Grammar

SUBJ(s) is/are AGE (NK #). **Exceptions: 1 year old, 2 years old, 3 years old, 4 years old, 20 years old, any other number that ends in 1/2/3/4

# 살이에요. **한, 두, 세, 네, 스무, etc.

Multi-Verb Constructions 1. to go/come (to LOC to) V **오다 is only used to convey that someone is coming to the place where you are rather than going to a place where you are not present. **-(으)러 is always combined with the verb stem only without any suffixes such as -았/었/였- or -겠-. Tense is conveyed through 가다 or 오다.

(LOC) VS(C)으러 가다/오다 / (LOC) VS(V)러 가다/오다

Present Tense 1. Basic present tense - If last vowel of VS is ㅗ or ㅏ - If last vowel of VS is NOT ㅗ or ㅏ - If VS is 하 2. Narrative present tense - If following AV - If following DV, 있다, 없다 **The narrative present tense is usually used when you are talking to someone not older than you and on close terms with. It is often used in writing when describing what is happening. In writing, there is no distinction between formal and casual language. Usages: - To show a reaction or impression about a present action or situation--allows excitement or surprise to be shown more clearly (e.g., "This is good!" = 이거 좋다!). - To talk about a present action, situation, or regular occurrence, possibly to elicit a reaction from the listener (e.g., "I won't invite you (again)." = 초대 안 한다.) **-(ㄴ/는)다 implies a stronger meaning of determination and seeking reaction than (으)ㄹ게요. - To narrate a series of actions or events whenever a neutral and narrative voice is required (e.g., in personal journals, recipes, narration scripts, documentary films)

- VS아요 (와요) - VS어요 (먹어요) - VS여요 (해요) - AVS(C)는다 / AVS(V)ㄴ다 - DVS(C)다 / DV(V)다

Levels of Formality Informal language (-아/어/여): used when the speaker is much older than the other person and knows for sure that the other person won't get offended, the speaker is older than/same age as the other person and has received permission, the speaker is talking/writing to self - Can I lower the language with you? [SPEAKER IS OLDER] - Can I speak comfortably with you? [SPEAKER IS OLDER] - You can speak casually with me. [SPEAKER IS YOUNGER] - You can speak comfortably with me. [SPEAKER IS YOUNGER] - Shall we speak informally to each other? [SAME AGE] - I can talk informally with you, right? [SAME AGE] Formal/polite language (-아/어/여요): used when the speaker knows the other person only through work, the speaker is in a formal setting, the speaker just met the other person, the other person is a superior or a spouse of a relative, the speaker is talking to a large audience Honorific language (-ㅂ니다): used when the speaker wants to show respect for the person that he or she is talking to or about **Fixed honorific nouns: talk/speech/story/speaking (말씀), meal (식사) Converting Between Formality Levels 1. INFORMAL [PRESENT TENSE] 2. INFORMAL [PAST TENSE] 3. INFORMAL [FUTURE TENSE] 4. HONORIFIC [PRESENT TENSE] **-셔요 may also be pronounced and written as -세요 only in present tense and imperative sentences. 5. HONORIFIC [PAST TENSE] 6. HONORIFIC [FUTURE TENSE] **Exceptions: 듣다 (들으시다), 팔다 (파시다), 먹다 (드시다), 마시다 (드시다) 7. name (F) 8. name (I) **This conjugation only works for calling a person by name. 9. name (I) **This conjugation only works when referring to a person by name. **Names ending in a vowel do not have an ending. 10. name (H) **This conjugation is used when calling a person by name or title. It is rude to refer to a person's title without -님.

- 말 놔도 돼요? - 말 편하게 해도 돼요? - 말 놓으셔도 돼요. - 말 편하게 하셔도 돼요. - 우리 말 놓을까요? - 말 편하게 해도 되죠? 1. VS아/어/여 / VS(C)이야 / VS(C)야 2. VS았/었/였어 3. VS(C)을 거야 / VS(V)ㄹ 거야 4. VS(C)으셔/세요 / VS(C)셔/세요 5. VS(C)으셨어요 / VS(C)셨어요 6. VS(C)으실 거예요/ VS(C)실 거예요 7. NAME 씨 8. NAME(C)아 / NAME(V)야 9. NAME(C)이 10. NAME/TITLE님

Multi-Usage Endings 1. -데(요) - If following AV, 있다/없다, -았/-겠 - If following DV **If used in a single clause, -요 should be attached after -데 to maintain formality. Usages: a) To explain the background/situation before making a suggestion, request, question (e.g., "It's Sunday tomorrow. What are you doing to do?") b) To explain the situation before explaining what happened (e.g., "I was sleeping yesterday, and I got a phone call.") c) To provide contrast between two situations (e.g., "It's still 9, but I'm already sleepy). d) To show surprise or exclamation (e.g., "Oh, that's cool!") e) To ask a question expecting some explanation (e.g., "Where are you now?") f) To imply that a response is expected (e.g., "I'm busy now, so ... [can you rearrange the plans?]") 2. -네요 - [PRESENT TENSE] - [PAST TENSE] **-네요 is used to express an impression, thought, or surprise (because intonation is key for distinguishing context, surprise in written text is hard to convey) 3. -지요 (-죠) - [PRESENT TENSE] - [PAST TENSE] - [FUTURE TENSE] Usages: a) To talk about something supposing that the other person also already knows about it (statement) b) To re-mention a fact that both the speaker and listener know or have a common opinion about (statement) c) To reassure oneself by asking something both the speaker and listener know the answer to (question) d) To ask oneself to confirm the fact (question) **In this case, -지 is the ending. e) To ask oneself a question by saying it out loud with intentions of self-confirming and asking others simultaneously **In this case, -지 is the ending. 4. -(이)라도 Usages: a) To suggest something that is not the best out of all options (at least N) b) When used after 아무, 누구, 어디, 언제, 어느, to express that any choice is fine c) When used after certain adverbs or words describe number/quantity, to emphasize the number/quantity with the meaning "even" **Fixed expression: "as soon as possible" = 하루라도 빨리 (can also mean "even one day earlier") d) To show suspicion about a certain possibility (attached to N) 5. -잖아요 - [INFORMAL; PRESENT TENSE] - [FORMAL; PRESENT TENSE] - [HONORIFIC; PRESENT TENSE] - [INFORMAL; PAST TENSE] - [FORMAL; PAST TENSE] - [HONORIFIC; PAST TENSE] - [INFORMAL; FUTURE TENSE] - [FORMAL; FUTURE TENSE] - [HONORIFIC; FUTURE TENSE] Usages: a) To ask the other person to agree b) To insist what one is saying or has said is correct (i.e., "You know," "I told you") c) To correct the other person's remark by repeating what he or she has said previously (i.e., "Didn't you say ... ?") 6. -겠- **This suffix is very commonly used in spoken language. Usages: a) To ask about someone's or express one's own intention - Would you like to V? [FORMAL] - Would you like to V? [HONORIFIC] **The more casual form of this construction is VS(으)ㄹ래요? - I'm going to V. / I'd like to do it. [HONORIFIC] **The more casual form of this construction is VS(으)ㄹ게요. b) To express one's opinion, idea, or assumption - I think/guess/assume S./It must (be) V **-겠- can also give a nuance that you are somewhat careful with your opinion. c) Ask someone else's assumption or opinion about a possibility or capability - Do you think? **Fixed expressions: "Nice to meet you" = 처음 뵙겠습니다, "Thank you for the food" = 잘 먹겠습니다, "I will see you later" = 다녀오겠습니다, "I got it/understand" = 알겠습니다, "I don't know/I'm not sure" = 모르겠어요, "I'm so tired, I'm going to die" = 힘들어 죽겠어요 7. -거든요 Usages a) To express a reason or a background explanation for something - RESULT. Because/you see CAUSE. **This usage fulfills the same purpose as -아/어/여서, -(으)니까, and -기 때문에, but -거든요 forms a separate sentence after the sentence expressing a result (e.g., "I don't know. (Because) I just got here." = 모르겠어요. 저 방금 왔거든요.) - The result sentence may be dropped if only a cause or explanation is warranted. b) To imply a continuation of a statement or story - S1, you see. So/but S2. - S1, when used alone without S2, implies that a related statement follows (e.g., "I'm a little busy now, so ... (go by yourself)" = 제가 지금 좀 바쁘거든요.) c) To state a reason to justify one's anger 8. -(으)ㅁ Usages a) To change a verb into a noun **추다, 지다, and 꾸다 have to be used in conjunction with their noun form (i.e., 춤을 추다, 짐을 지다, and 꿈을 꾸다). b) To make a sentence or clause into a noun group **This usage achieves the same purpose as -다는 것 or -라는 것, but is used in formal situations or official documents. **Verbs used with -(으)ㅁ: 옳다, 나쁘다, 분명하다, 확실하다, 발견하다, 알다, 주장하다, 알리다 (related to facts, knowledge, etc.) **Verbs used with -기: 쉽다, 어렵다, 좋다, 싫다, 바라다, 시작하다, 계속하다, 멈추다, 약속하다 c) To convey a message during a situation which the level of formality is uncertain or unknown (e.g., memos, warnings, reports, laws, notices) 9. -(으)ㄹ까 보다 Usages: a) To express worry or concern - (SUBJ) was worried that S [ASSUMPTION]. **This usage is used to talk about events that might happen, not things that are already happening or will happen for sure. **When used with 걱정, 봐 can be omitted. b) To explain the reason for a decision based on an assumption - (SUBJ) V1-ed thinking/in the case that N might V2(, but S). c) To express one's inclination to do something - I am thinking I should V. **This usage is used when contemplating an idea. 10. -더니 Usages: a) To describe two things that are experienced or observed, one after the other. **The two things that happened can be either the opposite of each other, very different from each other (therefore surprising you), or just connected to each other in sequence. b) To indicate a direct result of an action **The tense of the sentence (usually past or present tense) can be expressed through the second verb. The first verb may be conjugated in the past tense as well although not required if a temporal indicator is present (e.g., yesterday). 11. -걸(요) Usages: a) To express interest or amazement in something new **In this usage, -걸(요) takes on the same meaning as -데요 and -네요. This depends on personal preference. b) To provide supportive evidence or facts while explaining something or making a claim c) To make an assumption about something **This is the most common usage. It is only used as a response to what someone else has said. **Although it is constructed as the future tense, this structure can be used to make assumptions about the present, past, or future tense. d) To express regret about something that was done or not done in the past in monologue **To express regret about something that should not have been done, -지 말걸 should be used. 12. -게 Usages: a) To convert a descriptive verb or adjective into an adverb b) Indicate the purpose or aim of an action - V1 so that V2. **This usage is often used in conjunction with -을 수 있다 and makes -(으)ㄹ 수 있게 ("so that (SUBJ) can V"). **안, 못, or -지 않게 can be used to convey the meanings "so that (SUBJ) does not" or "in order not to." **도록 and -기 위해서 are two other structures that have a similar meaning. In most cases, -게 can be replaced with -도록, but the sentence will sound more formal with -도록. -기 위해서, however, is a very formal expression and cannot replace -게 in many sentences. 13. -며 Usages: a) To connect two actions in a parallel manner - (SUBJ) (is) V1/ADJ1, V2/ADJ2, and V3/ADJ3. **-며 in this form can be interchangeable with -고 with a more formal nuance. b) To connect two actions that are happening at the same time - S while V-ing. **-며 in this form is interchangeable with -(으)면서 with a more formal nuance. **One exception where -(으)면서 is different from -(으)며 is when -(으)면서 is used in the sense of "even though." c) To connect nouns - (Things like) N1 and N2 V. **When using -(이)며 to list nouns, it is implied that not every item is being mentioned.

1. - AVS는데, / AVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)는데, - DVS(C)은데, / DVS(V)ㄴ데, / DVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)ㄴ데, 2. - VS네요 - VS았/었/였네요 3. - VS지(요) - VS았/었/였지(요) - VS(C)을 거지(요) / VS(V)ㄹ 거지(요) / VS(ㄹ)거지(요) 4. - N/ADV/PAR(C)이라도 / N/ADV/PAR(V) 라도 5. - VS잖아. - VS잖아요. - VS잖습니까. - VS았/었/였잖아. - VS았/었/였잖아요. - VS았/었/였잖습니까. - VS(C)을 거잖아 / VS(V)ㄹ 거잖아. - VS(C)을 거잖아요 / VS(V)ㄹ 거잖아요. - VS(C)을 거잖습니까 / VS(V)ㄹ 거잖습니까. 6. - VS시겠어요? - VS시겠습니까? - VS겠습니다 - VS겠(네요) **-네요 is just one possible ending for expressing assumption. - VS겠(어요) **-어요 is just one possible ending for asking someone else's opinion about a possibility or capability. 7. - (S.) VS거든요. - VS거든요. (S.) - VS거든요! 8. - VS(C)음 / VS(V)ㅁ - NP(으)ㅁ - VS(C)음 / VS(V)ㅁ 9. - V1S(C)을까 (봐) 걱정 돼요/걱정이에요. / V2S(V)ㄹ까 (봐) 걱정 돼요/걱정이에요. - V2S(C)을ㄹ까 봐 V1 (S). / V2S(V)ㄹ까 봐 V1 (S). - V1S(C)을ㄹ까 봐(요). / V1S(V)ㄹ까 봐(요). 10. VS(았/었/였)더니(,) S. 11. - DVS(C)은 걸(요) / DVS(V)ㄴ 걸(요) /있/없/AVS는 걸(요) - DVS(C)은 걸(요) / DVS(V)ㄴ 걸(요) /있/없/AVS는 걸(요) - VS(C)을 걸(요) / VS(V)ㄹ 걸(요)./? - VS(C)을 걸 / VS(V)ㄹ 걸 12. - DVS게 - V2S게 V1. 13. - V1S고, V2S(C)으며, V3. / V1S고, V2S(V)며, V3. - V1S(C)으며 V2. / V1S(V)며 V2. - N1(C)이며 N2(C)이며 V. / N1(V)이며 N2(V)이며 V.

