GRE

Base (adj)

without any moral principles She was not so base as to begrudge the beggar the unwanted crumbs from her dinner plate.

illicit

Illicit means not allowed by law or custom. It's illegal to kill endangered elephants, but many poachers still engage in the Illicit ivory trade. Illicit usually refers to something that is not morally proper or acceptable. Illicit activities — like smuggling or counterfeiting — happen under the radar of the law. Illicit is from Latin illicitus, from the prefix in-, "not," plus licitus, "lawful." synonyms: illegitimate, outlaw, outlawed, unlawful نامشروع و مخالف قانون

cahoot

collusion "in cahoots with" type of: collusion, connivance, agreement on a secret plot تبانی کردن

sanctimonious

excessively or hypocritically pious "a sickening sanctimonious smile" synonyms: holier-than-thou, pharisaic, pharisaical, pietistic, pietistical, self-righteous مقدس نمایی

moment

significant and important value ارزش و اهمیت فراوان

disposed

synonyms: apt, given, minded, tending They disposed of the last of the frogs for a quart of Old Tennis Shoes and two gallons of 49-cent wine. Once in a while, my mother's canasta friends, who declared they hated pennies in their purses, disposed of them gladly in the whale's mouth or the canopy of cloud. My baby sister was disposed of not buried. With Emeline gone and neatly disposed of, he now was able to concentrate on his growing web of enterprises. مستعد به انجام کاری

candidness

the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech synonyms: candor, candour, directness, forthrightness, frankness راستگویی و صراحت کلام

evanescent

A beautiful sunset, a rainbow, a wonderful dream right before your alarm clock goes off — all of these could be described as evanescent, which means "fleeting" or "temporary." Evanescent comes from the Latin ex, meaning "out of," and vanescere, meaning "to vanish." When pronouncing this word, emphasize the third syllable and note that the c is silent. You might want to practice saying evanescent a few times right now; if you stumble over pronunciation when you need this word the most, whatever you're describing — be it a shooting star or a whiff of fragrant perfume — will be gone. Synonyms: impermanent, temporary But first they were unmade, their edges fading like the evanescent white bird, Wraith, as it phased through the skin of the sky. If we were shrunk to the level of the neurons, we might witness elaborate, intricate, evanescent patterns. In the evanescent delicacy she felt something as profound as she'd felt close to the bear. They are not just tiny and swift but also often tantalizingly evanescent. محو شونده

cardinal

A cardinal is a bright red songbird, and the word also refers to the bird's crimson color. In Catholicism, a cardinal is a high-ranking bishop. In math, you use cardinal numbers to count. A cardinal rule is one that is central and should not be broken. Okay, that's a lot of definitions. How exactly are they related? In most cases, cardinal means central or essential. It's a cardinal principle that you use it to describe words of behavior like rule or sin. In the Church, cardinals form the central governing body, and in math the cardinal numbers (one, two, three) are the numbers you learn and use first. of primary importance; fundamental بسیار مهم و بنیادین

conflagration

A conflagration isn't just a few flames; it's an especially large and destructive fire that causes devastation. That tiny campfire that somehow turned into a raging forest inferno? You could call that intense, uncontrolled blaze a conflagration. Mrs. O'Leary's cow knew a thing or two about conflagrations: It was that unknowing animal that kicked over a kerosene lamp in the night, setting the O'Leary's barn on fire and sending four square miles of the Windy City into that blistering conflagration known as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. synonyms inferno The key, she thought, was to avoid conflagration. I spun around in time to see a bag of garbage—into which I'd tossed the match I'd used to light the stove—flare into a small conflagration. It didn't look like a bonfire from down here, but a conflagration. شعله‌های برافروخته

detractor

A detractor is someone who puts you down. When you're proposing ideas at work, your detractor is the person who finds fault with everything you say. Use the noun detractor for someone who is always critical. You might describe your brother as a detractor of the government if he complains incessantly about taxes, voting, the President, and all the members of Congress. If a person takes a dislike to you in particular, he is your own personal detractor. The origin of detractor goes back to the Latin word detrahere, "take down, pull down, or disparage." synonyms: depreciator, disparager, knocker The detractors asserted that the movie was an example of Western propaganda that sought to erase the fact that Cleopatra was an African woman. If Levy Pants was to succeed, the first step would be imposing a heavy hand upon its detractors. Whatever the reason for wanting to escape, sane or insane, zoo detractors should realize that animals don't escape to somewhere but from something. In general, I felt as if I couldn't win, that no amount of faith or hard work would push me past my detractors and their attempts to invalidate me. منتقد همیشگی و ایرادگیر

dovetail

A dovetail is a joint in woodworking where two sides are fitted together with interlocking pieces. You can also use the word dovetail to show how other things fit well together — like how your picnic plans nicely dovetail with the sunny forecast. A well-made dovetail is a beautiful thing, with wooden projections that slide into notches perfectly, the two sides forming a corner. When things fit this way, you can say they dovetail — they fit easily and work well together. Your plan to dress up as a Jedi knight dovetails well with your brother's Darth Vader costume, for example. Dovetails got their name from the tail feather-like shape of the joint's pieces. type of: fit Clausewitz's central thesis, that war was a continuation of diplomacy by other means, dovetailed with my own instincts. The rebel said, "You ain't going to find excellenter workmanship, boys, for that sum, a guinea. Look'ee, pray, see the dovetailing of the joinery. Give it your eye." The last thing he found was a square oak box with dovetailed corners and a brass plate let into the lid. The next time they dovetailed, they stayed that way for two blocks, then three blocks, and so on. در هم تنیده و فیت شده

