GLBL 210 Final Exam Key Terms

What is Development?

Development centers around economic development, access to clean water and food, access to health, and improving infrastructure. An industry shaped around development has developed over the years. The pursuit of development of underdeveloped countries began with the fourth point of Truman's second inaugural address in 1949 where he said that the United States had to aid "underdeveloped" nations in becoming developed like the successful United States had.

Assessment of Democracy Promotion

Government has to be committed to checking itself in this process. Freedom in the World—Freedom House website

Democratic Backsliding

Huntington, "The Third Wave" First wave - democratic revolutions in the US and France Some backsliding - protest of change and democratization Democracy is suffrage allowed to white males

Debating International Aid

Moyo v. Sachs

IMF and World Bank Reforms

Originally the World Bank and the IMF were telling the Third World they needed to reform, now the developing world is telling the IMF and World Bank that they need to reform their policies. In the past, developed nations and Washington Consensus told the developing nations that they needed to reform—NOW: developing nations are telling IMF, World Bank, and WTO that they need to reform and that the Washington Consensus is not helpful. IMF: Expansion and balance growth of international trade' promote exchange rate stability. Agenda: short-term lending; monetary and fiscal austerity, currency devaluation, and lowering wages. Reduce inflations, increase exports, repay debts--- HAVE ACTUALLY RESULTED IN RECESSIONS IN THE COUNTRIES ABIDING BY THESE POLICIES How are IMF decisions made? Weighted voting—based on size of a country's economy and contributions to IMF—richer countries get more votes. 188 countries contributing a portion of their GDP to the functioning of the IMF. Countries that contribute the most get the most say—increases disadvantages of the poor countries of the world—keeps unbalanced relationship in place. US has 17.7% of all IMF votes. US is considered to be overrepresented in the IMF; Middle East and north Africa are underrepresented, as is the EU, developing Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. WTO negotiations—G-9, G-20 voting blocks—groupings of countries come together to get their voices heard in an organization with weighted voting EU+US=49% of the votes in the IMF Developing nations represent over 85% of the demographic of IMF countries however—misrepresented. NEED TO REBALANCE WEIGHTED VOTING: US lost 1% of votes; makes a minimal difference however. Now richer countries have 2% less of the votes—not much of a difference. CALL FOR REFORM—demand form developing countries that they need to have a voice and a vote. Reform: SDR: Special Drawing Rights—borrowing without conditions in times of real crisis. The World Bank: The World Bank Purpose: Finance reconstruction of countries affected by WWII; aid development of impoverished nations. Agenda: long-term reform; Structural adjustment toward free-market economy, market deregulation. Cannot be a member of the World Bank if you are not a member of the IMF. • WB Reform: Comprehensive Development Framework Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Governance: limit corruption in less-developed countries. GDP growth PLUS health, environment, poverty, inequality, etc.—cannot focus only on GDP growth. Tailor aid to specific conditions "participatory development"—have to countries themselves be involved in creating strategy for poverty reduction in their own countries; involves civil society actors as well—teachers, healthcare workers, etc.—to create PRSPs. Do PRSPS look different from the Washington Consensus?—No, not really Bank and poverty reduction paper -Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper -Focus more on how countries are doing holistically, not just economically -Look at GDP growth PLUS health, environment, poverty, inequality, etc. -Tailor aid to specific conditions -Participatory development -14 item checklist; if WB is involved in programs, all 14 issues need to be addressed i.e. make sure government is transparent, not corrupt More participation in development of developing countries *Globalization 101 reader-October 28th* structure, reformed structure, and world bank IMF reforms have focused on redistributing weighted voting, but have had little effect

Unconditional Cash Transfers

Simply wiring the money directly to the people and allowing them to do what they want with it

"Life and Debt" (Video)

What happens when trade barriers are lowered?—Hard for Jamaica to compete with foreign imports—domestically-produced milk was not being sold—devaluation of domestic currency to made products cheaper—however, once trade barriers were lowered, domestic products were not as cheap as imports coming in with the instigation of free trade. No more subsidies for domestic goods or tariffs on imports and now they are cheaper than domestically-produced goods. • Potato farmers in Jamaica were run out of business, US potato farmers wanted them to buy their potatoes—US is coming to sell their products and invade the Jamaican market • What values are prioritized over other values/ideas of society?—SAP values—as Jamaica had to open up to the market, contradiction between neoliberal ideas and traditional Jamaican society's values Issue of not being represented in Cancun WTO talks-- no seat at the table • What is the role of tourism in the film and what do you think about this?—devaluation of currency made Jamaica a really good deal for Americans in the exchange of their money. Tourism is double-sided—it creates jobs and an industry—loses traditional values when you market yourself as a tourist destination. Tourists only see shiny hotels and not the real struggles of the residents of Jamaica. What they see and what is actually happening in the country are two very different things. • What do the Rastafari men do or represent in the film?—They are trying to preserve traditional society and values. They were very informed about what was going on and they were very knowledgeable about the situation—hyperaware—great spokespeople for how these policies were affecting their country. • Evidence from film not favorable towards structural adjustment over 25 years—compounding debt issue. • Illustrates process of globalization in a Third World nation—Jamaica • Coming to Jamaica as a tourist is very different from Jamaica as a native or resident • Weakness of Jamaican money is an issue, inflation and devaluation of money is prominent in Jamaica • American money exchanged for worthless Jamaican money • International Monetary Fund- bank to turn to for short-term borrowing • Jamaica was once ruled by a Queen—then decolonized—independence from Great Britain • Is Jamaica, self-ruled, better than it was under the rule of Great Britain's queen? • Free Jamaica—in every kind of financial problem; needed time because they did not have the economic strength to make it on their own. • Oil prices skyrocket in 1973 • Private banks would not lend to the people of Jamaica following the oil crisis of 1973—GO TO THE IMF TO BORROW • Cannot finance what it needs, Jamaica begins to unravel following decolonization • Long term development is Jamaica's problem—the IMF and World Bank will only help with short term development • Basic School—forbidden by IMF and World Bank from spending too much on education • No new hospitals have been built in Jamaica for many years • IMF—you must spend only so much money on health and education—results in the cutting out of programs like hospital and school funding • Capacity to export and produce is less and less over the years and the debt is rising • Jamaica does not have a proper way of disposing its sewage • Food for resorts is imported for Miami • Jamaica of the past no longer exists in the new global economy • Cannot farm their own land and produce their own food anymore—cannot sell in their own market anymore. • Eliminating barriers to trade results in Jamaica exporting all produce and other products and cannot keep any of their own products • Jamaica cannot thrive by producing only for itself according to the IMF—must be integrated into the world economy by reducing tariffs—but not they cannot keep their own products now. Competition from overseas produce drives local producers out of business with lower prices. • Jamaica promotes fertilizers, seeds, and most other things for agricultural production • Forcing farmers to pay a certain interest rate to borrow money from the IMF • Farming in Jamaica is not done by machines • Self-reliance was discouraged by the IMF through the globalization process in Jamaica • Jamaica wants the US and Europe to give them back their market • 1992: Inter-market Development Bank—Jamaica entered into a globalized agreement—abandoned control of imports of milk powder and abandoned local subsidies • Cross-conditionality • World Trade Organization—signed off Jamaica into the new world order of trade—must lower all trade barriers—no more government regulation of trade • Influx of milk powder from foreign sources, destroyed local milk market—too much milk in the country now • No national food security in Jamaica • Local milk producers have gone out of business with the influx of imports of milk powder from the US and Europe • Votes of each country in the IMF are proportional to its size—the US has the largest percentage of votes in the IMF • Farmers have become the victims of foreign food imports through globalization and liberalization of trade through structural adjustment • The IMF and World Bank were not created by an international body that included the interests of the developing world

How to Recipient Countries Respond to Migration?

