Geology Quiz 1

They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates.

Compared to the age of Earth accepted as correct today, how did 17th and 18th century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age? 1. They believed it to be about the same as current estimates, give or take a few million years. 2. They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates. 3. They believed Earth to be much older than current estimates. 4. None of the above - they didn't really address the age of Earth.

False

Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mud. True False

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units? inner core, outer core, mantle, crust inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust

Paleozoic

The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon. Permian Proterozoic Paleozoic Paleocene

lithosphere

The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics. asthenosphere lithosphere eosphere astrosphere

astrosphere

The ________ is not a part of the Earth's physical environment. atmosphere astrosphere solid Earth hydrosphere

crust

The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth. outer core mantle inner core crust

outer core

The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior. outer core lithosphere mantle inner core

Nebular hypothesis

The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud of gases and dust. Heliocentric theory Big Bang theory Plate Tectonics theory Nebular hypothesis

biosphere

The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth. biosphere atmosphere asthenosphere hydrosphere

mantle

The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth. mantle inner core crust outer core

solid iron-nickel alloy

The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ________. solid iron-nickel alloy granite basalt peridotite

4.6 billion

The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years. 4.6 billion 6.4 million 6.4 trillion 4.6 thousand

craton

The relatively stable interior portion of a continent is known as a ________. belt craton platform shield

True

True or False Internally, the Earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities.

1. James Hutton

________ was an important 18th-century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism. 1. James Hutton 2. James Ussher 3. Charles Lyell 4.Isaac Newton

Catastrophism

________, a popular natural philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a firm belief in a very short geologic history for Earth. Exoschism Ecospherism Uniformitarianism Catastrophism

true

the law of superposition applies primarily to sedimentary rocks and lava flows. True False

theory

A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations. law hypothesis generalization theory

false

A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific observations. True False

false

According to the nebular hypothesis, all of the bodies in the universe evolved from a rotating cloud of gases and dust about 5 billion years ago. True False

True

According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be transformed into another type of rock, given enough time. True False

along the margins of continents

Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________. scattered throughout continents along only the eastern margins of continents along the margins of continents in the interior regions of continents

assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________. 1. development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses 2. the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement 3. assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation 4. the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts

comets

All of the following provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earth's interior except for ________. comets diamond-bearing rocks slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now exposed at Earth's surface meteorites

temperatures hot enough to change the rock in the solid state without melting it

Metamorphic rocks are created by __________. 1. temperatures hot enough to melt only small quantities of rock, which crystallizes to form metamorphic rock 2. temperatures hot enough to change the rock in the solid state without melting it 3. the stream erosion process 4. a volcanic eruption 5. temperatures hot enough to melt large quantities of rock, which recrystallizes to form metamorphic rock

True

Much of our modeling of Earth's interior comes from the study of seismic or earthquake waves. True False

false

The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years. True False

True

The doctrine of uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes shaping the Earth have been operating for a very long time. True False

True

The lithosphere and asthenosphere are both layers of Earth defined by their composition. True False

a hypothesis

When a researcher publishes research in a national journal, what part of the scientific method is he or she most likely involved with? a law a hypothesis a theory curiosity

answer: Angela is older than Karen.

Which example below represents relative age dating? 1. Karen currently plays soccer. 2. Angela is older than Karen. 3. Karen's birthday is August 2. 4. Angela is 15 years old, and Karen is 7 years old. 5. Angela played soccer three years ago.

Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on top of older rock or sediment layers.

Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? 1. Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata. 2. Older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale. 3. Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on top of older rock or sediment layers. 4. Strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossils.

answer: "The present is the key to the past."

Which of these statements is most consistent with the law of uniformitarianism? 1. "The present is the key to the past." 2. "Earth is only a few thousand years old." 3. "Time is not an important factor in considering how Earth has been shaped." 4. "Earth has been shaped by continual catastrophe throughout its history." 5. "The past and the present cannot meaningfully be compared."

Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks.

Which one of the following statements is not correct? 1 Metamorphic rocks may melt to magma. 2 Sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocks. 3 Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks. 4 Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.

the geosphere

Which sphere does the crust of Earth belong to? the atmosphere the biosphere the geosphere the hydrosphere both the hydrosphere and the atmosphere

Uniformitarianism

________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past." Catastrophism Biblical prophecy Aristotelian logic Uniformitarianism

Weathering

________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments. Subduction Weathering Metamorphism Lithification SubmitMy AnswersGiv

Sedimentary

________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth. Sedimentary Secondary Igneous Metamorphic

Igneous

________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma. Igneous Sedimentary Primary Indigenous

1. Magma ( molten rock) 2. cooling & crystalizing 3. igneous rock ( fired form) 4. weathering, transport, deposition 5. sediment 6.compacting & cementation 7. sedimentary rock (setting) 8. heat & pressor 9. metamorphic rock (changing form) 10. melting

describe the process of what happens during the rock cycle. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

false, the lithosphere overlaps the asthenosphere

true or false The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere.