Global History Unit 2 Quiz
Which letter identifies the peninsula that is home to Mecca, the religious center of Islam? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D
(1) A
One result of the voyages of Zheng He was that (1) Chinese merchants began trading with Africa (2) Christian missionaries arrived in China (3) Indian artisans showed the Chinese how to make Ming porcelain (4) China set up colonies in Europe
(1) Chinese merchants began trading with Africa
(#11) Which statement about the trip taken by Emperor Mansa Musa is accurate? (1) The trip extended beyond North African trade routes. (2) Mansa Musa used the Mediterranean Sea to reach Mecca. (3) The route primarily followed major rivers. (4) Mansa Musa traveled to Fez on his way to Mecca.
(1) The trip extended beyond North African trade routes.
(#12) Which conclusion about trade is best supported by the information on this map? (1) Timbuktu was a center of trade in West Africa. (2) The Sahara Desert prevented trade. (3) Cairo and Mecca were trading partners. (4) West African gold and salt were traded along the Zaire River.
(1) Timbuktu was a center of trade in West Africa.
The feudal systems in both medieval Europe and early Japan were characterized by (1) a decentralized political system (2) religious diversity (3) an increased emphasis on education (4) the development of a wealthy middle class
(1) a decentralized political system
What is a valid conclusion that can be reached by studying this map? (1) Africans had centralized governments during the age of European feudalism. (2) African kingdoms did not exist before the Europeans arrived in Africa. (3) African civilizations existed only in southern Africa. (4) Africa's civilizations established many trade routes to India.
(1) Africans had centralized governments during the age of European feudalism.
(#43) Which title best completes this graphic organizer? (1) Characteristics of the Inca Golden Age (2) Reasons for the Reconquista (3) Results of Lenin's New Economic Plan (4) Features of the Marshall Plan
(1) Characteristics of the Inca Golden Age
The Ming dynasty under Emperor Yonglo (Zhu di) used Zheng He's voyages to (1) expand trade with Africa and Southeast Asia (2) explore North America and South America (3) obtain a military alliance with Russia (4) secure a border agreement with Mongolia
(1) expand trade with Africa and Southeast Asia
Which statement about government during the Tokugawa period in Japan is most accurate? (1) The power of the emperor was absolute and supreme. (2) The real power was held by foreign countries. (3) Actual power was held by the shogun. (4) Political power was in the hands of the merchant class.
(3) Actual power was held by the shogun.
Which civilization was located at the mouth of the Niger River? (1) Ghana (2) Congo (3) Benin (4) Ashanti
(3) Benin
What was a significant effect of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca? (1) The African written language spread to southwest Asia. (2) Military leaders eventually controlled Mali. (3) Islamic learning and culture expanded in Mali. (4) The trading of gold for salt ended.
3) Islamic learning and culture expanded in Mali.
Based on the information provided by this diagram, why did the Aztecs build chinampas?
Examples: to create areas for cultivation in the shallow parts of the lakes; increase farm production; create land for farming; it was their method of farming; to grow maize and other crops; because they didn't have enough farm land
Which conclusion about Incan society could be drawn from the map? (1) An extensive road system connected all parts of the Empire for trade. (2) Their trade depended on many seaports. (3) Tropical climatic conditions existed throughout the empire. (4) A similar language unified the Inca civilization.
(1) An extensive road system connected all parts of the Empire for trade.
(#7) • Preserved Hindu traditions • Produced fine poems and drama • Made advances in mathematics, science, and medicine These achievements refer to contributions of the (1) Gupta Empire (3) Greek city-states (2) Persian Empire (4) Tang dynasty
(1) Gupta Empire
The practice of Islam throughout much of West Africa is evidence that (1) Islam spread beyond the borders of the Arabian peninsula (2) Chinese trade carried Islamic beliefs to West Africa (3) Islam originated in West Africa and spread to the Middle East (4) Europeans encouraged Islamic beliefs during the colonial period
(1) Islam spread beyond the borders of the Arabian peninsula
#21 One reason for the mass migration of many Irish to North America in the 19th century was (1) a series of crop failures (2) enforcement of a military draft (3) civil war in Ireland (4) an outbreak of malaria
(1) a series of crop failures
One way in which the African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali are similar is that they (1) established their wealth through trade (2) improved their military strength with the use of gunpowder (3) opened trade routes to the Americas (4) adopted Christianity as their major religion
(1) established their wealth through trade
•The Ottoman Empire disrupted overland trade between Europe and Asia. •Peter the Great established St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. •Mesoamericans relied on terrace farming. These statements illustrate the (1) impact of geography on human activity (2) failure of people to adjust to their environment (3) effect of geographic isolation on different societies (4) movement from a traditional to a command economy
(1) impact of geography on human activity
Discovery of streets arranged in a grid-like pattern and a system of pipes for moving water in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro suggest that these ancient river valley cities in South Asia had (1) organized governments (2) subsistence-based economies (3) polytheistic beliefs (4) rigid social classes
(1) organized governments
Feudalism influenced Europe and Japan by (1) providing social stability (2) fostering the growth of religion (3) eliminating warfare (4) encouraging formal education
(1) providing social stability
The West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were able to thrive because (1) they controlled the gold-salt trade (2) their herds of cattle were in demand (3) their armies took control of much of Africa (4) they adopted Christianity as their primary religion
(1) they controlled the gold-salt trade
Inca farmers adapted their environment by growing food in (1) flooded rice paddies (2) terraced fields (3) clear-cut rain forests (4) expansive plantations
(2) terraced fields
One way in which the voyages of Zheng He authorized by Emperor Yongle of China and the explorations funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain are similar is that these voyages and explorations resulted in (1) an increasing effort to preserve the status quo (2) trade and cultural diffusion (3) the creation of colonial empires (4) naval wars between rival powers
(2) trade and cultural diffusion
Which description best characterizes the city of Timbuktu? (1) port on the water route to East Asia (2) major urban and industrial center on the Silk Road (3) commercial and cultural center of West Africa (4) inland city of the Hanseatic Leaguecolonization of Latin America in the 1500s?
(3) commercial and cultural center of West Africa
A direct result of the conquest of Tenochtitlán by Hernán Cortés in 1521 was the (1) expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain (2) establishment of Portuguese trade routes around Africa (3) fall of the Aztec Empire (4) conquest of the Kush Kingdom
(3) fall of the Aztec Empire
Diagram of characteristics of Inca civilization Which phrase best completes this graphic organizer? (1) Building thousands of miles of roads (2) Maintenance of a large naval fleet (3) Establishment of a national library filled with hundreds of books (4) Reliance on camel caravans
(1) Building thousands of miles of roads
Base your answer to question 14 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. ... In the 1930s, Sylvanus G. Morley of Harvard, probably the most celebrated Mayanist of his day, espoused [argued for] what is still the best-known theory: The Maya collapsed because they overshot the carrying capacity of their environment. They exhausted their resource base, began to die of starvation and thirst, and fled their cities en masse, leaving them as silent warnings of the perils of ecological hubris [overconfidence].... — Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus 14 According to this passage, what was a major question Morley was trying to answer about the Mayas in the 1930s? (1) Why did the Mayas abandon their cities? (2) What was the structure of the Maya governments? (3) How did religious beliefs affect the Maya economy? (4) Which neighboring city-state conquered the Mayas?
