GM3 Practice Questions Ch9

Homologous DNA sequences are a). derived from the same ancestral DNA sequence b). derived from different ancestral DNA sequences c). found on the same chromosome but in different species d). found on the same chromosome within highly repetitive sequences

a). derived from the same ancestral DNA sequence

To sequence a genome using the hierarchical strategy, a scientist would a). construct a plasmid library, sequence the ends of all clones, and reassemble the genomic sequences based on sequence overlap b). construct a BAC library, determine the order of the BAC inserts, and sequence the BAC clones. c). Design primers complementary to the telomeres of each chromosomes, and begs determining the sequence of each intact chromosomes, from end to end.

b). construct a BAC library, determine the order of the BAC inserts, and sequence the BAC clones

A vector is a DNA molecule that can be used to a). introduce specific mutations into a DNA molecule of interest b). introduce a DNA fragment of interest into a host cell that can replicate it. c). cut another DNA molecule at specific sequences d). methylate DNA molecules at specific sequences

b). introduce a DNA fragment of interest into a host cell that can replicate it

The term domain architecture refers to the a). order of genes within a genome b). number, type, and order of protein domains in a protein c). regulatory elements that control the structure of chromatin in a certain region d). number and type of chromosomes in the cells of a certain species

b). number, type, and order of protein domains in a protein

Which of the following belongs to the human globin gene family? a). molecular oxygen (O2) b). pseudogenes c). u-globin chains d). alpha globin chain genes e). Beta-globin chain genes

b). pseudogenes d). Alpha global chain genes e). beta globin chain genes

The process of isolating a single fragment of DNA from a complex mixture and making many exact copies of it is called molecular

cloning

When DNA is made using RNA as the starting material, the DNA is called blank DNA

complementary

During electrophoresis, which of the following DNA fragments will travel the greatest distance from the well? a). a DNA fragment with a high GC content b). a DNA fragment with a low GC content c). a large DNA fragment d). a small DNA fragment

d). a small DNA fragment

A group of genes that are closely related I sequence and function is called a gene

family

In contrast to a genomic library, cDNA library includes a). Only regions of the genome that are being transcribed in the cells used to produce the library. b). only DNA sequences some corresponding to only a single chromosome. c). DNA sequences corresponding to only a single chromosome d). all of the DNA found in the type of cell used to produce the library

a). Only regions of the genome that are being transcribed in the cells used to produce the library.

What is a protein domain? a). a sequence of amino acids that folds up into a functional unit b). a alpha-helix of beta-pleated sheet c). a region of a protein that forms a random coil and does not have a specific shape d). a region of a protein that binds to a small molecule

a). a sequence of amino acids that folds up into a functional unit

A genomic library is a collection of cellular clones containing copies of a). each full-length chromosomes from an organism b). all DNA sequences in the genome of an organism c). only the coding sequences of genes from an organism

b). all DNA sequences in the genome of an organism

Approximately how many genes are in the human genome?

25,000

You have a piece of RNA, and you want to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA. What enzyme would you use? a). DNA polymerase b). Reverse transcriptase c). beta galactosidase d). RNA polymerase

b). reverse transcriptase

What type of primer would be used to synthesize cDNA from a mixture of mRNA molecules isolated from a eukaryotic cell?

An oligo-dT primer

The enzyme that catalyzes DNA replication is called

DNA polymerase

The act of cutting a piece of DNA with a restriction enzyme is called

Digestion

Gene families arise via

Gene duplication followed by sequence divergence

The entire complement of information contained within the DNA sequence of an organism is known as the?

Genome

The project that was initiated with the intention of sequencing and analyzing the human genome as well as the genomes of several organisms was called the what project?

Human Genome

In genetics, the term digestion refers to a). creating a specific mutation in a molecule of DNA b). introducing a piece of foreign DNA into a host cell c). cutting a DNA molecule with a restriction enzyme d). identifying the genes within a large segment of DNA

c). cutting a DNA molecule with a restriction enzyme

The purpose of annotating the genome is to determine a). whether or not any mutated sequences exist in the genome b). how information stored in a gene is used to produce a protein c). which sequences of DNA are responsible for which tasks d). the number of chromosomes in a somatic cells

c). which sequences of DNA are responsible for which tasks

Homologous genes within the same species are called what?

