Grammar

Talking about future 3: negative form

'Will', 'going to', 'be likely to' and 'might' - form For will and might, the form is subject + will / might + infinitive. We use the same form for all persons (I, you, he, she, and so on). You can contract will to 'll in the positive form - we normally do this in spoken language. Positive The new smartphone will have all sorts of special features. We'll be connected 24/7 when everywhere has free wifi. I've ordered a new phone for the office. It might arrive today. Negative This video call will not last long - we only have one thing to discuss. We won't see much change in keyboard layouts for the next few years. There might not be any announcements about the new technology room today - don't count on it! We can use the contracted form won't for all persons (I, you, he, she, and so on). Sometimes we contract might not to mightn't, especially in speaking. For going to and likely to, the form is subject + am/are/is + going to/likely to + infinitive. We can contract I am (I'm), you are/we are/they are (you're/we're/they're) and he is/she is (he's/she's). Positive They're going to announce a new line of laptops soon. The line is going to come out in September. It's going to be all over the news. It's likely to be a major advance in computing technology. Negative Some people say technology isn't going to change our lives that much. We aren't going to see the smartring any time soon. The negative of likely is unlikely. The new smartwatches are unlikely to be a big revolution in technology.

All, every and each usage

1) All or All the is followed by a plural or uncountable noun. Every and each are followed by a singular noun. All the students have their own rooms. All the information about accommodation is on our website. Every student has their own room. Each student has their own room. 2) Every and each can often be used in the same place, but we prefer every when we are thinking about the whole number in a group, and each when we are thinking about the members of the group as individuals. Every room has Wi-Fi. Each one has a different view. 3) To emphasise the individual members of a group, use every not each. I was too late to apply for accommodation. Every room in the building is already taken. 4) For only two things, we can use each but not every. The university has two student dormitories, with about 1,000 students in each building. 5) All and each but not every can be followed by of + a plural noun or pronoun. Notice that each of with a plural noun or pronoun is followed by a singular verb. All of the students have a phone in the room. Each of them has a phone in their room.

both, either and nethier usage

1) We use both (of), neither (of) and either (of) to talk about two people or things. Both means this one AND the other one. Neither means NOT this one AND NOT the other one. Either means this one OR the other one. Either is used mainly in questions and negative sentences. Both of the men are wearing black ties. Both men are reading newspapers. Neither man is wearing a pink t-shirt. Neither of the men has blond hair. I don't think either man is going to get the job. She didn't choose either of them for the job. 2) We often use these patterns: both... and..., neither... nor..., and either... or... He plays both the violin and the guitar. Neither me nor my brother are married. Should I wear either this shirt or that one?

type of unccountable noun

1. activity nouns: travel, work, homework 2. information nouns: advice, information, knowledge, research 3. group nouns: accommodation, baggage, furniture, money, traffic, weather 4. liquids and gasses: water, air 5. materials and substances: wood, rice 6. feelings and ideas: happiness, education 7. subjects: geography, history, economics, physics **A few uncountable nouns look plural because they end in -s. But they use a singular verb like other uncountable nouns:

How to use 'just'

1. at this moment, I'm just finishing this video 2. exactly (พึ่ง), It's just 4 o'clock 3. emphasis, I just love this shirt 4. only, This book cost me just 1 pound

Whole vs Entire

Basically, they are used in a similar way, except 'entire' is a bit more formal and a bit more emphatic

because/as/since

Because is more common than as or since and we use it when we want to focus on the reason. I'm tired because I didn't sleep very well. When we want to give extra focus to the reason, we can put the because clause at the beginning of the sentence. Because my bed is uncomfortable, I'm getting a bad back. As and since are more formal than because and we use them to focus on the result rather than the reason. I hope Tom's brought that comic as I wanted to borrow it from him. Noodles are popular since they're easy to cook. We often use as and since clauses at the beginning of the sentence. Just remember to add a comma. So, as our minute is up, I'll finish recording this video.