fleece

A fleece is a sheep's coat. Or a goat's. Or a yak's. A person's coat can be called a fleece, too, if it comes from a sheep or goat or a yak or even if it just looks like it did. You can also use fleece in an informal way to mean cheating someone. Remember how Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow? Well, it was such a nice, clean fleece that Mary tricked the lamb into trusting her, then robbed him of his fleece and turned it into a bomber jacket and a pair of boots. She totally fleeced him! چاپیدن و سرکیسه کردن

glib

A hiring manager might think you're being glib, or slick and insincere, if you say you've led a successful multinational corporation when you were actually in charge of flipping burgers for a fast-food restaurant chain. The word glib might be used to describe the slick car salesman who uses his polished sales pitch to talk his customers into buying lemons. In fact, the word comes from old German and Dutch words for "slippery," another word that could be used to describe the very same salesman. In addition to meaning "smooth" and "persuasive," glib can be applied to the kind of thoughtless comment that could get you into big trouble. Telling your boss that you had a "hot time" with his daughter is the kind of glib remark that could end your career. چرب زبانی صحبت سلیس

maverick

A maverick is a rebel, someone who shows a lot of independence. A maverick on a motorcycle might blaze her own trail, traveling around the country and earning money by performing in rodeos. Samuel A. Maverick owned a lot of cattle, and he let them roam around Texas without a brand, or identification mark, seared into their skins. Samuel was a maverick for going against the common practice of tracking his animals, and his last name became part of the English language as both an adjective and a noun in the 19th century. Someone who acts very independently is a maverick, and individual actions that stand out are maverick, as in "her maverick jumping style on the ice was both wild and delicate." someone who exhibits great independence in thought and action synonyms: rebel آزادگی و وابسته نبودن

miser

A miser is someone who hoards his or her own wealth and doesn't share or spend any of it. If you remember the old saying "You can't take it with you!" — then you won't end up acting stingy like a miser. The most famous fictional miser is probably Scrooge in Dickens's A Christmas Carol. The image of his shivering with cold while he counts his coins illustrates the misery often associated with misers. To be a miser, your impulse to hoard means you won't even indulge yourself by spending money for fear of depleting your stash. types: cheapskate, tightwad Come on, you miser, I think at the slaver. The Martials hoard their secrets the way a miser hoards gold. But she loved Coraline as a miser loves money, or a dragon loves its gold. She saved practically all of her earnings, living like a miser, hoarding each penny. خسیس

philistine

A philistine is a person who doesn't think a lot and isn't interested in learning. Your uncle Marvin, who's only interested in eating, sleeping, and watching game shows, could be considered a philistine. In the late 17th century, during a conflict in Jena, Germany, between townspeople and students, someone referred to the townspeople as "Philistines." Since then, philistine has described someone who stands against learning and the arts. And if you don't start reading the great Russian authors, someone might suggest that you have a philistine attitude toward literature — the word can also be used as an adjective describing a person or thing that displays indifference to the arts and intellectual pursuits. synonyms: anti-intellectual, lowbrow At first glance classic style sounds naive and philistine, suited only to a world of concrete goings-on. One thing's for sure: he is certainly no philistine. Such a move, he said, would cut against the "philistine thuggery of the market" that failed to sift the good from the bad. He shows the commissioning Doge not as some crude philistine, but as a patron with a fetishistic passion for art. آدم بی ذوق و هنر

pittance

A pittance is a tiny payment or small reimbursement for work — generally an amount that's inadequate. The restaurant may pay you a pittance, but you can do well if you get a lot of good tips. The word pittance came into English from the Old French word pitance, meaning "allowance of food to a monk or poor person," which in turn came from the Latin word pietas, meaning "pity." Although a pittance may have originally meant that you were taking pity on someone with less wealth by giving them money or food, these days when you get a pittance it means that you earn a pitiful wage. an inadequate payment "they work all day for a mere pittance" type of: payment پرداخت مالی کم پول اندک

pellucid

A sentence that teaches a new vocabulary word should always be pellucid, that is, its style and meaning should be easily understandable so that you can derive the definition from the sentence. You may have heard the word lucid, which means clear. Both lucid and pellucid derive from a Latin word that means "to shine through." Pellucid water is clear, a pellucid sky is a particularly intense shade of blue, pellucid prose is writing that's easy to understand, and pellucid singing is clear and light in tone. synonyms: crystal clear, limpid, lucid, luculent, perspicuous One of the week's big openings was in Stratford-upon-Avon, a major revival of Brecht's Life of Galileo that Michael Billington called "a timeless debate about scientific morality rendered with ... pellucid swiftness". Any disappointment in missing Stravinsky's pellucid orchestral writing was mitigated by the sparkle of the pianists, Pedja Muzijevic and Steven Beck, and in the brilliant singing of the choir and the Trinity Youth Chorus. Possessing a strikingly pellucid tone, Fort was at her most arresting on her longest pieces, the power ballad "Minnesota," the quicksilver soundscape "Some" and particularly the picaresque "Something 'Bout Camels." واضح و شفاف

stipend

A stipend is a fixed, regular payment, usually meant to pay for something specific. It's kind of like an allowance, but for grownups — a college scholarship might include a stipend each semester for books, for example. Coming from the Latin stipendium, which means "tax, pay, or gift," the noun stipend is defined as a regular, unchanging payment usually given as reward for services, but sometimes given as an allowance with no services or expectations attached. A summer internship that does not offer a full salary might instead include a weekly stipend that covers transportation and lunch costs. Synonyms include salary and payment. a sum of money allotted on a regular basis; usually for some specific purpose types: prebend پرداهت مالی ماهانه