(1) Why did the Mayas abandon their cities?
Which achievement is most closely associated with Mansa Musa of Mali? (1) an increase in the influence of Islam and Islamic culture (2) the discovery of diamonds in the Congo (3) the defeat and capture of Cairo (4) an exclusive trade agreement with European merchants
(1) an increase in the influence of Islam and Islamic culture
The Gupta civilization (4th-6th centuries) and the Maya civilization (4th-10th centuries) were similar in that both (1) built temple complexes and developed the concept of zero (2) eliminated standing armies and introduced an aristocracy (3) developed early democratic systems (4) were conquered by European imperialists
(1) built temple complexes and developed the concept of zero
Inca terrace farming and Aztec floating gardens are examples of (1) the ability of civilizations to adapt to their region's physical geography (2) slash-and-burn farming techniques (3) Mesoamerican art forms symbolizing the importance of agriculture (4) colonial economic policies that harmed Latin American civilizations
(1) the ability of civilizations to adapt to their region's physical geography
Which geographic factor most limited the growth of Latin American unity of the early 19th century? (1) the region's diverse landforms (2) most of the region's rivers flowed north to south (3) the region's location close to the equator (4) the region's lack of natural resources
(1) the region's diverse landforms
The kingdoms of Ghana and Mali became prosperous and powerful because of (1) their participation in the gold and salt trade (2) the military protection provided to them by the Egyptians (3) their dependence on legalism to enforce social control (4) the tax revenue they collected from Christian missionaries
(1) their participation in the gold and salt trade
Which conclusion about the Indian economy during the Mughal period can best be supported using the information shown on this map? (1) Cinnamon and pepper were the major products of Kashmir. (2) Most textile-related goods were produced north of the Deccan Sultanate. (3) Diamonds and gold were mined in the Bengal region. (4) Many tropical products were raised near Delhi.
(2) Most textile-related goods were produced north of the Deccan Sultanate.
•Timbuktu is known as a great center of learning and trade. •Walls of Great Zimbabwe reveal a powerful and rich society. •Complex culture produces brass sculptures in Benin. What generalization can be made on the basis of these statements? (1) Religious beliefs were the most important element in many African societies. (2) Some African societies achieved a high level of economic and cultural development. (3) North African societies were more advanced than South African societies. (4) Most African societies were hundreds of years behind Asian societies in using technology.
(2) Some African societies achieved a high level of economic and cultural development.
How did the Inca adapt to their physical environment? (1) They built large fishing fleets to feed their populations. (2) They built footbridges that connected their roads across the Andes. (3) They established extensive trade agreements with Europe. (4) They raised cattle and horses on the pampas.
(2) They built footbridges that connected their roads across the Andes.
The location of the Inca civilization of South America demonstrates the (1) importance of trade with western Europe (2) ability of humans to adapt the environment (3) influence of cultural diversity (4) complexity of indigenous belief systems
(2) ability of humans to adapt the environment
The wealth and power of Mali's ruler, Mansa Musa, were significant because they contributed to the (1) start of the Crusades (2) spread of Islam (3) growth of European imperialism (4) rise of Arab nationalism
(2) spread of Islam
Which description best fits the kingdoms of Ghana and Songhai? (1) vassal states of Egypt (2) trading states of West Africa (3) micro-states of Southeast Asia (4) tributary states of China
(2) trading states of West Africa
The archaeological evidence found at the Mesoamerican sites of Tenochtitlan (Aztecs) and Machu Picchu (Incas) suggests that these societies (1) consisted of hunters and gatherers (2) were highly developed and organized cultures (3) practiced a monotheistic religion (4) followed a democratic system
(2) were highly developed and organized cultures
Which civilization best completes the heading of the partial outline below? -Spread of Islam -Gold and salt trade -Growth of Timbuktu -Pilgrimage of Mansa Musa (1) Benin (2) Kush (3) Mali (4) Egyptian
(3) Mali
Based on the map, which conclusion can best be drawn about this region? (1) The Sahara Desert acted as a barrier to trade. (2) Rivers served as the primary trade routes for the entire region. (3) The economy of the region was influenced by extensive trade connections. (4) Goods from the Gulf of Guinea were exchanged directly with English cities.
(3) The economy of the region was influenced by extensive trade connections.
One similarity between the Mongols of Central Asia and the Incas of South America was that both societies (1) developed cash-crop farming (2) based their wealth on the slave trade (3) adapted to difficult physical environments (4) practiced monotheistic religions
(3) adapted to difficult physical environments
A study of Aztec, Maya, and Inca agricultural systems would show that these civilizations (1) relied on mechanized agricultural techniques (2) carried on extensive food trade with each other (3) adapted to their environments with creative farming techniques (4) relied on a single-crop economy
(3) adapted to their environments with creative farming techniques
The Aztec, Inca, and Maya civilizations all achieved great progress in developing (1) a written language and great literature (2) strong naval forces (3) the arts and architecture (4) a monotheistic religion
(3) the arts and architecture
Which economic activity was the basis for most of the wealth and power of the West African empires of Ghana and Mali? (1) hunting and gathering (2) farming and cattle ranching (3) trading in salt and gold (4) working in bronze and brass
(3) trading in salt and gold
Base your answer to question 17 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. ... At Tenochtitlán, the Aztecs perfected an unusual method of farming. They built huge rafts, covered them with earth, and floated them on the lake. On these chinampas, or "floating islands," they grew enough maize and vegetables to feed their expanding population comfortably. Eventually, roots from the tree rafts attached themselves to the bottom of the shallow lake to become permanent foundations for buildings.... — Lois Athey 17 Which conclusion is best supported by the information in this passage? (1) The Aztecs terraced the land. (2) Large plantations provided food for the markets. (3) The Aztecs were limited to subsistence farming. (4) Environmental adaptation aided economic development.
(4) Environmental adaptation aided economic development.
Which conclusion about the Inca city of Machu Picchu can be drawn from the map? (1) Religious activities were prohibited in this city. (2) The city was a ceremonial site, not a place of permanent settlement. (3) Community planning and an organized way of life are not evident in this city. (4) The city had a government with laws, leadership, and a military force.
(4) The city had a government with laws, leadership, and a military force.
