Global Health Final Exam Review
What is the World Health Organization's definition of health?
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
About how much does it cost to create and test one new medication?
$1.4 billion
Which of the following is not a partial explanation for health disparities between different racial and ethnic populations?
(1) Marginalized population groups may have higher rates of poverty, which is associated with reduced health status (2) Population groups may engage in different cultural practices, such as preferred diets (3) Populations groups may be genetically different (**4**)All of these are partial explanations for health disparities
Which of the following is not an example of an improved sanitation source?
-Composting toilet -Septic system -Simple pit latrine **All the above are improved sanitation sources
Which of the following is not a criterion for causation?
1) A higher dose of the exposure is associated with higher risk of the disease. 2) Removing the exposure reduces the risk of disease. 3) There is clear time sequence, with the exposure occurring before onset of the disease. (4)**All of the above are causal criteria
Which is not an essential public health service?
1) Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. 2) Monitor health status to identify community problems. 3) Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. **(4) All of the above are examples of essential public health services.
What is the approximate risk of a woman transmitting HIV to her baby during delivery if she takes antiretroviral drugs (HAART) during pregnancy and delivery?
1-2%
Approximately how many years passed between the first cases of AIDS being diagnosed in the United States and the first time when 10 million people worldwide were living with HIV?
10 years 1981-1990ish
Approximately what percentage of the world's population lives below the international poverty line of about $1.25 per day?
10%
Approximately what percentage of the world's people have been infected with Mycobacterium infection?
33%
About what percentage of people with latent TB infection will develop active TB disease at some point in their lives?
5-10%
Approximately what percentage of the world's population have electricity in their homes?
85%
Which of the following is the complex process of adopting practices, traditions, values, and identity of a new community after migrating?
Acculturation
Which type of water access does a family have if it has access to about 20 liters per person per day and the source is between 100 and 1,000 meters away or 5 to 30 minutes round trip?
Basic Access
In 1713, who published Diseases of Workers, a book that detailed the environmental hazards encountered in 52 occupations, listing poisoning, respiratory diseases, problems related to prolonged postures and repetitive tasks, and psychological stress as some of the many on-the-jobs threats to health?
Bernardino Ramazzini
What term describes substances that can cause birth genetic mutations linked to cancer?
Carcinogens
Which of the following overwhelms the local response network and requires extensive outside assistance?
Catastrophe
What type of drug is an illegal product that is marked deceptively?
Counterfeit drug
Which term describes a shift toward lower birth and death rates that occurs as populations experience economic development?
Demographic transition
What is the typical role of large global health foundations, like The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, in public health?
Donor
What stage of the demographic transition is characterized by a decreasing death rate, a high birth rate, and an increasing population size?
Early transition
Which of the following is a person who is temporarily living in another country and intends to return to his or her home country?
Expatriate
A pandemic has occurred when dozens of people have contracted a foodborne illness by eating at the same restaurant or social event. T/F?
False
In most high-income countries, less than 0.1% of the population has HIV.
False
Reducing health disparities by reducing the health status of the advantaged population is the best way to overcome the global burden from health disparities.
False
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR. states that people have a right to be healthy. T/F
False
The most disadvantaged populations, often the ones with the highest mortality rates, are the most likely to have their life events accurately counted.
False
The reduced health status in populations with lower socioeconomic status is usually caused by innate biological differences rather than by economic, social, and political environments.
False
When two countries have similar economic profiles, the country with greater income inequality tends to have a more favorable health profile.
False
Voluntary male medical circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection and negates the need to use condoms as protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
False - reduces risk of HIV transmission, but does not negate the use of condoms
As long as people usually have access to at least 10 liters (2.5 gallons. of water per day, they have enough water for drinking, cooking, hygiene, and cleaning to stay healthy. T/F
False average minimum needed is 15-20 liters for survival, 50 liters for healthy living.
Which of the following are business investments made by corporations and individuals in other countries?
Foreign Direct Investment
Which of the following terms describes the total amount of good and services produced in a country by both national and foreign corporations?
GDP
Which of the following terms describes the total income from selling goods and services produced in a country?
GNI
Which of the following are among the infections that cause the most deaths worldwide each year?
HIV/AIDs, TB, Malaria
Which of the following criteria is not used to evaluate whether a population has at least minimal access to health care?
Health care services must be free to the user
What is the most common cause of death in the United States today?
Heart disease
What is the typical role of a local nonprofit organization in public health?
Implementer
Which of the following is usually used to study infectious diseases, acute diseases, and outbreaks?
Incidence
Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population?
Incidence
Specialists in which field assess and mitigate workplace hazards, such as issuing ear protection to workers in factories with high noise levels and making sure that people who spend their days in front of a computer have ergonomically designed chairs?
Industrial hygiene
The goal of loans issued by which organization is to allow countries to rebuild their monetary reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and create conditions for economic growth and high employment rates?
International Monetary Fund
Which of the following captures the burden from infant and child deaths in addition to the average age at deaths of adults?
Life expectancy
Which of the following statements is not true?
Lower middle income populations tend to have a higher proportion of deaths from injuries than infections.
Of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and smallpox, which causes the greatest number of deaths among children worldwide each year?
Malaria
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?
Measles vaccination
Which of the following is the federal health financing system for people who are ages 65 years and older, and also provides coverage for some younger people with serious permanent disabilities?
Medicare
Which hazardous substance is (or was) used in thermometers, dental fillings, batteries, and some ointments?