compound adjective with/without hyphen

Compound adjectives with hyphens: adjective/adverb + present participle a hard-working student adjective/adverb + noun a last-minute decision noun + adjective a world-famous athlete adverb/noun + past participle before a noun well-respected politicians three-word compound adjectives before a noun out-of-date fashion Compound adjectives without hyphens: adverb/noun + past participle after a noun the politicians were well respected three-word compound adjectives after a noun that voucher is out of date compound adjectives made with an adverb ending in -ly, both before and after a noun a carefully written letter the letter was carefully written

Talking about future 2: about certainty

Expressing certainty and uncertainty We can use probably and possibly with will to make less certain predictions about the future. Advances in technology mean that buying a computer will probably get cheaper. Using touchscreen devices will possibly have a negative effect on children's handwriting skills. We can also use I think, I expect and I'm sure with will to make predictions that we are less certain about. I think everyone will have microchips in their heads one day. I expect mapping technology will improve a lot with more and more wifi spots. I'm sure smartphones will be much cheaper. So, thinking about the question at the beginning of this activity: Which is more probable: Next year I will move abroad or Next year I might move abroad? The answer is... I will move abroad is more probable! We use will for things we think are more certain and might for things we think are less certain.

Hard vs Hardly

Hard Hard can be used in many different ways but it usually means 'strong', 'difficult' or 'intense'. Here, hard is an adjective and describes a noun. Ow! That ball is hard! Hard Hard can be used in many different ways but it usually means 'strong', 'difficult' or 'intense'. Here, hard is an adjective and describes a noun. Ow! That ball is hard! Calculus is hard! That was really hard work. Hardly Hardly is an adverb. It can mean 'almost not'. We can use it with 'any' to talk about quantity - hardly any. It can also be used with 'ever' as an adverb of frequency - hardly ever. This is too small. I can hardly read it. There's hardly any water in this cup. I hardly ever play basketball.

few & a few

Have a look at these two sentences. Which sentence has a more negative feeling? I have few friends. I have a few friends who live in London. It was sentence number one right? When we use few, we're saying that the total number of something is not as many as we would like - that the number is small. Here, I'm telling you that I don't have many friends. When we use a few, we're not talking about the total number, but a category of something. It has a similar meaning to 'some'. Here, I'm telling you that some of my friends live in London. Just remember, we always use this with countable nouns only, so please be careful. See you next time!

passive voice

In English we can talk about when 'A' does something to 'B' in two different ways. In this example, NASA is 'A' and the final shuttle is 'B' Active voice NASA launched the final shuttle in 2011. Passive voice The final shuttle was launched by NASA in 2011. We use the passive voice when... we are more interested in the action than the agent we are more interested in the receiver of the action than the agent the agent (or doer) is unimportant, unknown or obvious The passive is made with subject + to be + past participle: The shuttle was launched in 2011. The bank robbers were arrested. English is spoken by many people around the world. We use by to talk about the agent in passive sentences. The Colombia shuttle was launched by NASA over 30 years ago. The missing watch was found by a ten-year-old boy.

Talking about future 1: word used

In English, we can make predictions in several ways: In 100 years' time, everyone will have a flying car. The government is going to raise fuel taxes. We might move to New York as I've just got a job with that American company. With prices falling, ownership of smartphones is likely to increase in the near future. We use will to make predictions about the future when we are certain that something is going to happen. Everyone will have an electric car in 50 years' time. With global warming, there won't be any ice caps left. I didn't charge my phone. The battery's going to run out. Sometimes we can use will or going to without any difference in meaning. The company will be 40 years old in 2016. The company is going to be 40 years old in 2016. But we often use going to when our prediction is based on a present situation or evidence. We are launching our new smartphone today. It's going to be really popular. The opinion polls show support for both parties is strong. The election is going to be close. We use might and be likely to when we think something will happen, but we are not certain. Might is less certain than be likely to. I might buy a new smartphone - I've just been given a raise at work! People are throwing away more and more of their old technology. The amount of electronic waste is likely to increase a lot in the near future.

