Geology Final

Trace Fossils

"traces that an organism was there". Preserved footprints, burrows in sediment, or even fossilized digested remains (poop, or "coprolites" are examples of trace fossil

Three different types of unconformities

- Disconformity - Angular unconformity - Non-conformity

Select ALL the correct statements about crustal deformation and plate boundaries. Carefully read each statement. Question options: - Faults are ductile deformation features that only form in response to compressional stresses. Reverse and thrust faults are common at divergent boundaries. - Folds are ductile deformation features, common at convergent boundaries. They form as a result of compressional stresses. - Faults are brittle deformation features that can form at transform, convergent, and divergent plate boundaries. Strike-slip faults are common at transform boundaries. - Faults and folds are both examples of brittle deformation features. They both can be associated with divergent boundaries. - There are far more convergent and divergent boundaries at Earth's surface than there are transform boundaries. New crust is generated at divergent boundaries, while old oceanic crust is often subducted at convergent boundaries.

- Folds are ductile deformation features, common at convergent boundaries. They form as a result of compressional stresses. - Faults are brittle deformation features that can form at transform, convergent, and divergent plate boundaries. Strike-slip faults are common at transform boundaries. - There are far more convergent and divergent boundaries at Earth's surface than there are transform boundaries. New crust is generated at divergent boundaries, while old oceanic crust is often subducted at convergent boundaries.

Dome

- Oldest rocks are in the middle - Layers on the side are up side down

Types of fossils

- Permineralization - Molds and casts - Carbonization and impressions - Amber - Trace fossils

Basin

- Youngest rocks are in the middle - layers go in a continuous circle

Strike-slip fault examples

- left-lateral - right lateral

Thrust fault

- type of dip-slip - shallow angle between the fault, and the Earth's surface

What evidence did Wegener rely on when forming his Continental Drift hypothesis? - Puzzle-like appearance of continents, suggesting they once were all connected - Matching rock types and mountain belts on continents that are currently separated by oceans - Land bridge connecting continents - Finding fossils of land organisms on continents that are currently separated by oceans

-Puzzle-like appearance of continents, suggesting they once were all connected -Matching rock types and mountain belts on continents that are currently separated by oceans - Finding fossils of land organisms on continents that are currently separated by oceans

reverse falut

-type of dip slip -accommodates crustal shortening -crust is compresse

How many seismograph station readings are required to determine the location of an earthquake's epicenter? (answer with a number 1-10)

3

Approximately how old is the earth?

4.56 Billion years old

What is the difference between a joint and a fault?

A joint is a fracture in a rock along which there is no movement. A fault is a fracture in a rock along which there is movement

renewable resource

A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed

What is a tsunami and how are they related to earthquakes?

A tsunami wave is a harbor wave, a large ocean wave; can travel very quickly

1.What are two metals that are used in smart phones? You can just google this.2. What type of geologic environment forms these minerals? (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, something in the middle?)3. Include the links you used to find your answers.Example (cannot repeat): Platinum, found in sperrylite is not acceptable, because I know you do not know what that is. However, if that was followed by an explanation of sperryilite forming in massive sulfide hydrothermal deposits....well now you're showing me that you're learning.

Aluminum and Lead are two metals that are used in smartphones. Aluminium can be found in Earth's crust while Lead can be found in nature in soil. Lead comes from Ores which are a type of sedimentary mineral. Aluminum is also a sedimentary mineral.

Principle of Inclusions

An inclusion in a rock is older than the material surrounding it

Carbonization and impressions

As organisms are buried, the carbon in them begins to alter under the pressure of the overlying sediments. This low grade compression is enough to leave behind a dark film on the surrounding sediments as the organism decays. Slight impressions of organisms can survive as well

Left lateral strike-slip faults

As you look across the fault everything will look like it moved to your left

Right lateral strike-slip faults

As you look across the fault everything will look like it moved to your right

What type of deformation causes faulting?

Brittle/ breakable

What is the "Age of mammals"?

Cenozoic Era

What type of deformation causes folds?

Ductile/ tough

Why is the Phanerozoic Eon subdivided into so many time periods, while the Precambrian is not?

During the Precambrian, no life existed on Earth so it is difficult to divide into smaller increments of time. During the Phanerozoic many life forms flourished and the existence and extinction of these organisms are preserved in the fossil record

Elastic deformation occurs when the stress acting on an object is greater than the chemical bonds holding that material together.

False

On average, the continental crust is much younger than the oceanic crust.

False

Radioactive dating methods are commonly used to understand the age of sedimentary rocks.

False

The focus of earthquakes at divergent boundaries tend to be at greater depths than those at other plate boundaries.

False

What elements are most common in earth as a whole?

Fe, O, Si, Mg, Ni-rich

Cross-cutting relationship

Features that cross- cut rocks are younger than the features they cut. Ex: Dikes

What is the average composition of earth's crust?

Granitic

What conditions favor fossil preservation?