Asking Questions 1. QW is/are N?/QW is/are (SUBJ) V-ing? (e.g., "What was it?; Whose book is this?; "Where were we meeting tonight?") - In monologue/informal dialogue - In monologue/informal dialogue **This form has a greater emphasis on the past. - In formal dialogue **-다고 or -라고 may be used in conjunction with these constructions to check on what someone said (e.g., "What did you say this was?" = 이거 뭐라고 했죠?) 2. QW V/N? [INFORMAL] **-니 can only be used to talk to a child, someone who you are very close to, or yourself when wondering about something out loud. This ending cannot be used on anyone older than you. **뭐라고 하니? can be shortened to 뭐래니?

1. - N/QW(이)더라? | AVS더라? - N였지? | VS았/었/였지? - N였죠? | VS았/었/였죠? 2. VS니?

Past Tense 1. Basic past tense - If last vowel of VS is ㅗ or ㅏ - If last vowel of VS is NOT ㅗ or ㅏ - If VS is 하 2. Past perfect tense (SUBJ) had V-ed. 3. Habitual past tense (SUBJ) used to V. 4. Experiential past tense (SUBJ) has V-ed before. 5. Expressive past tense [ORAL] (SUBJ) V-ed. **This structure also includes the speaker's feeling, which can be a happy feeling about finally completing a task or a sad feeling that something happened in a way that the speaker did not want or expect. **This tense can be used in the present and future tenses as well (e.g., "Finish it quickly" or "I will go by myself if you don't come"). 6. Sequential past tense [WRITTEN] (SUBJ) ended up V-ing./V-ed. **This structure is used to talk about an action in a simple statement without much background information. Using this tense assumes that the listener already knows what kind of situations or previous actions the speaker has gone through before reaching that final state or action. **This structure is more neutral than -아/어/여 버리다, but denotes some negative feeling about the outcome.

1. - VS았어요 (왔어요) - VS었어요 (먹었어요) - VS였어요 (했어요) 2. VS았/었/였었어요. 3. VS고는 했어요. 4. VS(C)은 적 있어요. / VS(V)ㄴ 적 있어요. 5. VS아/어/여 버렸어요. 6. VS고 말았어요.

Causative Form 1. to make V - If VS ends in V or ㄱ - If VS ends inㄱ, ㄷ, or ㅂ - If VS is ㄹ or ㄷ irregular - If VS ends in ㄴ, ㅁ, or ㅅ - If VS is 하 **우다/구다/추다 have too many exceptions to generalize a rule. **If the verb is already a transitive verb, it cannot be changed into the causative form (e.g., 밀리다 does not mean "to make someone push" but "to be pushed.") 2. to make V(2) **This construction is used when the verb does not work with -이/히/리/기/우/구/추-.

1. -이다 -히다 -리다 -기다 - VS(하-하)시키다 2. VS게 하다

Expressing Abilities 1. can V (N) 2. cannot V (N) [ORAL] 3. cannot V (N) [ORAL/WRITTEN] 4. can V (N) well 5. V (N) poorly [하다 Vs] **Since 못 하다 can also mean "to be unable to do something," 잘 can be added before 못 to specify the meaning. **An oral pause between 잘 and 못 means that SUBJ V poorly, while no oral pause between them means that SUBJ can V, but is/are doing V incorrectly. 6. V N poorly [NON-하다 Vs] **When using non-하다 verbs with a noun, change them into their noun form or choose a noun that can act as the object of the sentence. 7. to know how/to be able to V 8. to not know how/to be unable to V **-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 emphasizes the procedural knowledge (i.e., "how-to") more strongly than capability compared to -(으)ㄹ 수 있다. There are things that one is capable of doing, but CANNOT do it yet because one does not know how to. 9. (SUBJ) could V, but ... If conditions or premises follow -(으)ㄹ 수 있다, -(으)ㄹ 수 is treated as a noun group.

1. (N) VS(C)을 수 있다 / (N) VS(V)ㄹ 수 있다 2. (N) 못 V 3. (N) VS(C)을 수 없다 / (N) VS(V)ㄹ 수 없다 4. (N) VS(C)을 잘 하다 / (N) VS(V)를 잘 하다 5. (N) VS-하(C)을 (잘) 못 하다 / (N) VS-하(V)를 (잘) 못 하다 6. VS기를 (잘) 못 하다 7. VS(C)을 줄 알다 / VS(V)ㄹ 줄 알다 8. VS(C)을 줄 모르다 / VS(V)ㄹ 줄 모르다 9. VS(C)을 수는 있는데, ...

Emphasizing Statements 1. (SUBJ) said V. [PRESENT TENSE] 2. (SUBJ) said ADJ. [PRESENT TENSE] 3. (SUBJ) said V-ed/was ADJ. [PAST TENSE] 4. (SUBJ) said V-ed/will be ADJ. [FUTURE TENSE] 5. (SUBJ) said to V. [IMPERATIVE] 6. (SUBJ) said N. **These constructions can be used in the interrogative form with question words to ask about what SUBJ said (e.g., "When did you say you're going to do it?" = 언제 할 거라고요?") 7. I said N is/are ADJ. [PRESENT TENSE] 8. I said N V. [PRESENT TENSE] 9. I said N1 is/are N2. [PRESENT TENSE] 10. I said N was ADJ/V-ed. [PAST TENSE] 11. I said N will be ADJ/will V. [FUTURE TENSE] 12. (SUBJ) IS/WAS/WILL DO V. || (SUBJ) IS/WAS/WILL BE ADJ. **Similar to English, emphasis can also be communicated via intonation (e.g., "I DID do it!" = 했어요!) If conditions or premises follow this part (e.g., "I did do it, but ... "), however, -기는 should be used. **하다 can also be conjugated for the "V" part of the construction (e.g., "I did see it." = 보기는 했어요.) 13. (SUBJ) COULD V.

1. AVS(C)는다고요. / AVS(V)ㄴ다고요. 2. DVS다고요. 3. VS았/었/였다고요 4. VS(C)을거라고요. / VS(V)ㄹ거라고요. 5. VS(C)으라고요. / VS(V)라고요. 6. N(C)이라고요. / N(V)라고요. 7. DVS다니까요. 8. AVS(C)는다니까요. / AVS(V)ㄴ다니까요. 9. N(C)이라니까요. / N(V)라니까요. 10. VS았/었/였다니까요. 11. VS(C)을 거라니까요. / VS(V)ㄹ 거라니까요. 12. VS기는 V. 13. VS(C)(으)ㄹ 수는 있어요.

Negative Sentences 1. SUBJ is/are not N. 2. to not V [INFORMAL] 3. to not V [FORMAL] 4. (for a noun) to exist to a degree **This double negative form is a soft way of saying that something exists to a small extent. **This structure is commonly used in the form of 없지 않죠 or 없지 않아 있죠 to express agreement with what someone has just said. **Nouns frequently used with the expression 없지 않다 or 없지 않아 있다 (even more indirect): 감(feeling, sensation), 느낌 (sensation), 경우 (case), 경향 (tendency), 부분 (part), and 면 (aspect), and 게 (part or aspect). **아무래도 is commonly used with 없지 않다 to mean "no matter how much I try" and can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or right before 없지 않다.

1. N 아니에요. 2. 안 V 3. VS지 않다 4. AVS(V)는 N (아무래도) 없지 않다 | DVS(C)은 N (아무래도) 없지 않다 / DVS(V)ᄂ N (아무래도) 없지 않다

Temporal Indicators 1. before N 2. before V 3. after V-ing 4. right after V-ing/as soon as (SUBJ) V-ed **-기가 무섭게/바쁘게 emphasizes the time component more than -자마자. **-기가 무섭게/바쁘게 cannot be used in imperative or "let's" sentences. 5. as soon as (SUBJ) V **The tense is conveyed through the main verb of the sentence. **-자마자 has a more neutral tone than -기가 무섭게/바쁘게. 6. while V, S. 7. S1, when/and then S2. **-다가 is only used when two actions (one followed by the other rather than both done simultaneously) are done by the same subject. **-다가 follows the verb that occurs first. **The tense is conveyed through the main verb of the sentence. **Fixed expression: "Where have you been?" = 어디에 있다가 지금 왔어요? 8. when S

1. N 전에 2. VS기 전에 3. VS(C)은 다음에/후에/뒤에/ VS(V)ㄴ 다음에/후에/뒤에 4. VS기가 무섭게/바쁘게 5. VS자마자/VS(느)ㄴ 대로 6. VS다가 S. 7. VS다가 S. 8. VS(C)을 때 / VS(V)ㄹ 때

Quoting 1. to V that (SUBJ) is N **-(이)라고 is used with verbs that are related to speaking, listening, or writing. **The noun can be an object or a quote (e.g., "Thank you.") **A subject is implied within this construction, but if the speaker wants to specify a subject, topic, or object, markers can be used. 2. N1 (who is/are) called N2 **Since -(이)라고 하는 is a bit lengthy, -(이)라는 is commonly used. **This construction is used when talking about an abstract concept and its innate characteristics (e.g., "This thing called love is..." = 사랑이라는 것은...) or when introducing how a person or object is called or how it is described (e.g., "This person called Hyunwoo" = 현우라는 사람은"). 3. the thing they call N1/N1 (is ... ) **-(이)라는 것은 is used to define an abstract concept or give advice. **This expression may be followed by -라고 생각해요, -인 것 같아요, etc. **-(이)라고 하는 것은 can be shortened to -(이)란. 4. the nature of V-ing (is ... ) **-(ㄴ/는)다는 것 is used to define the nature of an action or state. 5. to V1 that (SUBJ is) V2-ing [PRESENT TENSE] 6. to V1 that (SUBJ is) V2-ed [PAST TENSE] 7. to V1 that (SUBJ is) will V2 [FUTURE TENSE] **V1 can only be verbs that are related to speaking, listening, or writing. For its conjugation, refer to the conjugations of the narrative present tense in "Present Tense." **V2 does not have to match V1 in tense (e.g., "They said they will do it.") 8. V-ed that (SUBJ) was N [PAST TENSE; N] 9. V1-ed that (SUBJ) V2 [PAST TENSE; V] **These structures are used to express surprise or dissatisfaction after finding out the actual truth or confirm something you heard with someone else. **These endings do not always make the sentence a question, but it is very common to put a question mark at the end of the sentence to emphasize the fact that the speaker was surprised, disappointed, or intrigued, depending on the context. **The tense of the second verb for #9 can be present, past, or future depending on conjugation. 10. (SUBJ1) V1 N that (SUBJ2) V2. **Only verbs that are related to speaking, listening, or writing can be used. For the verb's conjugation, refer to the conjugations of the narrative present tense in "Present Tense." **V2 belongs to a quotation that is treated as a noun (e.g., I heard a story that "TTMIK is fun.") 11. (SUBJ) say(s) N V. [PRESENT TENSE; AV/있다/없다] 12. (SUBJ) say(s) N V-ed. [PAST TENSE; AV/있다/없다] 13. (SUBJ) say(s) N will V. [FUTURE TENSE; AV/있다/없다] 14. (SUBJ) say(s) N is/are ADJ. [PRESENT TENSE; DV] 15. (SUBJ) say(s) N was/were ADJ. [PAST TENSE; DV] 16. (SUBJ) say(s) N will be ADJ. [FUTURE TENSE; DV] 17. (SUBJ) say(s) N1 is/are N2. [PRESENT TENSE; N] 18. (SUBJ) say(s) N1 was/were N2. [PAST TENSE; N] 19. (SUBJ) say(s) N1 will be N2. [FUTURE TENSE; N] **These forms basically serve the same purpose as -(ㄴ/는)다고 해요 and -(이)라고 해요, but are shorter and are used more in casual settings. -(ㄴ/는)다고 해요 and -(이)라고 해요 also imply that the statement is said directly by the person, while -(ㄴ/는)대요 and -(이)래요 can be said by the person or heard somewhere else. **-(ㄴ/는)대요 and -(이)래요 imply that the piece of information is not known by the other person. 20. I heard/(SUBJ) say(s) N V. [PRESENT TENSE; AV/있다/없다] 21 I heard/(SUBJ) say(s) is ADJ. [PRESENT TENSE; DV] 22. I heard/(SUBJ) said that N V(-ed). [PAST TENSE; V] 23. I heard/(SUBJ) said N will V. [FUTURE TENSE; V] 24. I heard/(SUBJ) say(s) N1 is/are N2. [PRESENT TENSE; N] 25. I heard/(SUBJ) said N1 is/are/was/were N2. [PAST TENSE; N] 26. (SUBJ) said N1 will be N2. [FUTURE TENSE; N] **Whereas -(ㄴ/는)대요 and -(이)래요 are used to mainly retell a story or deliver certain information, -(ㄴ/는)다던데요 and -(이)라던데요 also aim to seek a reaction from the listener (e.g., "They say he's famous ... (you should get an autograph.)" **#11-26 can also be translated as "I heard..." 27. (SUBJ) asks/ask if N1 is/are N2. 28. (SUBJ) asks/ask QW N V. [PRESENT TENSE] 29. (SUBJ) asks/ask QW N V-ed. [PAST TENSE] 30. (SUBJ) asks/ask QW N will V. [FUTURE TENSE] **V2 should be a question-related verb (e.g., 묻다, 물어보다, 말하다, 질문하다). 31. You know (SUBJ) say(s) N V. 32. You know (SUBJ) say(s) N is/are ADJ. 33. You know (SUBJ) say(s) N1 is N2. 34. Since (SUBJ) say(s) S1, S2,

