Government chapters 5-6
The last candidate for president elected without party competition was
George Washington
Which of the following statements reflects the role public opinion should play according to the majoritarian model of democracy?
Government should do what a majority of the public wants.
George Washington, generally considered sympathetic to the Federalist Party, felt that political factions
Had negative effects on democracy.
Regarding the Internet, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Has crashed down since 1999 on reposed copyrighted material.
One criterion that must be met for a country to be democratic is that it must
Have more than one political party.
In the early days of America, the president was chosen by
A group of political elites in the electoral college.
The Era of Good Feelings was characterized by
A lack of party competition
psychological explanations of turnout suggest that voting will rise if
A major war begins
A story that contains no policy content and is not related to the day's events but that commonly discusses popular personalities and is designed to draw greater viewer interest is
Infotainment
Who was the leader of the federalists?
Alexander Hamilton
During the Vietnam War, protesting students on college campuses
All of the above are true.
Suppose the U.S. abolished political parties. Voters would then
All of these choices are true
A country where the government heavily censors Internet news and search engines is..
China
According to the self-intreat principle, people tend to
Choose what benefits them personally
The standard socioeconomic model of participation chiefly refers to
Education, income and occupation.
To stay in business in the digital age, many newspapers have ____ their online content, with varying degrees of success.
Instituted paywalls for
What most distinguishes political parties from interest groups like the AFL-CIO and the National Association of Manufacturers is that
Interest groups do not nominate candidates to run as their avowed representatives.
Political party platforms probably matter most to
Intraparty factions at party conventions.
Presence of multiple (more than two) political parties
Is the only guarantee of a truly stable democratic system.
the "television hypothesis" is the belief that television
Is to blame for the low level of citizens' knowledge about public affairs.
Counting both print and online users, news readership of newspapers..
Is up overall
The framers of the Constitution left the issue of voter enfranchisement to
The states.
compared with other nations in the world in granting suffrage to women, the U.S.
Was among the first
How does education affect voter turnout?
Well-educated people are more likely to vote than are their less-educated counterparts.
Early TV network news programs focused their evening news programs on
an "anchorman"
The phrase "on background" means that the media are permitted to
anonymously quote material without identifying the source
Americans are less likely to _____ than citizens of other countries.
Join demonstrations.
Characteristics frequently associated with nonvoters are
Low education, low income and being relatively young.
The ability of groups to make government respond to their special problems is best described as part of _____ theory.
Pluralist.
The set of Values and beliefs that a person holds about the purpose and scope of government is called...
Political ideology
The text defines ___ as the actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support government and politics.
Political participation
The process whereby one becomes aware of politics, learns political facts, and forms political values is called?
Political socialization
The ______ party was an agrarian "free-silver" party that was attractive in part because it was seen as a response to the depression of 1896.
Populist
A direct primary is a
Preliminary election to choose party candidates.
The first political institution that young children need to focus on the
President
In Smith V. Allwright, the supreme court found ______ is unconstitutional.
Preventing blacks from voting in primary elections.
The ______ principle indicates that what is learned first is learned best.
Primacy
The traditional division of mass media into ____ has been made problematic by the Internet.
Print and broadcast
The political knowledge of many young adults changes from high school to college if the college student's education includes...
Questioning established values.
The accuracy of the population sample used for public opinion polls depends on
Randomness of selection, size of sample, and variation in the population.
Chinese political activists have used inflatable ducks and Legos to
Recreate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests in a way that will avoid censors.
The fairness doctrine, the equal opportunities rule, and the reasonable access rule are all rules under which the FCC has
Regulate broadcast media content
The Telecommunications Act of 1996
Relaxed the rules governing media ownership
Most politicians and many scholars believe that the media's greatest influence on politics is its ability to..
Report the news
During the decades from the economic depression of the 1890's until the stick market crash in 1929, presidential elections were dominated by the _____ party.
Republican.
The text uses the examples of Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush to make the point that, with respect to government spending,
Republicans don't hesitate to spend large sums on federal programs that suit their ideology.
The 12th Amendment
Required the electoral college to vote separately for president and vice president.
Newspapers owned by publicly-traded chains are more likely to
Resort to negative or positive spin on the news
Since the president two-party system was established, how many minor-party candidates have been elected to the presidency?
Zero
One of the most convincing explanations for the persistence of the two-party system in the U.S. lies in its issue of
Single winners chosen by a simple plurality of votes.