affront

An affront is an action that causes offense. If someone blows smoke in your face after you've asked him to put out his cigarette, you would consider it an affront. Affronter was an old French word meaning "to confront" or "slap in the face." It's from the Latin, ad frontem, meaning "to the face." Sure, a slap in the face would still be considered an affront, but other non-physical actions would also count. Some would even call a misplaced apostrophe an affront to the English language. Don't confuse affront with effrontery, which means "presumptuousness." synonyms: insult "No, sir. Only . .." The colonel lifted his eyes as though affronted and studied the chaplain with aloof distrust. My place on the US Women's Saber Team was an affront to their sensibilities. This latest affront was too much for the students to bear. Forms of race discrimination that were open and notorious for centuries were transformed in the 1960s and 1970s into something un-American—an affront to our newly conceived ethic of colorblindness. اهانت منجر به دعوا

staunch

As an adjective, staunch means firm. You might want to go to that concert Friday night, but your parents' staunch opposition prevents you. Staunch is sometimes used as a verb to mean "to stop the flow of a liquid," but most usage books will tell you it's better to use the word stanch for the verb. Think of a soldier stopping and standing still, and you will understand the connection between the two meanings. The adjectival form should make you think of "stand," as in "stand firm," or "take a stand." It comes from the French estanche meaning "watertight" and the Latin stanticare, which is probably from stans for "stand." firm and dependable especially in loyalty "a staunch defender of free speech" synonyms: steadfast, unswerving وفاداری بدون خدشه

avarice

Avarice is a fancy word for good old-fashioned greed. It's one of what some call "the seven deadly sins." Do you want more and more money? Or cookies? Or video games? Or anything? Then your heart is full of avarice, which you probably know better as greed. When people talk about greed, it's clearly not a good thing, but avarice has an even worse flavor to it. Avarice is often looked upon as a sin, and it's always considered despicable and evil. extreme greed for material wealth synonyms: avariciousness, covetousness, cupidity حرص و آز و طمع

baleful

Baleful means the foreshadowing of tragic or evil events. If no one's listening in class and your teacher reprimands you with a baleful glance, expect a pop quiz. If your car breaks down and you take refuge in a deserted mansion, you might huddle under a dusty blanket and find yourself thinking that the wind moaning at the windows sounds baleful — maybe it's really the voice of a young woman murdered in the very bed where you sleep? synonyms: forbidding, menacing, minacious, minatory, ominous, sinister, threatening He also noticed the baleful look Frank was giving Leo. Under a few baleful yellow lamps, a handful of patrons staggered down the street, laughing and listing sideways as they walked. The second nurse fixed me with a baleful eye. When she was angry her eyelids drooped halfway down over her pupils, giving her a baleful aspect. پیشبینی اتفاقی شوم و بد

preeminent

Calling someone preeminent means they're truly outstanding or better than everyone else — not in general, but in a specific field or specialty. Many people consider primatologist Jane Goodall to be the preeminent expert on chimpanzees. The adjective preeminent was first recorded in the mid-15th century and has its roots in the Latin praeeminentem, which means "to project forward, rise above." And anything that's been described as preeminent certainly does rise above the rest. Preeminent scholars or universities or craftsmen are the best at what they do and are well known because of it. synonyms: leading This was the Rockefeller Foundation, which soon would supplant every other source as Ernest Lawrence's preeminent philanthropic sponsor. The meeting was an annual gathering place for most of the preeminent scientists of the day. Born in 1871 to a handyman and his wife in New Zealand when it was a remote outpost of the British Empire, Rutherford became an intuitive theorist and the preeminent experimental physicist of his age. When Hermann Muller arrived in Berlin in 1932, the city was home to the world's preeminent scientific minds. برجسته و سرآمد در یک زمینه

check

to limit (usually modifying the growth of something) the condition of being held back or limited محدود کردن و محدود شده

edifice

Edifice means a building, but it doesn't mean just any building. To merit being called an edifice, a building must be important. A mini temple can be an edifice, or a towering sky scraper. The meaning of edifice has expanded to include a system of ideas--when it is complicated enough to be considered to have walls and a roof, then it is an edifice. You could say that basic facts of addition and subtraction are the foundation on which the edifice of higher math rests. synonyms: building That show's Library was a monumental edifice, with towering marbled halls and tinkling fountains, like the lobby of some five-star hotel. Every day the remarkable edifice served as a monument to her profound change in circumstances. During this era the entire edifice of segregation was profoundly shaken. He saw a little glow ahead of him, and then without interval a tall flame leaped up in the dark with a crackling roar, and a tall edifice of fire lighted the pathway. ساختمان و بنای مهم

hail

Hail is when chunks of ice fall from the sky. Also, to hail someone is to greet them or say good things about them. Or it can be a way to tell people of your homeland, as in: "I hail from the Moon." If twenty third-graders all sent spit-balls up in the air at once, the spit-balls would then hail down on the class. If a presidential candidate has an idea for fixing the nation's woes, many people will hail that idea. If you see your former prom date walking down the street, you may want to hail them to say hello — or perhaps you'll want to hail a cab and get out of there as fast as you can. greet enthusiastically or joyfully synonyms: herald The other crew members hailed from everywhere—South Africa, Turkey, Nigeria—and welcomed him warmly. Soon, it's hailing and it sounds like we are being pummeled with pebbles. Before the boat docks, the captain lowers the gangplank, hails a legionnaire patrolling nearby, and relieves him of his horse. Hanson's aggressive actions made him an overnight hero, hailed by newspapers across the country as "the man of the hour." جشن گرفتن و خوشحالی کردن تگرگ

