GIS EXAM 1

Cartographic design process

1. Determine how map will be reproduced 2. Select scale & map projection 3. Determine most appropriate methods for data symbolization & classification 4. Select which map elements to employ 5. Establish visual hierarchy, contrast, figure-ground, balance & focus 6. Create one or more sketch maps 7. Construct map in chosen software and print rough drafts 8. Allow intended audience to evaluate map's effectiveness.

Visual Hierarchy ranking

1: Thematic symbols, title, legend, labeling, visual symbols 2: base map (land areas, enumeration units, phys features) 2&3: credits, text material 3: water features, background base map material 4: other base map elements (graticule, ocean labels, scales, neatlines)

Label hierarchy

1: top right 2: top left 3: bottom right 4: bottom left 5: top middle 6: bottom middle

What is a datum and why is it important to know the datum of your digital data?

A datum is a mathematical model that estimates the ellipsoid (WGS84 and GRS80) and helps stretch maps to fit the Earth. Different datums will not add up. If you use a NAD1927 datum with a WGS1983 projection, it will not work.

What is map?

A representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features

Proportional Symbol Map

A symbol gets larger and larger as the proportion grows. Point symbols are scaled based onthe magnitude of the attribute or data being mapped. This data is unclassed Adv = In proportion Dis = Can block others

data frame, what does it do? what is it?

Acts like a frame/ folder for data layers.

Horizontal Earth Datums

An earth datum is defined by an ellipse and an axis of rotation NAD27 uses Clarke (1866) ellipsoid on a non geocentric axis of rotation. NAD83 uses GRS80 ellipsoid on a geocentric axis of rotation WGS84 (World Geodetic System of 1984) uses GRS80, almost the same as NAD83

3 components of ArcGIS: ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcToolbox

ArcGIS: GIS system or working with maps. Where you do layer processes. ArcCatalog: Used to display and manage datasets as single entities. Use to manage documents and workspaces. Allows you to examine metadata ArcToolbox: Contains tools. Can be accessed by both GIS & Map

creating leader lines (2 methods)

As part of the dynamic text or draw it from the drawing toolbar.

Attribute table-- waht is it, what info does it have?

Attribute: non spatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a table and linked to a feature by a unique identifier Feature-- Things that are to be placed on a map, can be points, lines or polygons (areas) Fields- in an attribute table, they are the columns. each field contains one attribute, ex. country name, population Records-- in an attribute table, they are the rows. there is only one record for each feature, ex. one row (record) for each country with all info about it

type effects: callout boxes, shadows, halos, leader lines

Callout boxes:Outline boxes. Shadows: adding shadows to offset and have the text stick out. Normally the colors are the same as in the background. Halos: Adding outlines around the whole place to have it stick out. Leader lines: Pointing out a specific point with a line

Dot Dist. Map

Can be classified, 1 dot = 1 entity 1 dot = more than 1 entity Adv. = easy to produce and understand, density, data recovery Dis = map interpretation may not be one-to-one, ArcGis displays dots randomly instead of appropriate dots that reflect real-life patterns

Different map projections for different types/ Map purposes and thus projections

Conformal (if analyzing angles, navigating, surveying-- topographic maps) Equivalent: If comparing areas, working on process influenced by the "area" (thematic maps)

What are 3 projection surfaces, 2 cases?

Conical, Cylindrical, Planar Tangent and Secant cases: One vs two standard points

creating inset maps

Create a new data frame, add the layer of the map you want to display and adjust it.

4 types of distortion and projection types. Major? Minor? Difference

DADS Major: Area and Shape Minor: Distance and Direction Conformal - (Shape preserved) Equal Area/Equivalent (Area preserved) Distance/Scale (Equidistant)- distance preserved Direction (Azimuthal) direction preserved

data vs layout view

Data = Viewing, manipulating and analysing data Layout = For creating the final map product and viewing how it would look like if published or printed.

balance: definition, symmerry & assymetry

Def of balance= organization of map elements and empty space, resulting in visual harmony and equilibrium. Def of symmetry = the quality of being made up of similar parts.

Spatially aggregated data, definition and examples

Def= Giving a single value to a group of data in an areal unit (e.g. total household size)

cartographic design: definition and goals that drive design

Def= a partly mental, partly physical process in which maps are conceived and created 2 goals = (1) to serve the intended purpose of the map, (2) communicate the map's information in the most efficient way.

Why does map distortion exist?

Difficult to projec the Earth's 3D geoid shape into a flat 2D map.