If someone formed the "Second Amendment Party," A political party to run on a platform of removing regulations on gun ownership, that would be an example of a ______ party.
Single-issue.
When sampled, the public strongly favors the death penalty for certain crimes. The trap of such a distribution would be characterized as..
Skewed
Since surveying the American public is about ideology began, the ideological distribution of the public opinion has become
Skewed toward conservatism
The Republican Party was established in response to the issue of
Slavery.
General entertainment programming that often includes discussions of political affairs, such as The Daily Show, The Today Show and The View is called
Soft news
According to the text, violent unconventional political participation is
Sometimes worth the risk.
The term solid south refers to the
South's consistent Democratic voting record for much of the 20th century.
The country with the lowest voter turnout among eligible voters in congressional elections is
Spain
A distribution of opinions that shows little change over time is a
Stable
The 1955 Montgomery bus boycott is an example of
Succesful conventional political participation.
______ is political action that expresses allegiance to country and government.
Supportive behavior.
_______ percent of surveyed adults indicated that they learned about the 2008 political campaign from comedy shows like The Daily Show, The Colbert Report or Saturday Night Live.
30
In 2009, how many of the House Democrats voted against reforming health care, President Obama's most important policy initiative?
39
Historians estimate that _____ percent of Americans supported the Revolution on July 1776.
40
If voter turnout was computed on the basis of registered voters, about _____ of Americans vote.
45 percent
A sample of 6 hundred randomly selected individuals is usually accurate to (plus or minus)
5 percentage points.
The typical procedure for an initiative requires petitions to feature the signatures of ______ of the number of registered voters in the state.
5 to 10 percent.
About _____ of all Americans adopt their parents party.
50 percent
A January 2014 poll showed that ___ percent of Americans knew that the Affordable Care Act prohibits companies from denying health insurance to people because of any illnesses they might have.
54
In a 2014 Gallup poll, ____ percent of Americans supported affording gay marriage the same legal status as traditional marriage.
54
According to the 2012 American National Election Study (ANES), about _____ percent of Americans believe that the government should permit abortions in many, if not all, instances.
61
Despite new technological options, and despite criticism that in its current from it polarizes politics in an unhealthy way, ______ of Americans listen to traditional AM/FM radio weekly.
90 percent
_______ are group leaders who follow news in specific areas.
Attentive policy elites
With respect to religion, the group that has grown rapidly int he 21st century and now makes up almost 20 percent of the American population is
"unaffiliated"
A typical Gallup national poll surveys approximately ___ individuals.
1,500
The best the Socialist Party has ever done in America was to capture 6 percent of the vote in the election of
1912.
Women were granted universal suffrage in
1920
The amendment granting women's suffrage is the
20th amendment
According to a 2013 poll ____ percent of Americans think that the political parties do an adequate job of representing the American people.
24
The amendment lowering the voting age to eighteen is the
26th Amendment
About ___ of immigrants in America are undocumented
A third
The Democratic Party national committee changed its internal procedures to be more open and inclusive in response to
A traumatic 1968 convention following the assassination of Robert Kennedy and emphasizing opposition to the Vietnam War.
A 2006 survey found that if the government feels information that threatens national security, ____ americans favor government censorship.
About a third of
Women compared to men, and blacks compared to whites, tend to have political participation rates today that are
About the same
_______ was the first candidate elected as a Republican.
Abraham Lincoln
As parental and school influences wane in adulthood, _____ emerge as more important socialization agents.
Adult peer groups and the mass media.
Which of the following statements best describes the attitude of the American people toward political parties?
Americans recognize the value of parties but distrust the existing ones.
The _____ was the first "third" party in American history to challenge the two major parties for the presidency and called the first national party convention.
Anti-Masonic Party
It is quite possible that campaign coverage is affected by an ______ among journalists.
Anti-incombent bias
The phrase "off the record" means that the media
Are not allowed to print the information
In general today, women politically participate
At about the same rate as men.
Most democratic theorists agree that a modern nation-state cannot practice democracy without
At least two political parties regularly contesting elections.
The fact that the ideological conservatives believed even more strongly that Iraq had weapons of pass destruction before the 2003 war after they were informed that the subsequent investigations concluded that this was not true is an example of the..
Backfire effect
Timothy McVeigh bombed the OKC federal building because he
Believed that the U.S. government had become a police state.
