Geology 150 Test 4 Final (Glaciers, Wind, Desserts 21, 22, 23, anything about southern california geology & pictures and diagrams from last chapters, lithospheric keel, deepest part of the L.A. Basin, San Gabriel Anorthocite, L.A. Rivers, San Gabriel Mts.

from each barrel of oil in addition to numerous other products including heating oil

28 gallons of gas...

1)wind speed (faster winds the bigger the wave) 2)length of time wind has blown (the longer the bigger the wave) 3)fetch or distance wind has blown across open water

3 things that make/shape waves?

-found around the great lakes -came from stromatolites (algalmats), lived in mud flats. They are simple organisms that excrete iron -2-2.5 billion years ago the earth's oceans were rich in iron and excreted large amounts of iron -the banded iron formation gave America cheap and easy iron to build American bridges, infrastructure, car culture, win two world wars, building ships and planes and cities

Banded Iron Formation?

1) the hadley cell (30-40 degrees of the equator, a global circulation pattern where cold air has trouble holding moisture) north africa created the hadley cell 2)rainshadow effect (rainshadow act like a wall that keeps moist air from the ocean away) how nevada and death valley became a desert 3)coastal currents (freezing currents where moisture doesnt blow off of it) 4)distance from the ocean

Causes for deserts?

Sandunes (sound bounces up general slopes and piles of sand the wind is moving; sand dunes move in the wind)

Common land forms?

EROSION DOWN CURRENT

DEPOSITION UPCURRENT----->

The man to first discover oil in L.A. (one of the richest deposits in the world) wilmington oil field has 4-5 billion barrels of oil

Edward Doheney

When sea level rises continents sink in water and you get flooded rivers (Estuaries)

Estuaries occur when?

death valley (134 degrees)

Hottest temp on earth ever measured on earth with a therometer was?

5-6 earths

How many resources would be needed for everyone on our planet to use oil like Americans?

A little less than 10%, 1/3 the area they did during the most recent ice age

How much of the world is covered by ice?

30%

How much of the world is dry?

20-24 million barrels (1/4th of the world's daily oil usage)

How much oil does Americans use per day?

roughly 85 million barrels

How much oil does the world use per day?

300-400 feet

How much water drops during Ice Ages?

by glaciers (theory created by Meir) his reasoning included: -marranges all over -glacier polish everywhere -glacial scratches over landscape -U shaped valleys

How was Yosemite created?

the skeleton of modern technological societies without it you cant build modern cities or sky scrapers and highways and bridges, you cant have cars ships or planes the U.S. didn't really start using iron until the industrial revolution and now we have the most elaborate high way system in the world

Iron Is...

-starts in the San Fernando Valley and ends at the north end of Long Beach. -it runs by the 710/Long Beach Freeway

L.A. river?

240 km (150 miles) deep -hangs under the San Bernardino / San Gabriel Mountains -it's partly the Baja Peninsula diving under the transverse ranges like a snake sliding down into a hole -it's also a two sided down welling of the upper semi-rigid mantle which is squeezing up the transverse ranges -it helps maintain the bend in the San Andreas fault

Lithospheric keel?

sand that was carried to the ocean by riversand then distributed along the shore by beach drift and long shore currents

Many beaches consist of....

has a 670 mph lateral blast

Mt St Helens?

to get off fossil fuels, nuclear waste is the most toxic thing humans have ever seen/created (there is no safe way to dispose of it)

Nuclear power

things like benzine are carcinegens oil and gasoline are the stugg of dreams one single barrel produces 25,000 man hours of energy and it often takes just $1 to get a barrel of oil out of the ground in places like Iraq

Oil and gas?

america has over 2/3 of the world's oil shale

Oil shale

created by M. King Hubbert -we would peak out conventional oil then decline, then we had gas shortages, we have peaked out on conventional oil

Peak oil?

-mostly on the deep ocean floor -under syberia and alaska -ice that is filled with bubbles of methane gas trapped under permafrost and bubbles up and creates pingos -methane is 4x as good to trap suns energy as carbon dioxide -now we have a threshold of heat

Pingos and Methaine Ice

-Hawaii example -steep beach slope tunnel collapses

Plunging Breakers

-there is life in deserts -deserts arent always hot (ex pheonix az temp gets close to freezing and utah batour is -19 c on January days) -deserts are barrock (not covered in sand) -most deserts are dusty and dirty -wind is not the primary errosional force in the desert (water is)

Random desert facts

Mt. Baldy is 10,080 feet high (almost 2 miles high) traveled up from Mexico along the San Andreas Falt mostly granite rock have risen in the last 6 million years "uniformitarianism" the present is the key to the past minerals are the building blocks of rocks (2 or more minerals combined make a rock)

San Gabriel Mountains?

-starts in the San Gabriel Mountains and exits between south Long Beach and north Seal Beach -it runs by the 605 freeway -it is older than the hills that surrounds it -the hills Rio Hondo College sits on are the Puente Hills -the hills on the opposite side of our valley (Whittier Narrows) are the Montebello/Repetto Hills

San Gabriel River?

about 5,687 feet (1,733 metres)?

Santa Ana Mountains Height?

-begins on the San Bernadino and San Jacinto Mountains and ends between Newport Beach -it has the largest drainage basin of LA's three major rivers -It was named "The River of Earthquakes" by our 1st governor Gasper de Portola -it runs by the 91 freeway for a short stretch

Santa Ana River?

