Global Heath

Which of the following best describes increases in the percentage of the population represented by older adults and decreases in the percentage of children, even in places where the number of children is rising as part of overall population growth?

Aging transition

Cancer cells can stimulate which process, defined as the formation of new blood vessels to nourish a new cancerous tumor?

Angiogenesis

Which of the following refers to an infectious disease that usually occurs only in humans and not in animals?

Anthroponosis

Which of the following refers to rod-shaped bacteria?

Bacilli

Which type of water access does a family have if it has access to about 20 liters per person per day and the source is between 100 and 1,000 meters away or 5 to 30 minutes round trip?

Basic access

In 1713, who published Diseases of Workers, a book that detailed the environmental hazards encountered in 52 occupations, listing poisoning, respiratory diseases, problems related to prolonged postures and repetitive tasks, and psychological stress as some of the many on-the-jobs threats to health?

Bernardino Ramazzini

Which mental health disorder occurs when a person engages in frequent binge-purge cycles, eating thousands of calories at one sitting then inducing vomiting and using laxatives to get rid of the ingested calories?

Bulimia nervosa

Which disease has caused heart damage in many residents of the Americas?

Chagas disease

Which of the following is perpetrated by members of a group as part of a shared plan to accomplish a political, social, or economic goal?

Collective violence

Which of the following represents a barrier method of birth control?

Contraceptive sponges

Which of the following describes the changes in population composition that accompany the shift toward lower birth and death rates that often occurs as populations move from being lower-income economies toward being middle-income and then higher-income economies?

Demographic transition

Which infectious disease causes the deaths of the greatest number of children each year?

Diarrheal disease

In which condition does the volume of the atria and ventricles inside the heart become larger as the heart muscle stretches out and thins?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Which disease is nearing eradication thanks to an eradication campaign led by the Carter Center that emphasizes health education over technology?

Dracunculiasis

True or False? A pandemic has occurred when dozens of people have contracted a foodborne illness by eating at the same restaurant or social event.

False

True or False? As long as people usually have access to at least 10 liters (2.5 gallons) of water per day, they have enough water for drinking, cooking, hygiene, and cleaning to stay healthy.

False

True or False? In most high-income countries, less than 0.1% of the population has HIV.

False

True or False? Inherited mutations are responsible for most types of cancer, and most people diagnosed with cancer have a family history of that type of cancer.

False

True or False? Low-income countries often have low fertility rates that make the population "pyramid" look more like a rectangle or cube.

False

True or False? Most of the attention on health in pediatric populations is devoted to adolescent children because this age group has a higher mortality rate that younger age groups.

False

True or False? Second-degree burns cause redness and pain but do not blister.

False

True or False? The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) states that people have a right to be healthy.

False

True or False? The ability of an individual or community to implement behavior change is primarily a function of knowledge and willpower.

False

True or False? The governments in high-income countries have vast financial reserves, so it is possible for their national health plans to cover almost every procedure for every condition for every affected person.

False

True or False? The most disadvantaged populations, often the ones with the highest mortality rates, are the most likely to have their life events accurately counted.

False

True or False? The reduced health status in populations with lower socioeconomic status is usually caused by innate biological differences rather than by economic, social, and political environments.

False

Which of the following are business investments made by corporations and individuals in other countries?

Foreign direct investment

Specialists in which field assess and mitigate workplace hazards, such as issuing ear protection to workers in factories with high noise levels and making sure that people who spend their days in front of a computer have ergonomically designed chairs?

Industrial hygiene

The goal of loans issued by which organization is to allow countries to rebuild their monetary reserves, stabilize their currencies, continue paying for imports, and create conditions for economic growth and high employment rates?

International Monetary Fund

Which of the following can occur across the lifespan, from child maltreatment and youth violence to elder abuse?

Interpersonal violence

Which of the following are often preceded by mini-strokes or warning strokes, in which a temporary blockage of an artery causes symptoms that quickly resolve?

Ischemic stroke

The Sustainable Development Goals aim to reduce the under-5 child mortality rate to which level in all countries by 2030?

Less than 25 deaths per 1000 live births

Based on health transitions theory, which country is likely to have a highest percentage of deaths attributable to infectious diseases?

Low-income country

Children with which condition are emaciated, weak, and lethargic because of long-term calorie deprivation?

Marasmus

Which of the following is the federal health financing system for people who are ages 65 years and older, and also provides coverage for some younger people with serious permanent disabilities?