A polling company surveying public opinion on Obama's health-care plan finds public opinion to be almost evenly divided, for and against. The graph of such a distribution would be characterized as...
Bimodal
Elections, as an institutional mechanism,
Bolster the power and authority of the state
In the current American context, a communitarian would tend to promote..
Both order and equality over freedom.
Young Americans are more reliably socialized into their parents' religions when
Both parents follow the same religion.
Children are likely to adopt their parents' party identification when
Both parents strongly identify with the same party.
Advocates of dropping all FCC content regulations believe that
Broadcast media should be treated the same as other media
The reasonable access rule required
Broadcasters to make facilities available to all responsible parties in a community wishing to express conflicting views on issues.
A recent example of popular music conveying a political message is "Born This Way", by Lady Gaga, which focuses on..
Bullying
Research on the impact of soft news finds it
Can lead people to be more cynical about politicians.
Recently, media outlets have started including ____ in their samples, particularly in response to the habits of younger Americans.
Cell phones
The presidency supports the two-party system because
Competition from multiple parties would simply prove too costly.
The first nomination process for two opposing candidates for the presidency was conducted in 1800 by
Congressional caucuses
Most news printed about Congress comes from
Congressional press releases and prepared reports
Available evidence seems to indicate that there are ____ among editors and owners of the major news media.
Conservative leanings
The ____ party won most presidential elections from 1932, during the Great Depression through the election of 1964, when the turbulent 1960's created the environment for major political realignment.
Democratic
The _____ party is probably the oldest political party in existence.
Democratic
Black Americans shifted significantly to the Democratic Party in the 1960s largely in response to
Democratic Party support for civil rights legislation.
Private ownership of the media in the U.S. makes the American news industry
Dependent on advertising revenues
Federalism in the electoral system refers to
Difference between national election trends and trends in the states.
To maintain order, the government has a stake in converting ______ whenever possible.
Education into voting behavior.
Unconventional political participation involving assembling crowds to confront businesses and local governments is known as
Direct action.
More and more, cable news seems analogous to
Early partisan newspapers
According to a 2012 survey in your text, which of the following individuals is most likely to identify as a Republican?
Earning between 75,000 to 99,999, college degree, male, age between 42-53.
In the current American context, a liberal would tend to promote..
Economic equality ahead of freedom, and freedom ahead of social order.
Crime rates fell in every major category from the 1980's until very recently, but as one journalist said "Crime coverage is not editorially driven; its _____."
Economically driven
A 2011 news analysis found that cable TV was particularly devoted to _____ whereas online news sites and newspapers provided more coverage of ________.
Election coverage; foreign affairs
According to Edmund Burke, the reason people unite in parties is to
Enact a set of policies
A 2013 Supreme Court decision regarding the Voting Rights Act allowed numerous states to
Enforce new voter identification laws.
The purpose of the literacy tests that were used in the southern states after 1870 was to
Ensure that only well-informed people voted.
Representatives of the mass media recently defend the importance of freedom of the press, even if it comes at the expense of
Equality
Content analysis of the 2012 party convention platforms found that Republicans were more likely to mention the word ______ whereas Democrats were more likely to mention the word _____.
Equality; freedom.
The now-abolished ______ obligated broadcasters to discuss public issues and to provide equal coverage of all opinions on those issues.
Fairness doctrine
Generally, the first agent of political socialization that people are exposed to is
Family
The major agents of early socialization in the U.S. are?
Family, school, community, and peers.
The _______ Amendment to the Constitution prohibits states from denying the right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
Fifteenth
The first newspapers in the U.S. were
Financed by political parties that advocated party causes.
The _____ Amendment prohibits Congress from abridging freedom of the press.
First
In the presidential elections since 1968, the south has tended to vote....
For Republican candidates.
In response to financial stress, some have suggested that newspapers operate as ________, allowing them to be funded through endowments, donations, and perhaps government support.
For-profit enterprises
A respondent who agrees with the statement, "By law, a woman should be able to obtain an abortion as a matter of personal choice" values
Freedom over order.
As a general trend, college-educated individuals are more likely to choose...
Freedom over social order.
One of the nations oldest polls, the ____, was started in the 1930's and was most notably wrong in 1948 when it predicted that Thomas Dewey, the Republican candidate, would defeat the Democratic incumbent, Harry Truman in the presidential election.