indirect question

Indirect questions help us to sound more formal or polite. Direct question: What time is it? Indirect question: Could you tell me what time it is? Indirect questions are introduced by phrases like: Can you tell me... Could you show me... Would you mind telling me... Have you any idea.. I wonder... This first part of an indirect question is followed by a question word or if or whether with the information we want to know. Could you tell me what you're doing? Could you tell me who is in charge? I wonder when we're having dinner. Could you show me where the station is? Have you any idea how I use this smartphone? Could you tell me if you're free? I wonder whether you can come to my party. Word order But what about the word order after these starting phrases? Compare these direct and indirect questions - what do you notice? DIRECT: Where is the cinema? INDIRECT: Do you know where the cinema is? DIRECT: What time does the film start? INDIRECT: Can you tell me what time the film starts? In direct questions, we usually use an auxiliary verb (am/is/are, do/does, have/has, etc.) before the subject. However, in an indirect question, the auxiliary verb (if there is one) and the main verb come after the subject. CORRECT: Could you show me how this computer works? WRONG: Could you show me how does this computer work? help us to ask yes/no questions politely or formally. Direct question: Is the meeting at two? Indirect question: Could you tell me if the meeting is at two? Indirect question: Could you tell me whether the meeting is at two? We can add or not to indirect questions with if and whether like this: Could you tell me if the meeting is at two or not? Could you tell me whether the meeting is at two or not? Could you tell me whether or not the meeting is at two? So we can use or not straight after whether or at the end of the question, but we can only use it at the end of questions with if.

just and already

Just = a very short time ago 'I've just ordered a nice, big, vegetarian breakfast.' Already = before now, or earlier than expected. 'I've already signed up at the gym.' So where do we put just or already? Usually they go between have/has and the past participle But already can also go at the end of the sentence: 'I've signed up at the gym already.' Already may also be used in questions sometimes, especially when the speaker is surprised by something. 'Have we already studied this? I thought it was a new topic!'

may be vs maybe

May is used to express possibility - usually not a very certain one. It's a modal verb so it's always followed by a bare infinitive. The bare infinitive of 'be' is... be! Using the two together, we can make a sentence: Don't call her. She may be at work! Now, maybe is just one word. It's an adverb and it has a few uses. Most commonly, it means 'perhaps' or 'possibly'. In this case, it's often the first word in the sentence. Don't' call her. Maybe she's at work! However, put it in front of an amount to mean 'around' or 'approximately'. This video will be seen by maybe a million people. Make it happen, people!

used to

Meaning and use We use the phrase used to when we want to talk about something we did regularly in the past, but we don't do now. We also use it to talk about a past fact which is no longer true. I used to work at a restaurant, but now I work at a library. Shari didn't use to take the bus to school, but now she does. NOT: I used to eat some cake last Saturday night. ('Saturday night' was just one time, so it was not something done regularly.) Used to can help us to compare activities in the past and now. I used to work at a restaurant in the past, and now I work at a library. When we say used to, we do not do something now. I used to work at a restaurant. I quit that job, and then got a new job at a library. Form The different forms of this phrase are used to or did/did not/didn't + use to. Used to is used in positive sentences. Use to is used in negative and question forms. Positive Alan used to wear his hat every day until he left it on the bus. My aunt used to have a dog called Charlie. Negative Marsha didn't use to enjoy skiing, but now she loves it. I was surprised that you didn't use to live in Shanghai. Question Which road did you use to take to the village before they built the new one? Did Martin use to have a flat in this building? Negative question Didn't Paula use to study French? Didn't William use to work at night? Take note: adverbs Used to already means that something happened regularly in the past. You don't need to add adverbs most of the time. However, if you want to stress a time period, you can add an adverb. John didn't use to go shopping often, but now he does. We used tovisit Mexico yearly, but lately, we've been going to Chile.

Mixed Conditionals

Past and present We usually use mixed conditionals to talk about a past imaginary situation that has a present imaginary result. Remember, this past situation and present result are imaginary. They are not real. If I had eaten breakfast, I wouldn't be hungry now. Past: The first half of the conditional represents the past. Because of this it uses the same structure as the third conditional - if + past perfect (had + past participle verb). If I had eaten breakfast, I wouldn't be hungry now. If he had studied harder, he would have a good job. Present: The second half of the conditional represents the present. Because of this it uses the same structure as a second conditional - would + infinitive (no to). If I had eaten breakfast, I wouldn't be hungry now. If he had studied harder, he would have a good job.