"We have to do everything we can to help them" v. "we don't want anything to do with them" Resources: how will we feed and house these refugees? How will we pay/who will pay for them? How do we integrate them into society? Qatar and United Arab Emirates in favor of immigration staying where it is. Across Europe they want immigration to decrease. Russian people want decreased numbers. United States and Canada: 39% want number to decrease. Nationalism(s) Ideology—politically charged narrative A way of identifying who belongs and who doesn't Us v. Them Keep the immigrants away because of want for national identity preservation We have grown into nationalism in the United States Must be careful were we draw these lines of nationalism in the U.S. Big questions of integration Russia and its nationalist responses to immigration from central Asia in particular—Nationalism and Immigration: Russia and CIS Immigrants Russia: • Turkish for example are Muslims and look darker and may speak Russian and native language • Recognizable as people who are identifiable as different—perform unskilled labor • Attacks against these identifiable people and the idea of them taking jobs and racist attacks as well • "Guidebook" on how to be migrants—depiction of immigrants as tools and not people • Backlash from the human rights advocates saying this is not the proper way to embrace immigrants—they should not be discriminated against • Neo-Nazis killing the immigrants that look different from Russians Discrepancies over the Mexican-American border

Doha Development Round

2/3 of WTO member countries are developing countries-- they have the majority yet they have the least say and power in WTO discussions. Stalled WTO talks because India and other developing countries were arguing that they did not get the recognition and the say in WTO discussions and did not have a seat at the table; they believed they deserved a seat at the table with the developed countries during discussions. WTO: Regulates international trading policies—oversees international trade Black Gold Video: The meetings in Cancun were dominated by the developed countries—close-door meetings that developing countries were not invited to—LACK OF TRANSPARENCY. Inefficient decision-making—stalling of the Doha Round. WTO has not extended into labor standards and rights Environmental issues are ignored sometimes (DSM and sea turtle example) • Doha, 2001-present: Doha Development Round.

Waves of Democratization

4 waves of Democratization: • First Wave-- 1770s: democratization of France and The United States; move away from monarchy across western Europe—idea of European experience—some backslide within European countries during this time—push back against change The right to vote allowed to white males exclusively—limited democracy in this first wave; 29 democracies created during this time Second Wave—Post-WWII; being a member of the international community meant being committed to universal suffrage and liberalization of democracy. Idea of liberal democracy was still pretty confined, gradual movement to expand the ideas of what democracy means during this time. Mostly western Europe and Japan. 36 recognized democracies in this period—dropping down to 30 in 1950s-60s-- MORE DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDING!!! Third Wave—democratization in the late twentieth century—1980s, Samuel Huntington: democratization making major strides—Latin America, southern Europe, parts of Asia and Asia-pacific. 1989: Eastern Europe breaking away from the Soviet Union—INTRODUCTION OF THE 4TH WAVE Fourth Wave—Beginning in 1989; support for democracy is now a completely uncontested notion—democracy has won: the only legitimate way to structure a governmental system—resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapse of totalitarianism—15 new countries created from the collapse of the Soviet Union—democracy is clearly it. Movement toward democracy: How do we help these countries transition to democratic nations? No ideas of nationhood, no domestic economies—must transition to a democratic system. Grants and such given to do democratic promotion

Asylum

A special status granted to a refugee—must be a very demonstrable stance of persecution—must be very traceable and provable before the country will grant a refugee asylum. Europe is the biggest recipient of current wave of refugees from Syria. Migrants will claim asylum and then may try to become citizens. Human right-- all humans have to ability to leave their home country and choose where they live, however there is nothing in the UDHR that says that the receiving country has to take the person in as a citizen or welcome them into their nations-- issues with accepting refugees seeking asylum?

Core-Periphery Relations

Based on ideas of the Dependency Theory: Exploitation from the core: core countries are developed countries that exploit the developing (periphery) countries. The idea of Concentric sources where the core is taking resources from the periphery and creating goods from those resources to export and sell for a cheaper price than goods produced in the periphery domestically. The finished product exported from the core will cost more than the peripheral country received for the raw good.

Pros and Cons of SAPs: Bhagwati

Bhagwati: Trade Liberalization Too Fast? (Positive view on SAPs) 3 considerations we need to keep in mind: Welcome pressure—government officials in developing nations cannot institute these policies of free trade and increasing reserves and not having government regulation and not spending as much and decreasing internal production on their own because of backlash, but if IMF does it it's ok because then they have to do it. Resistance or Non-compliance—still qualified successes; where has the money given to developing nations gone?—Judging trade liberalization as a problem is not fair. Policy Reversals—built into the IMF programs, they will reevaluate if they need too. Critiques of SAPs are false and have been declared on false ground. Barefoot v. shoes—shoes are SAPs—IMF and World Bank are taking into account what size shoes a developing country needs

Modernization Theory

Came about in the 1950s-1960s during the Long Boom-- there was a strong U.S. economy at this time and people thought developing countries needed to be more like the US and the West. Built off Rostow's stages of economic development that involved achieving a level of high mass consumption (straight line idea) as the backbone of Modernization Theory. Criticisms of this theory stemmed from the idea that it is not sensitive of individual cultures and it values greed and accumulation over things important in society-- reaching the stage of high mass consumption. NEED TO TEACH THESE PEOPLE HOW TO BE MORE LIKE THE WEST. RAPLEY on Modernization Theory: Conditions for development in the First World is what needs to be achieved through development evolution with the Modernization Theory: Western Values System—individual achievement is valued. Achievement orientation—based on financial success: Division of labor, Know-how, Capital—accumulation and access to capital, Key attributes of Less developed Societies (Rapley): Lack of ambition, Fatalism, Conservatism, Oriented to immediate needs, not future-oriented. These are traditional societies in stage 1 and they must reach stage 5 of high mass consumption.

Dependency Theory

Came about in the 1960s-1970s as a critique to the Modernization Theory. Modernization theory is super ethnocentric and westernization may not be the goal of a country. Modernization Theory is based on the idea of "American Exceptionalism" Modernization Theory fails to recognize economic dependence: rich countries are dependent on raw goods from developing countries and vise versa. States that not all countries can actually reach the developed level of high mass consumption. The Dependency Theory said that it was impossible for every country to develop based on the cookie cutter model of the Modernization Theory and that not everyone achieved the level of high mass consumption because the periphery countries depend on the core countries. Dependency Theory is not saying this exploitation of periphery countries should happen, but rather is saying that the semi-periphery and periphery countries cannot actually develop economically. Yes, countries should be developing but, not all countries can be on the line of the Modernization Theory because the core is exploiting the periphery so that they cannot move up along the Modernization line. Free trade will never let these countries fully develop. Semi-periphery: countries like Mexico and Brazil

