine Underground mine all have equal probabilities for accidents to mine workers
Underground mine
Which type of mining involves the use of a network of mining shafts or tunnels to access the material? Open pit mining Underground mining Mountaintop mining Strip mining
Underground mining
Which of the following would not be a benefit of studying geology? Predicting and mitigating natural disasters Political decisions about natural resources Determining the best location for a hydroelectric dam of a landfill Understanding the psychological impacts of a natural disaster
Understanding the psychological impacts of a natural disaster
Which is NOT characteristic of a glacial trough? a broad, flat valley floor steep, often vertical valley walls V-shaped cross-section truncated spurs
V-shaped (they are "U")
A weak attractive force between electrically neutral atoms results in... - covalent bonds - ionic bonds - Van der Waals bonds - Metallic bonds
Van der Waals bonds
What happens as the relative amount of silica in a magma or lava increases? Viscosity increases Viscosity decreases Volcanic eruptions become more explosive Volcanic eruptions become less explosive
Viscosity increase Volcanic eruptions become more explosive
The Tree-Ring dating method and the tree-ring time scale now extends back 14,000 years. How can annual growth rings be used? We can count the number of tree rings to see how many years the trees lived We can complete cross-dating to match the wide and narrow rings from tree-to-tree We can radiocarbon date different rings within the same tree to find growth rates We can correlate rock layers with fossil trees in them
We can radiocarbon date different rings within the same tree to find growth rates
Which of the following soil conservation practices is correctly matched with its description? Terracing - planting seeds through the residue of a previous crop Crop rotation - growing different crops on alternating parallel strips Contour plowing - creating flat areas on sloping ground Windbreaks - planting trees along the edge of a field to reduce wind erosion
Windbreaks - planting trees along the edge of a field to reduce wind erosion
The first atoms formed ______ the Big Bang. - within 1 second of - about 300k years after - about 200 million years after - about 15 billion years after
about 300k years after
Aphanitic, phaneritic, and porphyritic are textural terms that: - refer to fine-grained, course-grained, and mixed-grained crystal sizes, respectively. - refer to formation by fast cooling, slow cooling, and mixed cooling rates, respectively. - are indicative of volcanic, plutonic, and mixed plutonic-volcanic origins, respectively. - refer to fine-grained, course-grained, and mixed-grained crystal sizes, respectively, AND are indicative of volcanic, plutonic, and mixed plutonic-volcanic origins, respectively. - all of these
all
Aphanitic, phaneritic, and porphyritic are textural terms that: refer to fine-grained, course-grained, and mixed-grained crystal sizes, respectively. refer to formation by fast cooling, slow cooling, and mixed cooling rates, respectively. are indicative of volcanic, plutonic, and mixed plutonic-volcanic origins, respectively. refer to fine-grained, course-grained, and mixed-grained crystal sizes, respectively, AND are indicative of volcanic, plutonic, and mixed plutonic-volcanic origins, respectively. all of these.
all
Mudflows: - are common in arid and semiarid areas - move very rapidly - comprise mostly silt and clay sized material - all of the above
all
The velocity of a stream is controlled by the... discharge. channel shape. channel roughness. all of the above
all
What is geology? Study of Earth Study of Earth materials and processes Study of the origin and evolution of Earth All of the above
all
Why are Pahoehoe lavas less viscous than Aa lavas? Lower silica concentration Higher temperature Less mineral crystallization All of the above
all
The differentiation of Earth resulted in the formation of.... - the layers of Earth - the atmosphere - the oceans - all the above
all the above
A rift valley extends.... - along an ocean ridge crest - along the floor of a deep-sea trench - across most abyssal plains - none of these
along an ocean ridge crest
Rhyolite is a(n).... - phaneritic, intermediate igneous rock - aphanitic, mafic igneous rock - phaneritic, felsic igneous rock - aphanitic, felsic igneous rock
aphanitic, felsic igneous rock
Why would a foliated metamorphic rock not make a suitable foundation for buildings or dams? because of the presence of metamorphic minerals because they are weakened by heat because foliations are planes of weakness because they are softer than other rock types
because foliations are planes of weakness
The solid particles of a stream include: bed load. suspended load. solution load. bed load and suspended load. suspended load and solution load.
bed load and suspended load.