1. N(C)이라고 V / N(V)라고 V 2. N1(C)이라고 하는/이라는 N2 / N1(V)라고 하는/라는 N2 3. N(C)이라는 것은 / N(V)라는 것은 4. VS(C)는다는 것은 / VS(V)ㄴ다는 것은 5. V1S(C)(는)다고 V2 / V1S(V)(ㄴ)다고 V2 6. V1S았/었/였다고 V2 7. V1S(C)을 거라고 V2 / V1S(C)ㄹ 거라고 V2 / V1S(ㄹ) 거라고 V2 8. VS(C)이라면서(요) / VS(V)ㄴ라면서(요) 9. VS(C)는다면서(요) / VS(V)ㄴ다면서(요) 10. V2S(C)(는)다는 N V1 / V2S(V)(ㄴ)다는 V1 11. AVS(C)는대요. / AVS(V)ㄴ대요. 12. AVS았/었/였대요. 13. AVS(C)을 거래요. / AVS(V)ㄹ 거래요. 14. DVS대요. 15. DVS았/었/였대요. 16. DVS(C)을 거래요. / DVS(V)ㄹ 거래요. 17. N(C)이래요. / N(V)래요. 18. N였대요. 19. N일 거래요. 20. AVS(C)는다던데요. / AVS(V)ㄴ다던데요. 21. DVS다던데요. 22. VS(C)았/었/였다던데요. 23. VS(C)을 거라던데요. / VS(V)ㄹ 거라던데요. 24. N(C)이라는데요. / N(V)라는데요. 25. N(C)이라던데요. / N(V)라던데요. 26. N(C)일 거라던데요. 27. N(C)이냐고 V. / N(V) 냐고 V. 28. VS냐고 V. 29. V1S았/었/였냐고 V2. 30. V1S(C)을 거냐고 V2. / V1S(V)ㄹ 거냐고 V2. 31. AVS(C)는다잖아요. / AVS(C)ㄴ다잖아요. 32. DVS다잖아요. 33. N(C)이라잖아요. / N(V)라잖아요. 34. VS(C)는다고 하니 S. / VS(V)ㄴ다고 하니 S.

Clarifying Intention/Meaning 1. N1 means N2. 2. (SUBJ) mean(s) S. [N] 3. (SUBJ) mean(s) S. [V] **그러니까 is used to reassure someone of what you are saying or reiterate a point. Depending on the context, it can take on the meaning, "You mean ... " when checking with the other person about what he or she has said. 4. What I am saying is S. [N] 5. What I am saying is S. [V] **For #2-5, if an imperative follows the "I mean" part, attach -(으)라고 after the command. 6. (SUBJ) mean(s) S. [N] 7. (SUBJ) mean(s) S. [V] **Fixed expressions: "I mean" (as an interjection) = 아니, "I mean it" = 진짜예요/진심이에요. 8. It means N. 9. It means (SUBJ) V. [PRESENT TENSE; AV] 10. It means (SUBJ) is/are ADJ. [PRESENT TENSE; DV] 11. It means (SUBJ) V-ed/was/were ADJ. [PAST TENSE] 12. It means (SUBJ) will V/be ADJ. [FUTURE TENSE] **뜻이에요 can be replaced by 말이에요 to convey "(SUBJ) is/are saying" rather than "It means." 13. What do you mean? [POLITE/PLAIN] 14. What do you mean? [POLITE/FORMAL] 15. What do you mean? [HONORIFIC] 16. What does this mean?

1. N1(C)은 N2라는 뜻이에요. / N1(V)는 N2라는 뜻이에요. 2. 그러니까 ... N(이)라고요. 3. 그러니까, ... VS(ㄴ/는)다고요. 4. 제 말 뜻은/제 말은 ... N(이)라고요. 5. 제 말 뜻은/제 말은 ... VS(ㄴ/는)다고요. 6. N(이)라고는 말이에요. 7. VS다는 말이에요. 8. N(C)이라는 뜻이에요. 9. AVS(C)는다는 뜻이에요. / AVS(V)ㄴ 뜻이에요. 10. DVS다는 뜻이에요. 11. VS았/었/였다는 뜻이에요. 12. VS(C)을 거라는 뜻이에요. / VS(V)ㄹ 거라는 뜻이에요. 13. 무슨 소리예요? 14. 무슨 말이에요? 15. 무슨 말씀이세요? 16. 무슨 뜻이에요?

Conjunctions 1. N1, N2, and N3 || S1, and S2. **그리고 is useful for talking about events happening in a sequence. 2. SUBJ V1/ADJ1, V2/ADJ2, and V3/ADJ3. [PRESENT TENSE] 3. SUBJ V1-ed/ADJ1 and V2-ed/ADJ2. [PAST TENSE] **Since the last verb is conjugated into the correct past tense form, the first (few) verb(s) can be left in the present tense. 4. SUBJ will V1/ADJ1 and V2/ADJ2. [FUTURE TENSE] **Since the last verb is conjugated into the correct future tense form, the first (few) verb(s) can be left in the present tense. **-고 is useful for talking about events happening in a sequence. 5. S1, so/therefore S2. 6. S1, so/therefore/and S2. **This form can be used to describe a reason and result or an action and a following action or plan (i.e., no cause and effect). **The tense is expressed only through the main verb of the sentence. 7. S1, so S2. / QW V1 to make/be (SUBJ) ADJ/V2? **-길래 is often used in spoken language to express an action done as a result of observation or judging a situation or to ask for the reason or background for a decision. S2 conveys an action resulting from the observation or treatment. **The main verb for S2 is typically in the present tense and the past tense. The verb stem attached to -길래 can be any tense. **V2 conveys the result of V1 (e.g., "What did you do to be so tired?" = 뭐 했길래 이렇게 지쳤어요?; "Where are you now that is so noisy?" = 지금 어디에 있길래 이렇게 시끄러워요?) **In interrogative form, the second clause may be dropped if it is obvious (e.g., "What did you do" (to be so tired)? = 뭐 했길래?) 8. Since/because/as S1, S2. **-아/어/여서 and -(으)니까 are similar in usage, but -아/어/여서 cannot be used in imperative sentences or with "Let's." -(으)니까 cannot be used for basic greetings or when talking about one's own feelings or situations (e.g., "I was sick yesterday, so I couldn't come." **-(으)니까 can end the sentence when simply answering a question or providing a basis for a judgment or action (e.g., "Because I already saw it earlier"), but -요 needs to be included to maintain formality. 9. S1, so S2. **This structure is used when you are offering to do something for the listener and asking for something else in return (e.g., "I will do this, so don't worry and get some rest") OR when you are suggesting an action based on an assumption (e.g., "It must be cold outside, so don't go out.") Given that this structure conveys assumption, it will always be in the future tense. **The 까 can be omitted without changing the meaning. 10. S1, so/therefore S2. [PRESENT TENSE] 11. S1, so/therefore S2. [PAST TENSE] *-(으/느)ㄴ 이상 is used when the preceding clause is a fact that makes the following clause something that is naturally expected. **This structure can be used in the present and the past tense, but it is more common in the past tense. 12. Because of N, S. 13. Because of/Thanks to N, S. 14. Because of V, S. 15. S2 because S1. | S1, so S2. **-느라고 is used to convey reason and result, but more specifically, when the result is somewhat negative, and you want to provide an excuse or reason. **-느라고 is usually associated with negative or undesirable results, but can sometimes be used in a more neutral sense to mention a goal or an objective. **The subject of the two verbs should be the same when using -느라고. **The tense is expressed only through the second verb of the sentence. **-느라고 cannot be used to form an imperative sentence. 16. As a result of V, S. **The statement or outcome following -는 바람에 is always in the past tense. **In most contexts, -는 바람에 can be replaced with -아/어/여서, but the emphasized negative connotation is lost since -아/어/여서 is more neutral. 17. S1, but/however/and S2. [ORAL] **그런데 is used over 그렇지만 when the first sentence works as background information for the second sentence. 18. S1, but/however S2. [WRITTEN] 19. S1, but still/nonetheless S2. 20. Even if/though S1, S2. [INFORMAL/ORAL] 21. Even if/though S1, S2. [FORMAL/WRITTEN] **Some phrases that may follow this conjunction are "It's no use" = 소용 없어요, "It won't work" = 안 돼요, and "It's a waste of time" = 시간 낭비예요. **안 or 못 may also be added to the second clause to form a negative sentence. **Often, the clause after -아/어/여 봤자 is dropped, and -예요 or 야 is attached to -아/어/여 봤자. **-아/어/여 봤자 can be replaced with -아/어/여 봐야 only when it is followed by a phrase that is NOT -예요. 22. Even if S1, S2. **-(으)나 마나 and -아/어/여 봤자 have similar meanings, but the former can allude to a negative, positive, or neutral result (e.g., "Even if you do this, the result is fixed.") **-(으)나 마나 may be followed by the -이다 verb in the form -(으)나 마나예요 in which the meaning "(SUBJ) does/do not have to bother to V" is implied. 23. Even if S1, S2. **-는 한이 있더라도 is used to convey one's determination to achieve a desired result despite adversity or risk. **S2 typically conveys the meaning of (SUBJ) can't V, (SUBJ) has/have to V, or (SUBJ) will V. 24. Even if it means S1, S2. **Fixed expressions: "no matter what I have to do"/"whatever it takes" = 무슨 수를 써서라도, 무슨 짓을 해서라도 (negative), 어떻게 해서라도 (neutral). **This structure may also take on the meaning of "at least because" or "at least for the reason of." 25. N1 and N2 [INFORMAL] 26. N1 and N2 [FORMAL] 27. If SUBJ V/ADJ, S. [PRESENT TENSE] 28. If SUBJ V/ADJ, S. [PAST TENSE] 29. If SUBJ V/ADJ, S. [FUTURE TENSE] **만약 makes it clearer that the sentence will indicate "if," especially the sentence is long. 30. If only it were not N, (SUBJ) would V./If only (SUBJ) did not have N, (SUBJ) would V. **N만 아니면 ... can be used by itself if what you would have done is obvious and can be easily guessed by the listener. 31. In that case/If so/Then, S. [ORAL] 32. In that case/If so/Then, S. [WRITTEN] 33. For the sake of/In order to/For N, S. [WRITTEN] 34. For the sake of/In order to/For V, S. [WRITTEN] 35. While/Since [PRESENT TENSE] 36. While/Since [PAST TENSE] **If SUBJ is already at a location, the past tense should be used (e.g., "Since you're [already] at the library, please return my book too." = 도서관에 가는 김에, 제 책도 반납해 주세요.") 37. While/Since [FUTURE TENSE] **Rather than expressing time, -(으)ㄴ/는 김에 more strongly emphasizes the meaning of convenience (e.g., "While you're there, V" or "Since we're already here, V"). **-(으)니까 may be interchangeable with -(으)ㄴ/는 김에. **Fixed expression: "speaking of which" = 말이 나온 김에 38. While [V; PRESENT TENSE] **The two verbs with this structure may or may not contradict each other (e.g., knowing while pretending you didn't know). 39. While [V; FUTURE TENSE] 40. to be N1 and N2 at the same time [N] 41. While [STATE; PRESENT TENSE] **The present tense is used with verbs that are not describing an action, but a state, such as 있다, 없다, 알다, or 모르다. **It can still be used with action verbs to emphasize that something is ongoing; in that case, the verb is usually in the present progressive tense (e.g., "I left a baby crying." = 아이를 울고 있는 채로 놔두고 왔어요.) **When 로 is dropped, the sentence sounds more formal. **모르는 채로 can be shortened to 모른 채로. 42. While [STATE; PAST TENSE] **The past tense is used when a previous state is maintained (e.g., while seated). 43. N1 and/or N2 44. N1 or N2 45. V1/ADJ1 or V2/ADJ2 **-거나 may be added to all of the verbs; in this case, 하다 is used to finish the sentence (e.g., "I will go home or meet a friend." = 집에 가거나 친구를 만나거나 할 거예요.) **The tense is expressed only through the last verb of the sentence. 46. Ex. V1/ADJ1 or V2/ADJ2, etc. **-(ㄴ/는)다거나 is more natural than -거나 when listing examples, implying that only two out of many examples are mentioned. 47. S1, or S2/S1? Or S2? **아니면 may also be used with the meaning of "if not." It can also be used together with -거나 in this construction (#33). 48. As long as V/ADJ, S. [INFORMAL] 49. As long as not V/ADJ, S. [INFORMAL] 50. As long as S1, S2. [FORMAL] **If two verbs are used, only the second verb is conjugated. 51. Unless S1, S2. [V] 52. Unless S1, S2. [N] 53. V1 so that/in a way/to the point that V2. | For V2, V1. 54. Despite N, S. [INFORMAL] 55. Despite N, S. [FORMAL] 56. Despite V, S. [INFORMAL] 57. Despite V, S. [FORMAL]

