Geology: Chapter 13

Which of the following are major factors affecting regional climate? (Choose all that apply.)

- Elevation - Types of ocean currents nearby - Latitude - Prevailing winds

Which of the following are true about maps displaying air pressure? (Select all that apply.)

- H and L on the map indicate high-and-low-pressure areas, respectively. - Lines of equal pressure are called isobars

What evidence exists for a more recent increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere? (Choose all that apply.)

- Ice-core data show links between CO2 and temperature proxies - Data from ice cores and other proxies - Data collected from Mauna Loa

Which of the following are true regarding atmospheric pressure? (Select all that apply.)

- Is recorded in bars or millibars - Is lower in the thermosphere than in the stratosphere - Is caused by the weight of gas molecules - May be measure by a barometer

In the image of the west coast of India, what are the best explanations for the conditions seen? (Choose all that apply.)

- Monsoon-related rains have increased the vegetation. - Moisture has been brought into the area, as winds blow from the south. - The image is taken in the early autumn.

Which of the following are true about the surface currents in the world's ocean? (Select all that apply.)

- Ocean currents transfer amount of energy around the surface of Earth. - Warm and cold currents link up to form oval-shaped circulation patterns called gyres.

Desertification may result from which of the following? (Choose all that apply.)

- Overgrazing by livestock - Diversion of surface water - Extended periods of drought - Poor farming techniques

Which of the following accurately describe Hurricane Sandy? (Choose all that apply.)

- Sandy was large (wide) compared to a typical hurricane. - It started as a storm in the tropics. - It merged with a cold front associated with a low-pressure system centered over New England.

Identify possible consequences of climate change. (Select all that apply.)

- Snow and ice might melt faster, thus reducing the extent of glaciers. - Some regions might get colder. - The distribution of communities of plants and animals may shift in response to changing climate.

Which are true of the greenhouse effect? (Select all that apply.)

- Some infrared energy is absorbed by gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), and methane (CH4). - Some light is absorbed by the land and oceans, which radiate infrared energy back into the atmosphere - Some sunlight is absorbed and some is reflected by the atmosphere.

Which of the following factors influence the formation of precipitation? (Select all that apply.)

- Temperature - Pressure - Humidity

Which of the following may change as the amount of sea ice and glacial coverage on land decreases as the climate warms?

- The location and strength of the themohaline conveyor - The location and strength of surface currents

Which of the following statements accurately describe the importance of rain forests? (Select all that apply.)

- They are responsible for about 30% of the photosynthetic activity on Earth and take in a lot of carbon dioxide. - They contain at least 5 million species of plants and animals.

What conditions does the image represent? Warm colors (red and orange) show warmer seas, wheras cool colors (blue and purple) show cooler water. (Select all that apply.)

- Warmer winters in the midwestern U.S. - El Nino - More rainfall in South and Central America

High-pressure systems are associated with ___. (Choose all that apply.)

- clear skies - clockwise flow (Northern Hemisphere) - sinking air masses

The thermohaline conveyor ___. (Choose all that apply.)

- transports deep water nearly around the globe - is a deep-water current - involves cold, saline water sinking - is driven by density differences - takes about 1,000 years for water to complete the trip

Although the percentage does vary by location, the average amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is ___.

1

Rank the following bodies of water in order from least dense to most dense, based on their properties of temperature and salinity.

1. 25 C; salinity is 35 parts per thousand 2. 20 C; salinity is 35 parts per thousand 3. 10 C; salinity is 35.5 parts per thousand 4. 4 C; salinity is 35.7 parts per thousand

Put the following surface currents active in the Southern Atlantic Ocean in the correct order (from the top), starting near Brazil and following the counterclockwise flow.

1. Brazil Current 2. Antarctic Circumpolar Current 3. Benguela Current 4. South Equatorial Current

Match the letter of the region with the appropriate conditions.

A: Air rises and cools B: North-moving air meets south-moving air at the surface C: Subtropics: descending masses of air dry out the region

Match the letter with the best location/description on the map

A: Nearly two-thirds of the world's temperate rain forest are here. B: This is the world's largest and most diverse rain forest. C: This is the second largest rain forest; most rainfall is in December and January. D: Tropical rain forests here thrive because of the long sunlit days year round. E: Both tropical and temperate rain forests exist here; wind over warm ocean currents provides moisture.

Match the region in the image with the appropriate description.

A: Precipitation often falls as snow. B: Most of the continental United States is affected by this cell. C: Tropical jungles are present. Air rises at 0 and sinks at 30 north or south. D: This Kalahari Desert results from sinking air at 30 south.

Match the location on the map with the most appropriate description of events.

A: Water cools and becomes more saline; water sinks. B: Water upwells to the surface, bringing nutrients with it. C: Cold water travels as a deep current and mixes with water formed near Antarctica.

Match the letter with the corresponding description.

A: Winds blow from the northeast as air masses move toward the equator. B: Weather in this area moves from west to east. C: Air moves toward the equator from the southeast. D: Cold air mass moves away from the pole and flows east to west.

Describe two major currents in the Northern Pacific by placing the descriptions in the correct category.

Alaska Current: - East-moving - Warm water California Current: - Cold water - South-flowing

Place the trend and explanation in the correct storm category.

Atlantic Storms and Hurricanes: - Other factors, such as ocean oscillations, may play a larger role. - Maybe be either decreasing or increasing in intensity Strong to Violent Tornadoes: - Number has not increased over time - Temperatures increased on surface and in atmosphere, creating stable conditions.

In which region indicated in the image would a rain shadow desert most likely be formed?

C

Match the type of desert to process(es) that cause their formation.

