geology final

What type of metamorphic rock texture is shown below?

Nonfoliated

Weathering is the _____________________.

breakdown and alteration of rocks

Which of the following would be classified as minerals? (select all that apply)

natural diamonds halite

What direction was the Pacific Plate moving while the Hawaiian Island were forming?

northwest

What type of weathering is shown in the image of Half Dome.

Sheeting

Place the events that outline the formation of Earth in order with 1 being the first.

1 big bang 2 formation of solar nebula 3 sun forms 4 planets form 5 earth differentiates into layers 6 earths first atmosphere forms 7 continents and oceans basins form and evolve

A Magnitude 7.0 earthquake is __________times stronger or more energetic than a Magnitude 6.0. (Use figure 9.19)

32

What is metamorphism?

A process that leads to a change in mineralogy, and texture due to the addition of heat an pressure.

The Appalachian Mountains are the result of what type of mountain building event that occurred in different stages between 600 and 250 million years ago?

Alpine-Type Mountain Building

Which of these are layers of the Earth as defined by their physical properties? (select all that apply)

Asthenosphere lithosphere

Match the layer with the property.

Asthenosphere -> weak, flows, Plastic Lithosphere -> strong, rigid, brittle

Where are sedimentary rocks concentrated?

At or near Earth's surface

What type of volcano was Mt. Vesuvius?

Composite

Which of the following volcanoes are most likely to produce a pyroclastic flow?

Composite

Match the density with the type of crust.

Continental Crust 2.7 g/cm^3 Oceanic Crust 3.0 g/cm^3

Match the magma composition with the volcano setting

Continental arc Silica-rich magma Divergent boundary basaltic magma oceanic hotspot basaltic magma

Which of the following is not a likely climate trend in the 21st century.

Decrease in storm events

What type of rock is shown below?

Detrital Sedimentary Rock

You find a course-grained (intrusive) igneous rock. You look at the minerals and see that it contains Potassium Feldspar, Pagioclase Feldspar, Quartz, Amphible, and Pyroxene. What is the name of the rock? (Hint: use figure 4.5)

Diorite

The fold structure in the photo below is an example of ____________ deformation.

Ductile

What type of chemical sedimentary rock is shown below?

Evaporites

An atom that gains an electron is a positive ion and has a net positive charge.

False

Parent rock is the name of the rock after it becomes metamorphosed.

False

Strain describes the forces that deform rocks while stress describes the way a rock's shape changes as a response to strain.

False

With sufficient evidence hypotheses can become theories and theories can become laws.

False

Match the evidence with the correct theory.

Fossils matching across seas -> Continental Drift Jigsaw fit of continents -> Continental Drift Matching rock types and geologic features -> Continental Drift Glacial features in areas near the equator -> Continental Drift Ocean ridges -> Plate tectonics Age of the seafloor -> Plate tectonics Paleomagnetism -> Plate tectonics

What is an earthquake?

Ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in Earth's crust

What is the metamorphic grade of the rock shown below.

High Grade

What are the general temperature/pressure conditions for contact metamorphism? (See figure 8.17)

High Temperatures and Low Pressures

What type of metamorphic rock will most likely be found near the feature shown below?

Impact (shock) metamorphism

Match the plate boundary with the type of motion.

In convergent plate boundaries the plates _______. -> move towards each other In divergent plate boundaries the plates _______. -> move away from each other In transform plate boundaries the plates _______. -> slide past each other

Mauna Loa in Hawaii is a shield volcano that produces quiescent eruptions. What is the magma viscosity for this volcano?

Low viscosity

What causes the formation of this unique geologic feature?

More resistant rock on top of less resistant rock

The amount of damage to human-made structures attributable to the vibrations depends directly on several factors including which of the following.

Nature of the material on which structures rest Duration of vibrations Nature of building materials and construction practices of the region Intensity

Which wave type travels the fastest and is the first wave recorded on a seismograph?

P waves

Match the particle with the charge.

Proton -> Positive Neutron -> neutral Electron -> negative

What mineral forms at the coolest temperature from magma?