1. N1, N2, 그리고 N3 || S1. 그리고 S2. 2. V1S고, V2고, V3. 3. V1S았/었/였고, V2. 4. V1S(C)을 거고, V2. / V1S(V)ㄹ 거고, V2. 5. S1. 그래서 S2. 6. VS아/어/여서 S. 7. VS길래 S./? 8. V1S(C)으니까 V2. / V1S(V)니까 V2. 9. VS(C)을 테니(까), S. / VS(V)ㄹ 테니(까), S. 10. VS(C)는 이상, S. / VS(V)은, S. 11. VS(C)는 이상, S. / VS(V)ㄴ, S. / VS(ㄹ-ㄹ)ㄴ, S. 12. N때문에 S. 13. N덕분에 S. 14. VS기 때문에 S. 15. AVS느라(고) V. 16. VS는 바람에, S[P]. 17. S1. 그런데 S2. 18. S1. 그렇지만 S2. 19. S1. 그래도 S2. 20. VS아/어/여도 S. | VS아/어/여 봐도 S. 21. VS아/어/여 봤자 S. 22. VS(C)으나 마나, S. / VS(V)나 마나, S. 23. V1S는 한이 있더라도 V2S(으)ㄹ 수 없어요/V2S아/어/여야 돼요/V2S(으)ㄹ 거예요. 24. VS아/어/여서라도 S. 25. N1(C)이랑 N2 / N1(V)랑 N2 26. N1하고 N2 27. (만약) VS(C)으면, S. / VS(V)면, S. / VS(ㄹ)면, S. 28. (만약) VS았/었/였으면, S. 29. (만약) VS(C)을 거면, S. / VS(V)ㄹ 거면, S. / VS(ㄹ) 거면, S. 30. N만 아니면 VS(으)ㄹ 텐데요. / N만 아니면 VS았/었/였을 거예요. 31. 그럼 S. 32. 그러면 S. 33. N(C)을 위해(서) S. / N(V)를 위해(서) S. 34. VS기 위해(서) S. 35. VS는 김에 36. VS(C)은 김에 / VS(V)ㄴ 김에 37. VS는 김에 38. VS(C)으면서 / VS(V)면서 39. VS(C)을 거면서 / VS(V)ㄹ 거면서 40. N(C)이면서 동시에 N이다 / NC(V)면서 동시에 N이다 41. VS는 채(로) 42. VS(C)은 채(로) / VS(V)ㄴ 채(로) 43. N1 겸 N2 44. N1(C)이나 N2 / N1(V)나 N2 45. V1S거나 V2 46. VS(C)는다거나 (하다) / VS(V)ㄴ다거나 (하다) 47. S1./? 아니면 S2,/? 48. VS기만 하면, S. 49. VS지만 않으면, S. 50. VS(C)는한, S. / VS(V)ㄴ 한, S. 51. VS(C)는 이상, S. / VS(V)은 52. VS(C)이 아닌 이상, S. / VS(V)가 아닌 이상, S. 53. V2S도록 V1. 54. N에도 S. 55. N에도 불구하고 S. 56. VS는데도 S. 57. VS는데도 불구하고 S.

Prepositions (Korean Postpositions) 1. from N1 to/until N2 [LOCATIONS] 2. from N1 to/until N2 [TIMES] **-에서, -부터, and -까지 can also be used in isolation with a noun (e.g., until now) 3. with N [INFORMAL] 4. with N [FORMAL] **같이 can be added after -(이)랑 or -하고 to emphasize the meaning "with" as opposed to "and." 5. to/from/by PN [ORAL] **When used with a passive verb, -한테 takes on the meaning "by." 6. from/by PN [ORAL] **When used with a passive verb, -한테서 takes on the meaning "by." 7. to/from PN [WRITTEN] 8. from PN [WRITTEN] 9. of/to/with/by/through/in/for/as/from/on N **-(으)로 functions as a noun-verb connector that primarily specifies direction (e.g., "come up," "to the house"), material (e.g., "made of/from wood"), and means (e.g., "by car," "through the road"). 10. in front of/behind/beside/on top of/under N **Whether -서 is included or not depends on the rules for location markers. 11. between/among N(1 and N2) [OPTIONS] 12. between/among N [PEOPLE/RELATIONSHIPS] 13. between N1 and N2 [LOCATIONS] 14. Instead of N, S. 15. Instead of V-ing, S. **To use 대신에 with verbs, the verb has to be changed into its noun form. **-는 대신에 may also mean "in return for V-ing." **대신에 may also be used by itself as an adverb. **In both spoken and written Korean, people often drop -에. 16. In addition to V-ing, S. [PRESENT TENSE; AV/있다/없다] 17. In addition to being ADJ, S. [PRESENT TENSE; DV] 18. In addition to V-ing/being ADJ, S. [PAST TENSE; DV] **-도 is often used in the second clause.

1. N1에서 N2까지 2. N1부터 N2까지 3. N(C)이랑 / N(V)랑 4. N하고 5. PN한테 6. PN한테서 7. PN에게 8. PN에게서 9. N(C)으로 / N(V)로 10. N 앞/뒤/옆/위/밑에(서) 11. N 중에(서) / N1하고 N2 중에(서) 12. N 사이에서 13. N1하고 N2 사이에 14. N대신(에), S. 15. VS는 대신(에), S. 16. AVS는 데다가, S. 17. DVS(C)은 데다가, S. / DV(V)ㄴ 데다가 S. 18. VS(C)은 데다가, S. / VS(V)ㄴ 데다가 S.

Telling/Asking Date & Time 1. # HR: # MIN (sharp) **반, or "half," can replace 30 minutes. **-에 following the minute or 정각 indicates "at." 2. MO DAY 3. What time is it? 4. What is the exact time? 5. What is the date? **Exceptions: 1, 2, 3, 4, any other number that ends in 1/2/3/4 (for hour) 6. V for # TIME

1. NK #시 SK #분 (정각) 2. SK #월 SK #일 3. 몇 시예요? 4. 몇 시 몇 분이에요? 5. 몇 월 며칠이에요? **한, 두, 세, 네, etc. 6. SK # 시간 동안 V

too, also, as well 1. N too/also/as well **If a particle is attached to the noun, -도 will replace the particle. 2. also V (too/as well) **-도 can only be used with nominalized verbs.

1. N도 2. VS기도 하다

only/except 1. only N **If a particle is attached to the noun, -만 is placed after it. 2. only V **-만 can only be used with nominalized verbs. **-만 is more commonly used for imperative sentences and with negative verbs (e.g., 싫어하다). 3. Except N, SUBJ V(-)/SUBJ V only N/SUBJ V nothing but N. **(-) indicates the negative form of the original verb, not a negative verb (e.g., 못/안; exception: 업다). **Particles must be dropped before attaching 밖에 onto the noun. **밖에 cannot be used with imperative sentences. 4. can only/just V [INFORMAL; PRESENT/FUTURE TENSE] 5. can only/just V [INFORMAL; PAST TENSE] 6. can only/just V [FORMAL; PRESENT/FUTURE TENSE] 7. could only/just V [FORMAL; PAST TENSE] **따름이다 is a formal ending found in many formal contexts where the speaker is expressing hope or regret.

1. N만 2. VS기만 하다 3. N 밖에 V(-). 4. VS(C)을 뿐이다 / VS(V)ㄹ 뿐이다 5. VS았/었/였을 뿐이입니다 4. VS(C)을 따름이다 / VS(V)ㄹ 따름이다 5. VS았/었/였을 따름입니다

Fixed Expressions 1. According to N 2. For example, S.

1. N에 따라서 2. 예를 들어서, S.

Quantifiers 1. SUBJ V all of OBJ./All SUBJ V (OBJ). 2. SUBJ has/have not V all of OBJ.

1. OBJ(C)(을) 다 V. / OBJ(V)(를) 다 V. 2. OBJ(C)(을) 덜 V. / OBJ(V)(를) 덜 V.

Indefinite Pronouns 1. QW --> PN 2. someday 3. something 4. someone 5. somewhere **The question word may be used without conjugation to convey an indefinite pronoun if the verb is emphasized (e.g., "Did you buy something?" = 뭐 샀어요?) 6. anyone/anybody 7. Not everyone/not everybody V. 8. anything 9. SUBJ do/does not V anything. 10. anywhere 11. SUBJ do/does not V anywhere. 12. anytime 13. any way 14. no one/nobody 15. nothing/V(-) anything 16. nowhere/V(-) anywhere 17. V to no one **#14-17 in Korean are formed syntactically with double negatives (e.g. "Don't touch nothing.") **Other 아무 words/phrases: "no word/mention" = 아무 말도/아무, "to be alright/okay" = 아무렇지도 않다 **Fixed expression: "It's nothing" = 아무것도 아니에요

1. QWㄴ가 2. 언젠가 3. 뭔가 4. 누군가 5. 어딘가 6. 아무나 7. 아무나 V(-). 8. 아무거나 9. 아무거나 V(-). 10. 아무데나 11. 아무데나 V(-). 12. 아무때나 13. 아무렇게나 14. 아무도* 15. 아무것도* 16. 아무데도* 17. 아무한테도*

Imperative Form 1. Please V. 2. Please V for me. [INFORMAL] 3. Please V for me. [FORMAL] 4. Please V for SUBJ. [INFORMAL] 5. Please V for SUBJ. [FORMAL] 6. Do not V. 7. Do not V1 but V2 8. Do not V N1 but N2. **When the main verb is 이다, -이/가 아니고 replaces 말고. 9. V1 (SUBJ) to V2. **V1 can only be verbs that are related to speaking, listening, or writing. **-(으)라고 is used to quote imperative sentences. 10. I said V!

1. VS(C)으세요 / VS(V)세요 / VS(ㄹ-ㄹ)세요 2. VS아/여/여 줘요. 3. VS아/여/여 주세요. 4. SUBJ한테 VS아/여/여 줘요. 5. SUBJ한테 VS아/여/여 주세요. 6. VS지 마세요. 7. V1S지 말고 V2. 8. N1 말고 N2 V. 9. V2S(C)으라고 V1. / V2S(V)라고 V1. 10. VS(C)으라니까요! / VS(V)라니까요!

Grammatical Particles 1. -은 and -는 [TOPIC MARKERS] **-은 and -는 are used to introduce a topic or imply that the topic is different from other things (e.g., "The weather is nice today, but not necessarily the other days.") 2. -이 and -가 [SUBJECT MARKERS] **-이 and -가 are used to emphasize the subject (e.g., "WHO did something," "WHICH one is good.") 3. -께서 [SUBJECT MARKER; HONORIFIC] **-께서 takes the role of -이 and -가 **Some words need to change forms when they are used in honorific sentences (e.g., 친구가 --> 친구분께서, 현우 씨가 --> 현우님께서) **In everyday conversations, if speaker is talking with people that he/she is somewhat close to, -께서 can be dropped while honorific form -시 is still used. 4. -에 [LOCATION MARKER] **-에 denotes where something exists or the direction one is going toward. 5. -에서 [LOCATION MARKER] **-에서 denotes where an action is taking place or the direction one is coming from. 6. -를 and -을 [OBJECT MARKERS] **-를 and -을 are usually used to clarify the relation between the object and the verb, especially when the two elements are far apart in the sentence.

1. VS(C)은 / VS(V)는 2. VS(C)이 / VS(V)가 3. VS께서 4. LOC에 5. LOC에서 6. VS(C)을 / VS(V)를

Future Tense 1. SUBJ is/are going to/will V. **-(으)ㄹ 거예요 is used to express intentions or plans for future action or expectations for a future state without influence from others. 2. SUBJ is/are going to/will V. **-(으)ㄹ 게요 is used to seek a reaction/opinion from the listener or indicate that the decision of the action relies on the listener (i.e., if he or she is okay with it). 3. SUBJ is/are going to/will V. **-(으)ㄹ래요 is used to describe a plan to the listener (most direct/adamant form of the future tense) or to ask the listener ("Do you want to V?") **This form is usually used only in casual settings. 4. (SUBJ) is/are about to, going to, to plan/want to V **-(으)려고 하다 is used to express that SUBJ is about to/plans/wants to V or communicate that SUBJ (may be an object) is about to V. **Using this structure in the plain present tense may be unnatural in spoken language. **-(으)려고 하다 is easier for making noun groups than -(으)ㄹ 것이다 (e.g., "students who are planning to study abroad" = 외국에서 공부하려고 하는 학생). 5. (SUBJ) plan(s) to V. 6. (SUBJ) is/are scheduled to V.

1. VS(C)을 거예요. / VS(V)ㄹ 거예요. / VS(ㄹ) 거예요. 2. VS(C)을게요. / VS(V)ㄹ게요. / VS(ㄹ) 거예요. 3. VS(C)을래요(./?) / VS(V)ㄹ래요(./?) / VS(ㄹ)래요(./?) 4. VS(C)으려고 해요. / VS(V)려고 해요. 5. VS(C)을 계획이에요. / VS(V)ㄹ 계획이에요. 6. VS(C)을 예정이에요. / VS(V)ㄹ 예정이에요.