Medicare

Which of the following hospital-associated infections also occurs in community settings, where it can be transmitted via contact with unsterilized sports equipment and other everyday items?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following is a process of ongoing assessment of a project or program to track progress toward achieving predefined targets?

Monitoring

Which of the following considers health to be the result of clean living and disease to be a type of punishment for wrongdoing?

Moralistic perspective

What term is a measure of the rate of nonfatal disease in a population, and is typically measured by incidence and prevalence?

Morbidity

What type of surveillance is based on the collection of reports of notifiable disease diagnoses from medical laboratories that are mandated to report diagnoses to public health agencies?

Passive surveillance

One of the first international health efforts heavily promoted by the World Health Organization and UNICEF supported which of the following initiatives, a community-based approach to health that employs community health workers and focuses as much on prevention as on cures?

Primary health care

Which of the following refers to how a person with poor physical or mental health relates to and is regarded by the community?

Sickness

Which of the following is the only infectious disease of humans eradicated thus far?

Smallpox

How would a cancer be staged if it has spread to distant sites?

Stage IV

A child with low height-for-age is classified as having which of the following?

Stunting

Substances that can cause birth defects are commonly referred to as which of the following?

Teratogens

Which international agreement, sponsored by the World Trade Organization, protects patients, copyrights, registered trademarks, and industrial designs across national boundaries?

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement

Which of the following refers to the ease with which an infectious agent is passed from an infected host to another individual?

Transmissibility

Eradication is easier to achieve when the infection occurs only in humans rather than cycling between animals and humans.

True

True or False? Adolescent health interventions focus on the immediate needs of youth and on setting the foundation necessary for those young people to be healthy in adulthood.

True

True or False? An increasing proportion of older adults in a population puts stress on healthcare systems as well as on caregivers.

True

True or False? In most of the world, eldercare is provided by spouses, children, and other family members, and institutionalization of older people is uncommon.

True

True or False? Life expectancies at birth tend to be much higher in high-income countries than in low-income countries, but life expectancies for adults are more similar.

True

True or False? One of the driving motivations for keeping nutrition as a global health priority is the ethical imperative to protect vulnerable children no matter where they happen to have been born.

True

True or False? One of the greatest success stories in global health is the steady reduction in child mortality that has been achieved in recent decades.

True

True or False? Outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis occur regularly in Asia and Oceania even though the infection is vaccine-preventable.

True

True or False? Researchers have found that both monounsaturated fats like those found in olive oil, avocados, and nuts and the polyunsaturated fats in cold water fish like salmon are protective against heart disease.

True

True or False? The diagnosis of mental health disorders is in part dependent on cultural norms and perceptions.

True

True or False? The ultimate goal of public health is to enable as many people as possible to enjoy long, healthy lives.

True

Which of the following forms of diabetes is the most common worldwide?

Type 2 diabetes

Which of the following conditions is the most prevalent worldwide?

Unipolar depressive disorder

Which metric focuses primarily on the burden of nonfatal causes of reduced productivity, such as mental health disorders, sensory disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders that cause pain?

Years lived with disability

Which population is least likely to have access to an improved sanitation source?

rural low-income community

Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with which type of cancer?

stomach cancer

Which of the following is a person who is temporarily living in another country and intends to return to his or her home country?

Expatriate

True or False? Lower respiratory infections are usually viral in origin, while upper respiratory infections are most often caused by bacteria.

False

True or False? Most people who report having suicidal thoughts eventually attempt suicide.

False

True or False? Obstructive lung diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease make it difficult for people to fully fill their lungs with air when they inhale.

False

True or False? The term eradication can be used to describe the elimination of a disease within a country or region even when cases are still occurring in other places.

False

True or False? Voluntary male medical circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection and negates the need to use condoms as protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.

False

True or False? When two countries have similar economic profiles, the country with greater income inequality tends to have a more favorable health profile

False

True or false? In the period between 1990 and 2015, there was no change in the number of under-5 child deaths from pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, or measles.

False

Which of the following is the process of adding micronutrients not naturally present in a food's ingredients to a food product?

Fortification

Which of the following is a painful swelling of the joint, usually the joint at the base of the big toe, due to elevated levels of uric acid in the blood?

Gout

Which of the following are among the infections that cause the most deaths worldwide each year?