5 examples of data that can be utilized in GIS

Digital Line file: lines Digital Elevation Model: rises Digital Raster Graphic: ref map Digital Ortho Quarter Quad Landsat 7 Image (satellite data) Tabular data

Cartogram

Distorts the geographical size of enumeration units in proportion to the magnitude of variable that you are mapping (e.g. size of state propotional to population rather than area) Adv = shock, exaggeration, interesting Dis = distortion, implies even distribution, requires one to know the real size of the area in order to be effective

different color schemes and what data they are used to represent.

Diverging = has a critical midpoint (precipitation) Qualitative = different colros with no relationship to one another (different ethnicites in the usa) Graduated = one or two color hues that have a spectrum ranging in saturation (choropleth map)

which visual variables used for particular map types (e.g. prop. symbol uses size as vv)

Dot Dist. = nothing Choropleth map = Value (sat.), texture Isoline= Prop. symb = size Thematic= Multivariate= more than one Flow map = size, textue, color (hue), value (sat./intensity)

dynamic labels vs annotation, waht is difference? how do you create annotations?

Dynamic labels = The primary option for placing text on maps. The default layout of labels on the map that ArcGIS will place. Annotations = Labels that are able to edited, selected or moved around. To create annotations you can convert labels by clicking "Convert labels to Annotation".

figure-ground: specific characteristics of figure, and of ground and specific techniques to achieve good figure-ground

FG: method of accentuatinh one object over another, based on the perception that one object stands in front of another and appears to be closer to map user; visual depth. F: important objects, becomes objects of attention and standout from the background G: theings less important and are generally formless. Enhancing techniques: Visual differences (colors), details (labels or none), edges (outlines) , layering (graticules put in the background as texture), texture (textured foreground)

Reference Maps

Focus on geographic locations and features (forests, roads, political boundaries) Show where something is in space, thematic maps tell a story about that place e.g. Topographic maps (USGS, 1879, primary civilian mapping agency in US). 1:34,000 = 7.5 minute maps

various ways to show quant. and qual. diff using type

Font weight, style, type,

What is teh difference between GIS and Cartography?

GIS analyzes data but cartography.

How do cartography and GIS fit together? What are the differences?

GIS is a great complement for cartography. GIS analyzes data, cart. just displays it.

graphical scale representation vs textual scale representation Three ways of scale

Graphical scale vs. text = if a map is reproduced, it will still be accurate because the scale bar gets reproduced as well. For textual, the scale no longer applies. Ratio or representative fraction (1:10,000), sentence (one inch represents four miles), graphic scale.

Qualitative Maps

Has info on only WHERE different things are. e.g. rivers, roads. doesn't tell you how many there are. Point, line, polygon Can be multivariate by adding hues, symbols Can be multivariate

Quantitative Maps

Has info that tells you the magnitude of different things (wide, fast, high, large) Point (dot, proportional) Line (flow) Area (choropleth, isarithmic, cartograms, multivariate) Can be multivariate

Showing differences in features through text. (Hierarchy, Category)

Hierarchy: Type size, weight (bold or regular), lightness (dark or light), case (uppercase, lowercase, sentence case) Category: Font, type style, hue, arrangement

Cartographic Maps

Include topographic (Reference) and thematic maps. Maps are normally cartographic by nature. Examine the characteristics of a small area of the Earth in great detail. Great detail, zoomed in.

Charac. of State Plane coordinate systems?

Individual system of plane rectangular coodinates for each of the 50 states. > State split into separate zones based on their extent. >Depending on the shape of the state, they would use different projections: > Zones based on Transverse Mercator (N-S), Lambert conformal conic (E-W). > Uses feet or more recently, meters > Scale distortion kept low

How many classes should you use for mapping?

It depends on your data. You should keep it odd numbers. 3-5, not more than 7. Otherwise its confusing (unless you have a specialized map). You make it odd so you can have a midpoint, divergent color scheme.

locator maps vs inset maps

L= a single map used in cartography to show the location of a particular geographic area within its larger and presumably more familiar context. I= A small picture, map, etc. inserted within the border of a larger one.

Latitude and longitude

Latitude = parallels, 0-90 degrees N or S Longitude = meridians, prime meridian, international date line, 0-180 degrees E or W

Thematic Maps

Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.

Sexagesimal scale

Measuring the round surface of the earth by 360 degrees through latitude and longitude. Numeral system with sixty as its base

Charac and Purpose of Cognitive maps

Mental representations of physical locations (mental map) May reveal what is important to that specific person, personality, culture.

MAUP

Modifial Area Unit Problem Where if you change the boundaries you change the data distribution (census vs zip code)

Choropleth Maps

Most widely used thematic mapping technique. Each enumeration unit is given a specific saturation, texture or lightness depending on its magnitude Adv = easy to understand, widely used Dis = data classification implies even distribution, MAUP, ecological fallacy

Common datums?