Expressing Opinion 1. to be justifiable/bearable/possible to V/to be worth V-ing

1. VS(C)을 만하다 / VS(V)ㄹ 만하다

Expressing Possibility/Assumption 1. might/may V, to be possible to V **This structure may, less commonly, mean "to be also able to V." 2. might/may not V 3. almost V-ed 4. I assume/suppose/guess S. [PRESENT TENSE; AV/있다/없다] 5. I assume/suppose/guess S. [PAST TENSE; AV/있다/없다] 6. I assume/suppose/guess S. [PRESENT TENSE; DV] 7. I assume/suppose/guess S. [PAST TENSE; DV] **Despite the rule, -나 보다 conjugation may be also used for descriptive verbs when the verb stem ends in a consonant. 8. (SUBJ) must be S. [PRESENT TENSE] **This structure is unique in comparison to other structures expressing assumption in that it is followed by a suggestion (e.g., "Let's talk later"), question ("I wonder why he did not call me?"), or doubt ("Will it be okay?") **When the sentence ends with -(으)ㄹ 텐데, a suggestion, doubt, or question is implied. 9. If S, (SUBJ) would have V-ed. [PAST TENSE] 10. If S, (SUBJ) would be ADJ. [FUTURE TENSE] 11. It seems like/looks like/appears S. **-아/어/여 보이다 and -(으)ㄴ 것 같다 are different in that the former expresses how things appear, while the latter expresses a personal opinion. 12. It seems like/looks like/appears like N. 13. It seems that/It looks like/SUBJ think(s) S. **Conjugation of the verb stem depends on whether the verb is action or descriptive in nature and its tense. Refer to the general method of changing verbs to nouns in "Changing Parts of Speech." 14. It seems that/It looks like/SUBJ assume(s) V. **-(으)ㄹ 것 같다 is used for the same purpose as -(으)려나 보다, but -(으)려나 보다 has a weaker meaning (i.e., less certain tone) since it typically assumes future intentions, which are difficult to predict. **-(으)려나 보다 is usually only used for people or animate entities since the construction suggests intention. **-(으)려나 보다 cannot be used with descriptive verbs (exception: weather-related descriptive verbs). 15. (SUBJ) is/are thinking of V-ing. **-(으)ㄹ까 생각 중이에요 can be shortened to -(으)ㄹ까 해요. 16. maybe because of S1, S2. **Variations: "maybe because of that" = 그래서인지,(formal)/그래선지 (informal), "maybe because" = 어쩌면 -아/어/여서인지, "I do not know if it is because of..., but ..." = -아/어/여서인지 몰라도 **Alternative expressions: -기 때문인지, -아/어/여서 그런지 (more informal) 17. (I guess) (SUBJ) need(s) to V. [DIA] 18. (I guess) I need to V. [MONO] 19. (I guess) (SUBJ) should not V. [DIA] 20. (I guess) I should not V. [MONO] **안 -아/어/여야겠다 or -지 않아야겠다 also carry the same meaning, but are less commonly used. 21. (If/When S,) (SUBJ) is/are bound to V. **Alternative expressions: "It is bound to be..." = -게 되어 있어요, "it is likely that..." = -(으)ㄹ 가능성이 커요

1. VS(C)을 수도 있다 / VS(V)ᄅ 수도 있다 / VS(ᄅ-ᄅ) 수도 있다 2. VS(C)을지도 모르다 / VS(V)ㄹ 지도 모르다 3. VS(C)을 뻔했다 / VS(V)ㄹ 뻔했다 / VS(ㄹ-ㄹ) 뻔했다 4. AVS나 봐요. 5. AVS았/었/였나 봐요. 6. DVS(C)은가 봐요. / DVS(V)ㄴ 가 봐요. 7. DVS았/었/였나 봐요. 8. VS(C)을텐데 S. / VS(V)ㄹ텐데 S. 9. V1S았/었/였으면 V2S(C)을텐데. / V1S았/었/였으면 V2S(V)ㄹ텐데. 10. VS(C)으면 DVS(C)을텐데 S. / VS(V)면 DVS(V)ㄹ텐데 S. 11. VS아/어/여 보여요. 12. N처럼 보여요. 13. VS_ 것 같아요. 14. AVS(C)으려나 봐요. / AVS(V)려나 봐요. 15. VS(C)을까 생각 중이에요. / VS(V)ㄹ까 생각 중이에요. 16. VS아/어/여서인지 (모르겠지만) S. 17. VS아/어/여야겠어요. 18. VS아/어/여야겠다. 19. VS지 말아야겠어요. 20. VS지 말아야겠다. 21. (V1S다 보면/(으)면) V2S기/게 마련이에요.

Making/Providing Decisions 1. to have no choice but to V/can only V/to be obviously expected to be ADJ **-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없어요 can be replaced with 안 -(으)ㄹ 수가 없어요 in most cases. 2. to just V N **This structure is used to suggest or choose an option that is not the most desirable or most interesting. 3. to just V **Although -(이)나 and -(이)라도 carry similar meanings, -(이)라도 places a stronger emphasis that a choice is not ideal and conveys greater disappointment or sacrifice. 4. to decide/agree to V **Other verbs can be used with -기로 instead 하다, such as 약속하다 (to promise), 정하다 (to decide), 결정하다 (to decide), and 마음먹다 (to make up one's mind)--only used in monologue. 4. How about/is N? [PRESENT TENSE] 5. How was N? [PAST TENSE] 6. How about V-ing? [PAST TENSE] 7. How was V-ing? [PAST TENSE] 8. What do you think about N? 9. What do you think about V-ing? 10. How does N seem? 11. How does V-ing seem? **-는 거 is more natural in spoken form.

1. VS(C)을 수밖에 없다 / VS(V)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 2. N(C)이나 V / N(V)나 V 3. VS기나 하다 4. VS기로 하다 4. N 어때요? 5. VS는 것 어때요? 6. N 어땠어요? 7. VS는 것 어땠어요? 8. N에 대해서 어떻게 생각해요? 9. VS는 것에 대해서 어떻게 생각해요? 10. N 어떤 것 같아요? 11. VS는 것 어떤 것 같아요?

Expressing Certainty/Uncertainty/Curiosity 1. Shall we V? 2. Do you think/I wonder if S. [PRESENT TENSE] **-(으)ㄹ까요 is used to ask oneself a question from curiosity, raise a question to others, or suggest doing something together. **If two sentences of this structure are used consecutively, the meaning can be assumed to be "Do you think SUBJ/Shall we V OBJ1 or OBJ2?" 3. Do you think/I wonder if S. [PAST TENSE] **-았/었/였을까요 is only used to express doubt or curiosity about events that may or may not already have happened. 4. It cannot be/It is impossible that S. [PRESENT TENSE] 5. It cannot be/It is impossible that S. [PAST TENSE] 6. It cannot be/It is impossible that S. [FUTURE TENSE] **The future tense form is the same as the present tense with additional context to indicate a future action or state. 7. whether or not/if (SUBJ) V/ADJ - If following AV, 있다/없다, -았/-겠 - If following DV - If following QW **-(으)ㄴ/는지 is used with verbs related to knowing, guessing, informing, thinking, etc. 8. V/ADJ or not [PRESENT TENSE] 9. V/ADJ or not [PAST TENSE] 10. V/ADJ or not [FUTURE TENSE] **Conjugation of the verb stem depends on whether the verb is action or descriptive in nature. Refer to "whether or not" above for the correct conjugation. 11. I'm not sure if S. [PRESENT TENSE] 12. I'm not sure if S. [PAST TENSE] 13. I'm not sure if S. [FUTURE TENSE] **-겠 adds the nuance of assumption of intention. Without it, the construction would mean that SUBJ doesn't/don't know something well. **안 _지 may be added after the first expression to indicate "or not." 14. to (not) know/think that (SUBJ) V [PRESENT TENSE] 15. to (not) know/think that (SUBJ) has V-ed [PAST TENSE] 16. to (not) know/think that (SUBJ) will V [FUTURE TENSE] **If stress is placed on 알다, this construction takes on the meaning "to know." If stress is placed on -(으)ㄴ/ㄹ 줄 portion, this construction takes on the meaning "to think." **-줄 알아요 is used to hint that one "begs to differ" from something another person says. For this reason, it is not usually used with the first person since one cannot beg to differ with oneself. When talking about the past, the first person can be used since what one thinks in the present may differ from what one used to think in the past. If there is no nuance of "beg to differ," -것 같다 makes more sense. 17. to not know/think that (SUBJ) V [PRESENT TENSE] 18. to not know/think that (SUBJ) V-ed [PAST TENSE] 19. to not know/think that (SUBJ) will V [FUTURE TENSE] 20. to think/wonder if S **-(으/느)ㄴ가 싶다 is most commonly used in the form of 아닌가 싶다 and 건가 싶다. **This structure has a stronger hint of uncertainty compared to 것 같다. 21. to wonder (to oneself about a present event) [PRESENT TENSE] **-나 싶다 is often used in the form of -지 않나 싶다. 22. to wonder (to oneself about a past event) [PAST TENSE] 23. to wonder (about a possibility) / to think of V-ing **Unlike -(으/느)ㄴ가 싶다 or -나 싶다, -(으)ㄹ까 싶다 can also be used when you talk about what you are thinking of doing.

1. VS(C)을까요 / VS(V)ㄹ까요? / VS(ㄹ)까요? 2. VS(C)을까요 / VS(V)ㄹ까요? / VS(ㄹ)까요? 3. VS았/었/였을까요? 4. VS(C)을 리가 없어요. / VS(V)ㄹ 리가 없어요. / VS(ㄹ)리가 없어요. 5. VS았/었/였을 리가 없어요. 6. VS(C)을 리가 없어요. / VS(V)ㄹ 리가 없어요. / VS(ㄹ)리가 없어요. 7. AVS는지 / AVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)는지 || DVS(C)은지지 / DVS(V)ㄴ는지 8. VS(으/느)ㄴ지 안 VS(으/는)ㄴ지 9. VS았/었/였는지 안 VS았/었/였는지 10. VS(C)을지 안 VS(C)을지지 / VS(V)ㄹ지 안 VS(V)ㄹ지 / VS(ㄹ)지 안 VS(ㄹ)지 11. VS(으/느)ㄴ지 잘 모르겠어요. 12. VS았/었/였는지 잘 모르겠어요. 13. VS(C)을지 잘 모르겠어요. / VS(V)ㄹ지 잘 모르겠어요. / VS(ㄹ)지 잘 모르겠어요. || VS(C)을 건지 잘 모르겠어요. / VS(V)ㄹ 건지 잘 모르겠어요. / VS(ㄹ) 건지 잘 모르겠어요. 14. (안) VS는 줄 알다 15. (안) VS(C)은 줄 알다 / (안) VS(V)ㄴ 줄 알다 16. (안) VS(C)을 줄 알다 / (안) VS(V) ㄹ 줄 알다 17. VS는 줄 모르다 18. VS(C)은 줄 모르다 / VS(V)ㄴ 줄 모르다 19. VS(C)을 줄 모르다/ VS(V)ㄹ 줄 모르다 20. AVS(V)는가 싶다 | DVS(C)은가 싶다 / DVS(V)ᄂ가 싶다 21. VS았/었/였나 싶다 22. VS(C)을까 싶다 / VS(V)ㄹ까 싶다

Expressing Desires 1. I/We want to V. 2. You/They/It (other people, in general) want(s) to V. **If in question form (e.g. "Do you want ... ?"), the first form can be used. 3. QW do/does SUBJ want to V? 4. I hope (SUBJ) V./It would be nice if (SUBJ) V. [ORAL] 5. I wish (SUBJ) V-ed./It would be nice if (SUBJ) V-ed. [ORAL] **Both forms are interchangeable most of the time. 6. I hope (SUBJ) V [WRITTEN]

1. VS고 싶어요. 2. VS고 싶어해요. 3. QW VS(C)을래요? / QW VS(V)ㄹ래요? 4. VS(C)으면 좋겠어요. / VS(V)면 좋겠어요. 5. VS았/었/었으면 좋겠어요. 6. VS기를 바라요/희망해요.