Which development is most closely associated with early Inca achievements? (1) inventing the wheel as a transportation device (2) improving iron weapons (3) expanding global trade (4) adapting a mountainous environment
(4) adapting a mountainous environment
One similarity of the Aztec, Maya, and Inca empires is that they (1) developed in fertile river valleys (2) maintained democratic political systems (3) coexisted peacefully with neighboring empires (4) created complex civilizations
(4) created complex civilizations
Trade along the Silk Roads and the trans-Saharan trade routes resulted in (1) elimination of all traditional beliefs (2) a movement toward decolonization (3) the Columbian exchange (4) cultural diffusion between different societies
(4) cultural diffusion between different societies
Which geographic feature had the greatest influence on the development of the Inca Empire? (1) deserts (2) irregular coastline (3) river valleys (4) mountains
(4) mountains
The economies of the western African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai relied on (1) industrial growth (2) shipbuilding (3) textile production (4) trans-Saharan trade routes
(4) trans-Saharan trade routes
Much of the wealth of the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali was gained from the (1) sale of slaves to Europeans (2) creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast (3) taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants (4) control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt
4) control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt
Document 6 Source: Jeremy A. Sabloff, The Cities of Ancient Mexico: Reconstructing a Lost World, Thames and Hudson ... The capital city, which may have had a population as high as 200,000 to 300,000 in the early sixteenth century, was a superb example of planned growth. By building out into the lake, the Aztecs consolidated and enlarged the original two islands which in turn were linked to the mainland by three large causeways. Fresh water was brought to the city from the mainland by aqueduct.... 6 According to Jeremy A. Sabloff, what was one way building out into the lake benefited the Aztec Empire and its capital city of Tenochtitlán?
Examples: a population as high as 200,000 to 300,000 could be supported/a large population could be supported; allowed for planned growth; Aztecs were able to consolidate/enlarge the original two islands
Document 5 Source: Frances F. Berdan, The Aztecs, Chelsea House Publishers 5a According to Frances F. Berdan, what was one way the chinampas benefited the Aztecs? [1] b According to Frances F. Berdan, what was one problem that farmers on the chinampas faced?
Examples: added living/agricultural space to the island; houses could be built on chinampas; plots were used to grow a great variety of products/maize/beans/tomatoes/flowers Examples: flooding/danger of flooding; floods brought salty water that ruined the land/crops; mineral accumulation from river water running into Lake Texcoco led to a build up of brackish water; brackish water; mineral accumulation
(#38) Base your answer to question 38 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. . . . Traditionally, [African] farmers cleared land, grew crops for a few harvests, then let the fields lie fallow for 10 or 15 years to rejuvenate as they moved on to clear more land, the study reports. But as they try to feed a rapidly growing population, the farmers instead grow crop after crop, sapping the soil's fertility. "Nothing grows, so the topsoil is blown away by the wind and washed away by the rains," said Amit H. Roy, president of the International Fertilizer Development Center, a nonprofit agricultural aid organization, which produced the study. "It goes into the river system, silting them, and out to the oceans.". . . — Celia Dugger, "Overfarming African Land is Worsening Hunger Crisis" 38 Which problem in sub-Saharan Africa is being described in this passage? (1) global warming (3) urbanization (2) acid rain (4) desertification
(4) desertification
(#29) During the late 19th century, Japan's lack of natural resources was one reason for implementing a policy of (1) collectivization (2) free trade (3) socialism (4) imperialism
(4) imperialism
(#5) Which element of civilization is most clearly shown in this Maya artwork? (1) urbanization (2) a system of education (3) a code of laws (4) social classes
(4) social classes
What is feudalism?
Feudalism is a system in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty. the medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state. Feudal society is a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a fief, a unit of land to control in exchange for military service. 1. Lords held the land and offered protection to the peasant farmers who worked the land as serfs. 2. People promised to be loyal to their superiors. 3. Local governments took the place of central governments.
What is one reason the Ming emperors did not expand China's economic influence across the Indian Ocean after the voyages of Zheng He? answer choices Resources were needed to combat Japanese invaders. Developing trade networks with Russia was more profitable. Conquering European territories drained China's treasury. Foreign goods were considered inferior to those produced in China.
Foreign goods were considered inferior to those produced in China.
(#24) Japan's policy of expansion in the early 20th century was motivated by (1) a lack of natural resources (2) a plan to end unequal treaties (3) the need to increase cultural diffusion (4) the desire to spread communism
1) a lack of natural resources
Which situation best illustrates the concept of isolationism? (1) The Spanish government required that gold found in its colonies be brought directly to Spain. (2) Japan closed its ports to trade with other nations. (3) France, Germany, Belgium, and Great Britain negotiated to divide various areas of Africa into colonies. (4) The British ruled much of India through the control of local rulers.
2) Japan closed its ports to trade with other nations.
Zheng He's seven voyages are sponsored by the government. • Corn and peanuts are introduced into the people's cliet. • The Forbidden City is built in Beijing. Which time period is associated with these statements? Tokugawa shogunate Ming dynasty Rule of Kublai Khan Japanese annexation of Korea
Ming dynasty
In European and Japanese feudal societies, social status was usually determined by (1) marriage (2) birth (3) individual abilities (4) education and training
(2) birth
(#49) A primary reason the Mongols and the British were able to expand their empires through conquest was because of (1) a knowledge and command of advanced technologies (2) a rejection of democratic policies and practices (3) the development of religious and cultural reforms (4) an extended period of peaceful trade and commerce
(1) a knowledge and command of advanced technologies
One way the Incas adapted their environment was by (1) building a network of roads through the mountains (2) growing rice as a major agricultural product (3) establishing an encomienda system (4) creating floating gardens
(1) building a network of roads through the mountains
The trans-Saharan trade carried out by West African civilizations was primarily based on an exchange of (1) gold and salt (2) ivory and silk (3) silver and tea (4) hardwoods and animal skins
(1) gold and salt
Which movement of African people was primarily caused by changes in climate and vegetation? (1) migration of the Bantu people out of West Africa in 1000 B.C. (2) journey of Mansa Musa's followers to Mecca in 1324 (3) resettlement of the Zulus within South Africa in 1843 (4) flight of the Tutsis from Rwanda in 1994
(1) migration of the Bantu people out of West Africa in 1000 B.C.
One way Japanese feudalism during the Tokugawa shogunate was different from European feudalism is that during this period of Japanese feudalism (1) political power was more centralized (2) foreign missionaries were welcomed (3) emperors were overthrown in coups d'état (4) most wealthy merchants were able to attain high social status
(1) political power was more centralized
The journals of early travelers such as Ibn Battuta of Morocco, Zheng He of China, and Mansa Musa of Mali are examples of (1) primary sources describing observations of the travelers (2) works of fiction intended to describe the adventures of the travelers (3) secondary sources that record the travelers' interpretations of history (4) outdated resources for historical research
(1) primary sources describing observations of the travelers
A major reason for Zheng He's voyages during the 15th century was to (1) promote trade and collect tribute (2) establish colonies in Africa and India (3) seal off China's borders from foreign influence (4) prove the world was round
(1) promote trade and collect tribute
By closing Japanese harbors to most foreigners in the 1600s, the Tokugawa shogunate attempted to (1) protect Japan from European influence (2) increase Japanese agricultural production (3) eliminate Japan's influence on Southeast Asia (4) destroy traditional Japanese culture
(1) protect Japan from European influence
Why is Southeast Asia considered a crossroads? (1) Large deposits of oil are available. (2) A number of trade routes intersect. (3) A single culture is dominant. (4) Rivers serve as highways.