Paralogous genes

An open reading frame (ORF) is a stretch of nucleotides that does not contain any -mutations, exons, stop codons, or synonymous codons

Stop Codons

Select all vectors that can be used to clone large segments of DNA a). YACs b). mitochondrial DNA c). BACs d). Plasmids

a). YACs c). BACs

DNA made using RNA as the starting material is called? a). reverse DNA b). copied cloned DNA c). RNA d). complementary DNA

d). complementary DNA

Genes that are derived from the same ancestral genes are called blank genes

homologous

A diagram that depicts the relatedness of multiple species to one another with branch points that represent common ancestors is called a(n) blank tree

phylogenetic

A small circular DNA molecule that is often used as a vector in gene cloning is called a(n)

plasmid

A group of linked loci whos order is similar in two different species is called a(n)

syntactic block

In order to catalyze DNA replication, DNA polymerase requires a dingle-stranded DNA molecule that can act a(n) BLANK1, deoxyribonucleotide BLANK2 to serve as the building blocks for newly synthesized DNA, and a short oligonucleotide BLANK3 with a free 3' end

1). template 2). triphosphates 3). primer

Compared to deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP), a dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (ddNTP) is missing its

3' hydroxyl group

What does BLAST stand for?

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

The field that uses computational methods, such as specialized software, to decipher the biological meaning of information within organismal systems is called

Bioinformatics

The cutting and reassembling of chromosomal blocks through translocations and inversion is called blank blank

Chromosomal rearrangement

T/F: most of the variation that exists between genomes of different species is due to differences in the number of genes

False

The field of study within genetics that focuses on the study of genomes is called?

Genomics

The single, complete, annotated version of a species' genome that is used as the standard sequence for analysis and comparison is called the

RefSeq

The enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make a complementary strand of DNA is called?

Reverse Transcriptase

A carrier DNA molecule that allows the DNA fragment of interest to be transported into a host cell, replicated, and then purified is called a(n)

Vector

What is an advantage of using cDNA instead of genomic DNA to construct a library? a). A cDNA molecule contains the coding regions but not introns b). a cDNA molecule contains uracils c). A cDNA molecule contains introns but not exons d). A cDNA molecule can only be expressed in eukaryotic cells

a). A cDNA molecule contains the coding regions but not introns

Which of the following statements about the transcription of neighboring genes on the same chromosome are correct? a). neighboring genes may use different strands of DNA as the template strand b). neighboring genes must be transcribed in the same direction c). Neighboring genes must use the same strand of DNA as the template strand d). neighboring genes can be transcribed in opposite directions

a). neighboring genes may use different strands of DNA as the template strand d). neighboring genes can be transcribed in opposite directions

What process is catalyzed by the enzyme DNA polymerase? a). replication of DNA b). Ligation of two DNA molecules with identical sticky ends c). curling of the DNA backbone at a specific sequence d). transcription of DNA into RNA

a). replication of DNA

"Sticky ends" created by cutting DNA with a restriction enzyme are a) single-stranded overhangs of DNA b) sequences that confer antibiotic resistance c). sequences that can be used to initiate replication of a DNA molecule

a). single-stranded overhangs of DNA

What process is used in the whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy? a). the ends of all clones in a genomic library are sequenced, and the overlaps are used to assemble the entire sequence b). determine the minimum tiling path of a BAC library made from genomic DNA, then divide each BAC clone into smaller fragments that are sequenced c). isolate each chromosome from the genome. Begin sequencing the DNA at one end of the chromosome, and work toward the opposite end.

a). the ends of all clones in a genomic library are sequenced, and the overlaps are used to assemble the entire sequence

The use of deoxyribonucleotide with different colored fluorescent dyes allows the detection of a). appropriate vector b). the DNA sequence c). the amount of DNA d). the gene of interest

b). the DNA sequence

A cDNA library can be used to identify regions of the genome that are a). located near the centromere b) transcribed c). present in more than one copy d). condensed into heterochromatin

b). transcribed

In automated sequencing, each dideoxyribonucleotide is labeled with a different colored a). DNA primer b). Taq polymerase c). fluorescent dye d). radioisotope

c). fluorescent dye

A syntactic block is a a). DNA element that can move from one location to another within a genome. b). group of genetic loci that do not assort independently during meiosis c). set of linked loci that retain the same gene order in different species d). cluster of sequences that are present in multiple copies on the same chromosome due to a duplication event

c). set of linked loci that retain the same gene order in different species

During electrophoresis, the rate at which different linear DNA molecules will move through a gel depends on differences in their a). charge densities b). gene content c). sizes d). GC content