Specifying Action 1. to be in the middle of V-ing **-고 있는 중이다 emphasizes an action that is/was/will be happening within a specific time period. A prolonged action does not work with this structure (e.g., taking piano lessons). **-고 있는 중이다 can be shortened to -는 중이다. 2. V1 N for the purposes of/to V2, V3, etc. **-(으)ㄹ 겸 indicates that an action has two or more purposes or reasons. **-도 may also be added to the noun before V1. **If only V1 is included, another purpose is implied (no comma is necessary). **VN does not need to be included if it repeats the question (e.g., "Why did you go outside?") 3. to be easy/difficult to V 4. to be easy/difficult for V-ing **Other descriptive verbs that can be used with the same conjugations include: 편리하다, 좋다, 불편하다. 5. to depend on N **-마다 다르다 can only be used with nouns, while -에 따라(서) 다르다 can also be used with clauses (e.g., "It depends on when you go there" = 언제 가는지에 따라 달라요.) **-에 따라 has a stronger emphasis on the dependence on a certain item or circumstance," while -에 마다 emphasizes meaning that something constantly changes not in relation to a certain item or circumstance. 6. to depend on V [ORAL] 7. to depend on V [ORAL/WRITTEN] **다르다 can be conjugated as 달라요 or 달라져요, but 달라져요 stresses on the fact that something "becomes" different. 8. (SUBJ) sometimes V1, other times V2. **Although 어떨 때는 is more commonly used, 어떤 때는 is also used since it is in the present tense. **다른 때는 can also be used for the second clause to literally mean "other times," but 어떨 때는 is more common. **-(으)ㄹ 때도 있어요 may also be added to main verb stem of the second clause. In this case, 어떨 때는 in the second clause may be dropped or remain. 9. (SUBJ) doesn't/do not really V. 10. to pretend to V **-(으/느)ㄴ 척하다/체하다 can be used with the past tense (-은/ㄴ 척하다/체하다) and present progressive tense (-고 있는 척하다/체하다). **-(으/느)ㄴ 척하다/체하다 cannot be used in the future tense. **척 and 체 are generally interchangeable, but 척 can be followed by verbs other than 하다 (e.g., "Stop pretending you know." = 아는 척 그만하세요.) and can be used without 하다 as a clause (e.g., "Pretending as if they didn't know, they went out quietly." = 모르는 척, 조용히 나갔어요." 척 is more common in spoken Korean. 11. No matter how (much) (SUBJ) V/ADJ/ADV., S. 12. No matter how much of N (SUBJ) is./Even N V. (e.g., "no matter how big a fool you are ... " = 아무리 바보여도 ...) **아무리 could also be used with -(으/느) ㄴ다고 해도, -아/어/여 봤자, -고 싶어도, -려고 해도, etc. to express the same meaning with different nuances. - 아무리 -아/어/여도 (most neutral) - 아무리 -(으/느) ㄴ다고 해도 (less hopeful) - 아무리 -아/어/여 봤자 (least hopeful) - 아무리 -고 싶어도 (no matter how much (SUBJ) wants/want to V) - 아무리 -고 싶어도 (no matter how much (SUBJ) tries/try to V) **If 그렇지요 ("but still") is added to the end of the sentence, a second clause can be added after the main clause but is not required. 13. I know (SUBJ) is/are N, but S. [N] 14. I know (SUBJ) V, but S. [AV/있다/없다] 15. I know (SUBJ) is/are ADJ, but S. [DV] **It may sound more natural to use "아무리 -아/어/여도" when you are talking directly to the person the sentence is referring to. However, if you are complaining about someone who is not present, the above structure is acceptable. 16. to keep V-ing 17. Rather than S1, it's more S2. [AV; PRESENT TENSE] 18. Rather than S1, it's more S2. [DV; PRESENT TENSE] 19. Rather than S1, it's more S2. [V; PAST TENSE] 20. Rather than S1, it's more S2. [N; PRESENT TENSE] **This structure may be used in conjunction with other words or phrases: 꼭 + -다기보다/라기보다 (not necessarily S1, but S2), -다기보다/라기보다 + -에 가까워요 (rather than S1, it's closer to S2), 딱히 + -다기보다/라기보다 (not specifically S1, but S2), 저는 스키를 잘 탄다기보다 그냥 좋아해요 (rather than S1, it's more accurate to say S2), -다기보다/라기보다 + -것 같아요/-다기보다/라기보다 + -(으)ㄴ/는 편이에요 (rather than S1, I think (SUBJ) is on the ADJ side), -다기보다/라기보다 + -는 거죠 (not necessarily S1, but it is that S2). 21. S, let alone V. 22. S, let alone V. [+FORMAL] 23. Rather than S, (SUBJ) only V. **Alternative expressions: -은/는 고사하고 (more formal), -은/는 물론이고, -뿐만 아니라 (wider range of usage; can express actions/states that are not related or two positive things together--e.g., "He is not only good at singing, but also good at playing violin), -은/는 말할 것도 없고

1. VS고 있는 중이다 2. N2(도) V2S(으)ㄹ 겸(, N3[도] V3S[으]ㄹ 겸 [해서{요}]) V1 N1. 3. VS기(가) 쉽다/어렵다 4. VS기(에) 쉽다/어렵다 5. N에 따라(서) 다르다 / N마다 다르다 6. VS느냐에 따라(서) 다르다 7. VS는지에 따라(서) 다르다 8. (어떨 때는) V1는/은/ㄴ데, 어떨 때는 V2(S[으]ㄹ 때도 있어요). || 어떨 때는 V1는/은/ㄴ데, 다른 때는 V2. 9. 별로 안 VS는 편이에요. 10. AVS(V)는 척하다/체하다 | DVS(C)은 척하다/체하다 / DVS(V)ᄂ 척하다/체하다 11. 아무리 VS아/어/여도, S. 12. 아무리 N(C)이라도, S. / 아무리 N(V)라도, S. 13. 아무리 N(C)이라지만, S. / 아무리 N(V)라지만, S. 14. 아무리 V(C)는다지만, S. / 아무리 V(C)ㄴ다지만, S. 15. 아무리 V다지만, S. 16. 계속 V 17. AVS(C)는다기보다(는) / AVS(V)ㄴ 다기보다(는) 18. DVS다기보다(는) 19. VS았/었/였다기보다(는) 20. N(C)이라기보다(는) / N(V)이라기보다(는) 21. V1S기는커녕 V2S도 V3. 22. V1S기는커녕 V2S조차 V3. 23. V1S기는커녕 V2만 V3.

Progressive Tense 1. Basic form 2. Present progressive 3. Past progressive 4. Future progressive **For informal use, the plain present tense is often used instead of the present progressive tense. **The present progressive is NOT appropriate when referring to the near future (e.g., "I'm going to work tomorrow).

1. VS고 있다 (하고 있다) 2. VS고 있어요 (하고 있어요) 3. VS고 있었어요 (하고 있었어요) 4. VS고 있을 거예요 (하고 있을 거예요)

Changing Parts of Speech 1. V --> N [SPECIFIC; PRESENT TENSE] **-기 refers to a specific instance rather than a general fact. 2. AV/있다/없다 --> N [GENERAL; PRESENT TENSE] **-는 것 can take on the meaning of doing something, the act of doing something, what you do, or the fact that you do something. **-는 거 is more natural in spoken form. **When subject marker 이 is attached to -는 것, -는 것이 contracts to -는 게. 3. AV/있다/없다 --> N [GENERAL; PAST TENSE] 4. AV/있다/없다 --> N [GENERAL; FUTURE TENSE] 5. DV --> N [GENERAL; PRESENT TENSE] 6. DV --> N [GENERAL; PAST TENSE] 7. DV --> N [GENERAL; FUTURE TENSE] 8. DV --> ADJ **Exceptions: 하얗다 (하얀), 그렇다 (그런), 달다 (단) 9. AV/있다/없다 --> ADJ [PRESENT TENSE] **This construction takes on the meaning "N that (SUBJ) V." **The meaning can change depending on the verb and particle used (e.g., "someone that Minji likes = 민지가 좋아하는 사람 vs. "someone that likes Minji" = 민지를 좋아하는 사람). 10. AV/있다/없다 --> ADJ [PAST TENSE] **This construction takes on the meaning "N that (SUBJ) V-ed." **The noun act as the subject or object of the verb depending on context. 11. AV/있다/없다 --> ADJ [FUTURE TENSE] **This construction takes on the meanings "N that (SUBJ) will V" or "N to V." The second meaning does not necessarily need to happen in the future (e.g., "Right now, there is nothing to say" = 지금은 할 이야기가 없어요.) **If the noun is unspecified with 것, the entire phrase means "something to V." **-(으)ㄹ 거예요 may refer to the future tense or describing something that SUBJ will eat (e.g., "This thing, something that who will eat?" = 이거 누가 먹을 거예요?) 12. AV/있다/없다 --> ADJ 13. DV --> ADJ **This construction takes on the meaning "N that (SUBJ) used to V/was V-ing." It may imply that the action was never finished.

1. VS기 / VS(하-하)기 2. (N) AVS는 것 / (N) AVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)는 것 3. (N) AVS(C)은 것 / (N) AVS(V)ㄴ 것 4. (N) AVS(C)을 것 / (N) AVS(V)ㄹ 것 / (N) AVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)것 5. (N) DVS(C)은 것 / (N) VS(V)ㄴ 것 6. (N) DVS았/었/였던 것 7. (N) DVS(C)을 것 / (N) DVS(V)ㄹ 것 / (N) DVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)것 8. DVS(C)은 N / DVS(V)ㄴ N / DVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)ㄴ N 9. AVS는 N / AVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)는 N 10. AVS(C)은 N / AVS(V)ㄴ N 11. AVS(C)을 N / AVS(V)ㄹ N 12. AVS(았/었/였)던 N 13. DVS던 N

Expressing Realization 1. I see S. [INFORMAL; PRESENT TENSE; AV] 2. I see S. [INFORMAL; PRESENT TENSE; DV] 3. I see S. [INFORMAL; PAST TENSE] 4. I see S. [FORMAL; PRESENT TENSE; AV] 5. I see S. [FORMAL; PRESENT TENSE; DV] 6. I see S. [FORMAL; PAST TENSE; AV] **The 요 in -(는)군요 can be dropped in informal language, but -(는) 구나 is more commonly used in spoken language and among females. **These endings take on a similar meaning as -네요, but -(는)구나 and -(는)군요 are not seeking agreement from the other person. 7. I see (SUBJ) is N. [INFORMAL; PRESENT TENSE] 8. I see (SUBJ) was N. [INFORMAL; PAST TENSE] 9. I see (SUBJ) is N. [FORMAL; PRESENT TENSE] 10. I see (SUBJ) was N. [FORMAL; PAST TENSE]

1. VS는구나. 2. VS구나. 3. VS았/었/였구나. 4. VS는군요. 5. VS군요. 6. VS았/었/였군요. 7. N(C)이구나. / N(V)구나. 8. N(C)았/었/였구나. 9. N(C)이군요. / N(V)군요. 10. N(C)았/었/였군요.

Expressing Reaction 1. I cannot believe that N V. [V; PRESENT TENSE] 2. I cannot believe that N V. [V; PAST TENSE] 3. I cannot believe that N1 is N2. [N; PRESENT TENSE] 4. I cannot believe that N1 is N2. [N; PAST TENSE] **The reaction can be conveyed by phrases, such as 신기하다 (to be interesting), 믿을 수가 없다 (to be impossible to believe), 화가 나다 (to be upsetting), 말이 안 되다 (to make no sense), etc. **When the intended meaning after -다니/라니 is obvious, the following part is often omitted, and the sentence ends with -다니 or -라니 as an exclamation. 5. I cannot believe that N V. **-다니 indicates a reaction as the experience occurs, while -(ㄴ/는)다니 indicates a reaction after you hear about it. -(ㄴ/는)다니 can also be used to express a reaction to future events (e.g., "I cannot believe that Jason is leaving Korea," while -다니 is limited to past and present events. 6. QUOTE REACTION. 7. How ADJ would N be? [PRESENT TENSE] 8. How ADJ must N have been? [PAST TENSE] **If this structure is used with a word relating to one's feelings (e.g., 좋다, 아프다, 힘들다, 속상하다, 기쁘다), you can express empathy. In this case, the word is often preceded by 생각하니(까) to mean "thinking about how much/to what extent one must have done so-and-so" (e.g., "It breaks my heart to think about how much he must have suffered." = 그 사람이 얼마나 힘들었을까 생각하니 가슴이 아파요.) 9. How ADJ it must be for S? [PRESENT TENSE] 10. How ADJ it was for S? [PAST TENSE]

1. VS다니 2. VS았/었/였다니 3. N이다/아니다라니 4. 이다/아니다았/었/였다니 5. VS(C)는다고 하니 S. / VS(V)ㄴ다고 하니 S. 6. VS(C)으라니 S. / VS(V)라니 S. 7. 얼마나 VS(C)을까(요)? / 얼마나 VS(V)ㄹ까(요)? 8. 얼마나 VS았/었/였을까(요)? 9. 얼마나 V1S(C)으면 V2S(C)을까(요)/겠어(요)? / 얼마나 VS(V)면 V2S(V)ㄹ까(요)/겠어(요)? 10. 얼마나 V1S았/었/였으면 V2S았/었/였을까(요)?

Talking About Experience 1. to try V-ing 2. (SUBJ) V-ed/is ADJ. [INFORMAL] 3. (SUBJ) V-ed/is ADJ. [FORMAL] **-더라요 is used to express a new fact that you have learned about by experiencing (i.e., seeing, finding, realizing, etc.) something for the first time. **-더라요 should refer to an action in the past tense. Descriptive verbs do not have to be used in past form. **-더라요 has a more exclamatory nuance than -더라고요, which has more of a calmer and more conclusive nuance. **-더라 does not work when expressing the experience of one's state or action (exceptions: emotions) or other people's emotions or experiences. **-던데요 may also be used to elicit a reaction from the listener. 4. (SUBJ) has/have V-ed before. 5. (SUBJ) has/have not V-ed before.

1. VS아/어/여 보다 2. VS(았/었/였)더라/던데. | VS(았/었/였)더라고. 3. VS(았/었/였)던데요. | VS(았/었/였)더라고요. 4. VS(C)은 적 있어요. / VS(V)ㄴ 적 있어요. 4. VS(C)은 적 없어요. / VS(V)ㄴ 적 없어요.

Giving/Asking for Permission 1. to be okay/acceptable to V 2. to be okay/acceptable not to V 3. to be not okay/acceptable to V 4. Is it okay if I V?/Is it okay for me to V? 5. Is it okay if I V?/Is it okay for me to V? **Both structures are generally interchangeable, but -아/어/여도 괜찮아요 has a slightly softer nuance, whereas -아/어/여도 돼요 tends to be a little more direct. 6. Is it okay if I V?/Is it okay for me to V? **-아/어/여도 될까요? is used to express curiosity or uncertainty about something, naturally asking for the other person's response or feedback. It can be used to ask others as well as oneself. **-아/어/여도 될까요? is more polite than -아/어/여도 돼요? 7. Do you mind V-ing for me? [INFORMAL] 8. Do you mind V-ing for me? [FORMAL] 9. Do you mind V-ing for me? [HONORIFIC] 10. Do you mind V-ing for me? [HONORIFIC +1]

1. VS아/어/여도 되다 2. 안 VS아/어/여도 되다 3. VS(C)으면 안 되다 / VS(V)면 안 되다 / VS(ㄹ)면 안 되다 4. VS아/어/여도 돼요? 5. VS아/어/여도 괜찮아요? 6. VS아/어/여도 될까요? 7. VS아/어/여 주래? 8. VS아/어/여 주래요? 9. VS아/어/여 주실래요? 10. VS아/어/여 주시겠어요?