Quartz

Which of the following is an example of a transform plate boundary?

San Andreas Fault

What are the causes of plate motion? (select all that apply)

Slab pull convection ridge push

Which of the following best describes the common cause of large earthquakes?

Stress build-up from tectonic plate motion

The Earth system is powered by which 2 power sources?sun Earth's internal heat

Sun earth's internal heat

Which wave type is most likely to cause damage to buildings and other structures?

Surface waves

What stress direction forms faults like the one shown below?

Tension

What type of stress causes landscapes like the one shown below?

Tension

How do greenhouse gasses warm the Earth?

The reradiate captured long-wave energy

Why is an understanding of the magnitude of geologic time important for a geologist? (select all that apply)

To understand how slow incremental processes can cause large-scale changes on Earth To better apply uniformitariansim to the formation of ancient features.

What is the name of the process that changes a metamorphic rock into sediment?

Uplift, weathering, transportation, and deposition

Which of the following objects in our solar system has the highest concentrations of greenhouse gasses in its atmosphere?

Venus (523 degrees Celsius)

Match the Earth material to the sphere it belongs to.

Water -> Hydrosphere Rocks -> geosphere Air -> Atmosphere Plants -> Biosphere Soil -> All Spheres

Why are coal, oil, and natural gas called fossil fuels?

When it is burned, energy from the Sun that was stored by plants millions of years ago is being used now

Look at figure 20.26. According to data collected from ancient air bubbles in glaciers, previous to 1950 the highest CO2 concentrations were __________["about 380", "about 300", "about 400", "about 180"] parts per million. The 2013 the CO2 concentrations were________ ["about 400", "about 380", "about 180", "about 300"] parts per million.

about 300m about 400

What cause of melting results in the formation of volcanic arcs?

addition of water

What are the 3 ways that magma is generated? (select all that apply)

addition of water temperature increase decrease in pressure

What are the ingredients of soil? (select all that apply)

air water mineral matter organic matter

What feature is created at an oceanic- continental convergent plate boundary? (select all that apply)

continental volcanic arc ocean trench

What type of plate boundary results in the formation of faults like the one shown below?

convergant

Pyroxene is an example of a ______- ["gray", "dark", "light"] silicate and has a relatively_______ ["low", "medium", "high"] density.

dark, high

What causes the formation of the feature shown below?

dissolving from carbonic acid

You find an igneous rock that is light colored. It's composition is most likely_______.

felsic

Which of the following factors contribute to metamorphism? (select all that apply)

fluids heat pressure

Match the magma type to the general composition.

grantitic felsic basaltic mafic

Select all of the following that show how geology can impact people.

hazards, mineral resources, energy resources

A rock that has large (visible) crystals likely formed________.

inside the earth (intrusive)

What type of rock forms in a coral reef depositional environment?

limestone

Which of the following is not one of the five major parts of the climate system?

lithosphere

What are the 2 basic categories of weathering? (select all that apply)

mechanical chemical

What feature is created by oceanic divergent plate boundaries?

ocean ridges

What is the rock shown below made out of? (Hint: it burns easily and may end up in your Christmas stocking if you misbehave)

organic matter

An intrusive igneous rock is most likely to have a ____________ texture.

phaneritic

You find a fine-grained felsic igneous rock. What minerals are likely to be found in this rock. (select all that apply) (Hint: figure 4.5)

quartz potassium feldspar muscovite Amphibole Biotite

What was the depostional environment for this carbonate-rich mudstone sample shown below?

shallow marine

What aspects of Wegener's continental drift hypothesis were rejected to most Earth scientists? (select all that apply)

that tidal forces were responsible for plate motion that continental plates broke through oceanic plates as they drifted

Increasing global surface temperatures can cause warmer ocean temperatures and lower albedo. This in turn can increase the global surface temperature. This example above is a positive feedback loop.

true

Which of the following hazards is not commonly associated with earthquakes?

volcanic eruptions

Which of the following are examples of renewable resources? (select all that apply)

wind energy solar energy cotton forest products vegetable products