Talking about future 4: question form

Questions To form questions with will, going to and likely, it's auxiliary (Will/Am/Is/Are) + subject + verb. We often use short answers. Will this new smartwatch change my life? No, it won't. Are they going to announce the software release today? Yes, they are. Is it likely to be any better than the previous version? No, it isn't. We can also make questions with question words. When will they sort out the computers at work? Who will win the tech race? Where are they going to release the new phone first? It is possible to ask a question with Might + subject + infinitive, but it's more common to form a question with Do you think + subject + might + infinitive. Do you think this might change computing as we know it?

Subject question

Subject questions with no auxiliary are formed with: question word + verb + object, where the verb agrees with the subject. Who speaks Japanese? Kenji speaks Japanese. Who rang the doorbell? The milkman rang the doorbell. What caused the accident? Bad weather caused the accident. Whose and which ask about possession and choice, and can be used in subject questions like this: Whose horse finished the race first? Which painting cost the most? Using 'what' or 'which' As well as which, what is also used to ask about choices. If the choice is limited, we use which and this is usually followed by a noun.

intonation in question tag

The intonation of this tag - that is, how we say it - is really important as it can change the meaning behind the question. If the tag has rising intonation - if my voice goes up when I ask the question - then it's a genuine question. I don't know the answer and I want to know. He's our new designer, isn't he? (rising intonation) He's our new designer, isn't he? If the tag has falling intonation - if my voice goes down when I ask the question - this can mean two things. One, I think I know the answer to the question and I want to check. I think he is the new designer and I want to know if this is true. Or two, I'm using my intonation to try and start a conversation with someone. I'm asking someone about the new designer and I want to talk to that person. He's our new designer, isn't he? (falling intonation) He's our new designer, isn't he?

present perfect tense

The present perfect is often used to talk about situations that started in the past and are continuing now. We talk about how long using the words for and since. for = throughout (a period of time) They've been married for six months. since = from (an exact point in time) until now They've been married since March. We can also use present perfect + since + past simple. I haven't seen Tanya since we graduated. The present perfect is made with subject + have/has (positive) or haven't/hasn't (negative) + past participle.

past perfect tense

The structure for the past perfect tense is had + a past participle. There are two past actions: arriving at the airport and the plane leaving. But which of these happened first? The clue is the past perfect tense. The action in the past perfect is the action that always happens first. Because the verb 'leave' is in the past perfect - had left - we know that this action happened first. The action that happened second is often in the past simple tense - in this example: 'I arrived'. When you want to talk about two past actions, one which happened before the other, remember to use the past perfect for the first action and the past simple for the second. Thanks for joining us for this English In A Minute.

the 3rd conditional sentence

The third conditional is a little strange because we're talking about something that didn't happen in the past. Why would we do that? Well, because sometimes we want to imagine a different outcome. A friend of mine came to visit me yesterday. It was a surprise, so when I opened my front door, I said: "If I'd known you were coming, I would have baked a cake!" Did I know she was coming? No. Did I bake a cake? No. So I'm imagining a different result. Because we're talking about an imaginary past, we use: If + the subject + the past perfect, the subject + would have + past participle (V3) And you can also swap those round: What would you have done if you'd known your friend was coming?

using see/hear

There are a number of these verbs but I'm just going to look at two with you now: see and hear. When we use these verbs, this is the form: First, the verb of perception. Then, the object of the sentence. Then we have either the infinitive without to or the -ing form. Here's an example: I heard him go down the stairs. Or: I heard him going down the stairs. There's a slight difference between these two forms: When we use the infinitive, it suggests that we hear or see the whole action or event. Using the -ing form suggests that we hear or see something in progress. 'I saw her cross the street' means I saw her cross from one side to the other. 'I saw her crossing the street' means I saw her in the middle - on the way across.

