Global Development Final Exam

results framework

- PDO - project development objective (intended benefits to a specific community) - PDO level results indicators - specific measures to determine if development objective was achieved - set target values for project period, frequency of monitoring, and how data will be collected - intermediate results - more output based (proximate the intended final outcome)

central aid agencies flaws

- centrally planned - dominated by large players and projects - top-down - no feedback loops and accountability - little entry and exit - sluggish innovation - low efficiency

green revolution critiques

- energy input increased faster than agricultural output - reliance on agro-chemicals increase cancer rates - biodiversity limited with use of monocultures - debt and job loss for small farmers - deforestation due to land degradation and nutrient depletion - increase in emissions

takeaways of M&E

- enhance efficiency and effectiveness - continuously adapting to improve precision of indicators and quality of data - take into account project stakeholders and be participatory

plant with purpose

- environmental restoration - economic empowerment - spiritual renewal

well-defined classical paradigm of role of agriculture in development

- grounded in history - with western experience and asian miracles - grounded in theory - agriculture on the road to industrialization - grounded in empirical regularities - agricultural transformation - grounded in behavior - agriculture responsive to incentives

WDR 2008

- huge growth and welfare cost to current under-investment in agriculture - new opportunities to use agriculture due to improved markets and government - but agriculture only will not eliminate rural poverty - need a rural non-farm economy

poverty cognitive burden

- human mental bandwidth is finite and we use automatic over deliberative - poverty creates stresses on cognitive function equal to knocking 13 IQ points - cumulative effect of poverty is seen in decreased cognitive function over the long term

what does it mean to be refugee child

- less likely to attend primary school, secondary school, and higher education

reform and reorganization of IFIs

- ownership - reinforce country's ownership - harmonization - coordinated accountability framework - customization - account for local contexts - criticality - choose only actions critical for results as conditions - transparency and predictability - transparent progress reviews

challenges to agriculture

- population growth - land degradation - climate change

thinking with mental models

- use concepts, categories, identities, and stereotypes drawn from their communities and experiences (ex culture) share understanding of what is right, natural, and possible

learning

- want to ensure lessons learned are captured in M&E - identifies opportunities for collaborative learning among stakeholders -reflection is the name of the game

US foreign aid cuts

- want to reign in government spending and lower national debt - aid for refugees and conflict victims particularly hard hit

stakeholder engagement and education

1. problem identification 2. policy analysis 3. strategy and policy development 4. policy enactment 5. policy implementation

history of agriculture in development

20 years of neglect under Washington consensus - no sectoral policy - industrialize through open economy not agriculture - descale role of the state in agriculture - reduce rural poverty through transfer not autonomous incomes 2010s put renewed emphasis on agriculture because of 5 events 1. global food and financial crisis 2. stagnation of productivity in Sub-Saharan africa 3. world poverty 4. increasing rural-urban income disparities 5. rising resource scarcity and unmet demand for environmental service

Paul Collier

Aid can work with good institutions countries can get stuck in poverty traps and breaking traps can make aid effective

Bill Easterly

Aid is bad robs from the poor in HIC and gives to the rich in LIC with no impact on poverty

IBRD

International Bank for Reconstruction and development - former name of the world bank

new aid players

Russia - donor that is not in russian language china - gives small amounts of aid with no stated conditions, however, brings their own workers so it does not create local jobs

SMART goals

Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-bound

Angus Deaton and the aid illusion

agrees with Easterly that aid is ineffective and even harmful argues that technical solutions to poverty are wrong and needs specific conditions for aid to be effective for capital to be generated locally or for investors to be willing to invest, market must have perfect information about opportunity in capital deficient country at same time, there are perverse incentives for NGOs to evaluate themselves positively

monitoring

are we doing the right things - systematic and ongoing - during implementation - tracking - accountability for implementation - internally conducted

agriculture in development

at least twice as effective as growth in other sectors in reducing hungry and poverty most of agriculture laborers are poor women smallholder farmers - 2 billion people

humans have two systems of decision making

automatic - considers what automatically comes to mind, effortless, associative, intuitive deliberative - considers broad set of factors, effortful, reasoning, reflective

development policy and psychology

before - people make decisions deliberatively now - we make decisions automatically, socially and with mental models

CODE - adaptive leadership

character- humility, integrity organizational justice - open and honest line of communication so everyone feels they have a voice development - ability to change and innovate emotional intellegence

bretton woods project

civil society network to monitor negative development impacts of WB and IMF acts as a watchdog with a focus on environment, human rights, and democratic governance

USAID's CLA Model

collaborating, learning, and adapting - strategic collaboration - locally-led approaches - continuous learning - M&E, research, reflection, - adaptive management - data-driven and adaptive leadership, team trust growth mindset