HIV/AID, tuberculosis, and malaria

The Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO), written in 1948, defines which of the following as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"?

Health

Which of the following represents a shift in the health status of a population that usually occurs in conjunction with socioeconomic development?

Health transition

Which of the following, defined as relentless nausea and vomiting that causes severe dehydration and significant weight loss, is among the medical problems that require treatment in the first trimester of pregnancy?

Hyperemesis gravidarum

What is the typical role of a local nonprofit organization in public health?

Implementer

Which of the following conditions causes the greatest number of years lived with disability worldwide?

Low back pain

Based on health transitions theory, which country is likely to have the highest percentage of children with stunting?

Low-income country

Which country is likely to have the heaviest burden from neglected tropical diseases?

Low-income country

Of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and smallpox, which causes the greatest number of deaths among children worldwide each year?

Malaria

Which of the following is a chronic, progressive disease that causes inflammatory demyelination of the sheaths of nerve cells in the central nervous system?

Multiple sclerosis

Which step in the emergency management cycle includes the creation and refinement of emergency operations plans, the establishment of emergency communications infrastructure, and the training of public employees and emergency response volunteers?

Readiness

Which of the following is an inflammatory condition that causes irreversible damage to the heart and heart valves as a result of an untreated infection with group A Streptococcus, like strep throat or scarlet fever?

Rheumatic heart disease

True or False? A desire for privacy means that many people without an improved sanitation facility wait until dark to defecate, even when it is dangerous to be outside at night.

True

True or False? A horizontal program strengthens an existing health system so that it can deliver additional health services.

True

True or False? According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the most fundamental human right is the right to life.

True

True or False? Age-adjusted rates that account for differences in population age structures are usually used to compare mortality rates in two or more populations.

True

True or False? Because drinking water is something that everyone requires on a daily basis just to survive, access to water is considered to be a human right.

True

True or False? Both the ability to read and a higher number of years of formal education are correlated with higher health status for adults and their children.

True

True or False? Female genital mutilation remains common among some populations in parts of Africa and the Middle East as well as among people in other countries with heritage from those regions.

True

True or False? Increased access to contraception reduces the number of spontaneous abortions by preventing unplanned pregnancies.

True

True or False? Licensed brand-name and generic drugs are subject to strict manufacturing and packaging regulations that ensure the quality of the product.

True

True or False? More people worldwide have ischemic strokes than hemorrhagic strokes, but the proportion of strokes that are due to hemorrhage rather than ischemia is not uniform across countries.

True

True or False? Noncommunicable diseases are the primary cause of disease burden in adult populations globally, regardless of the nation's income level.

True

True or False? Norovirus is highly contagious, which is why it has been the cause of several notable outbreaks on cruise ships.

True

True or False? Reproductive health is not just about pregnancy, and it is relevant to both women and men of all ages.

True

True or False? The World Health Organization's growth charts can be used worldwide because scientific evidence shows that infants and children from geographically diverse regions experience very similar growth patterns when their health and nutritional needs are met.

True

True or False? The best way to reduce the costs of ischemic heart disease for individuals and for health systems is to invest in prevention.

True

True or False? The cancer diagnosis rate is higher in high-income countries than in low-income countries even after adjusting for differences in the age structure of populations in those countries.

True

True or False? The country that spends the most on health care each year, by far, is the United States, which has a health system that is unique among high-income countries because it is not a universal health coverage system.

True

True or False? The emergence of HIV, virulent new strains of influenza, and drug-resistant pathogens prompted truly global research and response efforts.

True

True or False? The proportion of deaths attributable to infectious diseases decreases as countries become richer.

True

True or False? The stigma of mental illnesses can be countered with education, social interactions between members of majority populations and stigmatized populations, and social activism that promotes more inclusive attitudes and behaviors.

True

True or False? The tens of thousands of infants and children acquiring HIV infection each year is evidence that too many pregnant and breastfeeding women with HIV are not taking antiretroviral therapy.

True

True or False? When people in one country are being denied their human rights, people in other countries have the obligation to call attention to those violations.

True

True or False? When the time between the birth of one baby and the next one is short, the older baby is at risk for malnutrition because of being weaned from breastmilk at a young age and having fewer household resources per child.

True

True or False? Women with more formal schooling are more likely to give birth at a healthcare facility, which means that both mothers and newborns are more likely to survive if there are complications during or after delivery.

True