Passive Voice 1. to be AV/to get AV-ed 2. to be AV/to get AV-ed/can AV (for -되다 verbs) - If VS ends in ㅎ - If VS ends in ㄱ, ㄷ, or ㅂ - If VS ends in ㄹ - If VS ends in ㄴ, ㅁ, ㅅ, or ㅊ - If VS is 하 **There is no clear rule that determines which verb stem is followed by which suffix. **Constructions of #1 and #2 may be combined to form the double passive voice (-아/어/여지다 + -아/어/여지다, -되어지다) This form is technically grammatically incorrect, but it is widely used. **The Korean passive voice may take on a second meaning of "possibility" or "capability" of a certain action being done; this incapability is not due to the speaker's specific ability, but rather than external circumstances (e.g., "I can't hear you" [It cannot be heard] = 안 들려요.) **Based on this second meaning, 되다 takes on the meaning of "can be done" or "can do." Other meanings include: "can be served," "to be available," "can be spoken," "can be made," "can be finished," etc. **The subject is usually the ability that can or cannot be done rather than the person. **Certain English verbs used in the passive voice are used with the active voice in Korean since the subject does not the point of focus (e.g., "Made in Korea" = 한국에서 만들었어요"). 3. to have been V-ed and is still V-ed (e.g., "to be caught" --> "to be in custody") **The general passive voice describes an action as it gets done, whereas passive voice + -어 있다 expresses the state that the subject is in as a result of the passive action. **This structure cannot be used with transitive verbs.

1. VS아/어/여지다 2. - VS이다 - VS히다 - VS리다 - VS기다 - VS(하-하)되다 3. IVS어 있다

Expressing Change 1. to become ADJ **Some verbs may have evolved meanings with this construction (e.g., "to become different" (달라지다) --> "to change"). 2. to end up V-ing, to eventually V **This structure is used when SUBJ does/do not want to V, but eventually end up V-ing (present), did not intend on V-ing, but ended up in a situation where SUBJ V-ed (past), or will eventually V whether or not SUBJ want(s) to (future). 3. to be bound to V **-게 되어 있다 suggests that something is bound to be in a certain state or happen in a certain way.

1. VS아/어/여지다 2. VS게 되다 3. VS게 되어 있다

Expressing Obligations 1. has to/have to/should V [ORAL] 2. has to/have to/should V [WRITTEN]

1. VS아/여/여야 되다 2. VS아/여/여야 하다

Making Suggestions 1. Let's V. [INFORMAL] 2. Shall we V? [POLITE/CASUAL] 3. Let's V. [POLITE/PLAIN] **This construction is similar to the present tense, but can be distinguished through context. 4. Shall we V? [POLITE/FORMAL] 5. Let's V. [HONORIFIC]

1. VS자 2. VS(C)을래요? / VS(V)ㄹ래요? 3. VS아/어/여요. 4. VS(C)으실래요? / VS(V)실래요? 5. VS(C)으시죠. / VS(V)시죠.

Irregulars 1. ㅂ Irregular - If vowel before ㅂ is ㅗ - If vowel before ㅂ is not ㅗ **The rule applies to verb stems ending in ㅂ and are followed by a suffix that starts with a vowel (verbs with suffixes like -는 or -고 still keep the ㅂ). **Exceptions: 입다 (입어요), 잡다 (잡아요), 씹다 (씹어요), 좁다 (좁아요), 넓다 (넓어요) 2. 르 Irregular - If followed by -아/어/여요 - If followed by -아/어/여서 - If followed by -았/었/였어요 **The rule applies to verb stems ending in 르 and are followed by suffixes -아/어/여요, -아/어/여서, or -았/었/였어요 (verbs with suffixes like -는 or -고 still keep the 르). 3. ㄷ Irregular **The rule applies to verb stems ending in ㄷ that are followed by a vowel (verbs with suffixes like -는 or -고 still keep the ㄷ). **Exceptions: 받다 (받아요), 묻다 (묻어요), 닫다 (닫아요), 믿다 (믿어요) 4. ㅅ Irregular **This rule applies to verb stems ending in ㅅ that are followed by a vowel (verbs with suffixes like -는 or -고 still keep the ㅅ). **Exceptions: 웃다 (웃어요), 씻다 (씻어요), 벗다 (벗어요)

1. ㅂ - VS (ㅂ-ㅂ)와요 - VS(ㅂ-ㅂ)워요 2. 르 - VS(르-르)ㄹ 라/러/려요 - VS(르-르)ㄹ 라/러/려서 - VS(르-르)ㄹ 랐/렀/렸어요 3. ㄷ - VS(ㄷ-ㄷ)ㄹ + suffix 4. ㅅ VS(ㅅ-ㅅ) + suffix

Idiomatic Expressions 1. eye a) to be picky b) to get on one's bad side c) to get some sleep; to take a nap d) to be able to know with just one glance e) to not know where to start; to have no hope f) to pick up (knowledge) quickly g) to be the apple of one's eye **This expression is typically used with children. h) to be difficult to miss; to stand out i) eyes meet j) to go blind; to be blinded by something k) to be radiant l) to not bat an eye m) in the blink of an eye 2. ear a) to have good ears **This expression refers to hearing ability and is different from "to hear well." b) to pay attention to a sound or what someone says c) to whisper into someone's ears d) to be deaf, to not be able to hear e) to feel like someone is talking behind one's back f) to be easily influenced by what others say g) to have heard something too much already 3. chest, heart, breast a) to ache (heart); to be sad b) to be thrilled, to be excited; to palpitate (heart) c) to beat, to race; to be happily excited and motivated d) to feel pressure on one's chest; to feel heavy with worries e) to sink (heart); to be startled f) with a pounding heart g) to touch one's heart; to hit home h) to resolve one's deep sorrow i) to overflow with joy j) to deeply regret k) to deeply repent l) to pound (heart) 4. head, hair a) to be smart/stupid b) to use one's brain; to think c) to put one's brain to work; to use one's head to find a solution **This can only be used in casual situations. d) to think of petty tricks e) to have a bad headache f) to not be able to think well/straight g) to not be able to think straight; to have lots of concerns in one's head h) to flash through one's mind (idea/ thought) i) to be blank (mind); to be disoriented j) to feel dizzy; to feel numb (brain) k) to start thinking like a grown-up; to make mature judgments **This expression may mean that a child has grown up and does not want to listen to what older people say. 5. body a) to be weak **This expression is used to refer to being in a weak position rather than having a weak body (e.g., weak skills). b) to be strong, to be healthy c) to be itching to do something d) to be in good shape/to be not healthy, to not feel well e) to build up one's body, to lose weight to get fit f) to be cautious and not take any risk g) to become a habit, to get comfortable doing something repeatedly h) to overexert oneself, to overwork i) to ruin one's health 6. hand a) to get accustomed to something b) to be through with something (bad); to quit doing something (bad) c) to be very generous (usually with food that one cooks) d) to be thrilled e) to not be able to concentrate on something (usually work) f) to stop working on something; to get one's hands off something g) to beg as if one's life depended on it h) to pull out of something 7. foot a) to be well-connected b) to throw oneself into a matter with enthusiasm c) to be involved in something d) to be very packed e) to fall a step behind f) to physically move fast; to do the necessary actions quickly g) to be detained, confined, shackled h) to go out and get first-hand experience in a field i) a drop in the bucket j) to stop visiting 8. heart, mind a) to make up one's mind b) to do as one wants c) to like, to find something likable d) to weigh upon one's mind e) to have something/someone on one's mind f) to say something without meaning it g) to want to do something right but cannot h) to feel relieved i) to understand each other well j) to have a heavy heart, to feel bad 9. feeling, emotion, mood a) to feel happy/upbeat b) to be in a bad mood/unpleasant c) willingly, with good cheer d) to relieve one's feelings; to make someone less upset or feel better e) to be not in the mood for f) to be offended g) just the way one wants h) to be excited/exhilarated i) to refresh oneself j) to be just imagination k) to have a feeling l) to feel down 10. thought, idea a) to have different opinions b) to not feel like eating/drinking c) to be lost in thought d) at the bare thought of it e) to not even want to think about it f) to occur to one's mind, to remember g) to occur to one's mind, think/have a feeling h) to not intend to do something i) to really want to have (usually a certain food/drink) j) to be unthought-of, to have not been foreseen k) to not even be worth thinking about it l) at least for the sake of (someone) 11. time a) Can you make some time for me? b) You don't have time for this. c) If you have that kind of time, do your studying. d) I hope you can spend a lot of time on this project. e) It will begin at 7 p.m. on May 2nd in Korean time. f) I want to travel, but I just can't find the time g) Stop wasting your time, just go back home. h) Do you think I have that much time to waste? i) Even though you were really busy, you didn't even have time for a quick phone call? j) Time flies. k) I wish I could turn back time to the past l) I spend time with my family on the weekends. 12. face a) to look familiar b) to look familiar c) to have a tan (on one's face) d) to look worried e) to be written all over one's face f) to blush; to be angry g) to pop in and say "hi" h) to not know anyone (in a certain place) i) there are a lot of people one does not know j) to look great/healthy k) to not be ashamed l) to be shameless 13. work a) to be not working, to temporarily be between jobs b) to find it enjoyable to work, to be motivated to work c) to have a lot of work coming in; to have work-related luck d) to start something new, to start a new (potentially unnecessary) project e) to know nothing but work, to be always working f) to work out well, to be resolved well g) to not be able to focus on work h) to not be interested in anything else but work i) something to take care of; an errand to run j) to be very easy to do; to be a piece of cake k) to have a lot of work; to be loaded with work l) nothing works out 14. wind a) why; why suddenly b) to inflate, to put air in; to tempt c) to be stood up d) to get some fresh air e) while still in one's pajamas 15. words, language a) to speak formal language to someone b) to not make sense; to be nonsensical/impossible c) to save one's breath, to not say much d) to be talkative; to be controversial (topic or event) e) to understand each other well, to click f) to be unreasonable, to be ridiculous g) to be at a loss for words, to be speechless h) to bring up a topic i) to prevent people from talking about something, to not let others complain about something j) to be in a terrible situation, to be in an unspeakable condition k) to not be worth listening to l) to pay lip service, to flatter m) to be at a loss for words, to not know what to say 16. one a) to not know anything b) to not have any/none **한 개도 없다 can be used for more casual situations and is considered slang. **N 하나 없다 means there is one object missing. **For its idiomatic meaning, a subject marking particle is commonly attached to the noun. c) to not have any, there is none, one is missing d) to not hurt at all e) without leaving anything, without anything left over, completely f) one and only, one of a kind g) by any possibility, out of a low probability h) to only know one thing and not more, to know only one side of the whole story i) from A to Z, every little detail, through and through **This expression is used with verbs, such as 알다, 설명하다, and 신경쓰다. j) to see one means to see all