World Bank and IMF conditionality

conditionality in lending cross-conditionality between IMF and WB imposition of controversial economic policy conditions lending terms that undermine governmental accountability to citizens and build up governmental accountability to WB/IMF

adaptive leadership

create conditions that enable dynamic networks and environments to achieve common goals

evaluation

did we do the right things? - systematic, periodic - during and after implementation - judgement for merit and value of program - for decision making - accountability for results - conducted externally

adaptive challenge

difficult to identify require changes in values, beliefs, and relationships people with the problem do work of solving it numerous changes resist acknowledging adaptive challenges solutions require experiments and new discoveries

technical challenges

easy to identify often quick and easy solutions solved by an authority and expert require change in just one or a few places people are generally receptive to technical solutions solutions quickly implemented

World Bank mission

end extreme poverty within a generation and boost shared prosperity

bretton woods conference

established the IMF and the world bank founded in the belief that world war 2 was result of international response to the Great Depression (protectionism, competitive devaluation, and limitations on foreign exchange)

Jeffery Sachs

feels that Aid works and we need more poverty traps are real Millennium development villages

Era of the Gold Standard

fixed exchange rates, countries needed assistance in setting their exchange rate correctly and in borrowing international reserves emphasis on reducing tariffs and trade barriers

market system approach

focuses on changing the ways that markets work so poor benefit from growth and economic development tackle market failures and strengthen private section in a way that creates large-scale, lasting benefits for the poor systems analysis to diagnose and address constraints that face disadvantaged people in improving their position within markets

major critiques of WB and IMF - environment

growth-based model is unsustainable, continued fossil-fuel investment, focus on mega projects, no protection for forests

alternative paths (low-input agriculture)

high-input requires fertilizer and pesticides - higher short-term but unsustainable and costly low-input = conservation agriculture, regenerative agriculture, but is more challenge to do at scale

aid illusion

if all the money raised by ODA and NGOs was transferred directly to the poor with no transaction costs, it would be enough to eliminate poverty gap

global shifts in refugee education

include refugee children in asylum country educational system learning in home language enables further learning and creates educational opportunities

green revolution

increased agricultural production through adoption of new technology - high-yield varieties of cereals - chemical fertilizers and agro-chemicals - controlled water supply through irrigation - new methods of cultivation

IDA

international development association - provides interest free loans (AKA credits) and grants to poorest countries eligibility for IDA support depends on countries relative poverty also supports some small island economics and countries that are above operational cutoff but don't have credit worthiness to borrow from world bank currently 75 countries are eligible (home to 2.8 billion people)

multilateral development bank (MDB)

international financial institutions charted by two or more countries for the purpose of encouraging economic development ex - asian development bank

public narrative

marshall ganz enable others to achieve shared purpose in the face of uncertainity leadership of translating values into action through story

IFC (International Finance Corporation)

member of the world bak group - focused exclusively on the private sector

M&E

monitoring and evaluation

new development bank

multilateral development bank established by BRICS (brazil, russia, india, china, and south africa) established because BRIS felt existing lending was oppressive

Forced Migration

no longer a set of discrete movements but is ongoing, continuous, and sometimes cyclical

IMF

oversees the world's monetary system - exchange rates and international payments that enabled countries to trade surveillance - monitor financial and economics policies of its members and keeps track of economic development generally lending - provides loans to countries that have trouble meeting payments. financial assistance intended to help restore macroeconomic stability technical assistance - to low and middle income countries to help them manage their economies Data and Research - development of standards and codes of good practice

refugee

person who is outside their country of nationality and has a well-founded fear of being persecuted and is unable to avail themselves to the return to their country for this fear

US foreign aid

political, security, humanitarian, and development public perceptions reflect support for higher levels of aid most Americans overestimate the amount of aid the US provides, and feel that it should be higher

official development assistance

provided by official agencies which is administrated with the promotion of economic development and welfare of developing countries and concessional in character (below market rate) does not include military assistance

major critiques of WB and IMF - human rights

restricting macroeconomic environment for human rights, cause major harm through development projects, lack evidence for positive impacts, not measuring harmful impacts

policy implications of mind, society, and behavior

self-awareness - must be aware of their own subjectivity recognition of cognitive strain - stress and strain of poverty imposes cognitive tax psycho/social contexts - intervention needs to account for specific psychological and social influences that guide decision making iteration - more iterative process of discovery, learning, and adaptation process matters - how policy is implemented matters too

public narrative - structure

story of self - values that move you to lead story of us - values shared by those who we hope to join us story of now - communicates the urgent challenges to those values that demand action now

major critiques of WB and IMF - Democratic governance

structural under-representation of the global south, undermining democratic ownership, biased and inconsistent decision making, weak ability to learn from the past, effective impunity for harms caused

world bank

vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world financial products and services - commercial and low interest loans, interest free credits, and grants with a wide array of investments in education, health, infrastructure, etc knowledge bank - offer support to developing countries with policy advice, research and technical assistance (world bank open data provides development data)

thinking social

we are influence by social expectations and social recognition so policies that draw on people's social motivations can help them reach their goals and protect their interests

Protracted refugee situation

when >25,000 refugees of the same nationality have been in exile for more than 5 years