GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

true

t/f Civil unrest in the forms of protests and riots in numerous countries around the world happened.

true

t/f 78 percent of the world's food-insecure people rely on agriculture for their livelihoods,

true

t/f As the youth move from rural areas to urban areas to look for better livelihoods, there are fewer people of working age left behind to produce the growing quantities of food required to meet rising demand in urban areas.

true

t/f In Asia, a large number of small farmers in countries like Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Nepal continue to suffer from weak access to land and tenure insecurity, in the wider context of weak governance institutions, poor law enforcement and endemic corruption.

false, India

t/f In Philippines, for example, the consumption of meat continues to lag behind when compared to Brazil and china for people at similar income levels.

true

t/f In the next four decades or so, average global temperature will rise by 2-3 degrees Celsius (Stern, 2006:56)

true

t/f Initial increases in food consumption may pertain to the intake of higher quantities of key staples-cereals

true

t/f It happened when the United States and the European Union adopted a number of policies and incentives to boost bio-fuel consumption (USAID, 2009)

false, china

t/f Much of the growth of meat consumption took place in Asia in general and in India in particular (Kearney, 2010:2796)

true

t/f Overall studies show that the impacts of climate changes will be mixed and uneven across regions (IPCC, 2007)

false, India

t/f PH and China, for example, are the fastest growing countries in the Asian region

false, IMF

t/f The ISF highlighted that biofuels were responsible for almost half the increase in the total consumption of key food crops in 2006-2007.

true

t/f The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change.

true

t/f The demographic trends in Asia have serious implications for food systems in the region and elsewhere.

true

t/f There are several reasons that have been debated over the global food price spikes. One of those is the on-going world population growth

true

t/f There is a substitution phase in which the cereals are replaced by more energy-rich foods such as meat and those with a high concentration of vegetable oils and sugar (Godfrey et at., 2010:2770)

true

t/f To adequately feed the global population in 2050, crop production would have to double,

false, largest

t/f small quantities of biodiesel, which is made from edible oils, come from Germany, France, United States and Italy (Naylor et. Al., 2007)

true

t/fCatches of the world's most relied-upon fish are expected to decrease by up to 60 percent by 2050

true

t/fFor countries located at lower latitudes, the IPCC warns that the productivity of major crops like rice, wheat and maize, is projected to drop with even small increases in local average temperature

false, not all

t/fHowever, all developing countries have experienced this phenomenon of nutrition transition equally

true

t/fLivestock contributes almost 80 percent of agricultural methane emissions, and about 66 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.

true

t/fThe United States and Brazil are the world's largest bioethanol producing countries.

true

t/fThe consumption of meat in the developing continue grew threefold during this period

true

t/fThe global food price spike in 2010-2011 may have consigned an additional 44 million around the globe to a life of poverty and food insecurity (Rastello and Pugh 2011)

true

t/fThe growth of the world population is proportionate to the demand for food and rising incomes and growing per capita food consumption.

false, Africa

t/fThe increase of demands for food comes from developing countries in Asia and Japan

false, rural to urban

t/fThe mass movement of people from urban to rural areas has also been accompanied by a rapid and ongoing expansion of cities and slums in parts of Asia

true

t/fThe overall demand for grains for direct and indirect consumption through animal products continues to expand

Jean Ziegler (2007:2)

the UN special rapporteur on the right to food, stated that the sudden, ill-conceived, rush to convert food into fuels is a recipe for disaster.

Rising Incomes and Changing Diets

As incomes in developing countries continue to grow, more and more people are able to access food in greater quantities

2050

By __________, climate change impacts could increase the risk of food insecurity by up to 20 percent.

2030

By ____________, urban populations and the number of slum dwellers in Africa and Asia are set to double

The Population Growth and Urbanization

By mid-century, the world's total population is set to reach over 9 billion, doubling the demand of food, feed and fiber (FAO,2009)

false , 62 %

Global consumption of meat increased by around 63 percent between 1963 and 2005

China

In ________, the increasing conversion of land for intensive mono-cropping of soybeans and maize for animal feed over the decades had caused immense pollution of waterways by pesticides and fertilizers, declines in biodiversity, the destruction of natural carbon sinks and rising greenhouse gas emissions (Schneider 2011).

2000s

In the mid __________, global food prices began to climb.

Bio-fuel Production, Land Use Change and Access to Land

The global surge in bio-fuel production was triggered in 2004-2005

hunger and malnourishment

The prevalence of food insecurity is manifested by the presence

food loss

________ or waste generates about 8 percent of annual greenhouse emissions.

agriculture

___________ is highly-sensitive to climate, and food production is affected directly by variations in agroecological conditions for growing crops (Devereux and Maxwell, 2001; Fischer et al., 2002; Kurukulasuriya and Rosenthal, 2003; Schmidhuber and Tubeillo, 2007)

climate change

__________will bring the developing countries high costs and few benefits (Stern 2006:vii)

Goal of FAO

achieve food security for all and make sure that people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives.

climate change

affects all four dimensions of food security: food availability, food accessibility, food utilization, and food systems stability

slums

are characterized by lack of access to clean drinking water, inadequate sanitation and waste disposal mechanism, making resident population highly vulnerable to quick- spreading disease and chronic food insecurity (CISS, 2013).

Biofuels

are seen to be significant in reducing dependence fossil fuels in a number of countries around the globe.

food security

as the availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices (FAQ, 2003: 27)

food security

associated with the availability of food at the local, national, and global levels. (McDonald, 2010)

food security

exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary need and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO,2002).

true

t/f The global food price crisis in 2007-2008 may have forced as many as 100 million people deeper into poverty.

true

t/f The impact of food prices spikes has been most devastating to those who are in the poverty level.

true

t/f The prices of key staples such as wheat, rice, maize, and soy- bean as well as edible oils all soared.

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

has become one of the challenges of the 21'st century. The increase of global food prices has caught the attention of all governments worldwide. The vulnerability of food systems to a number of demographic, socioeconomic, environmental and policy-related factors also among the concerns of the globe. The detrimental impacts of high food prices and food and agriculture-related policies affected the poor and marginalized communities, specifically in the developing countries.

Maxwell (1996)

he mentioned that in subsequent decades, three distinct paradigm shifts took place to significantly influence the food security discourse and international agenda

second paradigm shift

highlighted the importance of livelihood security as a key household priority and component of food security, shaping decisions around whether or not to go hungry in the short term

Third Paradigm Shift

indicates a move away from a purely calorie- counting approach to food security, to one that incorporates subjective measures of what it means to be food-secure, including access to food that is preferable (Maxwell, 1988, 1996: 158-60)

bio-ethanol

is produces from food crops such as sugarcanes, maize, wheat, sugar beets and sweet sorghum, and is currently the most widely used form of biofuel.

First generation biofuels

produced from plant starch, oils, animal fats and sugars.

Biofuels

production and policies that encourage and support it has become highly controversial in the context of global food security

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.

First Paradigm Shift

was through the late 1970's and early 1980's in which the academic and policy discourse on food security witnessed a shift away from the rather limiting focus on food availability and supply as the core concerns of food security