(2) A number of trade routes intersect.
#4 . . ."One theory is that there were waves of migration, one moving through the east of Africa and another making its way through the centre of the continent. In Zambia, there is evidence of at least three routes of migration - from the great lakes, from the Congo forest and from Angola." . . . Source: BBC, The Story of Africa: Early History This passage about the early history of Africa describes migrations associated with which group of people? (1) Phoenicians (3) Moors (2) Bantu (4) Babylonians
(2) Bantu
In the 1930s and 1940s, Japan expanded its empire to include parts of (1) eastern Europe and southwest Asia (2) China and southeast Asia (3) Turkey and the Soviet Union (4) Australia and Latin America
(2) China and southeast Asia
(#13) Which generalization is best supported by the data from this chart? (1) Bantu migrations influenced the distribution of East African coins. (2) Chinese coins were found in East African city-states. (3) East African city-states traded directly with Northern Europe. (4) Romans controlled trade with East Africa.
(2) Chinese coins were found in East African city-states.
(#15) Based on the information shown on this map, most manufactured goods were produced in (1) the West Indies (3) English colonies (2) Europe (4) Africa
(2) Europe
Based on map of Voyages of zheng he 14 Which conclusion about Zheng He's voyages is valid based on the information on this map? (1) His fleet traveled only as far as the Bay of Bengal. (2) His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa. (3) His fleet conquered and controlled Luzon. (4) His expeditions traded directly with the interior of Africa.
(2) His expeditions sailed to ports in Asia and Africa.
Which statement is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca. (2) Mali would have flourished without Mansa Musa's influence. (3) Mali's economy was based on the gold and salt trade. (4) Timbuktu became a center for Islamic learning.
(2) Mali would have flourished without Mansa Musa's influence.
(#12) Which river was essential to the survival of the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai? (1) Thames (3) Indus (2) Niger (4) Euphrates
(2) Niger
The rule of Shi Huangdi, legalism, and the tomb of terra cotta soldiers are most closely associated with the (1) Maurya Empire (3) Persian Empire (2) Qin dynasty (4) Hellenistic culture
(2) Qin dynasty
Which statement about the Sahara is most closely associated with the West African civilizations of Ghana and Mali? (1) Irrigation systems made it possible to farm in the Sahara. (2) Salt mined in the Sahara was exchanged for gold. (3) Oases in the Sahara served as their capital cities. (4) The Sahara prevented the spread of Islam to the region.
(2) Salt mined in the Sahara was exchanged for gold.
(#26) Which of these developments in Africa was a cause of the other three? (1) Rival tribal groups fought wars. (2) The Berlin Conference of 1884 influenced colonial boundaries. (3) Traditional territories and culture groups were permanently fragmented. (4) African economies became dependent on the sale of cash crops and raw materials.
(2) The Berlin Conference of 1884 influenced colonial boundaries.
The Bantu migration is most closely associated with the spread of (1) bureaucratic governments (2) agricultural skills (3) the diamond trade (4) the principles of Sharia
(2) agricultural skills
9 Technological achievements made during the Tang and Song dynasties were important because they (1) were used to defeat Kublai Khan (2) contributed to economic growth and cultural advancement (3) increased contact with the Americas (4) led to social equality between men and women
(2) contributed to economic growth and cultural advancement
(#16) What does this drawing indicate about the Inca civilization? (1) religious influence on architecture (2) cooperation and planning in agriculture (3) superior military technology used for defense (4) role of government during a natural disaster
(2) cooperation and planning in agriculture
Based on bantu mirgration map (#2) Which process is shown on this map? (1) nationalization (3) urbanization (2) cultural diffusion (4) social stratification
(2) cultural diffusion
One way in which the Aztec and Inca civilizations are similar is that they both (1) defeated the Spanish conquistadors (2) developed advanced architectural techniques (3) lacked strong central governments (4) settled primarily in river valleys
(2) developed advanced architectural techniques
(#47) The combined usage of the caravel, compass, and astrolabe in the late 1400s helped bring about the 1) migration of the Bantu (2) exploration of the Americas (3) introduction of Buddhism to East Asia (4) voyages of Zheng He
(2) exploration of the Americas
One way in which the code of chivalry in Europe and the code of Bushido in Japan were similar is that both codes were intended to (1) help the ruler control his people (2) guide the behavior of a warrior class (3) benefit all the social classes (4) support revolutionary ideas
(2) guide the behavior of a warrior class
Base your answer to question 13 on the excerpt below and on your knowledge of social studies. 1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. 2. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority. 3. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. . . . - The Edict of 1635 Addressed to the Joint Bugyo - of Nagasaki 13 These rules were made by the Japanese in an attempt to (1) further cultural diffusion and strengthen interdependence (2) limit the influence of foreigners in their country (3) regulate prisoner exchanges with overseas neighbors (4) reduce the power of the shogun and the emperor
(2) limit the influence of foreigners in their country
The geographic isolation of a society most often leads to the (1) development of trade (2) strengthening of traditional culture (3) promotion of cultural diffusion (4) growth of international alliances
(2) strengthening of traditional culture
The terms Bushido, samurai, and daimyo are most closely associated with which group in Japanese history? (1) emperors (2) warriors (3) peasants (4) merchants
(2) warriors
#42 Advances in navigation technology and the desire of Europeans to obtain goods from Asia are most closely associated with the (1) rise of feudalism (2) Agricultural Revolution (3) Age of Exploration (4) Age of Reason
(3) Age of Exploration
• Forbidden City constructed as home for the emperor and his family. • Blue and white porcelain becomes known worldwide. • Zheng He makes voyages to the "western oceans." Which civilization is most closely associated with these events? (1) Aztec (3) Chinese (2) Persian (4) Axum
(3) Chinese
Which political system is best described in the outline below? - Decentralized government -Based on loyalty and service -Code of Chivalry -Military elite (1) Oligarchy (2) Absolutism (3) Feudalism (4) Democracy
(3) Feudalism
Which pair of leaders are associated with the region shown in dark gray on this map? (1) Zheng He and Deng Xiaoping (2) Miguel Hidalgo and Augusto Pinochet (3) Hammurabi and Saddam Hussein (4) Catherine the Great and Vladimir Putin
(3) Hammurabi and Saddam Hussein
Which geographic feature has helped isolate China? (1) Andes Mountains (2) Kalahari Desert (3) Himalaya Mountains (4) Great Rift Valley
(3) Himalaya Mountains
Which situation led to the other three? (1) Mongol skills and weapons diffusing into China (2) Confucian scholars losing status and government positions (3) Mongols conquering China and establishing the Yuan dynasty (4) Marco Polo writing about traveling to the palace of Kublai Khan
(3) Mongols conquering China and establishing the Yuan dynasty
Which title is best for the partial outline below? - Indian ocean sea lanes -central asian silk road trans-saharan trade -eat africa costal trading system (1) Areas in the Hanseatic League (2) Routes of European Crusaders (3) Movement of People and Goods (4) Regions Under Mongol Control
(3) Movement of People and Goods
Which statement best reflects an effect of imperialism in Africa? (1) Land was distributed equally between social classes. (2) Territorial divisions were primarily established using tribal boundaries. (3) Natural resources were exploited for the benefit of European powers. (4) Timbuktu became the center of great learning.