A building will sustain the least amount of damage if it is built on... artificial fill. water saturated sediments. unconsolidated sediments. bedrock.
bedrock
In the zone of saturation, groundwater moves.... - from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure - downward toward a lake or stream - both of the above - none of the above
both
Plants may play an important role in.... - mechanical weathering - chemical weathering - both mechanical and chemical - none of these
both
Crevasses result from the _________ behavior of ice in the top forty meters of a glacier. brittle plastic elastic juvenile
brittle
Limestone is composed of.... - clay minerals - calcium carbonate - silica - none of these
calcium carbonate
A thick weathering zone? - does not affect a slope's stability - causes a slope to be more stable - causes a slope to be less stable - cannot occur in regions of steep slopes
causes a slope to be less stable
The three main types of volcanoes are: cinder cones, clastic cones, and stratocones. cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes. shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, and Hawaiian-style volcanoes. clastic cones, stratocones, and Hawaiian-style volcanoes. none of the above
cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes.
Tendency of a mineral to break along a regular surface (sometimes multiple surfaces) hardness cleavage fracture color luster crystal form specific gravity
cleavage
Surface appearance of a mineral based on the chemical composition and crystal structure hardness cleavage fracture color luster crystal form specific gravity
color
If tension cracks develop in a cooling lava, a lava forms ______ features. - blocky - glassy - columnar jointed - none of these
columnar jointed
Mt. Pinatubo and Mt. St. Helens are examples of which type of volcano? - shield - cinder cone - composite - fissure
composite
Artesian conditions require what? - confinement of the aquifer between aquicludes - a recharge area that is lower in elevation than the area in which water is being produced - arid conditions in the recharge area - all of the above
confinement of aquifer between aquicludes
Natural glass, such as obsidian, forms when magma: cools too rapidly for crystals to form. cools rapidly and very tiny crystals form. cools too slowly for crystals to form. doesn't cool. none of these.
cools too rapidly for crystals to form
The time equivalence of strata is determined by: correlation of unusual lithologies correlation of key beds correlation of fossils lateral tracing superposition
correlation of fossils
The type of mass wasting that is responsible for the greatest amount of monetary damage is: slumps. creep. rockfall. slides. avalanches.
creep.
Ancient current directions can be determined by: wave-formed ripple marks. cross-bedding. graded bedding. mud cracks. all of the above
cross-bedding
The principle that states that an igneous intrusion or a fault is younger than the rocks that it intrudes or cuts is the principle of: cross-cutting relationships inclusions fossil succession uniformitarianism superposition
cross-cutting relationships
Ancient sand dunes, now preserved as sandstone, would be characterized by an abundance of which sedimentary structure? scour and fill mud cracks graded bedding cross-stratification
cross-stratification
Set of crystal faces defined according to their relationship to the crystal axes hardness cleavage fracture color luster crystal form specific gravity
crystal form
Chemical sedimentary rocks generally have an interlocking grain texture called: clastic. porphyritic. particulate. crystalline. detrital.
crystalline
Ancient current directions can be determined from.... - mud cracks - current ripple marks and cross-bedding - graded bedding - trace fossils
current ripple marks and cross-bedding
Erosion is the: movement of weathered material from its source site. decomposition of rock. disintegration of rock. weathering of rock and transportation of sediment. disintegration of soil.
decomposition of rock.
During the transformation from snow to glacial ice the percentage of air ___________. decreases increases is unaffected none of the above
decreases
Heat for metamorphism comes from..... - The Sun - Deep burial and magma intrusions - Chemical reactions - Pressure on fluids
deep burial and magma intrusions
Mass wasting is more likely to occur in: deeply weathered material. thin layers of loose material. bedrock. well sorted material. material of large grain size.
deeply weathered material.
