Government Final

24

A TV show that gave people including Justice Scalia that torture is effective.

Amicus Curiae

A brief filed by a 'friend of the court' providing expertise to try and influence the court's decision, having the *most* influence on cases.

Regulatory Commissions

A bureau outside of the Cabinet that exists free of political interference to formulate and enforce governmental rules in the private sector.

Consistency

A foolish ____ is the hobgoblin of little minds.

Fiscal Policy

A government policy for dealing with government spending and taxes.

Judicial Activism

A judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decisions as considering the modern implications of their decisions. Examples: Roe v. Wade, Bush v. Gore, Brown v. Board of Education.

Referendum

A legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate — the best example of direct democracy in practice in the United States.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Also called the Elastic Clause, it gives Congress flexible powers beyond the enumerated powers (for example McCulloch v Maryland).

Implement

Congress does not _____ laws.

Wealthy

Congress is most responsive to more _____ interest groups and voters.

Greater

Congress' tendency to give executive agencies less cleat guidelines in carrying out laws is the result of the _____ scope of complexity of tasks of the federal government.

State Legislatures

Control the redistricting process for US Congressional districts.

Military Industrial Complex

Coordination among the armed forces, the defense industry, and Congress to promote military spending.

1/2

Despite remaining illegal under federal law, more than _____ of the states have legalized medical marijuana and a handful have legalized recreational marijuana.

McDonald v. Chicago

Determined that Second Amendment rights should apply to the states, not just the federal government.

Due Process

Following established legal procedures. For example, if you were arrested on the base of illegally obtained evidence you could argue that you did not receive this.

Exclusionary Rule

Forbids the introduction in trial of any piece of evidence that has been obtained illegally.

Individual Mandate

Forced people to buy health insurance.

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Forces other states to acknowledge legal proceedings in other states. Would force Kansas to recognize a divorce granted in California.

Supremacy Clause

Gives the Supreme Court ability to review state actions and legislation.

DC v. Heller

Guaranteed individuals the right to bear arms.

War Powers Resolution

Had the goal of limiting the power of the president to commit troops to action without authorization of Congress by setting up rules. Actually had a more *questionable* impact.

De Facto

Harder to end than de jure segregation.

Federal Courts

Has the LEAST important influence on Congress' legislative agenda.

Federal Reserve Board

Has the key power to expand and contract credit available in the US.

Congress

Has the power to declare war.

Primary/Caucus

Held to select a single candidate to represent the party in the general election.

270

How many votes are needed to win the Presidency?

10

How the Constitution balances the threat posed by organized interests with the need for liberty is discussed in number ___ of the federalist papers.

Selection Bias

In 1936, pollsters at the Literary Digest were guilty of ________ when they mistakenly predicted a presidential victory for Alf Landon over Franklin Roosevelt by polling people whose names came from the telephone book and automobile registration records.

500

In MO, a parent of two children making more than $___ a month earns too much to qualify for Medicaid.

Executive Privilege

In US v. Nixon, Nixon based his refusal to relinquish tapes of conversations with his aids to the court under this principle.

Improvisation

In civil service, there is no freedom for worker _____.

Paper

In the John Oliver clip, Oliver points out that Trump is correct in that _____ ballots are superior.

51

In this federalist paper, Madison argued that separation of powers is because human nature cannot be trusted.

Iron Triangle

In this, the congressional committee supports the agency's budgetary requests and the programs the interest group favors.

Policy Implementation

In which bureaucrats make policy using administrative discretion from Congress at this stage of the policy process. Bureaucrats try to translate the laws of Congress into more specific rules and actions.

Judicial Restraint

In which judges prefer to let Congress interpret federal statutes when the Constitution cannot.

No Child Left Behind Act

Increased the federal government's role in elementary and secondary education.

Candidate

Interest groups are permitted to spend as much money as they want on issue advocacy during a campaign season, as long as they do not coordinate their efforts with a _______'s own campaign organization.

Money

Is necessary but not sufficient for victory.

No

Is the private sector more efficient than the government?

McCain-Feingold Act

It banned nearly all soft money contributions.

Civil Rights Act

It ended some of the most blatant forms of discrimination across the country.

Slowly

It is a myth that Congress is inefficient because it was designed to work _____.

United States v. Lopez

It was the first time since the New Deal that the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress as outlined under the commerce clause.

Roe v. Wade

Jeffrey Toobin argued that Kavanaugh's appointment will affect the right to privacy by overturning:

Clarence Thomas/Brett Kavanaugh

Justices accused of sexual misconduct during their confirmation hearings.

