Geology Exam 3

Compaction is a very important part of the lithification process for which of the following sediments? A.Gravel B.Sand C.Mud D.Cobble

C.Mud

True or False: Boulder conglomerates suggest deposition by strong winds in a desert

F

True or False: Clastic particles in a sedimentary breccia are rounded and are about the same size as fine-grained sand.

F

True or False: Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to clastic particle size; chemical sedimentary rocks are named according to the most abundant mineral.

F

Which is the most common, chemical, sedimentary rock?

Limestones

What is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks?

Quartz

Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Sandstone a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment

Sand

True or False: A feldspar rich sandstone is called arkose

T

True or False: Clay and muddy sediments lithify to form shales and mudstones

T

True or False: Detrital Sedimentary rocks have clastic textures

T

True or False: Many limestones are of biochemical origin

T

True or False: Water is gradually expelled from compacting clay and mud sediments

T

a.climatic change during the last 4 million years

a. breccia clasts are angular, conglomerate clasts are rounded

_________ is not part of the hydrologic cycle. a. calcium carbonates dissolving in soil water and groundwater b. water moving into creeks and streams following a rainstorm c. water evaporating from a lake d. water infiltrating into the soil and bedrock

a. calcium carbonates dissolving in soil water and groundwater

Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams? a. conglomerate b. mudstone c. graywacke d. oolitic limestone

a. conglomerate

The ____ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere a. hydrologic cycle b. aquatic cycle c. precipitation cycle d. aqualtic cycle

a. hydrologic cycle

Which type of sediment undergoes the most compaction as it lithifies to sedimentary rocks? a. marine mud b. desert dune sand c. coarse gravel d. reef limestone

a. marine mud

Which does not fit the pattern a. shale b. sandstone c. breccia d. conglomerate

a. shale

Which of the following applies to the basic constituents of halite, gypsum, and sylvite? a. transported as dissolved ions; deposited by evaporation b. transported and deposited as mud-sized particles c. transported as dissolved ions; deposited as detrital mud d. transported as detrital mud; deposited by evaporation

a. transported as dissolved ions; deposited by evaporation

A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient? a. 0.5m/km b.0.5 km/in c. 2 km/in d. 2 m/km

a.0.5m/km

Studies of deep-sea sediment cores have contributed greatly to scientific knowledge of ________. a.climatic change during the last 4 million years b.the origin of oscillation ripple marks c.how soft-bodied organisms are carbonized d.the biological impacts of pollution on parts of the continental shelves

a.climatic change during the last 4 million years

Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Shale a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment

all clay sediment

Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometers of rock (first percentage). Also, what percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by sedimentary rocks (second percentage)? a. 3.5%; 100% b. 5%; 75% c. 85%; 100% d. 65%; 10%

b. 5%; 75%

The ______ river has the largest discharge of any in the world a. Mississippi b. Amazon c. congo d. Nile

b. Amazon

Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient? a. the increase in discharge of a stream per unit drop in elevation b. The drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels. c. the water pressure at the bottom of the stream divided by the streams width d. the distance traveled by water in a channel times a drop in elevation

b. The drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels.

Which of the following is not a type of limestone? a. coquina b. arkose c. travertine d. chalk

b. arkose

Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Mudstone a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment

b. clay and fine silt

_________ is not a common cementing agent for sandstone. a. quartz b. fluorite c. calcite d. iron oxides

b. fluorite

_____ is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock a. chert b. limestone c. phosphate rock d. quartz sandstone

b. limestone

Which does not fit pattern a. gradient b. velocity c. capacity d. discharge

b. velocity

_____ cement produces bright-red and yellow colors in some sandstone a.calcite b.iron oxide c.clay d.quartz

b.iron oxide

__________, a common mineral found in igneous rocks,is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks. a. calcute b.quartz c.orthoclase d.biotite

b.quartz

Which of the following Detrital grains of which mineral(s) are extremely rare in detrital sediments? a. quartz, it is very hard and insoluble b. feldspar, they occur only in granites c. calcite, it is soft and relatively soluble d. clays, they are rare in soils and regolith

c. calcite, it is soft and relatively soluble

________ describes the total sediment load transported down stream a. discharge b. competence c. capacity d. hydro-load factor

c. capacity .

which major component of detrital sedimentary rocks only rarely occurs as a primary mineral in igneous rocks? a. ferromagnesian minerals b. quartz c. clays. d.carbonates

c. clays.

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the ________. a. colors of the cementing minerals b. degree of compaction and lithification c. grain sizes of the detrital particles d. compositions of soluble minerals

c. grain sizes of the detrital particles

Match each sediment with the appropriate rock name: Conglomerate a.sand b. clay and fine silt c. gravel d. all clay sediment

c. gravel

______ describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom a.siltation b. alluviation c. saltation d. impact leaping

c. saltation

_________ is a form of calcium carbonate a. lignite b. chert c. travertine d. gypsum

c. travertine

Which does not fit the pattern a. lithification b. cementation c. weathering d. compaction

c. weathering

Which one of the following is not a chemical sedimentary rock or evaporite? a. cherty dolostone b. bedded gypsum c. shale d. colitic limestone

c.Shale

How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage basin? a. both increase b. both decrease c.infiltration decreases; runoff increases c. runoff decreases; infiltration increases

c.infiltration decreases; runoff increases

Sand stones are lithified mainly by cementation. What is the major process involved in the lithification of shales?

compaction

What stream characteristics is measured by the size of the largest particle that a stream can move?

competence

What is the chemical formula for dolomite, the major mineral in dolostones? a. SiO2 b. NaCl c. CaSo4-2H2O d. CaMg(CO3)2

d. CaMg(CO3)2

Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite? a. variates of coal and peat b.varieties of dolostone c. detrital sedimentary rocks d. evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks

d. evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks

Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true? a. they probably show some evidence of stratification b. they may contain fossils that provide clues ancient life forms c. they are composed of particles and continuents derrived from weathering and errosion of other rocks d. they were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea

d. they were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea

A cherty limestone would contain which major constituents? a. silica, iron oxide b.clay minerals c.iron oxide, calcite d.silica, calcite

d.silica, calcite

______ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream. a. saltation load b. bed load c. dissolved load d. suspended load

d.suspended load

__________ is the quanity of water flowing past a certain stream cross section per unit time

discharge

Which of the following describes the correct order for relative solubility of minerals in sedimentary rocks?

evaporate minerals are more soluble than calcite and quartz

Which component of the hydrologic cycle describes the recharge of water to the soil and groundwater systems?

infiltration

Which one of the following does not apply to stream turbulence and average velocity? a. laminar flow; dissolved load b. discharge, stream gradient c.channel shape; bed roughness d. stream gradient; channel roughness

laminar flow; dissolved load

__________ is the total quanity of sediment carried by the river

load

Which variety of limestone consists mainly of sand-sized, mostly spherical grains of calcium carbonate precipitated in shallow marine-waters?

oolitic

_______ is the sediment transport mode in which sand grains alternately bounce up into the water column, sink and roll or skip along the bottom before bouncing again.

saltation

________ is defined as the drop in elevation of the the stream surface divided by the distance the water flows

stream gradient

________ is the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants

transpiration