(3) Natural resources were exploited for the benefit of European powers.
Map: Voyages of zheng he Which conclusion is best supported by the map? (1) Eastern Chinese cities had extensive contact with the Persian Empire in 1405. (2) Rivers and mountains prevented the expansion of overland Chinese trade. (3) The Chinese came into contact with peoples of other cultures between 1405 and 1422. (4) China was isolated from outside contact under the rulers of the Ming Empire.
(3) The Chinese came into contact with peoples of other cultures between 1405 and 1422.
Which technological innovation was essential to stimulate the expansion of the gold-salt trade in West Africa? (1) lateen sail (3) camel caravans (2) iron cannons (4) moveable type
(3) camel caravans
The fall of the Aztec Empire, the encomienda system, and the missionary work of the Roman Catholic Church are all associated with (1) ethnic tensions in the Balkans (2) oil politics in the Middle East (3) colonialism in Latin America (4) migration in sub-Saharan Africa
(3) colonialism in Latin America
Zheng He contributed to the prosperity of China under the Ming dynasty by (1) defeating the Manchu invaders (2) constructing the Great Wall along the northern frontier (3) expanding trade with nations of Asia and Africa (4) establishing colonies in Korea and Japan
(3) expanding trade with nations of Asia and Africa
The arrows on this map, "The African Diaspora," represent the (1) development of trade routes in North Africa (2) expansion of African kingdoms involved in the slave trade (3) forced migration of African peoples from their homeland (4) dependence by Africans on imports for economic development
(3) forced migration of African peoples from their homeland
The wealth and prosperity of Mali and Songhai were dependent on controlling the trade in (1) coal and water (3) gold and salt (2) iron and copper (4) tea and cotton
(3) gold and salt
(#6) Which achievements are most closely associated with the Tang and Song dynasties of China? (1) wheel and stirrup (2) chinampas and calendar (3) gunpowder and movable wooden type (4) mosaics and domes
(3) gunpowder and movable wooden type
Which aspect of geography is the primary focus of this map? (1) latitude and longitude (2) climate and culture (3) humans interacting on Earth (4) humans adapting their environment
(3) humans interacting on Earth
Which conclusion can be made about the Ming dynasty of China as a result of thetravels of Zheng He? (1) China profited more from African trade than from Asian trade. (2) Islam became the dominant religion of China. (3) The Ming dynasty established trade routes to Europe. (4) Advanced navigation technology was available in China.
(4) Advanced navigation technology was available in China.
The map shows that on his voyages, Zheng He explored (1) both the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans (2) at the same time as the Spanish explorers (3) lands in the Western Hemisphere (4) Arabia and the east coast of Africa
(4) Arabia and the east coast of Africa
Which statement about the Bantu migration is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) The migration occurred gradually over a long period of time. (2) Language and knowledge spread from northwestern to southern and eastern Africa. (3) The lack of primary documents makes it difficult to determine the exact cause of the migration. (4) Bantu civilization was superior to those civilizations that it displaced.
(4) Bantu civilization was superior to those civilizations that it displaced.
Based on this map, which statement is accurate concerning China between 1400 and 1500? (1) Most of China's commerce was conducted on overland trade routes. (2) China remained isolated from outside contacts. (3) The Ming dynasty traded more with Persia than with any other culture. (4) China interacted and traded with many diverse cultures.
(4) China interacted and traded with many diverse cultures.
What was one reason China ended overseas exploration after the death of Zheng He in 1433? (1) China's fleet of ships was destroyed by European navies. (2) Tribute payments to the Japanese shogunate drained the Ming treasury. (3) The Ming dynasty ended the authority of Confucian scholars. (4) The Chinese government decided to focus its efforts on internal affairs.
(4) The Chinese government decided to focus its efforts on internal affairs.
Based on this illustration, which statement about the Inca Empire is accurate? (1) Inca women sold the agricultural products of the empire. (2) Hunting and gathering was the main source of food for the Inca. (3) The Inca used hand-written documents to record each harvest. (4) The Inca developed technology to adapt their surroundings.
(4) The Inca developed technology to adapt their surroundings.
Based on this map, which statement is true of trade routes around A.D. 600? (1) Most trade was occurring across the Pacific Ocean. (2) Trade began in Ghana and spread down the Niger River. (3) Northern Africa was isolated from trade with Asia. (4) Trade took place over a network of land and sea routes.
(4) Trade took place over a network of land and sea routes.
9 The Golden Age of India's Gupta Empire is known for its (1) development of gunpowder (2) sea trade routes to Europe (3) acceptance of Christianity as an official religion (4) advancements in mathematics and medicine
(4) advancements in mathematics and medicine
(#14) What is a primary characteristic of a feudal society? (1) a representative government (2) economic equality for all (3) protection of individual rights (4) an exchange of land for services
(4) an exchange of land for services
Base your answer to question 18 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. . . . The Mongols made no technological breakthroughs, founded no new religions, wrote few books or dramas, and gave the world no new crops or methods of agriculture. Their own craftsmen could not weave cloth, cast metal, make pottery, or even bake bread. They manufactured neither porcelain nor pottery, painted no pictures, and built no buildings. Yet, as their army conquered culture after culture, they collected and passed all of these skills from one civilization to the next. . . . — Jack Weatherford #(18) This passage leads to the conclusion that the Mongols (1) rejected technology (2) were a peaceful people (3) were urbanized (4) contributed to cultural diffusion
(4) contributed to cultural diffusion
(#9) The leadership of Genghis Khan, the use of the stirrup, and excellent horsemanship skills all contributed directly to the (1) collapse of Silk Road trade (2) defeat of Tokugawa Japan (3) beginning of European exploration (4) rise of the Mongol Empire
(4) rise of the Mongol Empire
The term feudalism is best defined as a (1) holy war between Christians and Muslims (2) process in which goods are traded for other goods (3) division of political power between three separate branches (4) system in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty
(4) system in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty
Document 2 . . . For several centuries, these contacts [between North Africa and the interior] were limited by the nature of the Sahara itself. More than 3 million square miles in area, the Sahara is the world's largest desert. Because temperatures during the day can reach as high as 120 degrees Fahrenheit and supplies of water are scant, the 40-day journey across the desert required courage, determination, and careful planning. Travelers who became separated from their companions were seldom seen again. The trans-Sahara trek became somewhat easier after the 4th century A.D., when camels were introduced in place of horses; camels are able to travel long distances without water, and their wider hooves make it easier for them to move through sand. However, intensive contact between North Africa and the interior did not begin until the 7th century, when a revolutionary change took place in the political and religious life of the region. By this time, the old empires of the Mediterranean and the Middle East were in decline or in ruins. In their place was a powerful new force—Islam. . . . Source: Philip Koslow, Ancient Ghana: The Land of Gold, Chelsea House Publishers 2a What is one reason travel across the Sahara Desert was difficult, according to Philip Koslow? b What change was adopted after the 4th century to make travel easier, according to Philip Koslow?
