Geology test 3
Ripple marks in rocks are formed by
moving wind or water
What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large volume of crust?
regional
In a ____ fault, the hanging wall block move up with respect to the footwall block.
reverse
In a dip-slip fault, if the hanging wall block moved up relative to the footwall block, then the fault is classified as a ____.
reverse
In a normal fault _____.
the hanging wall block above an inclined fault plane moves downward relative to the other block
A reverse fault is one in which _____.
the hanging wall block has moved up relative to the footwall block along an inclined fault
Which one of the following stress situations results in folding of flat-lying, sedimentary strata?
vertically directed; extensional or stretching stresses
A thrust fault is best described as _____.
Low angle reverse fault
Which of the following rocks can be considered transitional between an igneous and a metamorphic rock? amphibolite gneiss migmatite slate
Migmatite
Shale refers to a rock formed from:
Mud sized minerals
Detrital sedimentary rocks have clastic textures. T or F
T
In a reverse fault, the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block. T or F
T
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. compaction weathering lithification cementation
Weathering
Which of the following types of sediments are most abundant?
fine clastics
Coarse clastic material can be transported into a deep marine environment by ______ . A) all of these B) turbidity currents C) rivers D) wind
A
Rounding is: You Answered A) all of these B)weathering of sharp edges and corners of bedrock exoposed at Earth's surface C)the grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation D) the relative sphericity of a grain
A
To which of the following groups does breccia belong? A) foliated metamorphic B) unfoliated metamorphic C) clastic sedimentary D) chemical sedimentary
A
Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing particle size? A) sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate B) sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone C) conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone D) siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate
A
Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is NOT true? A) They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea. B)They are composed of particles and constituents derived from weathering and erosion of other rocks. C)They probably show some evidence of stratification. D)They may contain fossils that provide clues about ancient life forms.
A
Shale refers to a rock formed from: A) plant remains B) mud sized material C) carbonate D)sand sized material
B
Which of the following best describes the conditions of contact metamorphism? A) Pressures are very high, the rock is deeply buried, and temperatures are raised by the Earth's internal heat. B) Pressures are fairly low, the rock is in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body. C) Heat is generated by shearing and mechanical movements along faults. D) Depths are fairly shallow, but temperatures and pressures are so high that the rocks begin to partially melt.
B
Which one of the following statements best describes erosion? A) disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at the surface B) the process by which weathered rock and mineral particles are removed from one area and transported elsewhere C) the deposition of transported rock in a low-lying basin D) the burial of sediment as newer layers are deposited on top
B
Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statement is true? A) Water expands as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart. B) Water shrinks as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be drawn closer together. C) Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack walls to be pushed apart. D) Water shrinks as it melts, causing the crack walls to be pulled closer together.
C
Cross-bedding observed in sand dunes can be used: A) to determine the height of the sand dune B) to determine the speed of the wind C) to determine the direction the wind was blowing D) all of these
C
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. A)lithification B)cementation C)weathering D)compaction
C
Indicate which type of metamorphism is most likely to occur at each of the following: A) convergent boundary B) divergent boundary C) transform boundary
C
Which of the following environments is an example of a shoreline/transitional environment? A) alluvial B) continental shelf C) deltaic D) organic reef
C
Which of the following groups represent the most abundant sedimentary rocks? A) cherts and evaporites B) limestones and dolomites C) mudstones and shales D) sandstones and conglomerates
C
Which of the following is an organic sedimentary rock? A) basalt B) coal C) conglomerate D) sandstone
C
The mineral material precipitated in the empty or pore spaces between clasts in a detrital/clastic sedimentary rock is called _____.
Cement
The processes responsible for changing sediments into sedimentary rock are compaction and
Cementation
Clastic sedimentary rocks: A) form from pieces of pre-existing rocks B) form near Earth's surface C) range from conglomerates to shales D) all of these
D
Clastic sedimentary rocks: A) form near Earth's surface B) range from conglomerates to shales C)form from pieces of pre-existing rocks D)all of these
D
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. A) alluvial fan B) moraine C) stream bed D) ocean floor
D
Sedimentary rocks are A) moved around by waves or flowing water. B) formed when plant and animal debris pressurize and build up. C) formed when water evaporates. D) All of the above.