c). sizes

What is a restriction fragment? a). a protein domain within a restriction enzyme b). a DNA sequence that can be recognized by a restriction enzyme c). a gene that encodes a restriction enzyme d). a fragment of DNA generated by a restriction enzyme

d). a fragment of DNA generated by a restriction enzyme

The computational analysis of the biological meaning of information in organismal systems is called a). comparative genomics b). proteomics c). molecular genetics d). bioinformatics

d). bioinformatics

A nucleotide that lacks both ether 2' and 3' hydroxyl groups is called a(n)

dideoxynucleotide

Identifying long open reading frames (ORF) in eukaryotic genes is hard because the ORFs may interrupted by multiple

introns

A researcher may use restriction enzymes to digest the DNA of an organism. The fragments of DNA are then recombined into many vectors. The collection of recombinant vectors is called a(n)

library

The sequential expression of the genes within the two globin gene loci is controlled by a regulatory region called the blank blank region

locus control

Homologous genes in two different species that continue to serve the same function are called?

orthologs

Restriction enzymes usually recognize BLANK sequences in which the sequence one strand is identical to the complementary strand read in the opposite direction

palindromic

A sequene that looks like a gene but does not function as a gene is called a(n)

pseudogene

The process by which a cell or organism takes up a foreign DNA molecule is called

transformation

What is a DNA library? a). a repository or restriction fragments generated by treating the DNA of an organism with one restriction enzyme b). a collection of bacterial cells, each containing one foreign gene c). A collection of cloned DNA molecules d). a collection of journal articles about cloning

c). a collection of cloned DNA molecules

A group of replicated DNA molecules that are exact replicas of one another is called a DNA

clone

Because a dideoxynucleotide does not have a 3' hydroxyl group, when it is added to a growing DNA strand, a). The DNA strand will be cut with the restriction enzyme. b). The new DNA strand will become the template strand c). Restriction enzymes can no longer bind to the new DNA strand. d). No additional nucleotides can be added to the new DNA strand.

d). no additional nucleotides can be added to the new DNA strand

Why would one use a vector with a selectable marker? a). to create site-directed mutants b). to allow the enzyme of the host cell to replicate the vector c). to identify protein-binding DNA sequences d). to identify cells containing the vector

d). to identify cells containing the vector

Restriction enzymes are enzymes that can a). create site-directed mutans b). cute the DNA backbone and reveal protein-binding sequences c). cut the DNA backbone at specific sequences d). identify host cells containing vectors

c). cut the DNA backbone at specific sequences

the portion of the genome that corresponds to the exons of all known genes is called the

exome

A colony clone is made up of genetically identical bacterial BLANK1, and a DNA clone is made up of identical molecules of a(n) BLANK2 within the colony

1). cells 2). plasmid

Place the steps involved in the hierarchical strategy for sequencing a genome. a).

1). isolate genomic DNA 2). construct a BAC library with large insects 3). Determine the order of the BAC clones, and construct a minimal tiling path 4). Divide each BAC clone into smaller clones 5). Sequence the smaller clones 6). Reconstruct the genomic DNA sequence

The technique that is used to separate charged molecules based on their movement in an electric field is called?

Electrophoresis

After electrophoresis, DNA molecules can be visualized by incubating them with a fluorescent dye called blank blank, washing away unbound dye, and then placing the gel under ultraviolet light

Ethidium Bromide

What is a DNA clone? a). an organism that is genetically identical to another organism b). a group of identical DNA molecules c). an organism that contains recombinant DNA

b). a group of identical DNA molecules

To clone a DNA molecule, a researcher would digest the DNA of interest and a vector with the same BLANK1 enzyme, then join the two molecules together with the enzyme DNA BLANK2. Finally, the recombinant molecule is introduced into bacteria using a process called BLANK3.