Third Sector

Civil Society= The Third Sector Can civil society lead to more democracy? Try to take this notion of NGOs and transfer it to the developing world and show them how to create their own organizations. Base unit: Household/family. 1st Sector: State 2nd Sector: Market •In the middle of the triangle that links communities with the state and the market: 3rd Sector—Civil Society NGOs are increasingly focusing on the business/market sector and labor rights and human rights in the workforce. Civil Society = The Third Sector Democracy promotion works; Civil Society acts as a third sector Base unit is household/family State and Market are the other two corners Third Sector, Civil Society, is in the middle making connections between all of these things through the use of voluntary/non-profit organizations Organizations targeting governments in particular

Conditionality

Conditions of SAPs the developing countries had to follow through with in order to receive funds from the developed world-- The United States. Conditionalities—Thomas Friedman and the Golden Straitjacket of SAPs: "SAPing the Third World" hurts populations immensely—policy further grew the debt burden of developing countries—loans intended to repay older debts—but all these policies do is create more and more debt for these countries. Conditions countries have to follow in order to get loans from the IMF. supposed to help enable the countries to pay the loaner back, and protect IMF resources, but they don't really work. One size fits all approach doesn't work. high interest rates that are impossible to overcome. makes people dependent on IMF and cant escape the harmful policies they put in place in the name of conditionality. Debt accumulation is a more effective form of colonialism. Developing nations were stuck under the thumb of SAPs and developed nations because of these conditionalities.

Liberalism

Constitutional Liberalism: Need checks on the power of the branches of government. Rule of law and equality under the law. Rule of law: protection of individuals long-term investments against the state—protection of the private property of citizens; contracts will be enforced; protecting people from the state—contesting of the law—independence of the judiciary. Think about the separation of state and religion: government is independent from religious leaders—protections of part of society that do not share the state or prominent religion. Equality of democracy and equality under the law. What sets western democracies and the western model of constitutional liberalism apart: impartial judges, protection of private property, and the freedom of individuals to contract—rule of law (Zakaria)

The Fourth Wave of Democratization

Current wave of democratization that we are in: Beginning in 1989; support for democracy is now a completely uncontested notion—democracy has won: the only legitimate way to structure a governmental system—resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapse of totalitarianism—15 new countries created from the collapse of the Soviet Union—democracy is clearly it. Movement toward democracy: How do we help these countries transition to democratic nations? No ideas of nationhood, no domestic economies—must transition to a democratic system. Grants and such given to do democratic promotion

Pros and Cons of SAPs: Davis

Davis: CONS: Davis: SAP-ing the World—argues that the IMF and World Bank have been the driving force behind the creation of modern slums in the world today. Intentionality behind impoverishing populations; complaints about the one-size-fits-all idea; conditionalities—Thomas Friedman and the Golden Straitjacket of SAPs hurts populations immensely—policy further grew the debt burden of developing countries—loans intended to repay older debts—but all these policies do is create more and more debt for these countries. Interest payments on loans taking by 12% of GDP in some countries. Debt and New Colonialism: Bretton Woods Institutions have created new scenarios of colonialism. Debt is substitute for colonialism—much more effective—no police force or militant effort needed and you may even make some money off of it. SAPS have kept developing nations under the thumb of developed nations. Paying off the IMF in advance will kill it, paradoxically. "SAPing the Third World," Planet of Slums: According to Davis, the IMF and the World Bank have been the driving force behind the creation of modern slums. "The 1980s - when the IMF and the World Bank used the leverage of debt to restructure the economies of most of the Third World-- conditionalities and the idea that these countries could not get the aid that they needed at the time that they were attempting to develop unless they restructured themselves the way the IMF wanted them to - are the years when slums became an implacable future not just for poor rural migrants, but also for millions of traditional urbanites displaced or immiserated by the violence of 'adjustment.' SAPs: cuts in agriculture—cannot subsidize agriculture anymore—if developed nations give the developing world food—they can move to the export sector- BUT: anyone who makes their living in agriculture cannot make a living anyone—self-sustainability is now taken away Encouraged to export 1 or two goods now—you are now incredibly vulnerable to the market—if your economy only does coffee and the coffee crop is wiped out in a growth—you have nothing to fall back on—effect of SAPs

"Cartel of Good Intentions"

Easterly article: Why cartel?—Group of producers not competing with each other. The international aid industry is working in this way—no competition among aid donors—consumers of aid have no alternatives; no choice in who they go to for aid in the market—little voice in all of this. Who are in this cartel?—IMF, World Bank, international financial institutions. Bilateral aid: aid coming from a rich country's government directly to a poor country's government—all developed nations have a bilateral aid agency. Given to government or civil society actors. Private actors: civil society actors—like the Gates Foundation or the Human Rights Watch—NGOs—nongovernmental organizations—dependent of bilateral aid or government aid."These are the goals of what our work is for collectively..." Unintended outcomes—money goes to rich in poor countries and not where it is supposed to go to help. Governments, politicians, and their publics keep track of aid. Foreign Aid: "When the government takes money from the poor people in a rich country and gives it to rich people in a poor country"—corruption in government leads to this occurrence. Instructions on how to use loans—reporting efforts takes more time than doing work the aid is intended for. Easterly: put business model into how aid works. This leads to duplication of aid efforts (waste of time/resources), misallocation of resources to places that don't need it as much, etc. Easterly calls for the creation of a "marketplace" model of aid- aid agencies should compete with each other to give to poor countries Aid incentives are misplaced- incentives are for aid agencies to perpetuate the problem so their job continues to exist, instead of solving the problem

What is Democracy?

Essentially "mob rule," but referred to as rule by majority, masses, or people. be willing to view it in other ways also. teaching people how to elect and compete in elections. development. Constitutions, represent interest, follow laws put in place. courts, state and religion, rule of law and judges. What is/are necessary components of democracy? Why might we want democracy? Elections are the procedures for choosing the government. Constitutional liberalism and democracy must coexist to create and functioning democracy-- checks and balances, etc. Constitutional liberalism: procedures for how the government operates—another term for the process of democracy. "Democracy is the freedom to elect our own dictators"—this is what democracy would be if there are no checks on the quality of the government officials elected. Quality of government is crucial for establishing a democratic, constitutionally liberalized country. Must be a democracy to be a member of the international community today—whether the quality of your government is democratic is a different matter Democracies and Elections. Teach countries how to have elections in a democratic fashion. Focus of Democracy Promotion Work—how to we establish democratic, competitive elections? How do we get countries to write democratic elections into constitutions. How do political parties operate with connections to their constituents?

Generations of Human Rights

First: political rights and protections from the state. They are issues of physical safety. They protect against violations of political and civil liberties, political imprisonment, torture, and summary execution. These ideas of human rights have an ideological bent toward liberalism, but there is broad international consensus that these are human rights. Second: economic rights-- access to social and economic benefits. Access to livelihood, housing, and food. How does a government enforce these rights, what does a right to food and housing mean?—Sense of exploitation of the state because of welfare programs in the US—negative connotation. human rights focus on socioeconomic issues of access to food, shelter, and work Increasingly, international community is bringing attention to more complex human rights issues such as rights to freedom of religion, politics, language, social welfare, health and health care. These human rights issues are typically linked with political ideologies. These is less consensus on classifying these as human rights, as they can be seen as having a political agenda. Ongoing: more complex social rights-- Freedom of Religion, languages within countries, freedom to express sexual orientation. Should these even be considered human rights?