What are the steps in order of forming a sandstone? deposition -> compaction -> cementation compaction -> deposition -> cementation cementation -> compaction -> deposition deposition -> cementation -> compaction the order of steps does not matter
deposition -> compaction -> cementation
Recently glaciated areas in which the drainage has had no time to organize commonly exhibit ____ drainage. radial trellis dendritic deranged
deranged
Stream channels traversing the top of a delta are called... tributaries. distributaries. secondary channels. braided channels.
distributaries
The steep side of an asymmetric sand dune ___________. - faces upwind - faces downwind - can face either upwind or downwind - cannot be used to determine the wind direction
downwind
Which of the following is NOT typical of a valley glacier? moraine drumlin outwash plain till
drumlin
A recessional moraine is a type of ________________. end moraine lateral moraine medial moraine ground moraine
end moraine
The point on the surface, directly above the subsurface location where an earthquake originates is called the.... focus. hypocenter. epicenter. all of the above
epicenter
When a glacier sublimates it ________. melts evaporates without melting travels forward faster than normally forms icebergs
evaporates without melting
Braided streams are characterized by.... excessive bed load. point bars. oxbow lakes. all of the above
excessive bed load
True or False; An oval fold in which strata are up-arched and the younger rocks are found in the interior is a basin
f
True or False; Assuming rock type is held constant, even if temperature/pressure are increased, while time is decreased, rocks will still always undergo ductile deformation without brittle deformation since temperature and pressure are increased
f
True or False; Carbon dating would be a good radiometric dating technique for fossils 325 million years old
f
True or False; Creep usually involves only small areas, such as the steepest portions of a hillside
f
True or False; Decreasing a streams gradient increases the streams ability to do work (i.e., weather/erode)
f
True or False; Divergent plate boundaries are responsible for most orogenesis
f
True or False; Hydrostatic pressure is a non-uniform pressure in which the pressure is equal in all directions
f
True or False; Increasing a streams discharge decreases the streams ability to do work (i.e., weather/erode)
f
True or False; Increasing a streams velocity decreases the streams ability to do work (i.e., weather/erode)
f
True or False; Land subsidence because of over pumping groundwater is reversible
f
True or False; Radiometric dating was used to create the first geologic time scale
f
True or False; Relative dating involves the use of radiometric dating to provide specific dates expressed in years
f
True or False; Sedimentary rocks are better than igneous rocks for radiometric dating
f
True or False; Streams with broad, shallow channels and narrow, deep channels have a higher flow velocity than do those with semi-circular channels
f
True or False; Volcanic igneous rocks have large visible crystals, little to no holes (vesicles), and are found at depth in Earth's crust
f
True or False; Without plate tectonics, there would be no metamorphic rocks
f
True or False; in a transgressive sequence (i.e., forming as a result of a transgression), a geologist would likely encounter a sandstone overlying a limestone
f
True or False; An uplift along a coast as the result of a tectonic fault system could result in a marine transgression
false
True or False; Arétes are bowl-shaped depressions near the head of a glacier
false
True or False; Because salt water is so much less dense than fresh water, deepening a well can mitigate salt water incursion in coastal aquifers
false
True or False; Bowen's reaction series explains the order of mineral formation with increasing temperature
false
True or False; During the Pleistocene, the world's temperature was close to freezing, even near the equator
false
True or False; Fossils only represent the body structures of a once living organism such as bones or a shell
false
True or False; Hot springs form only in volcanic areas
false
True or False; Modem coastal management techniques have proven highly successful in arresting the damage caused by rising sea level
false
True or False; Pediments are small erosional remnants of mountains
false
True or False; Plate tectonics may play a part in causing glaciations by moving continents to polar areas
false
True or False; Winter beaches generally have wider berms than summer beaches
false
Basalt plateaus erupt from: supervolcanoes. shield volcanoes. fissures. lava domes. cinder cones.
fissures
Basalt plateaus erupt from: supervolcanoes. shield volcanoes. fissures. lava domes. cinder cones
fissures.