2a. States a reason travel across the Sahara Desert was difficult according to Philip Koslow Examples: it is more than 3 million square miles in area; it is the world's largest desert; temperatures during the day can reach 120 degrees Fahrenheit; water is in scant supply; it was a 40-day journey across it; horses were not well suited for long distance travel; the desert was large/hot/arid 2b.States that camels were introduced to replace horses as the change that was adopted after the 4th century to make travel easier
(#10) Which conclusion about the Grand Canal system in China can be drawn from the information shown on this map? (1) Coastal ports dominated the canal system. (2) Troops could easily be moved west of Luoyang on the canals. (3) Grain could be shipped between Hangzhou and Beijing by the canal. (4) The canal system prevented invaders from conquering the dynasties.
3) Grain could be shipped between Hangzhou and Beijing by the canal.
(#1) based on Bantu Migration Map This map illustrates the relationship between (1) religion and government (2) ironworking and trans-Saharan trade (3) humans and environment (4) monsoons and flooding
3) humans and environment
Based on this map, in which city did Hernán Cortés fi rst encounter the Aztecs? (1) Santiago de Cuba (3) Trujillo (2) Tenochtitlán (4) Veracruz
4) Veracruz
One way in which knights, samurai, and warlords are similar is that they all (1) were traditional religious leaders (2) occupied military posts in the Chinese Empire (3) expelled the Moors from Spain (4) held positions of power in feudal systems
4) held positions of power in feudal systems
Document 5 Tenochtitlán: Capital City of the Aztecs Tenochtitlán was crisscrossed by canals. • Canals served as the major streets of the city. • Merchant canoes carried goods to the city's major market, Tlatelolco. • Tribute in the form of gold, silver, beautiful feathers, cocoa, bark paper, as well as victims for human sacrifice were brought into Tenochtitlán on the canals. 5 Based on this document, state one way the canals were vital to the functioning of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán.
Examples: canals served as the major streets of the city; merchants were able to transport goods to the city's major market/Tlatelolco; tribute was brought into Tenochtitlán on the canals; gold/silver/beautiful feathers/cocoa/bark paper/victims for human sacrifice were brought into Tenochtitlán on the canals; crisscrossing canals connected the various areas of the city
Document 2 . . . The storage system was the linchpin [key connection] between production and consumption for the Andean peoples, not just the Incas but also local societies. Just to give you an idea of the scale involved, at least according to some reports, the Incas in Cuzco [the Inca capital] received all of their food either every four days or on a daily basis from the state storehouses. Around 20,000 to 50,000 people were regularly supplied. . . . Source: Interview with Terence D'Altroy, edited by Peter Tyson, "Rise of the Inca," NOVA, PBS online, May 17, 2007 2 According to Terence D'Altroy, what is one benefit of the Incas' food storage system?
Examples: around 20,000 to 50,000 people were regularly supplied with food; people received food on a regular basis/people received food; it served as the connection/linchpin between production and consumption; allowed for Cuzco to be supplied with food; supplied food to local societies/Andean peoples
Document 2 Source: Brian M. Fagan, Kingdoms of Gold, Kingdoms of Jade: The Americas Before Columbus, Thames and Hudson We can only marvel at the ability of the Sapa Inca [chief ruler] to control his vast domains, separated as they were not only by long distances, but by dramatic changes in altitude. Inca engineers developed a massive road system over some of the most rugged terrain on earth, a lattice [network] of highways and tracks that covered a staggering 19,000 miles (30,000 km). The Inca empire could never have been created without this communication system that carried important officials, government correspondence, entire armies, and all manner of commodities and trade goods. Road-building started long before Inca times, for earlier states like Chimor on the coast also needed to connect dense concentrations of farmers in widely separated valleys. But the Incas vastly extended the network. The resulting lattice was a conceptual framework for the quipu makers, who used the sequences of sites on the roads to relate different areas to one another. Anthropologist John Murra has called these roads the "flag" of the Inca state, for they were a highly visible link between the individual and the remote central government. The same lattice of communication helped define symbolic alignments, link sacred shrines to the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco, and even separate different groups of people living near the capital.... 2 According to Brian M. Fagan, what were two ways the Incas used roads to unify their empire? [2] (1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ (2)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ...
Examples: as a communication system/to carry correspondence; to carry important officials or entire armies or all manner of commodities/trade goods; to connect farmers in widely separated valleys/connect different areas to one another; to extend the network of earlier states; to link the individual and the remote central government; to link sacred shrines to the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco; to link separate groups of people
Document 1a The mountains, windy plateaus and deserts of Peru are very difficult cult to farm. Over thousands of years, humans struggled to tame these harsh landscapes. They brought water to dry areas, dug terraced fields out of steep slopes and improved wild plants such as the potato until they became useful food crops. In Inca times, two-thirds of the farmers' produce was set aside for the emperor and the priests, so there was little personal reward for the people who did the hard work. . . . Water in the canals absorbs the sun's heat by day and radiates it back by night, helping protect crops against frost. The more fields cultivated this way, the bigger the effect on the microenvironment. The platforms are generally 13 to 33 feet wide, 33 to 330 feet long, and about 3 feet high, built with soil dug from canals of similar size and depth. Sediment in the canals, nitrogen-rich algae, and plant and animal remains provide fertilizer for crops. In an [modernday] experiment, potato yields [using the above method] outstripped those from chemically fertilized fields. During droughts, moisture from the canals slowly ascends to the roots. During floods, the furrows [ditches] drain away excess runoff. The canals also supply water for crop irrigation. Source: National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation, National Academy Press (adapted) 1 Based on these documents, what is one action the Incas took to grow food? [1]
Examples: brought water to dry areas/used crop irrigation/irrigated fields; dug terraced fields out of steep slopes/created terraced fields/terracing; built canals/built canals to supply water for crop irrigation; built platforms with soil dug from the canals; used canals/furrows to drain excess runoff during floods; created a canal system that allowed for water to slowly feed the roots of plants during a drought; improved wild plants/potato; tamed the harsh landscapes; fertilized crops with plant/animal remains/nitrogen-rich algae in canals; protected crops against frost by using water in the canals; created microenvironments that absorbed/radiated heat from the Sun
Spanish Crumble the Wall at Xolloco [near the southern causeway of Tenochtitlán] Based on the information provided in this illustration, what are two examples of technology the Spanish used to conquer the Aztecs? [2] (1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ (2)__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples: cannons; armed warships/guns mounted on ships/boats; armored men on horses/warhorses; spears; gunpowder; shields
Common Procedures used by Friars in Converting Areas in Spanish America • Idols, temples, and other material evidences of paganism destroyed • Temporary churches built • Permanent churches and monasteries built • Christian buildings often constructed on sites of destroyed native temples in order to symbolize and emphasize the substitution of one religion by the other • Indians supplied construction labor without receiving payment • In a converted community, services and fiestas were regularly held in the church building Source: Based on information from Charles Gibson, Spain in America, Harper Torchbooks 5 According to this document, what were two changes the friars introduced in Spanish America? [2] (1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ (2)__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples: destroying idols/temples; building permanent monasteries; constructing Christian buildings on sites of destroyed native temples; building temporary/permanent churches; holding services/fiestas in church buildings in a converted community; attempting to destroy paganism