World Trade Organization (WTO) Expanded Role of WTO (over GATT)

From GATT to WTO Rounds of discussion—Uruguay Round, 1986-1994, created the WTO Largest and most productive trade negotiation ever Needed renegotiation—trade regime was disadvantaging developing countries under GATT—requiring developing countries to open up to free trade and reduce trade barriers and tariffs—Not requiring the same things of developed nations that continued to practice protectionism. Kicking Away the Ladder Developing countries—GATT created Golden Straitjacket for them; no evidence that these policies were actually leading to development and growth WTO: Effective January 1, 1995 GATT continues as a branch under the WTO—focuses a lot of tariff policy WTO is a forum to negotiate the reduction of all trade barriers Most of these talks are stalled WTO plays 2 new important roles: (1) protecting small countries from rich countries—defend the developing world (2) Protecting small countries from themselves— from domestic corruption

Goldstein: Can 4 Economists Create the Most Economically Efficient Charity Ever?

Give money directly to the people or families and enable them to do what they want with it. Thought is that they know what is needed in their villages thus will invest the money in meaningful ways

Sustainable Development Goals

Goals that are more comprehensive than the MDGs that are anticipated to be met by 2030. These goals include things that promote environmental sustainability as well as the promotion of peace and elimination of things like religious prejudice. • More absolute: NO hunger, NO poverty (divided into two different categories now) Many more categories now. Peace and justice, climate, clean water and sanitation added. Includes ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: we need a safe environment first and foremost. The developed AND developing nations both participated in these decisions—this is very different from previous goals. More information in the indicators than with the MDGs. Targets and indicators get into the specifics. Why do we set these time goals?—time goals are set so that people are incentivized to work on them—setting a deadline or a short time limit ensures we are more proactive and we do not keep putting things off—accountability to work towards these goals

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goals that were anticipated to to be met by 2015. Goals like equal education, access to water, food, reduction in poverty. these were adopted in 2000 as a part of the millennium project. This was a significant revision of how development was looked at. All of the members of the UN signed on to agree to give .07% of their GDP to funding these millennium development goals. 22 other multinational organizations were involved in signing on to promoting these goals and providing funding for these goals. There are a whole range of issues focusing on poverty, food security, health, education, gender equality and environment. within each goal there is a set of specified targets to allow assessment of whether these are being achieved. 21 targets and 60 indicators within 8 goals. To help accomplish these goals, the developed countries agreed to contribute 45-50 billion dollars for debt alleviation of the poorest countries à major aspect of this plan was to wipe out some of the debts of these countries so that they can move forward with health, education etc. What have the MDGs Achieved? Extreme poverty reduced half à defined as living at 1$ per day. Targets in fight against malaria and tuberculosis should be met. Improved access to drinking water sources. Greater equality in primary school enrollment between boys and girls in all developing countries à not equality but more equality. Political participation of women is increasing. Maternal morality cut in half Slum dwellers target delivered à reduce number of people living in slums. Development assistance doubled in 14 years and amount of aid by developed countries and the commitment to these projects has sustained **Not all goals and targets have been achieved but most have been improved and are on the way up. Furthermore some positive things have happened outside the actual goals or ahead of schedule.

Anti-globalization movement

Harding: Is capitalism crushing countries? Huge part of civil society work—we need to stop this. We need to have isolationism—leads to extreme nationalism— there is a creation of "us" and an "other" that creates tensions between nations and does not promote peace. Ironically, this is what the Bretton Woods system was trying to promote-- peace between nations based on the globalization of trade and the practice of free international trade. Anti-globalization is not a practical solution—globalization is a reality—it is naïve to think you can be anti-globalization and isolated. Shutting down WTO Meetings—costs of security to protect world leaders and businesses in the area from protestors

Counter-capitalism

Harding: Yes there are real problems that need to be addressed, but there are positive things associated with interconnectedness. Not sure what exactly we're moving towards—but there needs to be less pollution, less power given to multi-national corporations—we need to think about the people and the environment before profits—how are we going to get there? The idea that capitalism has gone too far. Democracy has become powerless to stop corporations and international political institutions are slaves to corporate agenda. The counter-capitalism movement is well funded. Critics say that the North isn't making the right decision with the movement because they don't have understanding of the issues faced by poor countries.

Global Civil Society Promotion

How can we take the NGO model and transfer it to developing nations? Vulnerable groups will be represented because people will now be advocating on their behalf. Real problems in transferring NGOs into other places—building civil societies from the outside is hard. NGOs get concentrated in the capital cities and not in rural areas. The neediest populations may not be the ones who are being helped by NGOs Must serve outside donors and the local populations—tension between these two NGOs sometimes get captured by the international donor money. Growth of NGOs in Global Advocacy and Service has exploded since the 1990s: 1 NGOs is registered for every 10 people in India. Harder for organizations to exist in oppressive societies—how do we get good democracy and get citizens involved? is the rise of NGO in the sense above a good thing? seems like yes but there are challenges too. hard to build from the outside, must go into the poor areas and see who the neediest people are that need to be served then establish NGO to help. otherwise can be a waste of time. fully supported by outside donors so they have to serve the interests of these donors too not just the needy people trying to serve.

Chimimanda Ngoz Adichie: "The Danger of A Single Story"

If someone telling one single story of them doing work in Africa, we don't get the true idea of what is going on. Skewed and manipulated on what is going on Someone who has lived and worked there would have different ideas. Create assumptions based on a single story. Western literature has created a single story of Africa being poverty stricken. Danger of a single story: we have a certain and singular picture of what Africa is and looks like. Repetition of a single story leads to generalizations. Africa is not a country. These sentiments are echoed in Sach's piece. Example: Growing crops and hippos. Europeans wanted to grow crops, wondered why Africans weren't because the land wasn't being used but was very fertile. The Europeans assumed that the Africans just did not know any better and so they would show them the way to Before they harvested them they were all eaten by hippos -- THIS IS NOT FROM ADICHIE'S TED TALK; IT IS FROM THE ONE WITH THE ITALIAN DEVELOPMENT WORKER

Harcourt: Critique of MDGs

If we cut poverty in half what happens to the other half still in poverty? We are talking about millions of people still living in extreme poverty and there is no real commentary about what to do about this. Bureaucratic processes-- the UN does not have teeth to force member nations to support the MDG and give the money. The UN is a political instrument but does not have the power to enforce the implementation of these goals. Problem of the commitment to the funding (.07%)à these goals were adopted in 2000, and in 2002 and then again in 2008-present? There were major global recessions. It became harder to justify taking away some money from our nations to give to these developing nations in times of financial burden. So although there has been commitment it hasn't been at the expected level. Lack of transparency about how the goals, targets and indicators were written. They were written by developed countries and not by the developing. 8 goals not capturing the quality of life overlook certain aspects of quality of life. How to prioritize goals all of the goals are important but how do we prioritize these goals? Not sustainable when you put an endpoint on development (2015) what happens after? Achievability v. Adequacy: Real concern about the impact of the 2008 finical crisis: real downturn about contribution by developed countries—Weary about their own economic wellbeing so they are not as concerned with helping developing nations as much as a result of recession. We see the aid coming but more than half of the aid is still directed towards debt relief. So even though there is this aid, it is not going towards development services but towards alleviating debt and natural disasters. Not achieving goals but repairing situations. These issues have barely been scratched because it has been difficult to figure out how to change these cultural standards.None of these goals are addressing the issue of gender violence against women. In China girls are aborted, there are honor killings of women because of various infractions, domestic abuse. There is extreme differences across the planet about how these goals are being played out. China is meeting the goals and indicators very rapidly but the aid is not as effective in sub-Saharan Africa. Why is Sub Saharan Africa Unique? When the imperial powers withdrew from this region, institutions of the government were destroyed. The process of rebuilding government and citizen commitment to the state is very hard. There is agricultural issue that stems from the geographic location which inhibits farming. Most of the countries are landlocked which inhibits trade which curtails economic productivity and growth.