In a plunging fold the ____ is inclined from the horizontal. strike axial plane fold axis none of the above
fold axis
During periods of glacial advances the Sahara Desert was covered by what? glaciers forests a shallow sea volcanoes
forests
Tendency of a mineral to break along irregular surfaces hardness cleavage fracture color luster crystal form specific gravity
fracture
Hazards associated with glaciers include which of the following? extreme erosion episodes glacial surges glacial outburst floods sudden advances
glacial outburst floods
Detrital sediments and rocks are classified by: mineral composition. grain size. the conditions in which they formed. mineral composition and grain size. composition, origin, and texture.
grain size
Which of the following is most permeable? sand soil gravel silt clay
gravel
In a reverse fault, the: hanging wall block goes up relative to the footwall block. hanging wall block goes down relative to the footwall block. hanging wall block and footwall block remain in the same position vertically. two sides of the fault slide past each other horizontally. two sides of the fault move away from each other.
hanging wall block goes up relative to the footwall block.
Resistance to abrasion and is controlled by the internal structure of a mineral hardness cleavage fracture color luster crystal form specific gravity
hardness
An extinct volcano is one that: existed during a past geological period or epoch. has not erupted during recorded history. has shown no evidence of activity over recorded history. has not erupted during recorded history and has shown no evidence of activity over recorded history. all of these.
has not erupted during recorded history and has shown no evidence of activity over recorded history.
Rocks that are tilted were deposited: on a slope in their present orientation. in an unknown orientation and then were tilted into their current position. horizontally and then were tilted into their current orientation. vertically and then were tilted into their current orientation. on the continental shelf and then uplifted.
horizontally and then were tilted into their current orientation.
Which of the following pair are both erosional in origin? cirques and moraines horns and cirques cirques and drumlins moraines and drumlins
horns and cirques
Uplifted blocks are called: tensional blocks. grabens. horsts. fault blocks. graves.
horsts.
The most widely accepted explanation for chains of volcanoes in the oceans and lines of volcanoes on land is that they formed at: divergent plate boundaries. normal faults. hot spots. convergent plate boundaries. transform faults.
hot spots
In a convection cell ___________. - hot, less dense material rises upward - hot, denser material rises upward - cool, less dense material sinks downward - cool, denser material rises upward
hot, less dense material rises upward
Conditions needed for the development of karst topography include: humid climate. arid climate. carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth. humid climate AND carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth. humid or arid climate AND carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth.
humid climate AND carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth.
A stream erodes material from its banks and bed by: suspension. hydraulic action. abrasion. suspension and hydraulic action. hydraulic action and abrasion
hydraulic action and abrasion
The presence of mud cracks in a sedimentary rock is a sign that the rock was deposited: in a region that was drying. in a region that was under water. in a desert. beneath a glacier. in a sand dune.
in a region that was drying
Metamorphism takes place: in the liquid state, melted by contact with magma. in the solid state, with or without fluid activity. only at great depth. in the liquid state, melted by contact with magma, and only at great depth in the liquid state, melted by contact with magma; in the solid state, with or without fluid activity, AND only at great depth
in the solid state, with or without fluid activity.
Metamorphism takes place: in the liquid state, melted by contact with magma. in the solid state, with or without fluid activity. only at great depth. in the liquid state, melted by contact with magma, and only at great depth in the liquid state, melted by contact with magma; in the solid state, with or without fluid activity, AND only at great depth
in the solid state, with or without fluid activity.
Which of the following is the best place for a septic tank? - in the zone of aeration in material of high permeability - in the zone of aeration in material of low permeability - in the zone of saturation in material of high permeability - in the zone of saturation in material of low permeability
in the zone of aeration in material of low permeability
Deep, meandering canyons cut into bedrock are called: hard rock meanders. oxbows. incised meanders. eroded meanders. floodplains.
incised meanders.
The intensity of regional metamorphism may be recognized by: index of recrystallization. index fossils. index minerals. index polymorphs. index cards
index minerals.