Document 3 . . . In addition to possessing ingenious [resourceful] farming systems and outstanding public works, the Incas and their forebears [ancestors] had remarkable ways to preserve food. One technique was to freeze-dry root crops. In the Andean uplands, the nights are so cold and the days are so dry that tubers [root crops] left out in the open for a few nights and days become freeze-dried. Usually, the people help the process along by covering the tubers at night to keep off dew and by trampling on the tubers during the day to squeeze out the water released by the previous night's freezing. The resulting product, made mostly from potatoes and known as chuño, was vital to the Incas' ability to carry out their conquests and maintain command of the empire. For instance, it enabled the millions of inhabitants to withstand natural disasters, it supplied passing armies, and it was a long-term insurance against crop failure (a constant threat in this frost-prone region). The Incas planned so well that conquistador Hernando de Soto was moved to say: "There was never hunger known in their realm." The conquistadores quickly recognized chuño's virtues. Indeed, some Spaniards made fortunes shipping chuño by llama train to the barren heights of Potosí (in today's Bolivia), where it was the main food for slaves working in the silver mines. . . . Source: National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation, National Academy Press 3a Based on this document, what is one action taken by the Incas to preserve food? [1] Based on this document, what is one reason potato products allowed the Incas to maintain control of their empire? [1]
Examples: developed a method of freeze-drying; they freeze-dried tubers/freeze-dried root crops/freeze-dried potatoes; covered tubers at night; trampled tubers to squeeze out water/squeezed out water the next day to make chuño; developed/made chuño; trampled potatoes to make chuño Examples: enabled them to withstand natural disasters; could be used to supply passing armies; provided long-term insurance against crop failures; helped prevent hunger among the Inca; allowed hunger never to be known in their realm; helped them carry out conquests; helped provide a food supply for the people
Document 2 . . . Wherever they went, the Moslems brought with them their love of art, beauty, and learning. From about the eighth to the eleventh century, their culture was superior in many ways to that of western Christendom. Some of the finest centers of Moslem life were established in Spain. In Cordova, the streets were solidly paved, while at the same time in Paris people waded ankle-deep in mud after a rain. Cordovan public lamps lighted roads for as far as ten miles; yet seven hundred years later there was still not a single public lamp in London! Some Spanish Moslems had homes with marble balconies and courts with lovely waterfalls. Bedrooms were vaulted with stained glass and speckled with gold. And metal pipes carried water into marble baths. Nearly every mosque had a public school in which the children of the poor were taught. Many Moslem libraries were excellent; the catalogue of one caliph's library filled forty volumes. In addition, the followers of Mohammed achieved much in science, particularly in chemistry, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. . . . Source: Daniel Roselle, A World History: A Cultural Approach, Ginn and Company (adapted) 2 According to Daniel Roselle, what are two ways Islam improved the lives of people in Spain? [2] (1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ (2)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
Examples: establishment of Muslim love of art/beauty/learning in Spain; paving of roads in Cordova so they were not muddy; lighting roads with public lamps; construction of some Spanish Moslems' homes with marble balconies or courts with lovely waterfalls or vaulted bedrooms with stained glass or marble baths with metal pipes carrying water; using mosques for public schools for the poor; giving access to excellent Muslim libraries that encouraged learning; achievements of followers of Mohammed in science/chemistry/astronomy/mathematics/medicine
Document 3 A common misconception is that the semiliterate Mongols came out of the steppes of Mongolia, quickly conquered far more advanced civilizations, and left the government in each area in the hands of the conquered. While Chinese bureaucrats still did their jobs and the local Persian rulers stayed in power as long as they did not cause the Mongols any trouble, the situation was much more complex.... The Mongols used qualified people wherever they were needed. It was not unusual to have Arabs serving in Russia or Persians in China. Still, the Mongols preferred not to tinker too much with systems that worked well. When Yelu Qucai (1189-1243), the great minister and governor of northern China, demonstrated how much wealth the region could produce for Ögödei Khan, the Mongols kept his system in place.... In smaller provincial territories, many local rulers maintained their position, serving as the local daruqachi or shahna [governor]. As long as they paid tribute, provided troops when called upon, came before the khan to pledge their loyalty, and kept good order in their territories, they remained in their positions. For the Mongols, it made good sense, as the local rulers knew the customs of their people.... Source: Timothy May, "Taking Control," Calliope, A Cobblestone Publication 3 According to Timothy May, what was one action taken by the Mongols to control the territory they conquered? [1] _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
Examples: the Mongols used qualified people wherever they were needed/Mongols placed Arabs in Russia/Persians in China because they were qualified; working bureaucracies were kept in place; many local rulers maintained their position as long as they paid tribute/provided troops/pledged loyalty/kept good order; Chinese bureaucrats still did their jobs as long as they did not cause the Mongols any trouble; local Persian rulers stayed in power if they cooperated
Document 1 ...In the period from 1180-1220, Mongolia experienced a drop in the mean annual temperature, which meant that the growing season for grass was cut short. Less grass meant a real danger to the Mongols' animals, and, since the animals were truly the basis of the Mongols' pastoral-nomadic life, this ecological threat may have prompted them to move out of Mongolia. A second reason often mentioned is the attempt by Mongolia's neighbors in north and northwest China to reduce the amount of trade with the Mongols. Since the Mongols depended on trade for goods that they desperately needed—such as grain, craft, and manufactured articles—cessation [halting] of trade, or at least the diminution [reduction] of trade, could have been catastrophic for them. The attempts by the Jin dynasty, which controlled North China, and the Xia dynasty, which controlled Northwest China, to reduce the level of trade that the Mongols could expect, created a crisis for the Mongols. Unable to obtain goods that they so desperately needed, the Mongols' response was to initiate raids, attacks, and finally invasions against these two dynasties.... Source: "The Mongols in World History," Asian Topics in World History online, Columbia University (adapted) 1 According to this excerpt from "The Mongols in World History," what are two reasons the Mongols began conquering new lands? [2] (1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ (2)__________________________________________________________________________________
Examples: there was not enough grass for their animals/the growing season for grass was cut short and their animals needed grass; their neighbors were attempting to reduce trade/fear of reduced trade/the Mongols were concerned they would be unable to obtain goods or grain or craft or manufactured goods they needed through trade/to overcome an economic crisis; there was an ecological threat to their nomadic way of life/their pastoral-nomadic life was threatened