Cultural Imperialism

Imperializing the Huaorani tribe-- bringing Christian ideals through mission work to the tribe to make them "less violent" so that they could control them and take their oil. Female genital cutting—seen as a violation of women's and girls' rights but it is a huge cultural practice and sense of inclusion in society. Human rights pressure may sound like cultural imperialism. Changing its from a human rights issue to a medical protection issue. Cultural imperialism can be seen as the Western, developed world wanted to instill their beliefs and capitalist ideals in developing countries. The various aspects of globalization that have promoted growing contacts between different cultures, leading partly to greater understanding and cooperation and partly to the emergence of transnational communities and hybrid identities · A primary critique of cultural globalization argues that globalization or multinational capitalism leads to cultural convergence and homogenization; · The rich variety of the world's cultures will be lost because of globalization's cultural imperialism

Third World debt crisis

Intentionality behind impoverishing populations; complaints about the one-size-fits-all idea; conditionalities—Thomas Friedman and the Golden Straitjacket of SAPs hurts populations immensely—policy further grew the debt burden of developing countries—loans intended to repay older debts—but all these policies do is create more and more debt for these countries-Interest payments on loans taking by 12% of GDP in some countries. They had to build reserves and not invest in production and this hurt them. Debt and New Colonialism: Bretton Woods Institutions have created new scenarios of colonialism. Debt is substitute for colonialism—much more effective—no police force or militant effort needed and you may even make some money off of it. SAPS have kept developing nations under the thumb of developed nations. Paying off the IMF in advance will kill it, paradoxically. An oil shock in the late 1970s and early 1980s caused a spike in oil prices. Lots of oil revenue in 1970s meant that banks were over-flowing with money to lend. Developing countries borrowed money to pay for large infrastructure projects or for domestic consumption. Increase in price of oil meant that oil-importing countries had to borrow more money to meet their energy needs. Declining terms of trade and fall in global commodities prices thus ensued. Higher interest rates due to oil shock in late 1970s buried many debtor countries and created an international debt crisis.

Tensions in the Human Rights: Cultural Relativism v. Universalism

Is a country's cultural practice considered a violation of human rights in the eyes of some? But is is really violating human rights if it is of cultural importance to a nation? Disparities between the rights and practices of women and men in societies-- might be considered human rights violation but may violate the values of a specific culture. o Female genital cutting—seen as a violation of women's and girls' rights but it is a huge cultural practice and sense of inclusion in society. Human rights pressure may sound like cultural imperialism. Changing it from a human rights issue to a medical protection issue

Globalization and cultural homogenization

It is hard to sustain a UNIQUE!!! cultural in a continuously globalizing world. The Huaorani tribe as an example. Fear of cultural contamination if globalization happens: The fear that globalizing influences, when paired with cultures that have had historically different values than those represented under the neoliberal regime, will wipe out those valuable native cultures. The various aspects of globalization that have promoted growing contacts between different cultures, leading partly to greater understanding and cooperation and partly to the emergence of transnational communities and hybrid identities · A primary critique of cultural globalization argues that globalization or multinational capitalism leads to cultural convergence and homogenization; · The rich variety of the world's cultures will be lost because of globalization's cultural imperialism. When refugees come or immigrants come they must become citizens of the country they have fled or come to and may lose their culture and adopt the new one as well.

Shock Therapy

KLEIN: At the fall of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s, there were an additional 15 countries that now had entered the world as individual nations-- considered third world countries that had not yet decided whether they would be capitalist or communist nations. Its either communism or capitalism, these are the only ways to go. There was a rapid adjustment of these countries that ensued that was guided by the neoliberals in the form of "Shock Therapy" these policies were applied to these 15 countries to try to get people to convert their behaviors to more capitalistic ideas-- SHOCK THEM INTO CAPITALISM RAPIDLY AND OVERNIGHT. The currency was unpegged from the former countries of the Soviet Union and cost protections were taken away and costs increased to international rates. The savings of the people of these countries were devalued and disappeared overnight and capitalism was struggling to work in these areas. Privatization: those with money and insider information were the only ones who succeeded in these newly capitalistic societies. Managers within factories and enterprises recognized they could steal as much as they could and take it from those who did not understand-- AKA THE MASSES.

"Trinkets and Beads"

Media and "cultural contamination" This is the story of a 3-year struggle between a small amazon tribe and the international oil companies. Oil companies encroaching on the lands of a native tribe to drill for oil. Creating reservation lands to put the natives on to get them out of the way and appeasing them with money and gifts. Tribal leaders sue the company. Huaorani Tribe: Oil companies came after the missionaries because they made it less dangerous to come and exploit their resources. Cultural imperialism by attempting to Christianize the Huaorani and put them on reservations. Missionaries came and brought their civilizations. 1957: Rachel Saint. Television program criticizes the tribe and calls them savage and backwards and living in the stone age and uneducated, etc. Told lies that God was coming and the world was going to end—missionaries told these lies. Medical Missionaries: bringing in foreign diseases but, in theory, they are gaining things in return as well to benefit them. They don't want to leave the tribe and their way of life to go to the city and be modernized. 1960s: oil companies began drilling on the edge of Huaorani territory. Shell oil and later Texaco

Remittances

Money that immigrants send back home to family and friends left in the countries they emigrated from. Diasporas can help send money back to the home country like to family in Syria where over half the country's population is now in Europe -Remittances: money earned in the new country and sent back to the old country-- $440 billion sent as remittances by migrants in 2010. This is a huge part of how developing countries are thriving—2/3 of GDP in some countries is from remittance money.

Migration

Move to a country without seeking citizenship through naturalization. A migrant is someone who is simply mobile; people who are seeking opportunity—seasonal migrant labor that follows the growing seasons in NC—go back to home country when season is over—not necessarily wanting to become citizens of the country they are migrating to.

Moyo

Moyo says developing countries need to work on reducing aid and creating programs that create self-sufficiency. Need to focus on domestic production , sustainability, and the creation of infrastructure. Moyo argues that long-term international aid does not do developing nations, like Africa, any good. They become reliant on the aid and are not self-sufficient. Example: Africa needs to learn how to produce their own anti-Malaria mosquito nets and should not accept them from developed nations, Moyo also says that developing nations need to work to develop their own avenues for economic self-sufficiency and sustainability. Says that countries should focus on trade and infrastructure development instead of aid-- so does Sachs but for a different reason.

Bond (Ch 43 in L&B) Backlash against civil society

NGOs and civil society may take away power and authority from the government. Global politics were once dictated exclusively by elected government officials but now elected governments must compete with "civil society" - interest groups accountable only to themselves but often with significant financial resources. They have the management structure of a multinational company and a media image that governments can only envy. DO NGOs have too much power? Have forced the World Bank to review its funding strategy. As there is no political machinery to deal with citizens' concerns, NGOs are filling the "democratic deficit". The same factors that have been eroding nation-states (globalization) have also been promoting NGOs." Effectiveness of NGOs has also been aided by the internet—pressure groups can gain power through the internet. NGOs may suffer from tunnel vision—judging every public act on how it affects their particular interest

What is "Progress"?

