Grade 10 Biology : Carbohydrates

Describe the structure of starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Starch is a tight coil of glucose monomers, while glycogen is also a tight coil however more highly branched and a shorter chain. Cellulose has no coil and is straight and unbranched.

What is starch?

Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants. Plant cells store starch for energy. Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet.

What is galactose?

galactose is a monosaccharide which is called milk sugar.

What is glucose?

glucose is a monosaccharide found in sports drinks and honey

What is a ring?

in aqueous (containing water) situations, monosaccharides form ring structures

What is cellular fuel?

meaning monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work

Examples (types) of carbohydrates are

monosaccharides (one sugar unit), disaccharides (two sugar units), and polysaccharides (many sugar units)

What sugars dissolve in water and why

simple and double sugars dissolve readily in water (hydrophilic) because the OH- group makes them water soluble (because it forms hydrogen bonds which makes it polar, slightly positive and negative)

What characteristic does dietary cellulose have?

since most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber, they have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose

Carbohydrates include

small sugar molecules in soft drinks, long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes, composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in 1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen ratio, the molecular formula of any carbohydrate is a multiple of CH2O such as C6H12O6

Basic 3 function for carbohydrates are

1. provide and store energy 2. build macromolecules 3. spare proteins and fat for other uses

What are 3 examples of disaccharides?

1. sucrose (glucose and fructose) 2. lactose (glucose and galactose) 3. maltose (glucose and glucose)

What is a disaccharide?

A disaccharide is a double sugar and it is made by joining to monosaccharides. It involves removing the water molecule (condensation), and the bond is called glycosidic bon.

What is a polysaccharide?

A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate which is composed of many sugar monomers linked together, basically a polymer of monosaccharide chains.

What is cellulose?

Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on earth. It forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants (cell walls). It is a major component of wood and also known as dietary fiber (not digestible by humans).

What is glycogen?

Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals. Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen. It is similar in structure to starch because both are made of glucose monomers. It is abundant in muscles and liver cells.

What is a monosaccharide?

Monosaccharide is one sugar unit (hexose sugar) and examples are : glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose. They are called simple sugars, including glucose, fructose, and galactose. They are mostly compared upon glucose. Monosaccharides is a sugar since it has no chain, if it does it is a starch. C6H12O6 is the basic fuel in all living things produced during photosynthesis. An -ose ending means sugar.

What does polysaccharide stand for and give 3 examples

Polysaccharide stands for many sugar units and 3 examples are starch (bread, potatoes), glycogen (beef muscle), and cellulose (lettuce, corn). Starch stores energy for plants, glycogen stores energy for animals, and cellulose makes cell walls.

Describe the structure of cellulose

The microfibrils which are made up of links of glucose are in an orange tube called macrofibril which make up cellulose. Basically, links (3 layers) of glucose make up microfibril, links of microfibril make up macrofibril, which make cellulose.

What is an isomer?

a molecule with the same chemical formula but with different structures, glucose and fructose is an isomer

What is fructose?

fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits and honey