irrefutable

Have you ever had to prove a point? If so, you probably needed to find evidence that could not be denied — that was absolutely true. That evidence would be considered irrefutable, impossible to disprove. The adjective irrefutable comes from the Latin verb refutāre, "repel or beat," with the added negative prefix in-. Some things are simply irrefutable. These are things based in logic (if a=b and b=c, then a=c), or in fact (George Washington was the first president of the United States). But some things that are irrefutable, while maybe not logical, are simply not arguable, as when someone responds to "Why not?" with "Because I don't want to"! synonyms: incontrovertible, positive The black mass of Ross's wrongdoing emerged slowly and irrefutably. The message was irrefutable, for Ben was fluent in the rituals of disaster. He cut carefully and cleanly, never misstepping, building arguments that were irrefutable, even if erroneous or morally repugnant. Now that he knew what to look for, he saw irrefutable signs of this plot everywhere. غیر قابل انکار

idiosyncrasy

If a person has an idiosyncrasy, he or she has a little quirk, or a funny behavior, that makes him or her different. If you only say goodbye in French, never in English, that would be an idiosyncrasy. Idio seems like it means stupid, but really it is Latin for "one's own," as an idiosyncrasy is one's own particular, usually odd, behavior. Putting salt in your hot chocolate or needing the light on to sleep or tapping your head while you think are all idiosyncrasies. A machine such as a DVD player has an idiosyncrasy if you have to do something weird to it to make it work like having to bang it on the back left-hand side to stop it from skipping. a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual synonyms: foible, mannerism خصوصیات اخلاقی منحصر به فرد

tumult

If a principal steps into a classroom and is greeted by a tumult of voices, with the teacher shouting for his kids' attention, she will not be pleased. A tumult is a state of noisy confusion. Very often a crowd of people will cause a tumult. But your mind can also be in tumult, when you're confused and overwhelmed by strong emotions. If you want an adjective to describe these types of bewildering situations, use tumultuous. Tumult is from the Latin tumultus "an uproar," which is related to the Latin verb tumēre "to be excited." جنجال و هیاهو

sardonic

If someone is being scornful and mocking in a humorous way, call her sardonic. If you want to write comic sketches for late-night talk shows, work on being sardonic. Sardonic comes from the Greek adjective Sardonios, which actually describes a plant from a place called Sardinia that supposedly made your face contort into a horrible grin...right before you died from its poison. The Greeks used sardonic for laughter, but we only use it when someone's humor is also mocking or ironic. Synonyms: sarcastic A trace of a sardonic smile was all the recognition I got when we passed in the courtyard outside the massive Salle Richelieu of the Sorbonne. He looked down at us, mocking, faintly sardonic, a ghost of a smile on his lips. There was the sardonic look on his face his family knew so well—the joke on himself that made him laugh inwardly. The corners of his mouth were turned slightly up in a sardonic smile. کنایه آمیز و طعنه آمیز

derelict

If something has been abandoned, you can call it derelict. Even if a person has abandoned his responsibilities, you can say that he is derelict in his duties. But don't call a lost child derelict — unless, of course, he has neglected his chores. As an adjective, derelict describes something that is rundown, neglected, or in deplorable condition, but the word can also mean "negligent in duty." The politician was so busy using his office for personal gain that he was derelict in his duty to the people who voted for him; he hadn't been present at a vote in months. As a noun, a derelict means a homeless person. synonyms: delinquent, neglectful, remiss This time you are the derelict the Powers bring. The derelict bodies of the poor were found in abandoned houses, disfigured with disease's scabs, swaddled in table-clothes and all the refinements of shattered luxury. A week later he was back at the derelict vehicle, apparently without regret. Still, the following two theoretical results are of such fundamental importance that I'd be derelict were I not to mention them at all. متروک و رها شده رها کردن وظیفه

aboveboard

If something is aboveboard, it's done in a completely honest, straightforward way. When a company's business dealings are aboveboard, they act in an honorable, open manner. It would be nice to think that everyone acts in a way that's aboveboard, but scandals involving money and shady business deals prove otherwise. You might say, "I don't trust that guy — it just doesn't seem aboveboard, the way he avoids answering my questions." This word was first used in the 17th century, reportedly from the idea that it's harder to cheat at cards if you keep your hand above the table, rather than hiding it in your lap. without concealment or deception; honest "their business was open and aboveboard" synonyms: straightforward, square, straight روراست و صادق

convoluted

If something is convoluted, it's intricate and hard to understand. You'll need to read over your brother's convoluted investment scheme a few times before deciding whether or not to go in on it. Convoluted comes from the Latin convolutus for rolled up together. Its original meaning in English was exactly that, first for eaves coiled up on themselves, then for anything rolled or knotted together. Over time convoluted took on its metaphorical sense of complicated and intricate, which is how it's generally used today. People complain about convoluted legal language and the convoluted tax code. synonyms: Byzantine, involved, knotty, tangled, tortuous complex بسیار پیچیده و غامض

tedious

If something is tedious, it's boring. If you're anxious to get outside and enjoy the sun, even the best lecture will seem tedious. Tedious is the adjective from tedium, which is both Latin and English for boredom. You ordinarily wouldn't use tedious for people, just things; you might say "His speeches are tedious," but usually not "He is tedious." Something that is tedious could also be called tiresome. Shakespeare's Friar Laurence says "I will be brief, for my short date of breath / Is not so long as is a tedious tale." synonyms: boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow, tiresome, wearisome Jem preached the longest, most tedious sermon she ever heard in her life. It's very tedious and overwhelming, but satisfying at the same time. The cyclotron's celebrity as a technological phenomenon fed on itself, fueling its inventor's preference for engineering and salesmanship over the tedious drudgery of hard science. To find the mass of the mountain from all these numbers required a great deal of tedious calculating, for which a mathematician named Charles Hutton was engaged. کسل کننده