No definitive answers about what is progress—is having a toaster, and TV, a refrigerator really progress? Illich says not—it is simply the product of capitalism. Is healthcare a sign of progress? Being free from illness? Is education something we would call progress?—According to Illich, probably. There are ideas of how we have done things in the west that are considered progress. But is this correct? Illich—to what end? McGibbon: What is progress? The World Bank calls Bangladesh backwards and not progressing at all—it is too agricultural—need to export flowers—what does this do to food subsistence? Bangladesh is self-sufficient—McGibbon asks—isn't this what progress is? They are self-sustaining—they know their natural resources WHOSE DEFINITION OF PROGRESS? Human Development index—Bangladesh is 146 out of 187—but their average life expectancy is around 68 years—on par with more developed nations—so what does that say about progress? Bangladesh wants to be a part of globalization as a two-way street—they want their knowledge and value to be valued just as high as other, more developed countries? The quotes refer to the idea that the ways we traditionally measure progress, like GDP, are not necessarily indicators of better quality of life or sustainable growth. Critical analysis of the term leads us to question the biases inherent in the western definition of "progress" and how that bias is reflected in our policy toward developing regions.

Is all civil society "good"?

No: How do we define what is good? Who's interests are represented? Some basis of civil liberties and the freedom to associate and freedom of speech must be present to a certain extent for civil society organizations to operate. Real problems in transferring NGOs into other places—building civil societies from the outside is hard. NGOs get concentrated in the capital cities and not in rural areas. The neediest populations may not be the ones who are being helped by NGOs Must serve outside donors and the local populations—tension between these two NGOs sometimes get captured by the international donor money. Growth of NGOs in Global Advocacy and Service has exploded since the 1990s: 1 NGOs is registered for every 10 people in India. Harder for organizations to exist in oppressive societies—how do we get good democracy and get citizens involved? TUNNEL VISION OF NGOS AS WELL needs to be considered. Lack of aid given to those who really need it in Bolivia for health care resources from NGOs-- given to the capital city or used to benefit donors.

Uruguay Round

Of the WTO meetings-- stalled. Rounds of discussion—Uruguay Round, 1986-1994, created the WTO Largest and most productive trade negotiation ever Needed renegotiation—trade regime was disadvantaging developing countries under GATT—requiring developing countries to open up to free trade and reduce trade barriers and tariffs—Not requiring the same things of developed nations that continued to practice protectionism. Kicking Away the Ladder Developing countries—GATT created Golden Straitjacket for them; no evidence that these policies were actually leading to development and growth WTO: Effective January 1, 1995 GATT continues as a branch under the WTO—focuses a lot of tariff policy WTO is a forum to negotiate the reduction of all trade barriers Most of these talks are stalled

GATT

Original Bretton Woods Institution that evolved into the Permanent WTO. General Agreement in Tariffs and Trade in 1948—13 members countries—membership expanded to 20-25 within 20 years 1995: transition to WTO—today that are 161 members in the WTO. One of the most powerful institutions—even as the GATT was a placeholder. Made rules of trade more transparent than any other institution. All things we buy and sell were governed under rules of GATT—all-encompassing rules of trade and tariffs

Political Globalization and Democracy Promotion

Political Globalization (Democratization) Refers to the emergence of liberal democracy as the acceptable form of government. At the end of WWII ushered in a new prominence for liberal democracy as a badge of belonging to the international community. Other government types (monarchies, dictatorships) continued (and continue) to exist but are discredited as regime types by the international community. Legitimacy of democracy further strengthened by the Third Wave of democratization in Southern Europe (Spain, Italy), Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and again with the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe (1989) and the fall of the Soviet Union (1991). This meant that democracy was the "only game in town"; democracy is the only legitimate political regime. With democracy promotion, bilateral and NGO actors from all western countries undertake efforts to transform governments or transition governments to liberal democracies, promoting: elections, political parties, NGOs Reasons - believed that: • Democracy protects citizens' individual liberties • Democracy contributes to economic growth • International Relations Theory of "democratic peace" - won't go to war

Diaspora

Population of immigrants or migrants located in one place within a country-- a community is developed. A group of people who have already come to a country and have formed a diaspora population in the new country. There is global diaspora of Syrians that is equal to the local population of Syrians in their home country. Diasporas can help send money back to the home country-Remittances: money earned in the new country and sent back to the old country-- $440 billion sent as remittances by migrants in 2010. This is a huge part of how developing countries are thriving—2/3 of GDP in some countries is from remittance money

Why do People Migrate?

Push and Pull Factors: pushing people out of the country-- religious persecution, job loss, pursuit of education, etc. Pull factors-- pursuit of job, better quality of life, education-- push and pull factors can overlap. pushed out of your home place because of war, famine, climate change, crime rates and safety, etc./ or pulled away because of seeking education, or resources, or freedom—MAY BE A COMBINATION OF BOTH Pushed out because of Climate Change: failure of crops, flooding, etc. Migration and immigration is an option of the last resort—left your language, career, identity. Face hard work in the new country and a lot of discrimination. They may be refugees seeking asylum as well.

Truman's "Point Four"

Rist: "The Invention of Development Truman's Point Four, 1949—what does it mean to develop?—Creation of the development industry—4 points in inauguration speech for 2nd term. Truman's inaugural speech—primary source recording (key term) 4th point was a publicity stunt!!!-- according to Rist 4th Point: Development is going to be our foreign policy agenda. Raising standards of living in developing nations was one of Truman's goals in his point 4 of his inaugural address; Program of development based on democratic principles. Moment of true innovation in thinking about the role of foreign countries in helping achieve something called development. Truman's fourth point was stated in his inaugural address and was addressing the "developing" world. This marked the beginnings of development: uses the term underdeveloped for the first time instead of the 3rd world-- the developed world needs to help them become more like them. This was the first time that the term "developing" was used in conjunction with the term third world to refer to underdeveloped nations. Truman said it was the responsibility of the United States to aid developing countries and bring them the capitalist ideas of the U.S. and to teach them to be like the U.S. plan proposed by Truman during his inaugural address in 1949 that laid out his plan for assisting the developing world. The "pitiful, miserable, underdeveloped third world" needed our help in areas of technology, knowledge, production, democracy, capitalism and industrialization

Pros and Cons of SAPs: Susan George video clip

SAPs are a new form of colonialism because of the huge debt imposed on poor countries Even more cost effective than colonialism b/c it costs "colonizing" countries nothing to put "colonized" countries under their control Rich countries are intentionally dragging out the debt crisis so that they get more interest/money

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)

SAPs were how the Washington Consensus was applied in individual countries around the world. They focused on monetary austerity: governments must stop allowing so much money in their economies; raise interest rates and people will save more and not spend as much-- stop printing so much money and increase reserve requirements. Fiscal austerity: governments cannot spend so much money-- get rid of government investment in productivity. Hurts domestic production? Privatization-- the private market needs to take control. Financial Liberalization: it's time for the government to give up control. SAPs led to lots of layoffs and unemployment-- very unpopular among the populations. Whoever is giving the loans makes the demands Cons: can hinder infrastructure growth, education levels. monetary austerity: gov. has to stop allowing so much money into economy; increase reserve requirements; don't print as much money. fiscal austerity: cut programs that are extraneous; get rid of government investment; sell state owned enterprises. privatization: let private enterprises take over. financial liberalization: let capital in Conditionalities and the goldenstrait jacket of SAPs and conditionalities-- Thomas Friedman