Gallup Poll
The media executives, news editors, and prominent reporters who decide which events to report and how to report them are known as
Gatekeepers
A libertarian is most likely to exhibit the characteristics of
High income and high education
Congress and the states moved quickly to pass the 26th amendment, which lowered the voting age to 18, because they
Hoped to channel student energy away from demonstrations and toward more conventional forms of participation.
During a presidential election, the tendency of journalists to limit coverage of campaigns to coverage of which candidate is leading or behind in the polls at the time, rather than chiefly overing the issues, is known as
Horse race journalism
The Framers guessed that the ____ would reflect public opinion, especially on the crucial issues of taxes and government spending.
House of Representatives
The current debate about "net neutrality" concerns whether
IPS's should be allowed to charge people more if they consume a large amount of bandwidth
The contemporary political "gender gap" refers to the tendency of a woman to..
Identify more with the Democratic Party than men do
Reaction to a film posted on YouTube made by an Egyptian-American that mocked the Muslim prophet Muhammad is an example of the influence of new media platforms; that they
Impact the types of stories that get picked up by the "mainstream media"
The Internet was started
In 1969, with support from he US Department of Defense.
The effect of the 26th Amendment, which enfranchised 18-20 year olds was to
Increase the national voter turnout rate.
Voting in the U.S. decreased during the 1970's and 1980's. Other forms of participation
Increased or remained stable.
Americans contributing money to a candidate's campaign is best defined as a form of
Influencing behavior
Journalistic norms of objectivity and accuracy grew, some say, because of
Lack of competition, allowing focus on quality rather than sensationalism.
Which of the following statements concerning Latinos is incorrect?
Latinos are projected to be 20 percent of the nation's population by 2030.
Research indicates that one important reason for the decline of third-party voting starting in the 1930's may be
Leftward drift of the Democratic Party to adopt issues otherwise raised by third parties.
In 2012 and 2013, voters approved a number of ballot propositions, including ones in Colorado and Washington that
Legalized marijuana.
In nineteen presidential elections since 1936, Gallup polls have deviated from actual results by..
Less than 1.0 percentage point.
Today, college students are much more ____ than the general public.
Liberal
Available evidence seems to indicate that there are _____ among journalists and reporters.
Liberal leanings
The two ideological protest parties that together managed just over 1 percent of the vote in 2012 the presidential race were the _______ party and the _________ party.
Libertarian; Populist.
Because it depends on mass participation in politics, majoritarianism tends to
Limit individual freedom.
In Oregon, everyone votes by
Lack of political knowledge among individual Americans makes the ____ model more difficult to sustain.
Majoritarian
According to the ______, political parties are essential in making government responsive to public opinion.
Majoritarian model of democracy
Which of the following statements concerning ideological "moderates" is correct?
Many people identify as "moderate" because they do not understand the alternatives.
which of the following was the first known act of unconventional participation in America?
The Boston Tea Party.
The most frequent response (such as "I favor") in a public opinion distribution is known as the
Mode
Some research indicates that people who watch partisan news become
More extreme in their politics
When excluding horserace stories, media coverage of Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential campaign, compared to coverage of Barack Obama, was
More negative
Researchers have found that political apathy is _____ in the U.S. compared to almost all other nations.
Much lower.
Citizen mobilization to stop construction of a nuclear waste facility near their homes would be an example of the ______ phenomenon.
NIMBY
During the Jacksonian Era, parties had to appeal to much larger numbers of voters, and one response was using ______ to select presidential candidates.
National conventions
A poll of Americans who has seen or heard of Michael Moore's 2007 documentary Sicko found that _____ changed their mind and said health-care reform was more necessary.
Nearly half
Until the early 1960's most Americans cited _____ as the source from which they got most of their news.
Newspapers
A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution around a single mode is called a...
Normal distribution
When Americans are asked to identify themselves on left-right ideological scales, (Liberal, Moderate or Conservative), The data plotted on a graph is
Normal distribution
Where in the Constitution are political parties discussed?
Nowhere in the Constitution
According to the text, if the criterion is ______, America has the best and most democratic government in the world.
Number of elections held.
Someone who asserts that elections "socialize political activity" is contending that elections are mechanisms that maintain
Order.
Individuals with higher education and income tend to favor ____ over _____.
Order; freedom.
In the discipline of political science, party identification refers to
One's voting record
Surveys show today that approximately _____ of the American population today think that the U.S. needs a third party.