cerebral

If you are a cerebral person, no one would ever call you a drama queen. You make decisions using your intelligence and cold, hard facts, instead of your emotions. The word cerebral gets its meaning from cerebrum, which is Latin for "brain." Cerebral people use their brains instead of their hearts. The cerebrum is a particular section of the brain, and anything related to that part is also cerebral, like in medicine. A cerebral hemorrhage, for example, means a hemorrhage has occurred in the brain — a phrase you'd never want to hear coming from a doctor. synonyms: intellectual There are something like a hundred trillion, 1014, such connections in the human cerebral cortex. Within two years, HIV, cerebral palsy, Huntington's disease, blindness, polio, and male pattern baldness are eradicated. Barack was cerebral, probably too cerebral for most people to put up with. Notwithstanding this large body of theory, the role of color in art rests primarily on its sensuous and emotive appeal, in contrast to the more cerebral quality generally associated with line. منطقی بودن

furtive

If you're looking for a formal adjective to describe something sly or secret, sneak in furtive. Let's hope the teacher doesn't see your furtive attempts to pass notes in class! The adjective, furtive, is related to fūrtum, the Latin word for theft or robbery. This is apparent as the expressions "to give someone a furtive glance" and "to steal a glance at someone" mean the same thing. If a person's manner is furtive, he or she is acting suspiciously. Secret, stealthy and sly are all similar in meaning, but they lack this image of a thief's actions. دزدکی و پنهانی

travail

If you've had to bust your behind, burn the midnight oil, and shed blood, sweat, and tears to get where you are today, you could say you've endured significant travail. In other words, back-breakingly hard mental exertion or physical labor. Travail comes to us from a sinister Latin word: trepalium, meaning "instrument of torture." The closest English word is probably toil, though travail means you're not just exerting monumental effort but suffering as you do so. If your life has been hard-knock enough to be the stuff of old blues songs or Shakespearean tragedies, you've had your share of travails. In French, incidentally, travail simply means "work." The Spanish trabajo, "work," is closely related. use of physical or mental energy; hard work synonyms: effort, elbow grease, exertion, sweat تلاش فیزیکی و فکری و مصرف انرژی

tractable

If your little brother quietly obeys your instructions and waits for you at the food court while you and your friends wander around the mall, he's probably a tractable child, meaning he's obedient, flexible, and responds well to directions. Note the similarity between tractable and tractor. Both come from the Latin word tractare, which originally meant "to drag about." You can think of a tractable person as someone who can be dragged about easily, like a plow being dragged by a tractor. readily reacting to suggestions and influences; easily managed (controlled or taught or molded) قابل مهار و کنترل شدن

melancholy

Melancholy is beyond sad: as a noun or an adjective, it's a word for the gloomiest of spirits. Being melancholy means that you're overcome in sorrow, wrapped up in sorrowful thoughts. The word started off as a noun for deep sadness, from a rather disgusting source. Back in medieval times, people thought that secretions of the body called "humors" determined their feelings, so a depressed person was thought to have too much of the humor known as melancholy — literally "black bile" secreted from the spleen. Fortunately, we no longer think we're ruled by our spleens, and that black bile has been replaced by another color of sorrow: the "blues." type of: sadness, unhappiness Claudette says melancholy runs in Daddy's family, but Whit says it was The War that did him in. It was beautiful, and also a bit melancholy for me to see the pretty kites sputter to the ground. The thought of it plunged me into a melancholy as deep as the coal mine. It was a melancholy light to see by. پر غم و اندوه

obdurate

Obdurate is a formal word meaning stubborn. If you want to major in English, but your parents are obdurate that you should go premed, they might go so far as to threaten not to pay your tuition. This adjective descends from Latin obdurare, "to harden." A near synonym is adamant, from Latin adamas, "hard metal, diamond." So both of these synonyms derive from the quality of hardness being associated with a stubborn personality. synonyms: cussed, obstinate, unrepentant unregenerate, unregenerated کله شقی و لجبازی

paragon

Paragon applies to someone who is a model of perfection in some quality or trait. We link paragon with other words that follow it, such as "paragon of virtue" or "paragon of patience." A paragon means someone or something that is the very best. The English noun paragon comes from the Italian word paragone, which is a touchstone, a black stone that is used to tell the quality of gold. You rub the gold on the touchstone and you can find out how good the gold is. You are hoping that it is the paragon of "goldness." an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept synonyms: beau ideal, idol, perfection noun model of excellence or perfection of a kind; one having no equal synonyms: apotheosis, ideal, nonesuch, nonpareil, nonsuch, saint "My wife is one of those paragons— a woman who does not talk very much." Why did he keep this, when all his other specimens were paragons of their species? Founded in 1948, it was, in many ways, meant to be the paragon of suburban life, with mass-produced houses and cookie-cutter yards. And the teacher was not only an intellectual paragon and a social leader, but also the matrimonial catch of the countryside. معیار و نمونه کامل و پرفکت

esoteric

Pssst... do you know the secret handshake? If you haven't been brought into the inner circle of those with special knowledge, esoteric things will remain a mystery to you. In the olden days, achieving esoteric knowledge meant getting initiated into the mystical arts, learning secrets unknown to regular folks. Now when a subject is called esoteric it's usually something not so mystical but still hard to penetrate: financial accounting might seem esoteric for people who get easily stumped filling out their tax forms. Americans might find the sport of cricket to be esoteric, but the rules of baseball can be just as impenetrable to outsiders. The infield fly rule? Totally esoteric. confined to and understandable by only an enlightened inner circle "a compilation of esoteric philosophical theories" راز و رمز داخلی و بین خودی