1) longetudinal dunes (wind varies by 150 degrees (very strong wind), these are the longest dunes 2)parabolic dunes (form where there is partial vegetation) 3)transverse dunes (steady direction and lots of sand) 4)star dunes (come from variety of different wind directions 5)barchan dunes (form where bare rock and limited sand)

Types of sand dunes?

-Rivers of sand, north------>south, -240,000-280,000 yards each year -they are wider during summer and smaller during winter -granite errodes into sand over time and sand gets washed by rivers into the ocean (riversand)

What are beaches?

When the depth of the ocean is half of the wave length; waves that stand up (rise) and fall over

What are breaker waves?

when rip rap is parallel to the beach

What are breakwaters?

scooped out tops of glacial valleys

What are cirques?

hills made of till or glacieral rocks, sometimes they are lumpy, and are shaped like whales or teardrops and glacier moves to the tail

What are drumlines?

-slowly flowing masses of ice that survive the summer melt -destroy and also create -created Yosemite Valley (it's U shaped) -created the great lakes -the top/ middle part of the glacier moves the quickest

What are glaciers?

where little glaciers float into big glaciers

What are hanging Valleys?

Glacier mountains because they are peekier and very pointed versus a regular mountain

What are horns?

glacier rocks or ponds

What are kettles?

ridges of glacier rock

What are moraines?

Hard clay lake beds

What are playas?

-channels in between waves -stops when the wave stops -if caught in one swim sideways

What are rip currents?

-California example -gentle beach slope, form slides down face of wave

What are spilling breakers?

fingers of sand connected to land at one end and they point roughly in the same direction as long end currents

What are spits?

when the ____ is flooding the lands -coastline is very irregular -you get a lot of mini islands

What are submergent coast lines?

big boulges of water due to attraction of the sun or moon -the biggest tides are during full moon or new moon (when the earth and sun and moon are in a straight line)

What are tides?

-"Valley/Alpine Glaciers" form in river valleys & creates U shaped glacial trough -"Ice Sheet/Continental Glatiation/Regional Glatiation" only two exist Greenland and Antarctica, they are large

What are two major types of glaciers?

naturally sand blasted rocks, the flat side faces into the sand they are polished and sharpened

What are ventifacts?

-tells you the land is rising -created by wave erosion

What are wave cut platforms?

up & down waves out in the ocean; water molecules do circular motion

What are waves of oscilliation?

zigzag pattern along the beach, waves hit the ocean at an angle

What causes beach drift and long shore current?

pluck off rocks

What do bottom of glaciers do?

They leave series of moraines that cover entire states

What happens when glaciers retreat?

a sharpened glacial ridge from glaciers on both sides

What is Arete?

an apron of overlapping aluvian fans along the mountain front

What is a bajada?

?

What is a coastline?

a flooded glacial valley

What is a fiord?

??

What is a glacier trough?

a headland eroded to sea stacks (rocks and mini islands off shore) by wave refraction

What is a sea arch? How is a sea arch formed?

glacier rock is the rock itself, pick up rocks where they go like a tossed salad

What is a till?

land that sticks out into the ocean

What is headland?

take algae, cook it at the temperature of a cup of coffee for a million years in anoxic (no oxygen); conditions and OILA you get oil! -this happens naturally down inside the earth between 7,500 and 15,000 feet. -then it must be trapped in the earth by salt domes, faults, anticline folds, and reefs. -oil wants to migrate to the surface of earth after it forms but struggles to get past clay and shale -oil is long strings of carbon and hydrogen molecules (shorter strings are natural gas, medium strings are gasoline/jet fuel, longer strings are oil and tar)

What is the recipe for oil? What is oil?

the top of the glacier above the snow line; this is the most brittle

What is the zone of accumulation?

Where ice is melting below the snow line

What is the zone of wastage?

bending of waves around the coastline

What is wave refraction?

widen beaches

When the groin is perpendicular you can...

everything you use that is plastic is made of oil, we shouldnt be using it for transportation

Why is oil so important?

most of the waves at the beach

Wind creates?

costs $33 a gallon to turn energy into gas

algae

where they put high pressure chemicals into the ground and they crack it open to bring up oil

fracting

only 1/3 , or 33% in arabia, 10% in saharra

how much of arabia is covered in sand? how much in the saharra?

2 major areas (Canada and Venisuala)

tar sands

fracking, methane hydrates, coal, algae, wind power

to get off of fossil fuels?

-Southern California example

what are emergent coast lines?

blocks of concrete and boulders

what are rip rap?

wind errosion in a desert -created the dust bowl -created dust pavement (natural rock mossaic that prevents further erosion below it) -Devils Corn Field example

what is deflation?

between 750 & 580 million years ago

when did our entire planet freeze over into a ball of ice?

1)milankoritch cycles (astronomical, earth tilts move in its orbit and the orbit itself is less circular and move oblong) 2)plate tectonics (if all the continents bunch up near one of the poles you get a global iceage 3)changes in the wind currents 4)meteorite impact (a big impact would put dust into the air and would block out sunshine and bring on global winter) 5)any process that removes too much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 6)massive volcanos 7)nuclear war

causes for ice ages?

42 gallons of oil

A barrel of crude is...