Pork

Legislation that allows representatives to bring home the bacon to their districts in the form of public works programs, military bases, or other programs designed to benefit their districts directly.

Inherent Powers

Powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it -- for example President Lincoln issuing executive orders during the start of the Civil War.

Continued

President Obama's policies often _______ Bush's policies.

Foreign Government

President Trump was impeached for asking a ____ ____ to investigate a political rival.

Expedenture Limits

Presidential candidates who accept federal funding for their general election campaigns receive strict _____ _____.

Spoils System

Prior to the Civil Service Act, government appointments were handled as given to political supporters under the ____ ____.

Affordable Care Act

Prohibits insurance companies from denying coverage to people with preexisting conditions.

Merit System

Protects bureaucrats from dismissal based on political reasons.

Super PACs

Raise unlimited contributions from corporations, unions, professional and business associations, and individuals for the purpose of making unlimited expenditures in favor of or against a candidate running for the presidency or for Congress.

Legitimacy

Recognizing a country means acknowledging ______ of a country's government and territorial claims.

Population

Representation of women and minorities in Congress have increased but is not comparable to their proportion of the general ______.

Stare Decisis

Requires courts to follow authoritative prior decisions when ruling on a case.

Shays Rebellion

Revealed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Equality

Roesler argues that liberty is inconsistent with ______.

Lawrence v. Texas

Ruled laws criminalizing sexual behavior are a violation of the right to privacy.

House of Representatives

Selects the president if no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote.

Great Depression

Showed Americans that hard times can fall onto people not just because of personal negligence but a flawed government. Increased desire for the government to interfere in the economy.

Third Parties

State ballot-access laws, such as registration fees and petition requirements, have the effect of reducing _____ _____ who can run for office.

Laboratories

State governments are ____ of democracy.

Dark Money

Stephen Colbert formed a SuperPac to make fun of ____ ____.

Discretion

Sweeping Congressional legislation gives the president a great deal of ____ to determine how the law is implemented.

Conference

Temporary bipartisan committee formed to reconcile differences between House and Senate versions of a bill.

Barron v. Baltimore

The Bill of Rights originally limited only the national government but not state governments.

Hard

The Daily Show Clip on the attempts of the Obama administration to reform the Veterans Administration shows that bureaucracy is _____ to change.

Gerrymandering

The House has shown more intense partisanship and division because of _______: in which districts are drawn up to favor their party; there is less willing to seek compromise.

Formalized

The House is more ______ than the Senate.

Information

The MOST important and beneficial resource that lobbyists provide government officials.

Pro-Business Conservatives

The Republican Party is divided between _____ ____ _____, who favor global free trade, and far-right conservatives, who are opposed to U.S. involvement in the global economy.

Judicial

The Senate confirms all federal ____ nominations.

Conservative

The Supreme Court has recently become more ____ and activist.

Economic

The US prioritizes security concerns and _____ interest over protecting human rights.

Republican

The ____ was formed as a coalition of anti-slavery forces.

1st

The _____ amendment protects the right of candidates to spend their own money on running for office.

President

The _____ plays the dominant role in shaping foreign policy.

Enumerated

The authority to coin money, regulate interstate commerce, and to make treaties are examples of ___ powers.

Bureaucracy

The benefits of ____ include health and safety, uniformity of service (fruit cake model), and preventing fraud.

Closed Rule

The bill may not be amended on the House floor.

Voter Fatigue

The condition in which voters grow tired of the campaign.

14

The constitutional basis for the nationalization of the Bill of Rights is the ___th Amendment.

Judicial Review

The court's ability to determine the Constitutionality of laws, established by Marbury v. Madison.

Political Engineering

The creation of political structures and institutions explicitly designed to achieve particular political objectives, such as spreading out military projects across the states to maintain Congressional funding.

Oversight

The effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to hold agencies accountable -- for example, public hearings.

Baker v. Carr

The equal protection clause requires legislative districts to be equal in population.

Adversarial

The frequent reporting on the federal investigation by Robert Mueller regarding whether anyone close to Trump participated in Russia's 2016 election interference is an example of the media's commitment to ______ journalism.

Net Neutrality

The idea that Internet traffic—e-mails, Web site content, videos, and phone calls—can be transmitted through the Internet pipeline without interference or discrimination by those who own or run the pipeline.

Myth

The idea that interest groups give people a voice in the government expresses the _____ of corrupting interest group.