Coastal desert: Cold upwelling waters cool the air and limit the amount of moisture it can hold. Subtropical deserts: Global atmospheric circulation patterns result in a zone of high pressure which brings in dry descending air. Rainshadow deserts: Mountains force air to rise and cool causing precipitation on the upwind side and air to descend, warm, and become less humid on the downwind side. Polar deserts: Cold dry air and often frozen water limit the amount of humidity in the air. Continental deserts: Dry air results when winds blow long distances without encountering sources of moisture.

Due to the ___ effect, air in the Northern Hemisphere is deflected to the ___ of its intended path. This causes hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere to rotate ___.

Coriolis; right; counterclockwise

True or false: A funnel cloud is exactly the same thing as a tornado

False

Match the type of proxy data used to study past climate change with its description.

Fossils: We compare these to the modern examples to understand the climate in which they lived. Tree rings: We measure the width of the seasonal layers, as well as density and carbon isotopes from these. Stalactites: Found in caves, we can measure isotopes and other chemicals in the distinct layers of these features. Marine organisms: We gather these in drill cores, and they provide us information of the ocean's conditions when they lived. Ice cores: These not only contain seasonal layers, but also bubbles preserving past atmospheric gases that we sample.

___ forms when updrafts and downdrafts within a cloud vertically move a particle of ice up and down, which allows a buildup of layers to occur on the ice until it becomes too large to remain aloft.

Hail

Match oceans to their descriptions.

Indian Ocean: Most of it lies south of the equator and contains the Mozambique Current Western Pacific Ocean: It is the largest ocean basin with one large gyre in each hemisphere centered in the subtropics Arctic Ocean: Surface waters flow into this ocean via the Bering, Labrador, and Greenland currents and out of it via the North Atlantic Drift. Southeastern Pacific Ocean: In this ocean, cold water flows north in the Humboldt Current before flowing west in the South Equatorial Current. Southern Atlantic Ocean: This ocean lies between South America and Africa and contains the cold Benguela Current and the warm Brazil Current.

Which one of the following statements best summarizes Earth's climate over its long history?

It has been warmer and much colder than it is today; climate change is usual for Earth.

Match the plate-tectonic activity with its effect on climate.

Mountain Building: Changes precipitation patterns; increases chemical weathering; removes some CO2 from the atmosphere Increased rates of seafloor spreading: Causes flooding of lowlands; changes local climates; removes some CO2 from the atmosphere Volanic eruptions: Global warming caused by increases in CO2 and H2O in the atmosphere; global cooling from increased aerosols

___ measure different types of climate change indicators at all levels in Earth's atmosphere, and give us a global sets of data.

Satellites

If a jet leaves the southern South American city of Santiago, Chile, and needs to land in the northern South American city of Caracas, Venezuela, which of the following must happen?

The jet must set a flight path to the EAST of its intended target in order to account for the Coriolis effect.

Match the phase of water with its description.

Vapor: Water molecules in gas form Liquid: Water in droplets, or in a larger body of water (like the ocean) Solid: Water as ice or crystals of snow

Match the occurrence with the appropriate height/temperature conditions.

Water vapor condenses to form microdrops: Water moves from greater height in the atmosphere to lower height, under warm temperature conditions. Larger drops form, flatten due to wind resistance, and some break apart: Water moves from greater height in the atmosphere to lower height, under warm temperature conditions. Crystals of snow or ice form in the atmosphere: Both low and high in the atmosphere, water exists in the atmosphere under cold temperature conditions.

Climate may affect landscapes by ___.

altering rates of weathering and erosion on the land's surface

Water vapor can more easily condense on tiny particles (such as dust and salt) in atmosphere called ___ than it can on its own. These particles help clouds to form

condensation nuclei

Differences in the thermal responses of land and the sea influence the ___.

direction the wind blows

The primary contributor of water vapor to the atmosphere is ___.

evaporation at the ocean's surface

Air that rises at the equator flows north and south aloft and then sinks at approximately 30 north and south, respectively, in a ___ cell.

flow

The more collisions there are between gas molecules, the ___ air pressure will be.

higher

Pressure is ___ related to volume and ___ related to temperature.

inversely; directly

During the nighttime, air sinks over the relatively cool land and rises over the warm ocean, creating a(n) ___ breeze.

land

The ITCZ is a zone of ___ pressure and high ___

low; rainfall

The seasonal changes in prevailing wind direction are called ___, and often result in torrential rainstorms when the changes bring steady onshore winds.

monsoons

Temperature, pressure, and humidity are all factors that influence the type of ___ that forms and whether any forms at all.

precipitation

Wind blows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure because of the ___.

pressure gradient

Windblown sediment grains moving through the process of ___ are transported by "bouncing" across the surface.

saltation

During the daytime, air rises over the relatively warm land and sinks over the cool ocean, creating a(n) ___ breeze.

sea

Some areas deviate from the expected pattern of SST because of ___ currents carrying cold water away from the poles and warm water away from the equator.

surface

Shallow, wind-driven ocean currents traveling clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere are called ___. Ocean currents that sink as a result of increased density and are part of the thermohaline conveyor are called

surface currents; deep currents

Direct evidence of global warming through ocean and air temperatures have been collected for approximately 170 years using ___.

thermometers

The north-south trending area in the central United States that experiences the highest concentration of tornadoes in the world is called ___.

tornado alley

We currently refer to the measures 40-year trend of increasing temperatures in the atmosphere and oceans as global ___.

warming

Surface ocean currents are mostly driven by ___, whereas deep-ocean currents are driven by ___.

wind; temperature and salinity