replete

Replete means full, often in a satisfying way. "The library was replete with bound first editions, and Lucy, a bookworm, was happier there than any place else." Replete shares a root with the word plenty. When you have plenty of cookies and cake, you can say your table is replete with goodies. Another cousin of replete is replenish. When your cabinets are bare, you go to the store to replenish them. When you unpack your groceries, your pantry is replete with essentials. completely stocked or furnished with something پر شده و انباشته

row

Row also means a noisy argument, but when you use it this way, it rhymes with cow, rather than toe. The origin of this last meaning is uncertain, but it probably came from the word carousal, or "drinking bout," as a kind of British university slang. synonyms: dustup, quarrel, run-in, words, wrangle He couldn't help thinking about the last time he'd held a bucket of popcorn in a crowded place, but they safely reached section B, row M, seats 1 and 2 without incident. We live in a row house in the Ida Bees. Listening to such talk one evening Wang Lung heard for the first time what was on the other side of the great wall to which their rows of huts clung. Then she flies past the rows of gangly bird of paradise, past the pawpaw tree with ripening fruit, and loses a sandal taking the three front steps in an inelegant leap. قیل و قال کردن با عصبانیتverisimilitude

snide

Snide means insulting or contemptuous in an indirect way. If your friend is wearing too much purple eye shadow and your other friend whispers to you, "What? Was she in a car wreck?" that's a snide comment. Snide remarks are the kinds of things people say with a sneer on their face. When you leave a movie theater and your friend says, "I can't believe someone was actually paid to write that screenplay," he's being snide. Instead of saying, "That movie was terrible," he's expressing his disdain in a more underhanded and indirect way. synonyms: sneering, supercilious, uncomplimentary تحقیرآمیز

perpetuate

Some things should last forever and others should not be perpetuated at all. Things that should NOT be perpetuated? Ugly rumors, arms races, and your Aunt Martha's annual fruit cake. Be careful not to confuse perpetuate with perpetrate. Although they differ in spelling by only one letter, they differ greatly in meaning. If you perpetuate something, you help it last. Perpetrate, on the other hand, means to commit a criminal act. Needless to say, you wouldn't want to perpetuate the acts of perpetrators! ماندگاری و جاودانی

improvident

Someone who is improvident doesn't worry about the future — or plan wisely for it. If you spend all your money on video games even though you know you have to buy your mom a birthday present next week, you have made an improvident decision. In the adjective improvident, the prefix im- means "opposite" or "not." Provident comes from the Latin word providere, meaning "foresee, provide." Put that together and you get something that lacks foresight and consideration for the future, like an improvident town council that spends the whole budget on playground equipment, leaving nothing to cover the inevitable repairs to fire trucks or public restrooms. synonyms: ill-considered, ill-judged, shortsighted To the English, Goldsmith appeared stereotypically Irish: easygoing, innocent and loquacious, but also impudent, feckless and improvident. "The arbitration clause is improvident because the arbitration process requires US$14,500 in up-front administrative fees," the top court said. In one heat, a driver made an improvident move and three cars collided, one flipping on its side. It opines at length about the benefits if "children of improvident parents starve to death." بی دقتی و بی مبالاتی

arcane

Something arcane is understood or known by only a few people. Almost everyone knows the basics of baseball, but only an elite few possess the arcane knowledge of its history that marks the true fan. A near synonym is esoteric, as in "relating to remote information or knowledge." Experts in academic fields often show off the depth of their knowledge by mentioning some arcane and esoteric fact as if it was common for everyone to know. The origin of arcane is Latin arcānus, "secret, closed," from arca, "a chest, box." Arcana (singular arcanum) are pieces of mysterious knowledge or information. requiring secret or mysterious knowledge "the arcane science of dowsing" Synonyms: esoteric دانش محرمانه

pertinent

Something pertinent is relevant and on-point. If you give your best friend pertinent advice, that means the advice is appropriate for the situation. Something pertinent is related to the current topic or situation — and probably helpful too. If you're in math class and you make a comment about World War I, that's likely not pertinent. If you're in music class and you talk about a cello, that probably is pertinent. Pertinent things are appropriate and logical. In most situations, people like to get comments and questions that are pertinent — anything else can just seem like a distraction. مرتبط بودن

ribald

Something ribald is funny, but in a vulgar or off-color way. If someone makes a ribald joke in class, she will probably be sent to the principal's office. The word ribald can be used to describe a joke, a movie, or even a person, like a ribald comedian on a late-night talk show. Ribald humor is generally considered to be inappropriate around children, and if you make a ribald comment, you might inadvertently offend someone. This word derives from an Old French word meaning "rogue" or "debauched." synonyms: bawdy, off-color Peeta is at the center of a ribald circle of knife throwers. In the great hall ladies and gentlemen drank until their talk grew ribald. On the surface, it was a ribald little tune about a donkey who wanted to be an arcanist. Such a house sits at the heart of Mat Johnson's ribald, incisive novel "Loving Day." طنز سخیف و بی ادبانه

poignant

Something that is poignant touches you deeply. Watching a poignant YouTube video about baby penguins chasing their mothers, for example, might give you a lump in your throat. Poignant comes from the Latin pungere "to prick," the same root as pungent. But something that's pungent pricks your sense of smell, whereas poignant refers to something that pricks your emotions, especially in a melancholy way. Movie critics might describe a touching portrayal as poignant if there isn't a dry eye in the house. emotionally touching تلخ و تکان دهنده