D
Which of the following forms at the highest grade of regional metamorphism? A) schist B) slate C) phyllite D) migmatite
D
Which of the following groups represent the most abundant sedimentary rocks? A) limestones and dolomites B) sandstones and conglomerates C) cherts and evaporites D) mudstones and shales
D
Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams? A) mudstone B) limestone C) sandstone D) conglomerate
D
Which one of the following features is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks? A)bedding B)all may be associated with sedimentary rocks C)fossils D)foliation
D
Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? A) oxidation B) dissolution C) hydrologic cycling D) frost wedging
D
Which one of the following statements best describes erosion? A) the deposition of transported rock in a low-lying basin B) disintegration and decomposition of rocks and minerals at the surface C) the burial of sediment as newer layers are deposited on top D) the process by which weathered rock and mineral particles are removed from one area and transported elsewhere
D
With increasing distance, sediment transported by glaciers ______. A) becomes rounded B) becomes smaller C) becomes rounded and smaller D) stays the same
D
A graben is an upraised block bounded by two reverse faults. T or F
F
What is the most prominent textual feature of all regional metamorphic rocks?
Foliation
Detrital/clastic sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the
Grain sizes of the particles
Frost wedging is an important weathering process in which of thefollowing environments?
Inland mountain range
Which is not a type of sedimentary rock? intrusive chemical clastic biochemical
Intrusive
In contact metamorphism there is a ____________ .
Local heat source
__________, a common mineral found in igneous rocks, is the most abundant mineral in detrital/clastic sedimentary rocks.
Quartz
________ Is typically formed by metamorphism of a sandstone
Quartzite
__________ is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-colored minerals into thin layers or bands.
Quartzite
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. phyllite quartzite slate Schist
Quarzite
Where do sediments come from?
Rock weathering produces sediment
Jointing in rocks is characterized by _____.
Roughly parallel fractures separating blocks that show no displacement
The ______ in California is the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates.
San Andreas strike-slip fault
Sediment grains that range in size from 1/16 to 2 millimeters are classed as _____.
Sand grains
Which one of the following is consistent with deformation by folding?
The crust is stretched and elongated.
A reverse fault is one in which _____.
The hanging wall block has moved up relative to the footwall block along an inclined fault
The pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?
The internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal pressures developed as rocks become deformed
The pressure and heat that drive metamorphism result from which three forces?
The internal heat of the Earth, the weight of overlying rocks, and horizontal pressures developed as rocks become deforms
High-grade, regional metamorphism produces significant and recognizable changes in the textures and mineralogy of rocks. T or F
True
Metamorphism happens only at depths greater than 5 km in Earth. T or F
True
Oxidation of iron is an important chemical weathering process for ferromagnesian silicate minerals like olivine and biotite. T or F
True
Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds and on beaches. T or F
True
Three major factors involved in metamorphism or evaluated temperature, evaluate pressure, and the chemical action of hot fluids. T or F
True
Which of the following statements about metamorphism of a shale is false?
With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the rock gets smaller.
A clastic rock is:
a rock formed from the cementation of transported grains
A transform fault is __________.
a strike-slip fault that forms the boundary between tectonic plates
A horst is _____.
an uplifted block bounded by two normal faults
In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely?
at shallow depths along major transform faults in the continental crust
What term describes the zone of contact metamorphism surrounding an intrusive magma body?
aureole
What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks?
bedding or layering
To which of the following groups does breccia belong? clastic sedimentary foliated metamorphic chemical sedimentary unfoliated metamorphic
clastic sedimentary
A rock composed of cemented, rounded pebbles is a
conglomerate
Brittle deformation would be favored over plastic deformation in which of the following conditions?
cooler temperatures
Normal and reverse faults are characterized mainly by _____.
dip-slip
Light-colored rocks with coarse bands of segregated light and dark minerals are called ______.
gneisses
What type of pressure-temperature pathway represents subduction zone metamorphism?
high pressure and low temperature
In thrust faulting, _____.
horizontal, tensional stresses drive the deformation
Within a 50 mile traverse you walk from a shale into a slate into a phyllite. You are walking in the direction of _________ .
increasing metamorphic grade
Compaction and cementation are two common processes associated with:
lithification
The Great Rift Valley of East Africa is characterized by _____.
mainly normal faulting as East Africa begins to fragment
The Great Rift Valley of East Africa is characterized by _____.
mainly transform faulting along zones connecting the rift with the Red Sea
The parent rock of quartzite is _______.
sandstone
What kind of metamorphism would you expect to see in the rocks at a meteorite impact site?
shock
Which of the following sequences describes the metamorphic changes in a shale with increasing metamorphic grade?
slate, schist, gneiss
The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments on the basis of particle size is called _____.
sorting
The mountains and valleys of the Basin and Range Province of western United States formed in response to _____.
tensional stresses and normal-fault movements
What is metasomatism?
the parallel alignment of minerals in a metamorphic rock