special case for question tag

There is a special case if the pronoun is 'I' and we use 'be' in the statement. The tag is made with am when the statement is negative - but when the statement is positive, the tag is made with aren't. I'm not the right person for the job, am I? I'm in the right building for the interview, aren't I?

preposition for time expression

Time expressions with at specific times - at one o'clock / at 2:30pm points of the day - at noon / at midday / at night / at midnight points of the day when things happen - at breakfast / at dinner / at lunchtime festivals and special days - at Easter, at Eid weekend - at the weekend Time expressions with on specific dates - on 3rd May specific days - on Christmas Day / on New Year's Eve days of the week - on Monday / on Mondays Time expressions with in parts of the day - in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening seasons - in spring / in summer / in autumn / in winter years - in 1996

if/unless/as long as

Unless and 'as long as' can be used to replace 'if' in different situations. Let's have a look at some example sentences: I will go to the party if you come too. I will go to the party as long as you come too. Both of these sentences have the same meaning. Notice that the verb after 'if' and 'as long as' is positive. Now look at these sentences: If you don't do your homework, you can't watch the film. Unless you do your homework, you can't watch the film. Both of these sentences have the same meaning. But notice that the verb after 'if' is negative and the verb after 'unless' is positive.

Talk about habit and state in the past

Used to and would help us talk about things that happened in the past. Would + infinitive without 'to' - Habits When I had free time, I would practise guitar. Since we were always in a hurry, we wouldn't stop for tea on Fridays. Would you often stay for lunch? Used to + infinitive without 'to' - Habits Isabel used to sing in a band. Pablo didn't use to drive to work. Did John use to study with you? Used to + infinitive without 'to'- States Bob used to be much shorter. I didn't use to like art. Did Wayne use to belong to the debating team? Didn't Margaret use to hate flying?

enough/ too much/ too many

We use (not) enough with adjectives and nouns to talk about the right amount of something. (Not) enough comes after an adjective or before a noun: Jenny: Did you buy that dress? Sally: No, I didn't. It wasn't big enough. Have you got enough money? We have enough food. There aren't enough chairs. We use too with much and many to talk about an amount or number of something that is more than we want or need. Too many goes with countable nouns. Too much goes with uncountable nouns. There are too many people on the bus. There is too much salt in this soup.

Talking about one's ability

We use can and be able to with infinitive verbs to talk about ability in the present. An elephant can carry up to 9,000kg. They are able to walk for up to 50 miles a day. For ability in the past, use could and was/were able to. I could see the fish in the water, but I couldn't catch them. They weren't able to survive long without food. For single events in the past, use be able to for positive sentences. We were able to take a photograph of the lions (NOT: We could take a photograph of the lions) For single events, use be able to or could / couldn't for negatives and questions. We weren't able to see the elephants today. We couldn't take any photographs. Could you see any giraffes? Use manage to when something is very difficult to do or very successful: They managed to travel across the Atlantic Ocean. After can/can't and could/couldn't we don't use 'to' with the infinitive: He can speak with the local people in their language. They can't really understand each other, though. They could communicate basic ideas. He couldn't study the language long enough to learn to write it. Can/can't and could/couldn't have the same form for all persons, but are able to changes: am/are/is able to in the present and was/were able to in the past. In questions with can and could the modal verb moves before the subject. You can speak the Yakut language. Can you speak Yakut? With manage to you make the question form with did or could. You make the negative with didn't or couldn't. Did you manage to eat the food? I didn't manage to eat any of it! Could you manage the journey? I couldn't manage it - the journey was too tough! And the first tip is, you know sense verbs like see, hear and smell? And verbs of thinking like believe, understand and remember? Well, we usually use can and not be able to with those. Examples please, Mike. Second tip. When we have two main verbs together, we can't put can or could between them. For example, with the sentence I'd like to swim. It's okay to say I'd like to be able to swim.