Sachs

Sachs sees a lot of evidence that aid is working. Wants developing nations to develop a stable economy-- shared goal with Moyo however, they have different ideas of how developing countries should reach economic self-sufficiency. Sachs argues that countries like Africa need the long-term international aid of countries like the United States to achieve economic sustainability. Example: They should except anti-Malaria mosquito nets from developed countries like the United States. If we were to cut off aid quickly—we will see decreases in health and education and other strides that have been made. Recommendations: Rwanda example—should take each country case by case instead of looking at all countries together. Looking at gains and hazards associated with aid on case by case basis for each country Moyo has the wrong perspective on aid—it is not to make countries dependent forever on aid. Aid is about helping countries figure out how to become apart of globalization and free trade and global connections Where do they agree?—both agree that we need domestic and foreign investment to enable market-oriented economies—difference in how we get there

Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM)

Sea turtle example in the United States-- example of the WTO exercising its power. WTO DSM: Example—Shrimp fishermen had to have fish nets with escape routes for sea turtles (Turtle exclusion devices)—US refused to trade with certain countries that did not have these turtle escape routes to protect the sea turtle population-- issue of environmental preservation: WTO SAID THIS REFUSAL OF TRADE IS NOT OK. Cons: Consumers benefit but not everyone has the same purchasing power. US does not like DSM—these mechanisms infringe on our national sovereignty. • WTO can intrude on National Sovereignty—country must obey or you will be punished.—Enforcement and punishment. Intellectual Property Rights Protection. Trade in Services. Trade in textiles and apparel (stalled) quotas eliminated; tariffs still present. Trade Barriers and Tariffs in Agriculture (stalled) DSMs: Sea Turtle example from readings. Limiting importation of shrimp from certain countries to protect sea turtles in the US—protectionist policies were not ok—US was asked to abolish an environmental protection—they provided shrimpers with sea turtle escape mechanisms so they could escape shrimp nets—WTO exercises its power

Humans Rights

Set of basic individual freedoms and sense of safety that everyone should have access to simply for being human. Rights you have simply because you are human. Discrepancies all over the world about what constitutes human rights in each individual country—variety in how the declaration of human rights is applied across the globe All the UN can do is diplomatic reprimanding of a country regarding human rights. There has also been issues over basic human rights and clashes with cultural relativism and tensions between the individual and their rights and the sovereign power of the state.

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Step in where the government can't because of the rise of neoliberal practices. Goals of NGOs in Civil Society: Ending world hunger, Humanitarian/natural disaster assistance, Climate change aid—recycling, protecting species, Access to health care, delivering healthcare, vaccinations for preventable diseases, Community theaters, after school programs, Immigration and labor, Human rights work, Anti-globalization organizations—push back against market society. Neoliberals said the government needs to shrink—cutting their budgets for healthcare, education, etc. Who's going to do it now? NGOs filled in the gaps where government services no longer were. Where are the NGOs in Bolivia? Real problems in transferring NGOs into other places—building civil societies from the outside is hard. NGOs get concentrated in the capital cities and not in rural areas. The neediest populations may not be the ones who are being helped by NGOs Must serve outside donors and the local populations—tension between these two NGOs sometimes get captured by the international donor money. Growth of NGOs in Global Advocacy and Service has exploded since the 1990s: 1 NGO is registered for every 10 people in India. Harder for organizations to exist in oppressive societies—how do we get good democracy and get citizens involved?

How to Enforce Human Rights?

The United Nations Crated the UDHR however, they do not have the authority or power to enforce it. All the UN can do is diplomatic reprimanding of a country regarding human rights

Principles of Neoliberalism

The idea of Neoliberalism came out in the 1970s-1980s and the Neoliberal Revolution was led by leaders like Ronald Reagan in the United States and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom. This is a market-driven approach to economic and social policy. It stresses the efficiency of private enterprise, liberalized trade, and relatively open markets and seeks to maintain the role of the private sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state. Response to the failure of Keynesian policies of huge government economic support up to the 1973 recession and deregulation is called for. Neoliberals argued that the way to economic development was through opening one's country to international free trade practices-- rewriting history-- CHANG. Neoliberalism as a mode of governance and policy prescriptions-- D-L-P and SAPs, Washington Consensus.

D-L-P

The neoliberal policy prescription: Deregulation, Liberalization, privatization-- less government control. Based on the ideas of the Washington Consensus and put in place in developing nations through structural adjustment programs. Deregulation: reduces restrictions on free flow of goods, money, finance-- take away regulations that created Polanyi's double movement: environmental policies, work-day regulations-- wanted to get rid of government involvement in industry. Liberalization: Open markets, reduce trade barriers-- FREE TRADE IS THE ONLY ROUTE TO DEVELOPMENT Privatization: development of private, national industries--auction off things to the highest bidder-- private companies

Immigration

The right to a nationality and the right to decide what your nationality is While international law recognizes the right to leave one's country, there is no corresponding right to enter another country, even for a refugee, without that state's permission A country does not have to grant you citizenship if you migrate there What is a human right and this guarantee of choice in who you are and where you live and the obligation of countries to receive? An immigrant wants to gain citizenship in the country they enter—emigrant (leaving a country).

International Financial Institutions (IFIs)

These organizations have evolved a lot since the 1940s—like Inter-American Development Bank—focused on assisting developing countries. These institutions are considered part of the cartel of good intentions.

"Third World"

This defined countries who were not capitalist but were not communist; they were impressionable and still deciding. This idea came about in the 1940s-early 1950s based on the idea of wanting developing nations to be more like "us". This brand new idea of the "Third World stemmed from post-WWII challenges. The Third World was decolonizing after 1946-1967; intense decolonization period. Post-WWII, these countries were rebuilding from the destruction of the war. If you wanted the help of Europe and the US in post-war reconstruction as a Third World nation, then you must move away from colonies and move towards democratic practice and free trade. It was the Soviet Union (2nd World) v. the Western World (1st World) and the 3rd world was not yet aligned with either side. This term is considered not politically correct today. There is a negative connotation associated with the term today-- countries are backward and not productive and the only "right" way is to follow the developed 1st world. They are fatalistic, not forward-thinking, conservative-- traditional

The Washington Consensus

This was the development side of things. Policy created by the neoliberals in the United States to develop the developing world. Argued for less government involvement in these countries. The Washington Consensus was synonymous with development. The concept was created by John Williamson--10 narrow policies-- synthesized policies from leaders in Latin America that needed support of industry from the government-- DO NOT SOUND LIKE NEOLIBERALISM: Co-opted by the neoliberals-- was about promoting neoliberal policies like D-L-P through structural adjustment programs that promoted fiscal and monetary austerity as well as privatization through conditonalities for IMF funds.

golden straitjacket

Thomas Friedman Article: Friedman argued that there was no other option for developing nations if they wanted to stay relevant in the global market than to give up government regulation and succumb to the private sector control. There grew out of this a shrinking role of the state and the golden straitjacket promoted resource extraction and export-oriented open markets that would eliminate/lower tariffs and other trade barriers. It called for privatizing state owned industries and utilities and deregulate finance, currency, and capital markets. Saw on the ground: over 20 years, economies are doing worse-- more state debt, borrowing, unemployment, and instability. The policies were an idea/ideology that were not tested and benefited the rich nations that were lending money and the companies-- politically-oriented. Idea of conditionalities and that the countries did not have a choice but to accept the conditions if they wanted to stay relevant in the global market and receive funds to pay off debts.