The intensity of regional metamorphism may be recognized by: index of recrystallization. index fossils. index minerals. index polymorphs. index cards.
index minerals.
Materials of composition dominate most composite volcano eruptions. - felsic - intermediate - mafic - ultramafic
intermediate
Dissolved load is the: invisible load of a stream. abrasive load of a stream. suspended load of a stream. invisible and abrasive load of a stream. abrasive and suspended load of a stream.
invisible load of a stream.
The largest use of groundwater is _______ which accounts for 65% of groundwater produced. household use heavy industry irrigation geothermal energy
irrigation
Humus: is the material always comprising the topmost soil horizon. is dark, organic-rich material formed by bacterial decay. is leaf-litter. must include sediments. none of the above
is dark, organic-rich material formed by bacterial decay.
Which of the following have become terranes? island arcs and ocean ridges seamounts fragments of other continents island arcs, ocean ridges and seamounts island arcs, ocean ridges, seamounts and fragments of other continents
island arcs, ocean ridges, seamounts and fragments of other continents
A hanging valley forms when the base of the main valley glacier is topographically ______ the tributary glacier. higher than lower than the same as none of the above
lower than
quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral's surface hardness cleavage fracture color luster crystal form specific gravity
luster
Intermediate and felsic magmas usually arise where: mafic magma mixes with felsic material. volcanoes lie on continental margins inland of subduction zones. plates diverge as spreading ridges form. volcanoes lie above transform faults. mafic magma mixes with felsic material AND volcanoes lie on continental margins inland of subduction zones.
mafic magma mixes with felsic material AND volcanoes lie on continental margins inland of subduction zones.
Plutons form when... - magma solidifies in the subsurface - lava cools on the surface - a volcano erupts - none of these
magma solidifies in the subsurface
In a slump, the earth materials.... - move forward by sliding down bedding or fracture plane - fall from a cliff in clumps - move downward and outward along a curving rupture plane - none of the above
move downward and outward along a curving rupture plane
Convection: - systematically removes iron from the crust - is caused by earthquakes - moves the tectonic plates - breaks the asthenosphere into plates
moves the tectonic plates
A surface of erosion on metamorphic or igneous rocks below sedimentary rocks is a(n): nonconformity disconformity angular unconformity anticonformity none of the above
nonconformity
The distance from crest to crest is called the ________________. wave period wave speed wave height none of the above
none
Mineral resources are.... - most common in industrial countries - most common in non-industrial countries - easily replaceable - nonrenewable
nonrenewable
Dip-slip faults include: normal faults. reverse faults. thrust faults. normal and reverse faults. normal, reverse and thrust faults.
normal, reverse and thrust faults.
What term is used to describe when two smaller atoms collide together and form a new heavier atom and release large amounts of energy? - Nuclear Fusion - Nuclear Fission - Radioactive Decay - Spectroscopy
nuclear fusion
Mass wasting does not occur on: unstable material. near-level slopes. steep slopes. gradual slopes. It occurs on all of these.
occurs on all
If a rock permanently bends but does not break it is demonstrating? elastic behavior plastic behavior brittle behavior none of the above
plastic behavior
Hydrocarbons can be widespread in sedimentary rock, but reservoirs are typically formed by: porous and permeable beds bounded on all sides by impermeable rock. large cavities, such as cave systems in limestone reefs. structural traps. porous and permeable beds bounded on all sides by impermeable rock AND structural traps. all of these.
porous and permeable beds bounded on all sides by impermeable rock AND structural traps.
Igneous rocks with a two-stage intrusive-extrusive origin are recognized by a texture that is: aphanitic. porphyritic. glassy. phaneritic. pyroclastic.
porphyritic
Which three processes bring about metamorphism? heat, pressure, weathering melting, pressure, fluid activity fluid activity, heat, melting pressure, fluid activity, heat crystallization, differential pressure, melting
pressure, fluid activity, heat
The Great Lakes started out as what? kettles proglacial lakes pluvial lakes dams
proglacial lakes
Igneous rocks formed by explosive volcanic activity have a texture that is termed: aphanitic. porphyritic. glassy. phaneritic. pyroclastic
pyroclastic
Igneous rocks formed by explosive volcanic activity have a texture that is termed: aphanitic. porphyritic. glassy. phaneritic. pyroclastic.
pyroclastic
An example of a rock type that could be a good aquifer is: shale. quartz sandstone. clay. basalt. marble.
quartz sandstone.