might / may / could + verb

We use might / may / could + verb: for present & future possiblitites; for guesses about the present; when we aren't sure if something will happen in the future. There is no difference in meaning between might, may and could. Negative form: Many people may not be able to get to work at all. It mightn't affect us as badly as they say. It is possible to ask questions with Might/May/Could + subject + infinitive without 'to', but it sounds more natural in spoken English to say Do you think + subject + might/may/could + infinitive without 'to'. A note about couldn't We don't use couldn't in the same way as might not / mightn't / may not. 'Couldn't'means that something is impossible.

more/most

We use more/most when these adjectives have 2 syllables or more and they don't end in 'y'

tag questions

We use tag questions to ask for confirmation. For example: It's a melon, isn't it? 'Isn't it' has a similar meaning to 'do you agree'? When the statement is positive, we make a negative question. And when the statement is negative, we make a positive question. It isn't a banana, is it? We can use other auxiliary verbs with tag questions and these show a change in tense and meaning. For example: You won't eat my melon, will you? When there's no auxiliary verb, we make a question using 'do'. Elly, you really like melons, don't you? She really does.

The 1st conditional sentence

We use the first conditional to talk about possible future situations and their results. We make the first conditional with if + present simple with will + infinitive. The two parts of the sentence can be in any order. If I feel tired, I'll have a nap. I'll have a nap if I feel tired. isn't certain that I'll feel tired. Negative If we don't hurry, we'll miss the train. They won't go to the beach if it isn't sunny. Question If you get home early, what will you do? How will he feel if he doesn't get the job? The two parts of the sentence can be in any order. When I get home, I'll cook dinner. I'll cook dinner when I get home. It's certain that I will get home. I will then cook dinner. Negative When I get home, I won't watch TV. Question When you finish school, what will you do? Take Note: modals We can use modals such as may, might, can or should in first conditional sentences. May and might show we are less certain than when we use will. We might be late if the shops are busy. If I feel unwell tomorrow, I may stay at home. You shouldn't use the kettle if it isn't working properly. If you can't finish your homework tonight, you can't go out tomorrow. When you can smell the cake, you'll know that it's cooked. Take note: going to and present continuous with future meaning We can use going to or the present continuous with future meaning in the if/when part or the main part. If we don't leave right now, we're going to be late. If you're playing tennis later, you'll need to take your racket. Take note: as long as and unless We can use as long as and unless with the same meaning as if and if not: As long as we leave now, we won't be late. (= If we leave now, we won't be late.) Unless we leave now, we'll be late. (= If we don't leave now, we'll be late.)

Past simple and present perfect

We use the past simple tense when an action or situation happens and finishes in the past. We usually say or know when it happens. We arrived two days ago. We use the present perfect in several ways: 1) to talk about our experiences in the past. We don't say when these happened because we are interested in the experience, not the time or date. We often use the words ever and never. Have you ever been here? I've never been to Goa. 2) to talk about situations that started in the past and are continuing now. We sometimes ask a question with how long + the present perfect and we answer it with the words for or since. How long has Mia been in Goa? She's been there for two days. It's been really hot since we arrived. 3) to say whether an action has happened or not at the present time. The words just, already and yet are very common with this use of the present perfect. I've already done some sunbathing. We haven't seen much yet. The sun's just disappeared!

Present simple and present continuous

We use the present continuous for things that are happening now and for temporary situations. We often use time expressions like at the moment, this week and these days. We're staying in a fantastic hotel in Goa this week. We use the present simple for things that we do regularly and for permanent situations. We often use adverbs of frequency and time expressions like sometimes, every day and on Saturdays. I swim every day before breakfast. *A note about 'I'm loving it'. This is non-standard usage. In less formal English, the continuous form is sometimes used with state verbs. You might also hear someone say, 'I'm hating this movie.' The -ing form of the verbs in these examples have a sense of being temporary.