Varieties and Capitalism

Thomas Friedman: No alternative-- Capitalism or North Korea. The Washington Consensus attempted to make a one-size-fits-all brand of capitalism. not a "one-size fits all" capitalism can be adjusted to work with the country. One part can work for a country, but another part may not example: the ice cream flavors

International Bill of Human Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR—signed in 1948) is one part of this Bill of Human Rights-- this document listed 30 rights that individuals possess simply because they are human-- clash with state sovereignty and cultural relativism. Other two parts were signed in 1976—international law to protect these human rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR—signed in 1948) is one part of this Bill of Human Rights. This declaration did not have the force of law when it was signed—it was optional. Lists 30 international rights. Moment in time right after WWII: Human rights became talked about on an international level and the international agenda. Response to what is going on in Nazi Germany. Signal that this is not ok—Universal Declaration of Human Rights was one of these signals. Allowing civil society groups to rise to protect and advocate for these rights—UN very receptive to hearing their voices. Human rights are rights that one is entitled to simply because they are human. Issues of human rights' tensions- universalism v. cultural relativism and individuals v. state sovereignty given to them by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Civil Society

Voluntary civic and social organizations, associations, and networks. Any organization that works towards a goal-- social organization-- sororities, Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts of America, NGOs, etc. Unions, Religious Groups, Sports Clubs, Youth Groups, Interest Groups, Social Movements—occupy movement criticism—what are all these people out there yelling about? Wanted free college tuition or free healthcare, etc.—many interests—hard to synthesize the goals of a social movement NGOs/NPOs (Non-profit organizations), Social Clubs—fraternities and sororities, NGOs became a huge focus for government promotion work starting in the 1990s

Rostow's Stages of Economic Development

Walt Rostow was born into a Russian-Jewish family in 1916 and was a well-known historian and economist. "The Stages of Economic Development outlined his theory of a country's progression through economic development where a country would become more developed as they moved through the stages of development. Through traditional society at stage one (They are fatalistic, not forward-thinking, conservative-- traditional) to-- stage 5 of high mass consumption. Stages of development that Rostow said every country followed on their own time to eventually reach the level of high mass consumption. This is the straight-line path to economic development. This theory of Rostow's was what was used as the basis for the Modernization Theory of development that was popular in the 1950s-1960s. The Modernization Theory took place during the "Long Boom" period of economic prosperity in western nations, like the United States-- represented and embodied what a developed nation should look like-- focused on greed and the accumulation of wealth and material things to reach the end goal of stage 5: high mass consumption

Sachs: Myths about African poverty

We spend lots of money on aid the aid added up to $30 per person and of that only $12 will actually reach Africa. There is a lot of money that is being called aid but not actually going to aid. Africa has a democracy deficit. 66% of African countries are democratic. Lack of modern values. People are forced to work very hard to subsist and only a myth to explain the current problem: Economic freedom and capitalism solves all problems. We have to have mixed economies. Capitalism can lead to debt in developing countries. Doable Goals in African Development: GROW more food Green revolution for Africa, Malaria control, Clinical health services, Safe water, School lunches, End of isolation Broadband access, mobile phones, transportation Problem stems from being land locked etc. The situation in each of these countries is unique and we need to be sensitive to that. The Sachs reading discusses the myths about Africa that are prevalent in discourse on Africa's development. They include: Poverty is caused by rampant political corruption, Africans lack modern values and knowledge (don't know how to tell time), problem is lack of open markets as economic freedom solves all problems, problem is lack of democracy, and globalization will fix everything as it spreads. Sachs disproves these. African countries not more corrupt than similar $ countries, Africans DO tell time and are aware of their situation, democracy nor open market related to wealth, globalization doesn't reach everywhere (rural areas).

Liberal Democracy or Constitutional Democracy

What is/are necessary components of democracy? Why might we want democracy? Elections are the procedures for choosing the government. Constitutional liberalism: procedures for how the government operates—another term for the process of democracy. "Democracy is the freedom to elect our own dictators"—this is what democracy would be if there are no checks on the quality of the government officials elected. Quality of government is crucial for establishing a democratic, constitutionally liberalized country. Must be a democracy to be a member of the international community today—whether the quality of your government is democratic is a different matter Democracies and Elections. Teach countries how to have elections in a democratic fashion. Focus of Democracy Promotion Work—how to we establish democratic, competitive elections? How do we get countries to write democratic elections into constitutions. How do political parties operate with connections to their constituents?

Tensions in the Human Rights: Individual v. State's Rights

Where do you draw the line between individual human rights and the rights of states to self-determination? • Infringement on States' sovereignty. Who holds the power in society? 1648--Treaty of Westphalia—guaranteeing the sovereignty of states. 1948—Universal Declaration of Human Rights for individuals violates the idea of guaranteed state sovereignty—takes away the blanket protection of state sovereignty. No consistent application of protection of these specific human rights. States do not have to protect non-citizens in their territories. Sometimes human rights are not protected by democracy if the rights are for the minority. Tyranny of the majority in democratic societies. Do you need democracy first or human rights first or civil society first?

Illiberal Democracy

Zakaria: Rise of Illiberal Democracy. This is when a country says in their constitution that they have a democratic governmental structure but they do not run their country like a democracy. They may not have free and fair elections. Most countries declare themselves democracies because it is a requirement to be recognized in most international organizations that you must be a democratic nation. Goal: constitutional liberalism. Arbitrary application of constitutional liberalism in other countries. "Democracy has won"—process of backlash and reversals: countries labeling themselves are democratic but they do not follow democratic ideas but they are operating under the idea of democracy as it says in their constitutions. No universal applications of democratic characteristics . Unequal elections—prime minister is the ruler and is elected by parliament—serves as long as the coalition of parliament favors them. Presidential systems have been adopted in illiberal democracies—president tends to usurp the power of the other branches of government. No authority of the legislative branch over the president. No independent judiciary from the president's influence: bias in judicial system and no rule of law protections. Power consolidated into the presidency—cannot enforce constitutional liberalism. Elections and the idea that "majority rules"—only candidates chosen by the president can run—differ to the president, incumbent power. Sitting presidents can have the vast majority of votes because of this—99% of votes may go to the president—may be no one running against the president; fraud at the polls. What is the majority?—50.1% is technically the majority—49.9% disagrees, which is almost the majority. 50% may not even be required at a majority—who gets the most votes" first past the post"-- you can vote for your own dictator essentially. No independent judiciary either-- clashes with the ideas of rule of law and constitutional liberalism.

Refugees

half of the 22 million people in Syria have left the country because the situation is so bad—they are displayed and have no home—they are refugees living in make-shift conditions—entering into borders of Europe illegally "We have to do everything we can to help them" v. "we don't want anything to do with them" Resources: how will we feed and house they refugees? How will we pay/who will pay for them? How do we integrate them into society? Terrorist activity associated with Syrian men They are just people fleeing a terrible situation at home to find a more stable situation. Refugees are fleeing a horrible situation in their home country and fleeing to a foreign country in hopes of finding a better life.