Strict Constructivism

The idea that judges should go strictly by the exact words of the Constitution when considering laws.

Progressive

The income tax, founded in the 16th Amendment, is considered a ____ tax.

Original Jurisdiction

The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case. For example, a lawsuit between California and Nevada will go directly to the Supreme Court.

Elderly

The middle class and ____ receive the most benefits from the government's social policies.

More

The modern presidency is ____ powerful than the Framers intended.

Urban

The nature of the US Constitution giving 2 senators to every state often leads to ___ areas being underrepresented.

Decreased

The number of federal employees has gradually ___ since 1950.

Medicare

The original ACA required states to expand _____ benefits for citizens 50 or above or lose all funding for it from the government.

Senators

The original Constitution said that _____ would be elected by state legislatures.

Federalists

The original parties pitted against each other were the ______ and the Democratic Republicans.

Bush Doctrine

The policy in which the US can unilaterally and preemptively attack another country even though they did not attack us.

Litigation

The process of taking legal action. For example, interests groups were heavily involved in the recent Michigan Affirmative Action cases. Some groups sponsored the lawsuit, other filed amicus curiae briefs for both sides.

9

The rate of impoverished elderly people has dropped from 35 percent in 1959 ____ percent in 2015.

Freedom

The right to swing my fist ends where your nose begins shows tension between ___ and order.

Bill

The steps *introduction, committee review, Congressional approval, reconciliation, and Presidential approval* refer to how a ____ becomes a law.

Broad Constructivism

The theory in jurisprudence that the vagueness of the Constitution is an invitation to interpret it broadly.

Pluralism

The theory that competition among organized interests will produce a balance with all the interests regulating one another. The theory is that competition among interests will produce balance, with all interests moderating each other.

ACA/Earned Income Tax Credit/SNAP

The three most important federal programs used to assist the working poor.

Privatization

The transfer of state-owned property to private ownership, for example the Dept of Justice giving federal prisoners to private prisons.

Bastardized

The two-party system has ______ the electoral college.

Affirmative Action

The use of racial quotas for hiring and admissions is unconstitutional.

National

There are disparities in benefits from state to state in the noncontributory programs because grants allow states to operate their own programs rather than a singular ____ program.

Adopted

Third parties often have their programs ______ by one of the two major parties.

Proportional Representation

Third party candidates do better under ____ ____. On Lasswell, this type of representation means a greater amount of ideas reach the policy process.

Rules

This committee decides the order in which bills come up for a vote on the House floor, determines rules for lengths of debate and amendment opportunities.

2/3

To remove a president, the House must impeach by simple majority and the Senate by a ____ majority.

NAFTA

Trade treaty between Mexico, Canada, and the US designed to lower and eliminate tariffs.

Clear and Present Danger Test

Urging young men to resist the draft during World War I was considered a violation of the ____ by the Supreme Court.

Lower

Voter turnout in the US is _____ than most other democracies.

Washington

Warned the people in his farewell address to have little political connections and to steer clear of permanent alliances with foreigners.

Secretary

Warren Buffett complained that his ____ pays a higher tax rate than he does.

No

Was Richard Nixon actually impeached?

Negative

Washington saw political parties as a ______ influence on the political system.

Competence

Weber's ideal bureaucracy argues it should be composed of professionals based on ______.

Hanging Chads

Were what made the confusion in the 2000 election in Florida, in the 2000 presidential elections.

Public Interest

When a coalition of credit card companies forms an interest group called the Partnership to Protect Consumer Credit, this suggests that private groups hide behind ideals of:

Constitutional System

When formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government.

AUMF

While Obama as a senator criticized the _____, he later bombed Libya without Congressional approval.

Effectively

While Republicans seek to privatize bureaucracy, Democrats attempt to make it work more ____.

Less

Young people are far ____ likely to participate in politics than older people.

Women, Men

______ are more Democratic and ____ are more Republican.

Democrats

________ support social programs and regulation of businesses.

Candidates

Political campaigns are more centered around _______.

Filibuster

A lengthy speech designed to delay or kill the vote on a bill; used only in the Senate. For example, Thurmond had the longest one on the Senate floor to try and block the Civil Rights Act. This was rarely used in American history but has become more frequently used in the past *20 years*.

Iron Triangle

A pattern of stable relationships between executive agencies, congressional committees, and group(s) of clientele.

Delegate

A person appointed or elected to represent others on behalf of the people's beliefs, *not his/her own*.