1. 눈 a) 눈이 높다 b) 눈 밖에 나다 c) 눈을 붙이다 d) 눈빛만 봐도 알 수 있다 e) 눈 앞이 캄캄하다 f) 눈썰미가 좋다 g) 눈에 넣어도 아프지 않다 h) 눈에 띄다 i) 눈을 마주치다 j) 눈이 멀다 k) 눈이 부시다 l) 눈 하나 깜짝하지 않다 m) 눈 깜짝할 사이에 2. 귀 a) 귀가 밝다 b) 귀를 기울이다 c) 귀에 대고 속삭이다 d) 귀 먹다 e) 귀가 간지럽다 f) 귀가 얇다 g) 귀에 못이 박히도록 (듣다) 3. 가슴 a) 가슴이 아프다 b) 가슴이 두근거리다 c) 가슴이 뛰다 d) 가슴이 답답하다 e) 가슴이 내려앉다 f) 부푼 가슴을 안고 g) 가슴에 와 닿다 h) 가슴에 맺힌 한을 풀다 i) 가슴 벅차다 j) 가슴 깊이 후회하다 k) 가슴 깊이 뉘우치다 l) 가슴이 콩닥콩닥 뛰다 4. 머리 a) 머리가 좋다/나쁘다 b) 머리를 쓰다 c) 머리를 굴리다 d) 잔머리(를) 굴리다 e) 머리가 깨질 것 같다 / 머리가 깨질 것처럼 아프다 f) 머리가 (잘) 안 돌아가다 g) 머리가 복잡하다 h) 머리를 스치다 i) 머리가 멍하다 j) 머리가 띵하다 k) 머리가 크다 5. 몸 a) 몸이 약하다 b) 몸이 튼튼하다 c) 몸이 근질거리다 d) 몸이 좋다/안 좋다 e) 몸을 만들다 f) 몸을 사리다 g) 몸에 배다 h) 몸을 혹사시키다 i) 몸을 망치다 6. 손 a) 손에 익다 b) 손을 씻다 c) 손이 크다 d) 손에 땀을 쥐다 e) 손에 안 잡히다 f) 손을 놓다 g) 손이 닳도록 빌다 h) 손을 떼다 7. 발 a) 발이 넓다 b) 발 벗고 나서다 c) 발을 담그다 d) 발 디딜 틈이 없다 e) 한 발 늦다 f) 발 빠르게 움직이다 g) 발이 묶이다 h) 발로 뛰다 i) 새 발의 피 j) 발을 끊다 8. 마음 a) 마음을 먹다 b) 마음대로 하다 c) 마음에 들다 d) 마음에 걸리다 e) 마음에 두다 f) 마음에 없는 말을 하다 g) 마음은 굴뚝 같다 h) 마음이 놓이다 i) 마음이 통하다 j) 마음이 무겁다 9. 기분 a) 기분이 좋다 b) 기분이 나쁘다 c) 기분 좋게 d) 기분을 풀다 e) -(으)ㄹ 기분이 아니다 f) 기분이 상하다 g) 기분 내키는 대로 h) 기분이 들뜨다 i) 기분 전환을 하다 j) 기분 탓이다 k) -(으/느)ㄴ 기분이 들다 l) 기분이 가라앉다 10. 생각 a) 생각이 다르다 b) 생각이 없다 c) 생각에 잠기다 d) 생각만 해도 e) 생각하기도 싫다 f) 생각이 나다 g) 생각이 들다 h) -(으)ㄹ 생각은 없다 i) 생각이 간절하다 j) 생각지도 못 했던 일이다 k) 생각해 보고 말 것도 없다 l) -을/를 생각해서라도 11. 시간 a) 잠깐 시간 좀 내 줄 수 있어요? b) 지금 이러고 있을 시간이 어디 있어요? c) 그럴 시간 있으면 공부나 하세요 d) 이번 프로젝트에 시간을 많이 할애해 주세요. e) 한국 시간으로 오월 이일 오후 일곱시에 시작할 거예요. f) 여행을 가고 싶은데 좀처럼 시간이 안 나네요. g) 괜히 시간 낭비하지 말고 그냥 돌아가세요. h) 제가 시간이 남아도는 줄 아세요? i) 아무리 바빠도 그렇죠. 잠깐 전화할 시간도 없어요? j) 시간이 어떻게 가는지 모르겠어요. k) 시간을 되돌릴 수 있으면 좋겠어요. l) 저는 주말에는 가족들하고 시간을 보내요. 12. 얼굴 a) 얼굴이 낯이 익다 b) 어디서 많이 본 얼굴이다 c) 얼굴이 까맣게 타다 d) 걱정스러운 얼굴을 하고 있다 e) 얼굴에 쓰여 있다 f) 얼굴을 붉히다 g) 얼굴만 내밀다 h) 아는 얼굴이 없다 i) 모르는 얼굴들이 많다 = j) 얼굴이 좋아 보이다 k) 무슨 얼굴로 l) 얼굴에 철판을 깔다 13. 일 a) 일을 쉬다 b) 일할 맛이 나다 c) 일 복이 많다 d) 일을 벌이다 e) 일하고 결혼하다 f) 일이 잘 풀리다 g) 일이 손에 안 잡히다 h) 일밖에 모르다 i) 볼일 j) 일도 아니다 k) 일이 산더미처럼 쌓여 있다 l) 되는 일이 없다 14. 바람 a) 무슨 바람이 불어서 b) 바람을 넣다 c) 바람맞다 d) 바람을 쐬다 e) 잠옷 바람으로 15. 말 a) 말을 높이다 b) 말도 안 되다 c) 말을 아끼다 d) 말이 많다 e) 말이 통하다 f) 말이 안 통하다 g) 말문이 막히다 h) 말을 꺼내다 i) 말 나오지 않게 하다 j) 말이 아니다 k) 말이 말 같지 않다 l) 입에 발린 말을 하다 m) 할 말을 잃다 16. 하나 a) 하나도 모르다 b) 하나도 없다/한 개도 없다 c) 하나 없다 d) 하나도 안 아프다 e) 하나도 남김없이 f) 하나밖에 없는 g) 만에 하나 h) 하나만 알고 둘은 모르다 i) 하나부터 열까지 j) 하나를 보면 열을 알다

Pronouns 1. you [FORMAL] **This pronoun is used when the speaker is angry at the listener and does not mind fighting with that person, translating from a foreign language and must have a word for "you," writing/singing a song, addressing one's spouse, or talking about someone not present in an honorific manner (very rare). 2. oneself

1. 당신 2. 자기

Making Comparisons 1. more ADJ/ADV 2. N1 is more V/ADJ/ADV than N2 **더 is not necessary to indicate "more." **N1 may also be placed after N2보다. 3. SUBJ V more. 4. SUBJ V for # more TIME UNIT. 5. SUBJ V N1 more than N2. 6. SUBJ V more ADV than N. 7. N is/are much/far more than ADJ/ADV. 8. N1 is/are much/far more than ADJ/ADV than N2. 9. (SUBJ) is/are on the ADJ side/(SUBJ) is/are somewhat ADJ [PRESENT TENSE] 10. (SUBJ) V rather DEG/FREQ [PRESENT TENSE] 11. (SUBJ) V-ed rather DEG/FREQ [PAST TENSE] **This construction is used to make a sentence less direct and straightforward. **Action verbs must be changed into the adjective form in order to use this construction. **-보다 may be included if two nouns are compared. 12. Compared to N1, N2 is/are more/less ADJ. **-에 비해서 has a similar function to -보다. 13. If compared to N1, N2 is/are more/less ADJ. 14. less V/ADJ 15. N is/are much/far less than ADJ/ADV. 16. N1 is/are much/far more than ADJ/ADV than N2. 17. SUBJ/N1 is similar to N2. [INFORMAL] 18. SUBJ/N1 is similar to N2. [FORMAL] 19. SUBJ/N1 is the same as N2. [INFORMAL] 20. SUBJ/N1 is the same as N2. [FORMAL] **The first noun can be placed before or after the second noun in #17-20. 21. SUBJ/N1 is like/looks like/seems to be N2. 22. The more V1/ADJ1/ADV1, the more V2/ADJ2/ADV2. **The same expression can be used to mean "even more so especially when," "particularly if," etc. (e.g., "Especially because you are a student, you need to read.") **-(으)면 may also be attached to the same verb at the beginning of the sentence (e.g. "The more the better" = 많으면 많을수록 좋아요.) **갈수록 is a set phrase that means "more and more ADJ/ADV as time goes by" 23. most V/NP/ADJ/ADV [INFORMAL] 24. most V/NP/ADJ/ADV [FORMAL] **An NP may consist of an ADJ and N or an ADV and N. 25. one of the most ADJ N 26. one of N that (SUBJ) V most **하나 is the most basic form. 한 CL can replace 하나 depending on the unit. **제일 is more common in spoken Korean. 27. like/as N 28. N1 (that is) like N2 (e.g., "a person like me") 29. just like N 30. as much as N 31. as much as (SUBJ) V/to the point of being ADJ **-만큼 can also be attached to other particles (e.g., "as much as in Korea" = 한국에서만큼). **얼마만큼 is interchangeable with 얼마나. **"As much as I'd like to" cannot be used with -만큼. The more natural expression is 정말 VS고 싶지만. 32. V2 the way (SUBJ) V1/as (SUBJ) V1 [PRESENT TENSE] 33. V2 the way (SUBJ) (tend[s] to) V1 [RECURRING PAST TENSE] 34. V2 the way (SUBJ) V-ed/as (SUBJ) V1-ed [COMPLETE PAST TENSE] **Combined with 이, 그, and 저, you can say "just like this" or "just like that" with 이대로, 그 대로, and 저대로. 35. If (SUBJ1) has to V1, (SUBJ2) would rather V2. **Some phrases that can be used with this structure include 차라리 (would rather), 낫다 (to be better), 그냥 (just), -고 말다 (to just do something and be done with the matter). **-(ㅇ)ㄹ 바에 can also imply "if you're going to V1, might as well V2." In this usage, it is usually preceded by 이왕 or 어차피.

1. 더 DV/ADV 2. N1 N2보다 (더) V/DV/ADV. 3. 더 V. 4. # TIME UNIT 더 V. 5. N1 N2보다 (더) V. 6. N보다 (더) ADV V. 7. N 훨씬 (더) DV/ADV. 8. N1 N2보다 훨씬 (더) DV/ADV. 9. DVS(C)은 편이에요. / DVS(V)ㄴ 편이에요. 10. ADV AV는 편이에요. 11. ADV AV(C)은 편이에요. / ADV AV(V)ㄴ 편이에요. 12. N1에 비해서 N2 더/덜 DV. 13. N1에 비하면 N2 더/덜 DV. 14. 덜 V/DV 15. N 훨씬 덜 DV/ADV. 16. N1 N2보다 훨씬 덜 DV/ADV. 17. (N1) N2(C)이랑 비슷해요. / (N1) N2(V)랑 비슷해요. 18. (N1) N2하고 비슷해요. 19. (N1) N2(C)이랑 같아요. / (N1) N2(V)랑 같아요. 20. (N1) N2하고 같아요. 21. (N1) N2(C) 같아요. / (N1) N2(V) 같아요. 22. VS(C)을수록 S. / VS(V)ㄹ수록 S. 23. 제일 AV/NP/DV/ADV 24. 가장 AV/NP/DV/ADV 25. 가장 DVS(C)은/DVS(V)ㄴ N/DVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)ㄴ N 중(의) 하나 26. 가장 있/없/AVS는/AVS(ㄹ-ㄹ)는 N 중(의) 하나 27. N같이/처럼 28. N2같은 N1 29. N만큼 30. N대로 31. AVS는 만큼 / DVS(C)은 만큼 / DV(V)ㄴ 만큼 32. V1S(C)은 대로 V2. / V1S(V)ㄴ 대로 V2. 33. V1S던 대로 V2. 34. V1S(C)는 V2. / V1S(V)ㄴ 대로 V2. 35. V1S(C)을 바에(야/는) V2. / V1S(V)ㄹ 바에(야/는) V2.

Interrogatives 1. What V? 2. Where V? 3. When V? 4. Who V? **누가 is used when who is emphasized as the subject of the sentence. 5. How V? 6. Why V? 7. Which N? 8. What kind of/Which N? 9. How much $? 10. How ADJ/ADV? 11. When (in what kind of situation) V? **어떨 때 refers to a general pattern or habit, whereas 언제 has a plain meaning of "when."

1. 뭐 V? 2. 어디 V? 3. 언제 V? 4. 누구 V? 5. 어떻게 V? 6. 왜 V? 7. 어떤 N? 8. 얼마예요? 9. 무슨 N? 10. 얼마나 DV/ADV? 11. 어떨 때 V?

Expressing Praise/Acknowledgement 1. Keep up the good work. [HONORIFIC] **수고하세요 and its lower formality structures are inappropriate to use when talking to someone much older or someone you need to show respect to. 2. Keep up the good work. [FORMAL] 3. Keep up the good work. [INFORMAL] **#1-3 are used when someone is in the process of an action. 4. Good work./You put in a lot of effort./You went through a lot of trouble. [INFORMAL] 5. Good work./You put in a lot of effort./You went through a lot of trouble. [FORMAL] 6. Good work./You put in a lot of effort./You went through a lot of trouble. [HONORIFIC] **#4-6 are used when someone had just finished doing some work. 7. Your effort has been a lot. [INFORMAL] 8. Your effort has been a lot. [FORMAL] 9. Your effort has been a lot. [HONORIFIC] **#7-9 are used similarly to #4-6 (i.e., after the work is done), but emphasizes more on the effort.

1. 수고하세요. 2. 수고해요. 3. 수고해. 4. 수고했어. 5. 수고했어요. 6. 수고하셨습니다. 7. 수고 많았어. 8. 수고 많았어요. 9. 수고 많으셨습니다.

Demonstrative Modifiers 1. this (near speaker) N) 2. the/that (near listener) N 3. that (far from both) N

1. 이 N 2. 그 N 3. 저 N

Expressing Frequency 1. SUBJ never V [FORMAL]. 2. SUBJ almost never/hardly V. 3. SUBJ seldom/rarely V. 4. SUBJ sometimes V. 5. SUBJ often V. 6. SUBJ (almost) always V. [FORMAL/WRITTEN] 7. SUBJ (almost) always/all the time V. [INFORMAL/ORAL] **The adverb's position in the sentence is flexible. If the frequency is the point of emphasis, place it before the object.

1. 전혀 V(-). 2. 거의 V(-). 3. 별로 V(-). 4. 가끔 V. 5. 자주 V. 6. (거의) 항상 V. 7. (거의) 맨날 V.

Counters # N **개 (objects) and 명 (people) are the two most common counters. **Exceptions: 1, 2, 3, 4, 20, any other number that ends in 1/2/3/4

N NK # CL **한, 두, 세, 네, 스무, etc.

Describing Existence There is/are || SUBJ has/have N. There is/are not || SUBJ does/do not has/have N. There is/are no N (of any kind).

N 있어요. N 없어요. 아무(런) N도 없어요.

Please give SUBJ N.

N 주세요.

Specifying Nouns 1. N1, let alone N2 V.

N(C)은커녕 / N(V)는커녕 V.

SUBJ is/are N.

N(C)이에요. / N(V)예요.

Plurality **-들 can be excluded if the sentence implies plurality (e.g., "one of the best methods" = 가장 좋은 방법 중 하나).

N들

Key Expressions anyway/one way or the other/no matter what/in any case/after all **어차피 can also take on the meaning "not even ADJ to begin with" in a negative sentence.

어차피