austere

The adjective austere is used to describe something or someone stern or without any decoration. You wouldn't want someone to describe you or your home as austere. Austere is not usually a positive word because it means that a person or a thing isn't pleasurable. For example, if you go on an austere diet, it's likely you wouldn't ever get to have candy. The adjective comes into English by way of French, Latin, and Greek, meaning "harsh" and "dry." It's pronounced as "ah-STEER," with an emphasis on the second syllable practicing great self-denial "a desert nomad's austere life" synonyms: ascetic, ascetical, spartan, abstemious ریاضت و سختی کش بدون زینت

coy

Take the adjective coy for a person who pretends to be shy but really isn't, or someone who could give a definite answer but won't. Coy behavior can be playful or just plain annoying. Originally meaning "quiet and shy," today someone who is coy pretends to be shy in a playful manner — often as a form of flirting. If a politician is coy about something, he or she only gives vague statements on an issue for fear of committing to a position or angering his or her constituency. Common to both of these senses is the fact that a person uses coyness to subtly manipulate his or her audience. synonyms: demure, overmodest "Like it? Well, that's too bad," she said with a coy smile. She was breathless and coy and blushed to excess. The coy smile was still in place, but he wasn't looking at her, and she left dissatisfied. He saw no sense in being coy with this one. ناز و عشوه اومدن

infelicitous

You can use the adjective infelicitous when something doesn't work quite right, whether it's a remark or a wrong turn down a dark street or an unfortunate outfit worn to a job interview. If the ultimate outcome is awkward or unhappy, it's infelicitous. It would be infelicitous to complain about the broken air conditioning in your Mercedes while volunteering at a homeless shelter. In other words, it would be dreadfully inappropriate. Since the 1530s, infelicitous has been used to mean the opposite of felicitous, meaning "happy," which comes from the Latin word for "happiness," felicitas. Synonyms: awkward, clumsy, cumbersome, ill-chosen, inapt, inept The copy editor for the series, our last line of defense against the stupid mistake or infelicitous phrase, was Joe Rogers. Lastly, there's the occasional infelicitous phrase, like "the leaders of leading nations." That's not the way the museum industry — an infelicitous phrase — works. Some rearranged elements in the second act are infelicitous. نامناسبcumbersome

Zenith

Zenith means the high point — it comes from astronomy, where it describes the highest point in an arc traveled by a star or a planet or another celestial body. The sun reaches its zenith when it is as high in the sky as it is going to go on that day. Zenith — and its opposite, nadir — have been appropriated by non-astronomers and are used to describe high and low points in non-astronomical contexts. For example, you can say that the high school quarterback hit his zenith in high school, and it was all downhill from there. Do yourself a favor and try to delay your zenith so you'll have something to look forward to in your future! بالاترین نقطه

indigent

An indigent person is extremely poor, lacking the basic resources of a normal life. Often the indigent lack not only money but homes. Indigent comes from a Latin word meaning wanting, which we used to use to mean "lacking" and not just to describe desires. Homeless shelters, soup kitchens, free medical clinics and court-appointed lawyers are all institutions that our society has developed to help indigent people. synonyms: destitute, impoverished, necessitous, needy, poverty-stricken "We are doing that poor indigent a favor burying him," he said. It fascinated me that someone thought there might be some violent, armed resistance to the scheduled execution of an indigent black man. The bodies of the indigent dead were carted to the potter's field and dumped, but no gravediggers were there to bury them. They get into arguments and they say to one another, "It is only my misfortune that would lump me together with an indigent like you." فقیر و بی خانمان

choleric , fractious

Are you easy to tick off? Known to have a short fuse? Then, you could be described as choleric. Don't worry; it's not a disease related to cholera. Choleric just means you're testy and irritable. Before the advent of modern medicine, most folks believed that health and disease were the result of the balance of "humors" in the body. If you were quick to anger, you were thought to have too much choler in your system. You were called choleric. W. C. Fields, Richard Nixon, and Ebenezer Scrooge are just a few people famous for being choleric, easy to tick off.. synonyms: hot-tempered, hotheaded, irascible, quick-tempered, short-tempered Instead of pounding her viewers with choleric imagery, she demands their collaboration in filling in narrative holes, completing the story. At his quietest, he appears to be struggling to hold back another choleric eruption. If this all sounds like a choleric doctoral dissertation, that's because it is, sort of. The Kaiser grew up to be emotionally needy, bombastic, choleric, hyperactive and hypersensitive. زودرنج و بی اعصاب

Chary

Being chary (pronounced CHAIR-ee) is being wary or cautious. If you lost two teeth in last year's rugby season, you should be chary of signing up again this year. Chary comes from the Old English word cearig for "sorrowful, careful," which is basically what you are if you're chary. If you're a little suspicious of something and mulling it over, you're being chary. A synonym of chary is wary, and both include caution, but some definitions suggest that it's obvious when someone is wary — it shows — while being chary is more of an inside, or hidden, distrust. synonyms: cagey, cagy That look speaks assertively to a Gen Z crowd chary of artifice and aggressive displays of sensuality. And in those days I was a little chary of my father's tastes. But in more than 600 pages, charming stories, celebrity cameos, and creative exegesis become exhausting without some unifying themes, and Costello is chary about them. So Billington was properly chary of what will follow his retirement on Jan. 1. بسیار مراقب و محتاط