Mercury
Which of the following hospital-associated infections also occurs in community settings, where it can be transmitted via contact with unsterilized sports equipment and other everyday items?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is a process of ongoing assessment of a project or program to track progress toward achieving predefined targets?
Monitoring
Which of the following considers health to be the result of clean living and disease to be a type of punishment for wrongdoing?
Moralistic Perspective
What term is a measure of the rate of nonfatal disease in a population, and is typically measured by incidence and prevalence?
Morbidity
Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease?
Morbidity
According to the Disease Control Priorities project, which of the following conditions is not one of the highest-impact global health interventions?
Osteoporosis
Which of the following terms is illustrated by the "Big Mac Index"?
PPP
What type of surveillance is based on the collection of reports of notifiable disease diagnoses from medical laboratories that are mandated to report diagnoses to public health agencies?
Passive Surveillance
What is the target population for secondary prevention programs?
People with early, non-symptomatic disease
In 1900, what was the most common cause of death in the United States?
Pneumonia/Influenza
Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have particular disease?
Prevalence
Which step in the emergency management cycle includes the creation and refinement of emergency operations plans, the establishment of emergency communications infrastructure, and the training of public employees and emergency response volunteers?
Readiness
During which of phase of the 4 Rs of emergency preparedness and response should emergency response plans be refined and responders be trained?
Readiness/preparedness
Which of the following is a person who has been forced to move across an international border because of security concerns like war, civil conflict, political strife, or persecution based on race, tribe, religion, political affiliation, or membership in some other group?
Refugee
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?
Routine blood pressure checks
Which population is least likely to have access to an improved sanitation source?
Rural low-income community
Which of the following is a global agreement that aims to significantly reduce the number of deaths and the magnitude of destruction caused by natural disasters?
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
The 2005 updates of the International Health Regulations were a response to the emergence of which of the following?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Which of the following refers to how a person with poor physical or mental health relates to and is regarded by the community?
Sickness
At which stage of infection in the 4-step WHO staging system is a person with HIV infection considered to have AIDS?
Stage 4
Which of the following is not an example of an improved drinking water source?
Surface water
Substances that can cause birth defects are commonly referred to as which of the following?
Teratogens
If a country has a Gini index of 72.9, what does it mean?
The country has a very unequal distribution of income
Which of the following is not included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The right to education The right to freedom from torture The right to marry and found a family. ***All of these statements are part of the UDHR
Which of the following is not included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The right to freedom from slavery and servitude. The right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. The right to privacy. **All of these statements are part of the UDHR.
The life expectancy at birth in Sierra Leone is about 38 years. What can you infer about the population of Sierra Leone?
There are a lot of infant and child deaths in Sierra Leone.
What is the goal of tertiary prevention programs?
To reduce impairment and minimize suffering through treatment and rehabilitation
Which international agreement, sponsored by the World Trade Organization, protects patients, copyrights, registered trademarks, and industrial designs across national boundaries?
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS)
A country's Ministry of Health typically takes the lead on communicating about health-related issues with intergovernmental agencies, global partnerships, and other external groups. T/F?
True
A desire for privacy means that many people without an improved sanitation facility wait until dark to defecate, even when it is dangerous to be outside at night. T/F
True
A horizontal program strengthens an existing health system so that it can deliver additional health services. T/F?
True
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the most fundamental human right is the right to life. T/F
True
Age-adjusted rates that account for differences in population age structures are usually used to compare mortality rates in two or more populations.
True
Because drinking water is something that everyone requires on a daily basis just to survive, access to water is considered to be a human right. T/F
True
Environmental hazards place a particularly high burden on residents of low- and middle-income countries. T/F
True
For most people with HIV, antiretroviral therapy is effective at managing HIV as a chronic condition and enabling many years of healthy life that would be impossible without access to the drugs.
True
Health insurance systems, whether private or public, are funded based on the principle of pooled risk. T/F?
True
Licensed brand-name and generic drugs are subject to strict manufacturing and packaging regulations that ensure the quality of the product. T/F
True
Many improved water systems merely bring clean water nearer to homes via a public community tap, borehole, or protected dug well, but do not bring water into homes. T/F
True
Relief groups quickly deliver the material goods needed for survival, while community development groups make long-term investments in capacity building and sustainable change. T/F?
True
The country that spends the most on health care each year, by far, is the United States, which has a health system that is unique among high-income countries because it is not a universal health coverage system. T/F?
True
The emergence of HIV, virulent new strains of influenza, and drug-resistant pathogens prompted truly global research and response efforts.
True
The tens of thousands of infants and children acquiring HIV infection each year is evidence that too many pregnant and breastfeeding women with HIV are not taking antiretroviral therapy.
True
To be classified as an improved water source, the water must be protected, which means people should not wash clothes or bathe near where drinking water is collected. T/F
True
When people in one country are being denied their human rights, people in other countries have the obligation to call attention to those violations. T/F
True
Women with more formal schooling are more likely to give birth at a healthcare facility, which means that both mothers and newborns are more likely to survive if there are complications during or after delivery.
True
Which infectious disease does the World Health Organization recommend be treated with DOTS?
Tuberculosis
Most non-military/non-security official development assistance (ODA. from the United States to other countries flows through which agency?
US Agency for International Development (USAID)
Which metric focuses primarily on the burden of nonfatal causes of reduced productivity, such as mental health disorders, sensory disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders that cause pain?
Years lived with disability
Which is not an example of a modifiable risk factor?
age
Which type of population is most likely to have a low fertility rate, low mortality rate, and long life expectancy?
high income area
Which type of population is most likely to have a high fertility rate, high mortality rate, and short life expectancy?
low income area