Government Chapter 5

Which of the following best describes attitudes toward Asian immigrants in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Asian immigrants were welcomed to the United States and swiftly became financially successful. Asian immigrants were disliked by White people who feared competition for jobs, and several acts of Congress sought to restrict immigration and naturalization of Asian people. White people feared Asian immigrants because Japanese and Chinese Americans were often disloyal to the U.S. government. Asian immigrants got along well with White people but not with Mexican Americans or African Americans.

B

Obergefell v. Hodges

States obligated to recognize same-sex marriage from other states.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Civil Disobedience

an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust

glass ceiling

an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization—including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious organizations

glass ceiling

an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder

poll tax

annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Stonewall Inn

a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBTQ community there

comparable worth

a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions

Coverture

a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased

white primary

a primary election in which only White people are allowed to vote

Equal Protection Clause

a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law

Chicano

a term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them

Intermediate Scrutiny

a test used by the Supreme Court in gender discrimination cases that places the burden of proof partially on the government and partially on the challengers to show that the law in question is unconstitutional

Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

act that established the right of all children to a free and appropriate education, regardless of handicapping condition

direct action

civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations

hate crime

harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person's sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex

Grandfather Clause

the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate White people to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified

Disenfranchisement

the revocation of someone's right to vote

Title IX

the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex

Intermediate Scrutiny

the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women

Strict Scrutiny

the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available to accomplish its goals

rational basis test

the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens

Affirmative Action

the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination

Reconstruction

rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

equal prtection clause

requires equal application of the law and policy unless there is a legitamate public interest.

de jure segregation

segregation by law

de jure segregation

segregation that results from government discrimination

de facto segregation

segregation that results from the private choices of individuals

Jim Crow Laws

state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined Black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction

understanding tests

tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise Black voters

literacy test

tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities

Plessy v. Ferguson

the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed "separate but equal" racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education

the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional in public education

American Indian Movement (AIM)

the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973

Trail of Tears

the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838-1839

Matthew Shepard Act

Obama 2009 expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

The 1965 Selma-to-Montgomery march was an important milestone in the civil rights movement because it ________. vividly illustrated the continued resistance to Black civil rights in the Deep South did not encounter any violent resistance led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the first major protest after the death of Martin Luther King, Jr.

A

Loving v. Virginia

1867 court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional

Buck v. Bell

1927 supreme court decision that upheld a state eugenics law. The law had allowed for sterilization of the "unfit" (medical procedure to prevent the mentally retarded from having children)

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Strict Scrutiny

A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal

Coverture

A common-law doctrine under which the legal personality of the husband covered the wife and he made all legally binding decisions

rational basis test

A standard developed by the courts to test the constitutionality of a law; when applied, a law is constitutional as long as it meets a reasonable government interest.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

AIM was ________. a federal program that returned control of Native American education to tribal governments a radical group of Native American activists who occupied the settlement of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation an attempt to reduce the size of reservations a federal program to give funds to Native American tribes to help their members open small businesses that would employ tribal members

B

At the world's first women's rights convention in 1848, the most contentious issue proved to be _________. A. the right to education for women B. suffrage for women C. access to the professions for women D. greater property rights for women

B

The Supreme Court decision ruling that "separate but equal" was constitutional and allowed racial segregation to take place was ________. Brown v. Board of Education Plessy v. Ferguson Loving v. Virginia Shelley v. Kraemer

B

The equal protection clause became part of the Constitution as a result of ________. affirmative action the Fourteenth Amendment intermediate scrutiny strict scrutiny

B

A group of African American students believes a college admissions test that is used by a public university discriminates against them. What legal standard would the courts use in deciding their case? rational basis test intermediate scrutiny strict scrutiny equal protection

C

How did NAWSA differ from the NWP? NAWSA worked to win votes for women on a state-by-state basis while the NWP wanted an amendment added to the Constitution. NAWSA attracted mostly middle-class women while NWP appealed to the working class. The NWP favored more confrontational tactics like protests and picketing while NAWSA circulated petitions and lobbied politicians. The NWP sought to deny African Americans the vote, but NAWSA wanted to enfranchise all women.

C

Mexican American farm workers in California organized ________ to demand higher pay from their employers. the bracero program Operation Wetback the United Farm Workers union the Mattachine Society

C

The doctrine that people who do jobs that require the same level of skill, training, or education are thus entitled to equal pay is known as ________. the glass ceiling substantial compensation comparable worth affirmative action

C

Korematsu v. US

California was right to intern Japanese-Americans in camps during crisis of World War II

The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced removal of this tribe from Georgia to Oklahoma. Lakota Paiute Navajo Cherokee

D

Which of the following types of discrimination would be subject to the rational basis test? A law that treats men differently from women An action by a state governor that treats Asian Americans differently from other citizens A law that treats White people differently from other citizens A law that treats 10-year-olds differently from 28-year-olds

D

Civil rights political tactics

Direct action, civil disobediance, direct lobbying

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Extended protection to those with physical or mental handicaps

Indian Reorganization Act

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Reconstruction

the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union

2nd wave feminism

Group of women now trying to receive equal rights with men and reproductive rights

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Major anti-discrimination law for disabled; requires access (ramps, braille, etc.); unfunded mandate

Civil rights

Negative

14th Amendment

Rights of Citizens

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

Dredd Scott v. Sanford

The case that said slaves were property and had no rights

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Civil rights act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Black Codes

laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed people and other African Americans and deprived them of their rights

Civil Liberties

positive