Hard parts, rapid burial in relatively fine sediments

What rock type is best to date using radiometric dating methods? why?

Igneous rocks are most commonly used for radiometric dating methods because they contain primary minerals

Can earthquakes be predicted?

It's debatable, make sure to review long- and short-range predictions.

What happens to the lag time for earthquake waves as the distance from the epicenter increases?

Lag time b/w P & S waves increase and the distance from the epicenter increases

strike-slip fault

Movement occurs along the strike of the fault

Why doesn't continental crust form at divergent boundaries?

New crust is generated from mantle material which is Fe, Mg, & Ni-rich so the crust has a mafic composition

What option best describes fossil fuels?

Non-renewable, burnable hydrocarbons formed from ancient organisms' buried remains.

What elements are most common in earth's crust?

O, Si, Fe, Al, Ca, Mg...

Why do basins form over oceanic crust?

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust

Where are the youngest rocks in an anticline?

On the outside of the fold

Which statement is true about seismic waves? - P waves travel faster than S waves. - All body waves can travel through liquids, solids and gases. - Body waves are associated with causing the most damage at Earth's surface. - S waves are also called "surface waves".

P waves travel faster than S waves.

Where do most earthquakes occur?

Plate boundaries; the depth of earthquakes depends on the type of plate boundary

Permineralization

Remains interact with ion-rich fluid, and become replaced by minerals that crystallize as the ions precipitate. Ex- silicified wood

conformable

Rock layers that have been deposited without interruption are _____.

Clearly write 4 events that happened in order to create this sequence of rocks.You do not need to explain the entire geologic history. For full credit, you must (correctly) include the words: unconformity, deposited, deform (or deformation), and stress.

Sandstone was deeposited more reecently than the other layers because of superposition. If rocks are found in any other way thats not conformity or superposition, then they have beeen deformed. The cross-cutting layer of Granite is younger younger than all the layers it cuts through. This is an example of angular uncomformity. The fault ends at the base of the red sandstone, therefore evereything older than the red sandstone was affeected by the stress that caused the fault.

What rock type tends to host fossil fuels?

Sedimentary rocks

Which statement is false about the layers that make up Earth? Question options: - The core is concentrated in dense elements such as iron and nickel - The lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere. - The lithosphere is a rigid layer composed of the crust and upper mantle - The crust has a homogenous composition.

The crust has a homogenous composition

What was happening along the present-day east coast of the US during the Mesozoic Era (Late Triassic period)?

The edge of the continent had been uplifted, pulled apart, and thinned. This left low basins which then filled in with sediments of all sizes, as depositional environments changed from river valleys, to deltas and deep lakes.

At what locations on earth's surface does the crust experience the most heat loss?

Where the new oceanic crust is being made (divergent boundaries)

Match each question with the relative dating principle that best answers the question about the image. There are no repeats. ____ the principle of inclusions ___ the principle of cross-cutting relationships ____ the principle of original horizontality ___ the principle of superposition 1. How do we know that layer J is the youngest? 2. How do we know that layer C was created between the formation of layers B and L? 3. How do we know that layer I is younger than layer H? 4. How do we know that layers D through F have been deformed?

__1__ the principle of inclusions __2__ the principle of cross-cutting relationships __4__ the principle of original horizontality __3__ the principle of superposition 1. How do we know that layer J is the youngest? 2. How do we know that layer C was created between the formation of layers B and L? 3. How do we know that layer I is younger than layer H? 4. How do we know that layers D through F have been deformed?

fossil fuels

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

Non-renewable resources

a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

shear

acts in parallel but opposite directions, associated with strike-slip faults

How is an oc-oc convergent boundary different from a cc-cc boundary?

cc-cc plate boundaries are defined by regional metamorphic terrain and thickened crust as a result of relatively little subduction. OC-OC boundaries are identified by volcanic island arcs that run parallel to the trench of the subduction zone. Crustal thickening does not occur at these boundaries because one plate (usually the one farthest from a continental interior) will subduct under the other.

What type of plate boundary resulted in forming the Andes Mountains?

convergent oceanic crust-continental crust

What process drives the motion of Earth's tectonic plates?

heat transfer between core and mantle

According to the 2018 EIA data, what are the two most consumed sources of renewable energy in the United States?

hydroelectric and wood

Unconformities

large gaps in the geologic rock record due to erosion and/or lack of deposition

confining pressure

no deformation, the stress is the same magnitude in multiple directions

What type of rock forms as a result of tensional stress?

normal

Dip-slip fault examples

normal, reverse, and thrust faults

Amber

preserved tree resin. The amber itself is a fossil, but it can also contain remains of other organisms, such as insects, pollen from other trees, and bacteria

compression

shortens the distance between two points, associated with reverse faults

Foot wall

the body of rock below the fault surface

hanging wall

the body of rock on top of the fault surface

tension

the distance between two points is increased, associated with normal faults

How do sedimentary rocks form?

weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

non elastic

when stress is greater than chemical bonds