1). restriction 2). ligase 3). transformation

A conserved DNA sequence is sequence that a). has homologs in many different species b). codes for a protein c). does not vary among members of the same species d). only found in humans

a). has homologs in many different species

Mos tof the variation that is observed in the size of genomes of different species can be attributed to the differences in the a). number of chromosomes b). sizes of genes c). amount of noncoding DNA d). number of genes

c). amount of noncoding DNA

Which of the following are requirements of DNA polymerase in order for it to synthesize DNA? a). a single-stranded template DNA molecule b). a high concentration of CaCl2 c). deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates d). amino acids attached to tRNA e). a short oligonucleotide primer

a). a single-stranded template DNA molecule c). deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates e). a short oligonucleotide primer

A vector requires an origin or replication so that it can be a). copied many times by the host cell b). altered by the host cell c). analyzed through DNA sequencing d). used to express proteins

a). copied many times by the host cell

Which types of genes are transcribed into RNAs? a). genes that encode proteins, as well as genes for rRNAs and tRNAs b). only genes that encode proteins and genes for tRNAs, but not genes for rRNAs c). only genes that encode proteins

a). genes that encode proteins, as well as genes fro rRNAs, and tRNAs

Which of the following statements are true of genomic library but not a cDNA library? a). Only sequence is that code for proteins are represented in library b). On average, every locus is represented an equal number of times. c). Only sequences corresponding to exons are found in the library. d). Every gene in the genome was represented in the library

b). On average, every locus is represented an equal number of times. d). Every gene in the genome was represented in the library

A recombinant DNA molecule has covalently linked fragments from a). genes that encode proteins and pseudogenes b). a vector and an inserted fragment c). bacteria and viruses d). a bacterial gene and a human gene

b). a vector and an inserted fragment

In the context of a genome sequencing project, the term shotgun means that the fragments that are sequenced are chosen from a library a). baed on whether or not they contain protein-coding genes b). randomly c). based in the size of the insert d). based on the order of the clones relative to the original genomic DNA e). based on sequence data that has already been collected

b). randomly

Which of the following variables affect the rate at which molecules move during electrophoresis? a). The type of cell from which the molecule was isolated b). the physical size of the molecule c). The strength of the electric field that is applied d). The charge density of the molecule e). The composition of the gel f). The size of the wells in the gel

b). the physical size of the molecule c). The strength of the electric field that is applied d). The charge density of the molecule e). The composition of the gel

The globin gene family in humans consists of a). One functional gene in the Alpha globin locus, one functional gene in the betaglobin locus, and 11 pseudo genes. b). Six functional genes in the Alpha globin locus into functional genes and the betaglobin locus c). Five functional genes in the Alphaglobin locus, five functional genes in the betaglobin locus, and three pseudo genes.

c). Five functional genes in the Alphaglobin locus, five functional genes in the betaglobin locus, and three pseudo genes.

Transformation is the process in which a). restriction enzymes cut the DNA backbone and create sticky ends b). a piece of chromosomal DNA is ligated into a plasmid vector c). cells take up foreign DNA molecules d). a virus is used as a vector instead of a plasmid.

c). cells take up foreign DNA molecules

Which of the following pairs of genes are parlogs? a). The human Beta-globin gene and the mouse Beta-globin gene b). The gene fro DNA polymerase and the gene for RNA polymerase c). the human G- global gene and the human E-globin gene d). A gene for a restriction enzyme and the gene for the corresponding modification enzyme.

c). the human G- global gene and the human E-globin gene

What is the purpose of molecular cloning? a). to track inheritance of an allele b). to determine what vectors are plasmids c). to produce many copies of a DNA molecule of interest d). to analyze DNA binding proteins

c). to produce many copies of a DNA molecule of interest

Place the steps involved in whole-genome shotgun sequencing a). make a shotgun library of the entire genome b). Identify overlaps between DNA sequences and use the overlaps to reconstruct the entire sequence c). sequence the ends of each individual clone in the library d). isolate genomic DNA

d). isolate genomic DNA (1) a). make a shotgun library of the entire genome (2) c). sequence the ends of each individual clone in the library(3) b). Identify overlaps between DNA sequences and use the overlaps to reconstruct the entire sequence (4)

A researcher who wanted to break DNA at random locations would most likely subject the DNA to a). methylation by a modification enzyme, followed by digestion with a restriction enzyme b). digestion with a restriction enzyme c). gel electrophoresis d). mechanical shearing forces

d). mechanical shearing forces

A gene family is comprised of a). all the genes found on the same chromosome b). a group of genes that exhibited linkage because they are close together on the same chromosome. c). all the genes shared by individuals who are bllod-relatives. d). two or more genes with closely related sequences and functions.

d). two or more genes with closely related sequences and functions.

Which of the following strategies are mechanisms that can increase information and generate diversity through the generation of distinct RNA molecules without a change in DNA sequence? a). protein phosphorylation b). combinatorial joining of V-D-J segments c). mutation d). use of alternative promoters e). alternative splicing

d). use of alternative promoters e). alternative splicing