the 2nd conditional sentence

We use the second conditional in English to talk about unreal, imaginary or unlikely situations (like going on a dream holiday) It's made up of two parts: The hypothetical or unlikely part begins with if and is in the past simple If I had lots of money, I would travel all around the world. The second part (the possible result of the imaginary situation) is made with would + infinitive If I had lots of money, I would travel all around the world. The two parts can be in any order. When the would part is first, you dont need a comma between the two parts I would travel all around the world if I had lots of money. There are not two woulds in a second conditional sentence If I would have lots of money, I would travel all around the world. (WRONG) If I had lots of money, I would travel all around the world. (RIGHT) Positive If we recycled more, there would be less waste. We'd feel better if we ate more healthily. Negative She would be happier if she didn't work so hard. If you weren't so rude,people would like you more. There wouldn't be so much litter if we all recycled more. Question Would the world be better if we all spoke the same language? If animals ruled the world, what would they do? Short answers In short answers, you use would/wouldn't. If you needed some money, would you ask your parents? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn't.

intesifier for adjective

We use too and very with adjectives to talk about degree. Too describes something negative or unwanted. Very makes the adjective stronger. The words not too with an adjective shows that there isn't a problem. Malik: Those red shoes were very nice. Did you buy them? Sarah: No - they were too small. I bought the green ones instead: they were the right size and not too expensive. We don't use very with strong adjectives. These examples are wrong: The pianist was very excellent. The Grand Canyon is very enormous. These examples are correct: That movie was incredible. Her performance was dreadful. Use absolutely to make strong adjectives even stronger: That cake was absolutely delicious! intensifiers for normal adjectives very, quite, not so, just a little bit intensifier for strong adjectives absolutely

Relative clauses

We use where to add information about a place (a country, city, building, or other space) We use who to give details about a person We use which to begin a relative clause about an item, an idea, or a thing. That can sometimes be used in place of which, and it can also sometimes be used in place of who. The important thing is that the relative clause will usually come directly after the person, place, or thing it describes. We use where for relative clauses that give information about something in a place. We use which when we are giving some information about the whole place. If the relative pronoun functions as the object of the relative clause, the relative pronoun can be left out completely.

We use much more before an uncountable noun (like chocolate or money) and many more before a countable noun (like friends or countries).

When to use much/many more+n.

adverb of frequency

Where do they go in a sentence? Adverbs of frequency generally occupy three positions in a sentence - all in relation to the verb. 1. Before the main verb In the majority of cases, the adverb of frequency goes before the main verb. Helen always starts work at seven. She usually went to school by bus. 2. After the verb when the main verb is 'be' If the main verb is a form of 'be' (am, are, is, was, were), the adverb of frequency comes after. Helen isn't always happy with this. They are never late for anything! 3. Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb If the sentence has two verbs - Choose the correct answer to complete this sentence: Work _______ challenging, but I like it. - the adverb of frequency goes between them. Helen has always hated early starts. She doesn't often go to school by bus.

Making suggestion

With want: The form is subject + (don't/doesn't) want + noun + relative clause. You want a garden that is attractive to wildlife. You don't want lots of colours that will clash. With want to: The form is subject + (don't/doesn't) want + infinitive with 'to'. You want a garden that is attractive to wildlife. He doesn't want to cut that grass too short. It will die. We can use imperative verbs to give instructions. The form is the base infinitive without to. The negative form is Don't + infinitive without 'to'. Choose a tree that will look nice all year. Don't forget to check the roots! We can use the structure Don't be afraid + infinitive with 'to' to advise someone to do something that they may be worried about doing. Don't be afraid to pick up the tree.

Word order when describing things

Word order when describing things In English, describing words usually go in this order before the noun: size - colour - material - noun For example: A long white silk dress. long (size) white (colour) silk (material) noun (dress)

yet

Yet = before now / until now We use yet in negative sentences and in questions. We usually put yet at the end of a negative sentence or question. 'Steve hasn't decided which course to apply for yet.' 'Has your tutor approved your research topic yet?'

the zero conditional

Zero conditional Meaning and use: To talk about things which always happen if an action takes place. Form: The if / when part is present simple. The result is also present simple. If you work on the computer too long, your eyes start to hurt. I get terrible headaches when I eat chocolate. I feel upset when he doesn't answer my calls. What comes out of a volcano when it erupts? The two parts can come in any order: Your eyes start hurting if you work on the computer too long. When I eat chocolate, I get terrible headaches.

we use even for emphasis

much/a lot+comparative