Free Rider

A person who enjoys the benefits of a group's collective efforts but does not contribute to those efforts.

Open Primary

A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place.

Closed Primary

A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote.

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment. For example, in 2018, a coalition of interest groups who favor legalizing medical marijuana in Missouri organized a campaign through voter signatures and put their proposal directly on the ballot for a vote of the people.

Political Party Platform

A statement of party policy goals.

Indirect

A student council elected by the student population is an example of an ____ democracy.

Push Poll

A type of poll that attempts to influence opinions secretly using a poll (would you vote for McCain if you knew that he had a black, illegitimate child?)

Fake News

A widely circulated story during the 2016 presidential election stating that the Pope had endorsed Donald Trump for president was a good example of:

Habeas Corpus

A writ that declares the government must show a legal reason for detaining someone.

Access

According to Roesler and the text, forming PACs and contributing to the campaign coffers of candidates is basically a strategy of buying ______.

Equality of Opportunity

According to Roesler, which type of equality is most prominent in the United States?

Nixon

Acquitted for all offenses against the United States which he...has committed or may have committed.

Casework

Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals.

Monetary Policy

Adjusting interest rates to affect the money supply.

Porn

After the massacre of 17 children at the Parkland, Florida high school, the Florida legislature passed a bill declaring _____ dangerous.

Executive Agreements

Agreements with other countries that do not need Senate approval (thus its Constitutional power). They have become routine instruments of presidential governance rather than emergency wartime measurements, diminishing Senate constitutional treaty power.

NLRB v Jones Laughlin Steel Company

Allowed Congress to regulate a large part of our economy.

Democratic Republicans

Also called Jeffersonians, they supported a weak national government, with the states retaining most powers.

Both

Amendments can be proposed and later *approved* through a 2/3 vote in ____ houses.

Practice

American values conflict with each other in ____.

First Past the Post System

An electoral system where the candidate with the plurality of votes wins regardless of whether that person has a majority of the votes cast; there is no runoff election.

Tort Case

An individual charges that they were injured by another's negligence.

Certiorari

An order from the Supreme Court to send a record of a case from a lower court up to them for review.

Political Party

An organization that tries to influence the government by getting its members elected to office.

Closed Primary

Bernie Sanders ran as a Democrat in 2016 even though he was a registered independent. He had a LOT of enthusiastic supporters who were "Independents." Which kind of election was LEAST favorable to Sanders?

Electoral Votes

Calculated by number of senators plus representatives.

Vice President

Casts the tie-breaking vote in the Senate.

Popular

Clinton is unusual because he left the White House more ____ than when he entered.

Affair

Clinton was impeached by the House for allegations that he lied in a lawsuit about an _____.

No

Do women make up 30% of Congress?

No

Does voting by mail increase privacy protections?

Citizens United

Dramatically increased the flow of money from interest groups and Super PACs into politics and electoral campaigns, ruling corporations are people and can therefore spend as much as they want on political campaigns.

Weakness

During the 2016 primaries, the Republican party establishment *opposed* Donald Trump during the primaries. This case illustrates the _____ of political parties today.

Speaker of the House

Elected leader of the majority party in the House.

10

Electoral votes Trump won from Missouri.

Social Media

Emerged as a tool in reaching the public.

Marshall Plan

Essential for rebuilding Europe after WW1.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Established right to cousel in felony cases.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the national judiciary.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Established the right to privacy. A Connecticut law banning birth control was declared unconstitutional since it violated the zone of privacy found in the third, fourth, and fifth amendments.

Inevitable

Madison argued that interest groups are dangerous but ______.

Protection

Most of the Bill of Rights provisions establish taxpayer ____.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to appeal to disaffected white voters in the South.

501c4

Nonprofit group that is permitted to lobby and campaign; donations to it are not tax deductible. Donors and contributors do not have to be made public, thus there is criticism on dark money.

Open Primary

Occurs when a voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election.

Divided Government

Occurs when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress.

Vote

One of the earliest activities party workers engage in once the general election campaign begins is ensuring citizens can ______.

Ideological

One-party dominance in House districts tends to produce winning candidates that are more ______.

PAC

Organization established to make contributions to political candidates, raise and distribute money to election campaigns.

Interest Group

Organized group of people with common goals seeking to influence the government.

97

Over ___% of cases are heard in state courts in the US.

Information Cues

Party labels provide _____ ____, which is why people who identify as party members vote more than independents.

5

in 2019, __ of 9 justices were Republican-appointed.