NAD 1983, WGS 1984

3 data classification strategies for mapping? Strengths, weaknesses?

Natural Breaks: looks at natural breaks in data by using a histogram or number line. Adv-- keps similar groups together. Dis-- many values may be clustered into one catefory, class limits are subjective Quantile= values divided evenly into classes. Adv -- equal # of values per category. Dis -- class widths not equal. 4 classes (quartiles), 5 classes (quintiles). Strengths= You don't get as many outliers in one color. Weaknesses= separate data. Divide total number of obs. by total number of classes (e.g. 40/5 classes). IF two obs have same value, ALWAYS put them in the same class. Equal Interval= basedon range of data values. Equal-- width categories based on max and min values. Adv-- easy to calculate & interpret, no missing values in legend. Dis = extreme variation in number of units per category,some categories might not have any units, class limits do not consider data dist. Ranges are equal. (high-low value)/# of categories = x then x+ min. value for first class max.

Aspects of projections

Normal, Transverse (rotated 90 degrees), Oblique (in the middle)

Different Drives

O: Drive, Personal storage space P: Drive-- GIS data C: Drive -- Local hard drive on computer C:geog225/wardians-- Personal workspace COP, username

Vector data types-- point line and polygon

Point-- cities line-- rivers, roads Polygon -- area, enclosed space

which visual variables used for qual. and quant. data

Qual. : Color (Hue), Texture, Value (Saturation/Intensity), Shape, Orientation Quant. : Texture, Size, Value (sat.)

How are quantitative maps different from qualitative maps?

Quantitative maps show an amount, qual. just shows where

Relative vs absolute pathnames

Relative only looks for relative position, data files should be in the same folder that the mxd file is in. Abs = The exact path that the computer will take to look for the file

6 visual variables for map design

Size Shape Value Color Orientation (refers to the direction labels and symbols are facing on a map) Texture (SCOTVS)

Selecting type size

Size can show quant. or qual. differences. But, make sure you make it legible. Remember type size differences.

type size: character spacing, leading

Size: Showing visual hierarchy Character spacing: Space between characters evenly, regardless of characters Leading: amount of space between lines of text.

customizing legend

Sort features 3 ways: Thematic vs background features Natural vs built Point, line and polygon

3 earth shapes and uses

Spheroid (Reference surface of small scale maps, use geographic coordinate) Ellipsoid (Reference surface for large scale maps, uses datum) Geoid (For surveying, very complex mathematical equations)

Standard lines, secant, tangent

Standard line - line of least distortion. Secant = two intersections, tangent = one intersection.

Map composition

The arrangement or organization of map's elements. Importance: Forces designer to organize the visual material into a coherent whole. Stresses purpose of a map, directs map reader's attention. Contrast, figure-ground, visual hierarchy, focus (eye movement, optical center vs. geometric center), balance (symmetry vs asymmetry).

visual hierarchy definition

The arrangement or presentation of elements in a way that implies importance. It influences the order in which the human eye perceives what it sees.

What is cartography?

The art or science of making maps

What is GIS?

The automated acquisition, management, analysis and display of spatial data A tool of processing spatial data, it combines layers of info about a place, allows data integration technology that manages, analysizes, and disseminates geographic knowledge organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel design to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information analysis of spatial data

map elements: list of typical elements

Title and subtitle, legend, mapped area map symbols, orientation, place names & labeling, inset Scale, data source, frame line & neat line

map elements: what info should be included in title, legend title, etc. what representation to use and when is north arrow appropriate

Title: Legend: defines symbols on a map,

typography terminology. type, type style, type size, font, font family

Typography: art or process of specifying, arranging and designing type Type: text Type style: Normal, bold, italic Type size: Font: A specific typeface. Font family = A set of fonts with the same typeface but with different sizes, weights and slants. Type hue: shows qualitative differences in type just as it does for features.

Flow map

Use variations in line width or color to show the direction and amount of movement, as well as the types of goods or services moved. Adv = reduce visual clutter, show movement Dis = possible overgeneralization

Ecological fallacy

When you assume that all individuals in a group have the same number/value that is being attributed to the whole group (e.g. median household income)

Characteristic of UTM coordinate systems?

divides world into 60 zones, best for maps covering small areas in one zone. > internationally standard coordinate system > N-W > 6 degrees longitude by 8 degrees latitude > the central meridian changes for each zone.

Large scale vs Small scale maps

large shows amll area on ground with high resolution, small scale shows large area on ground with low resolution LS = small area + high res (LSL) (1:5,000) SS= large area + low res (SLS) (1:1,000,000)

What do we mean by unprojected? Example?

unprojected means that data is simply stored ina defined geographic coordinate system like WGS84