Sea floor fractures produce offsets in.... - submarine canyons - trenches - guyots - ridge crests
ridge crests
If you have one foot on either side of a fault with a vertical dip and the right block moves toward you with no vertical displacement, what type of fault are you straddling? normal reverse left-lateral oblique-slip left-lateral strike-slip right-lateral strike-slip
right-lateral strike-slip
Conglomerates are composed of... - angular grains larger than 2mm in diameter - grains 2 to 1/16mm in diameter - rounded grains larger than 2mm in diameter - none of these
rounded larger than 2mm
Wind-blown sand is generally transported by? saltation suspension both of the above none of the above
saltation
The ultimate base level for a stream is: the nearest lake. sea level. the nearest stream. the nearest spring. the nearest valley.
sea level.
Sorting is a result of: transportation of sediment by wind. transportation of sediment by running water. selective transport and deposition. transportation of sediment by ice. precipitation of minerals from seawater.
selective transport and deposition.
An example of a rock/sediment type that could be an effective aquiclude is: quartz sandstone. fractured granite. gravel. shale. graywacke.
shale.
Loess is dominated by what? silt and clay sand and silt sand and gravel gravel
silt and clay
Siliceous material deposited around the vent of a geyser is called? travertine terrace travertine tufa sinter none of the above
sinter
The properties used to describe detrital sediment are: size. sorting. rounding. size and rounding. size, sorting, and rounding.
size, sorting, and rounding
Which of the following lists of foliated rock types is arranged according to increasing coarseness of texture? slate, phyllite, gneiss, schist slate, amphibolite, schist, phyllite schist, phyllite, gneiss, slate slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss schist, phyllite, amphibolite, gneiss
slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
After gravity, the major cause of mass wasting is: slope angle. weakening by weathering. overloading. vegetation loss. increased water content.
slope angle.
Mass movement that occurs along a curved surface of a rupture is known as: rockfall. slide. creep. slump. none of these
slump.
Intrusive igneous (plutonic) rocks: solidify below the surface of the ground. solidify above the surface of the ground. form by crystallization of magmas intruded into surrounding rocks. solidify below the ground AND form by crystallization and intrusion of magma into surrounding rocks solidify above the ground AND form by crystallization and intrusion of magma into surrounding rocks
solidify below the ground AND form by crystallization and intrusion of magma into surrounding rocks
The asymmetry of the water molecule makes it an important agent of.... - exfoliation - frost wedging - solution - oxidation
solution
ratio of a mineral's weight to the weight of an equal volume of water hardness cleavage fracture color luster crystal form specific gravity
specific gravity
Deltas which prograde the farthest into a lake or sea are usually... stream-dominated. tide-dominated. wave-dominated. alluvial fan dominated.
steam-dominated
True or False; Before sophisticated sampling equipment and methods, scientists were able to determine the nature of oceanic crust by studying ophiolite sequences found on land
t
True or False; During assimilation, it is possible for the "intruding" magma body to change the composition of the original magma body from being more felsic to less felsic
t
True or False; Metamorphic fluids are vital to metamorphism because they supply key components for chemical reactions that take place during metamorphismt
t
True or False; Most scientists believe that Earth's magnetic field is the result of convection in the liquid outer core
t
True or False; Saltwater incursion occurs primarily along coastlines
t
True or False; Slow mass movement transports a greater volume of material than does rapid mass movement
t
True or False; The average channel velocity increases downstream where the gradient is lower
t
True or False; The configuration of the water table is a subdued replica of the overlying land surface; it rises beneath hills and has its lowest elevation beneath valleys
t
True or False; The removal of vegetation is a significant cause of slope failure and mass wasting
t
All other factors being equal, the chance of mass wasting is increased by: the amount of material involved. the lack of friction on the slope. the angle of the slope. the kind of event that initiates the mass wasting. whether there exists a positive or negative gravity anomaly.
the angle of the slope.