Document 6 ...Spanish administrators established two main centers of authority in the Americas—Mexico (which they called New Spain) and Peru (known as New Castile)—each governed by a viceroy who was responsible to the king in Spain. In Mexico they built a new capital, Mexico City, on top of Tenochtitlán. In Peru they originally hoped to rule from the Inca capital of Cuzco, but they considered the high altitude unpleasant and also found the Andean city too inaccessible for their purposes. In 1535 they founded [the city of] Lima and transferred the government to the coast where it was accessible to Spanish shipping.... Source: Bentley and Ziegler, Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill (adapted) 6 According to Bentley and Ziegler, what was one way the Spanish changed the Americas? [1] _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
Examples: they established two main centers of authority in the Americas; they established Mexico/New Spain and Peru/New Castile as main centers of authority; the Americas were governed by viceroys who were responsible to the King of Spain; they built a new capital, Mexico City; they founded the city of Lima; they transferred government from Cuzco to the coast of Peru; they built new cities
Document 2 ...Organization was the key to the success of the great Mongol armies. The cavalry, first devised by Genghis Khan, consisted of 10 squadrons. Ten squadrons formed a quran of 1,000 men. Daily drills taught the warriors to move as units and respond quickly. In combat, bowmen formed a front line to unleash a hail of arrows at the enemy. The archers would then fall to the rear to allow well-armed units to charge and overrun the enemy. As Kublai Khan turned his sights on the heavily fortified Chinese empire, he drew on another of Genghis' strategies: siege warfare using catapults. The Mongols applied these techniques with greater force and in greater numbers than ever before in history. This approach would prove useful in overpowering the great Chinese cities in the years ahead.... Source: Duane Damon, "From Genghis to Kublai," Calliope, A Cobblestone Publication 2 According to Duane Damon, what were two methods of conquest used by the Mongols? [2] (1)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ (2)__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
Examples: use of a well-organized/well-trained army/cavalry/squadrons/bowmen/archers/trained troops; warriors were taught to move as a unit; engaging in warfare/attacking the enemy/first attacking with a front line of archers; use of well-armed units to charge/overrun the enemy; siege warfare/siege warfare using catapults/use of catapults
Document 1 . . . The aridity of the North African steppe turns to desolation in the Sahara, the most extensive desert in the world. In popular imagination the Sahara is seen as a wilderness of sand dunes; yet it is a region of most varied landscapes, ranging from the great massifs [highlands] of Ahaggar and Tibesti with their extraordinary rock formations and their lofty volcanic peaks to vast stretches of gravelly plains or broad belts of constantly shifting dunes. The desert is not completely waterless--in certain parts, particularly on the northern fringes, excellent supplies of subterranean water support the rich culture of the oases—nor is it completely bereft of [without] vegetation. Men have thus found it possible to gain a livelihood in the Sahara whether as cultivators in the oases or pastoralists [herders] in other areas. . . . Source: Robin Hallett, Africa to 1875: A Modern History, The University of Michigan Press, 1970 1 What is one feature of the Sahara Desert, according to Robin Hallett?
States a feature of the Sahara Desert according to Robin Hallett Examples: it has varied landscapes; extraordinary rock formations; vast stretches of gravelly plains; there are broad belts of constantly shifting dunes; has supplies of subterranean water on the northern fringes; arid/dry; it has oases; has some vegetation; has a limited supply of water; one of the largest deserts
Document 1 . . . Merchants were carriers of Islam rather than agents of Islamization. They opened routes and exposed isolated societies to external influences, but they were not themselves engaged in the propagation [spread] of Islam, which was the work of religious leaders. The leaders became integrated into African societies by playing religious, social, and political roles similar to those of traditional priests. Like traditional priests, Muslim men of religion were peacemakers, who pleaded for those who broke the king's laws. Mosques, like traditional shrines, were considered sanctuaries. Immunity of life and property was extended to men of religion only as long as they kept out of politics and posed no threat to the existing sociopolitical order. . . . Source: John L. Esposito, ed., The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford University Press 1 According to The Oxford History of Islam, what is one way Islam was spread to African societies?
States a way Islam was spread to African societies according to The Oxford History of Islam Examples: through trade routes; through the work of religious leaders; merchants were carriers/opened trade routes; merchants exposing isolated societies to external influences; integration of Muslim religious leaders into African societies; Muslim religious leaders played social/political roles similar to those of traditional priests; by people trading
Document 3 . . . Departing from the policy of Sunni Ali, Askia Mohammed sought to make all of the empire [of Songhai] one big Muslim community. Although he did not succeed in converting the entire Sudan [region bordering the southern Sahara] to Islam, he remodeled his empire along Islamic lines as far as possible. Legal and social reforms were introduced, Islamic judges were appointed in all the large districts of the empire, and justice was administered according to Muslim principles rather than traditional African laws. The court of Askia Mohammed was the highest court of the land, to which appeals from the lower courts could be brought. . . . Source: Fred Burke, Africa, Houghton Mifflin (adapted) 3 According to Fred Burke, how did Askia Mohammed expand Islamic influences in the Songhai Empire? [1] ___________________________________________________________________
States how Askia Mohammed expanded Islamic influences in the Songhai Empire according to Fred Burke Examples: remodeling much of the empire along Islamic lines; introducing legal/social reforms; appointing Islamic judges in the large districts; administering justice according to Muslim principles
Document 4 . . . At the request of [Prince] Ixtlilxochitl, Cortes and his men ate the gifts of food that had been brought out from Tezcoco. Then they walked to the city with their new friends, and all the people came out to cheer and welcome them. The Indians knelt down and adored them as sons of the Sun, their gods, believing that the time had come of which their dear king Nezahualpilli had so often spoken. The Spaniards entered the city and were lodged in the royal palace. . . . Cortes was very grateful for the attentions shown him by Ixtlilxochitl and his brothers; he [Cortes] wished to repay their kindness by teaching them the law of God, with the help of his interpreter Aguilar. The brothers and a number of the other lords gathered to hear him, and he told them that the emperor of the Christians had sent him here, so far away, in order that he might instruct them in the law of Christ. He explained the mystery of the Creation and the Fall, the mystery of the Trinity and the Incarnation and the mystery of the Passion and the Resurrection. Then he drew out a crucifix and held it up. The Christians all knelt, and Ixtlilxochitl and the other lords knelt with them. Cortes also explained the mystery of Baptism. He concluded the lesson by telling them how the Emperor Charles grieved that they were not in God's grace, and how the emperor had sent him among them only to save their souls. He begged them to become willing vassals of the emperor, because that was the will of the pope, in whose name he spoke. . . . Source: Miguel Leon-Portilla, ed., The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, Beacon Press (adapted) 4 According to this excerpt from The Broken Spears, how was Christianity spread in Mexico? [1] _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
States how Christianity was introduced in Mexico according to this excerpt from The Broken Spears Examples: Cortés explaining Christian beliefs/practices; Cortés begging the Aztecs to become Christians because it was the will of the pope; by Cortés being sent to Mexico by Emperor Charles; Cortés used the Aztecs friendly welcome to tell them about Christianity; by the Aztecs listening to Cortés' message because they thought he was sent by their gods; Cortés teaching the Indians about the law of God; Cortés explaining the mystery of creation/the fall/the Trinity/incarnation/the passion/the resurrection/baptism