One-half
When elementary schools introduce students to authority figures outside the family, like the teacher, they prepare students for the value of _______; when they stress norms of democratic decision making and respecting the opinion of others they teach _____.
Order;equality
As students move from elementary school to high school, their political socialization tends to transition from knowledge of ____ to development of ____.
Patriotic ritual; good citizenship.
The short-lived _____ party nominated Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for the presidency in 1924, but carried only La Follette's home state and ceased to nominate candidates in 1925.
Progressive.
_____ championed the direct primary.
Progressives.
The extent to which any socializing agent is influential depends on..
Prolonged exposure to and good communication with the agent, as well as being receptive.
Which of the following qualifications for coming was virtually eliminated in the states by the 1850's?
Property ownership.
In the U.S. today, the man media
Provide a two-way channel of communication between the people and the government
The text suggests that in the early days of radio, owners sought government regulation of the airwaves to
Restrict others' freedom to enter broadcasting and compete.
In the 2000 election, the candidacy of Ralph Nader
Resulted in a loss of support for the Democratic candidate, Al Gore.
_____ captured the presidency in 1968 and won five of the eleven southern states in the old Confederacy, signaling an electoral realignment that has seen Republican candidates for president do very well in the south.
Richard Nixon.
Congressman ______ was the 1988 Libertarian Party presidential candidate. He was elected into Congress as a Republican in 1996, where he served until 2013.
Ron Paul
Which president portrayed the Democrats as big spenders, but his administration spent more than $1 trillion for defense?
Ronald Reagen.
_______, candidate for president in 1992, ran as an independent and won 19 percent of the popular vote.
Ross Perot
The ____ is not a national political party because it does not nominate its own candidates.
Tea party.
Today, the mass media conduct most polls by
Telephone
Currently, ______ is most Americans' primary news source.
Television
Newspapers did not move toward independent ownership and large circulation until
The 1930's
Which event helped to shape the partisan patterns of the North and South for nearly a century?
The Civil War.
The basic definition of public opinion is?
The collective attitudes of citizens on a given issue or question
Pressure on an individual to conform to community values or views is strongest when..
The community is homogeneous.
Which country was the first to provide for the general election of representatives through mass suffrage?
The U.S.
By law, the U.S. presidential election occurs
The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
In nearly every democratic country, the burden of registration is placed on
The government
The amount of information online is so vast that most people rely on _____ to help them determine which news is real and important.
The mainstream media
After the 2012 election, which of the following received the lowest rating from Americans?
The media
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
The media in the U.S have played an important role in advocating equality
Content analysis of network news suggests that most coverage focuses on
The president
One critique that pluralists make of the public as a whole is that..
The public seldom demonstrates clear, consistent opinions on daily issues of government.
_____ occurs when a media outlet such as a magazine informs a relatively small number of group leaders who follow news in a specific area, and those leaders in turn mobilize their followers to put pressure on public officials.
The two-step flow of communication
Public opinion polls can be criticized on the grounds that..
The way a pollster words a question can determine the answer.
Voters favor one-party control of the presidency and the congress when
Their party is in control
Which president first provided space in the White House for reporters?
Theodore Roosevelt
Political scientists know less about unconventional forms of political participation because
They are biased toward institutionalized, or conventional, politics, and it is easier to collect data on conventional practices.
Studies of Americans who engage in "contacting behavior" like complaining to city hall find
They are not more likely to vote than other Americans.
One recent criticism of referenda and initiatives is that
They create an expensive "industry" designed around circulating petitions and spending millions.
How do the mass media influence the socialization process?
They play contradictory roles, sometimes promoting popular support for government and sometimes eroding public confidence in it.
The goal of the statistical theory of sampling is
To reflect the views of the population with some predictable degree of accuracy.
Learning political party identification from parents is known as the ____ model of partisanship.
Transmission
Officials send out _____ when they intentionally leak news to gauge the reaction of the public or other political leaders.
Trial balloons
The American emphasis on freedom over equality in political participation works to the benefit of
Union members
The text defines suffrage and franchise as the right to
Vote.
The majoritarian model of democracy favors
Voting as the primary means of participation
The People's Party (or Populist Party) could at least brag that it was the first third party since 1860 to
Win any electoral votes.
In his first run for the presidency, Andrew Jackson
Won a plurality of the popular vote but was not chosen as president by the House of Representatives.