Most volcanoes are located in: the circum-Pacific belt. the mid-oceanic ridges. the Mediterranean belt. the East African Rift Zone. Indonesia.
the circum-Pacific belt.
When an isolated mountain range occurs in the interior of a continent, one may infer that the range formed by: compressive forces acting on the opposing margins of a single plate. the collision of two continental plates. the rifting of the continent. the growth of a volcanic arc. the collision of two continental plates or the growth of a volcanic arc
the collision of two continental plates.
Metamorphism is a physical and chemical change that occurs in such a way that: disequilibrium is reached with the new physical and chemical environment. a dynamic equilibrium is reached. equilibrium with the new environment is disturbed. the rock reaches equilibrium with its new environment. the rock's chemistry and texture become increasingly unstable.
the rock reaches equilibrium with its new environment.
How is frost wedging and salt crystal growth similar? both are types of chemical weathering they produce chemical precipitates the both cause chemical changes to the rock they both exert force to widen cracks and dislodge smaller particles
they both exert force to widen cracks and dislodge smaller particles
Surface ocean currents: - have only local effects. - transfer deep water to the surface. - transfer heat from the equator to the poles. - all of these answers
transfer heat from the equator to the poles
Groundwater erupting from geysers that contain dissolved calcium carbonate will form deposits of: stalactites. stalagmites. travertine. quartz. sulfides.
travertine.
True or False; A stream cannot erode below its base level
true
True or False; Braided streams are common on alluvial fans and in streams fed by glacial meltwater
true
True or False; Desert oases are often formed by artesian springs
true
True or False; Deserts form in belts of high pressure at the low to middle latitudes
true
True or False; Evaporite minerals may be common in playa lakes
true
True or False; Fiords are glacial troughs occupied by the sea
true
True or False; Glacial striations are parallel to the direction of glacial flow
true
True or False; Ice is a mineral
true
True or False; If running water contains only dissolved load, but no solid sedimentary particles, little or no abrasion of the bedrock over which it flows will occur
true
True or False; In Bowen's Reaction Series, the continuous series occurs because Calcium and Sodium have similar chemical properties and can fit within different chemical structures when igneous melts are cooling
true
True or False; In the western U.S., glaciers are an important source of fresh water during the dry season
true
True or False; In the zone of saturation the pore spaces are completely filled with water
true
True or False; Mechanical weathering generally dominates over chemical weathering in deserts
true
True or False; Metamorphic rocks indicate that an even older parent rock once existed in that place
true
True or False; Soil includes organic material, mineral matter, as well as air and water within pore spaces
true
True or False; Soil includes organic material, mineral matter, as well as air and water within pore spaces?
true
True or False; The main valley glacier moves faster than its tributaries
true
True or False; The most important source of water in stable, steadily flowing streams is groundwater
true
True or False; The presence of sea stacks is indicative of retreating cliffs in an erosion-dominated shoreline
true
True or False; The process of assimilation includes the incorporation of felsic country rock
true
True or False; The type of dune formed depends on sand supply, wind direction and velocity, and amount of vegetation
true
In most areas high tides occur _________________. once a day twice a day four times a day once every other day
twice
Lava domes form from: mafic magma. intermediate magma. viscous magma. pyroclastic materials. basalt.
viscous magma
Which of the following does NOT control the intensity of an earthquake? local geology length of shaking weather, especially amount of heat distance form epicenter
weather, especially amount of heat
If all of the grains in a sedimentary rock are about the same size, shape, and composition, the rock can be characterized as: cemented. compacted. cross-bedded. graded. well sorted.
well sorted
Where does groundwater discharge naturally? only in the ocean only in springs only in streams only in aquifers wherever the groundwater table intersects the ground surface
wherever the groundwater table intersects the ground surface