delineated

Delineated describes something that has been clearly portrayed or accurately represented. Read a love letter in which your admirer's feelings are delineated, and you don't have any doubt how the author feels about you. The word delineated can describe something — like a diagram or map — that was literally drawn clearly. More often, you will hear the word in relation to something less tangible — like how a character in a novel is delineated, or depicted, by an author, or a politician who gave a speech in which her position was delineated, or defined. You might try to remember the word delineated by thinking of it as something with clearly defined lines. synonyms: delineate, represented Nevertheless, arbitrarily delineated stages provide a useful shorthand for discussing the diversity of music and of human societies, provided one bears in mind the above caveats. When the alpine sun filled Awkaypata, with its boldly delineated horizontal plain of white sand and sloping sheets of gold, the space became an amphitheater for the exaltation of fight. The other map was a huge one, sharply delineated, with all markings in neat Cyrillic characters. The bomb line was a scarlet band of narrow satin ribbon that delineated the forwardmost position of the Allied ground forces in every sector of the Italian mainland. ترسیم شده و به خوبی نمایش داده شده

feigned

Feigned is an adjective that means "not genuine," like your feigned interest in your friends' discussion of celebrity hairstyle trends. The word feigned, pronounce "faynd," comes from the Old French word feign, which means "pretend, imitate, shirk." Feigned emotions aren't real, and therefore, they are a bit dishonest. You act like you care but you really don't. Maybe you are just being nice, like your feigned enthusiasm for your dad's woodworking projects — you know how much he enjoys it, so why not act interested? Synonyms: insincere Mr. D looked at the wine and feigned surprise. Joffrey feigned a yawn and turned to his younger brother. "Yes, I am responsible," she said, and feigned a simpering smile. I waved back at everyone and feigned surprise each time the group of children following me appeared on various streets grinning, but I didn't stop and ask for help. جعلی و ساختگی

concise

If something is concise, it's short and gets right to the point. A concise edition of your diary might be 50 pages of the most important entries. Concise comes from the Latin word concidere, which means to cut down. When we use concise, we're talking about words that have been cut down. There are no concise trees, but there are concise works of political philosophy. A concise Italian-English dictionary, is shorter than an unabridged one. If you're good at quick explanations, you have a concise manner. A good synonym is succinct. expressing much in few words "a concise explanation" Synonyms: aphoristic, apothegmatic, epigrammatic. He pulls the box from my hands and refills it with swift, concise motions. Rubenstein was in his early sixties then, a heavyset man with dark hair, a deep southern accent, and a very clear and concise manner. I laugh because if s such a simple and concise way to describe something so complicated. The rules of basketball are relatively simple and concise, much like those necessary for cooperation in a forager band or small village. موجز مختصر و مفید

turpitude (noun)

If you are guilty of turpitude, you should be ashamed of yourself. Turpitude is a word that represents depraved behavior. Prisons are filled with criminals who have engaged in acts of moral turpitude. Turpitude comes from the Latin word turpitudo, which means "repulsiveness." Corrupt politicians get booted out of office for acts of turpitude, like taking bribes in exchange for lucrative government contracts. Turpitude often follows the word moral, and acts of moral turpitude are usually crimes that are unusually sick or corrupt. synonyms: depravity Fugacious, tourbillion, moiety, repugn, sacrosanct, censure, morass, El Dorado, and turpitude. "You accused me of moral turpitude, Mr. Marsden. I am here to say I am not guilty." Another category of restriction: "persons convicted of a crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude." And I will promise to act with due regard to public morals and not commit any acts of moral turpitude holding the company up to contempt, scandal or ridicule. دنائت و پست فطرتی

epitomize

If you epitomize something, you're a perfect example of that thing. If you never get nervous when playing basketball and can always make that last-second shot, your teammates might say you epitomize mental toughness. A person can epitomize something — usually an abstract quality, like grace or greed — but epitomize can apply to other things as well. A popular band might epitomize the spirit of the new decade, which means it has all the main characteristics associated with the era's music, like long folksy beards, pretty harmonies, and earnest lyrics. A frustrating situation at work involving careless coworkers might make you say that they epitomize everything that's wrong with your job. synonyms: epitomise, typify Altogether there were four brothers—he, Henry, Walter, and Garland—and they epitomized old-time cool: suave, handsome black men who worked hard, drank hard, dressed well, liked fine women and new money. The majestic Moses epitomizes the same qualities we find in Sluter's portal statues. Both laws epitomized the ethos of the Nationalist government, which pretended to preserve what they were attempting to destroy. He too epitomized Chief Luthuli's precept: "Let your courage rise with danger." تجسم ظاهری، شوعاف طوری

defray (verb)

If your mother says she will defray the cost of your next move, say thank you. She means she will take on some of the expenses for you. Your school band might hold a bake sale fundraiser to defray the cost of new band uniforms. When they do this, the amount raised will be taken off the total cost of the uniforms so that each individual band member has to pay less. If you live in New York and are invited for a job interview in California, the company may defray the expenses of your plane ticket and hotel, especially if they really want to hire you. My stipend was a predetermined amount of money—based on world ranking—to defray the cost of training expenses. Spring for Music, in its day, defrayed some of the expenses and helped with the logistics of a New York appearance. SPONSORS: Designers use sponsors to help defray the costs of the show. But here's the kicker: the state will only defray those costs if the program the child is attending is on the state approved list. تسویه حساب کردن و تقبل کردن

intrepid

Intrepid is just a fancy word for describing a person or action that is bold and brave. Super heroes are intrepid in their struggle for truth, justice and the American way. Some synonyms are fearless, courageous, dauntless, or valiant, but the word intrepid suggests a lack of fear in dealing with something new or unknown. This adjective comes from Latin intrepidus, formed from the prefix in- "not" plus trepidus "alarmed." synonyms: audacious, brave, dauntless, fearless, hardy, unfearing He was a blustering, intrepid bully who brooded inconsolably over the terrible ineradicable impressions he knew he kept making on people of prominence who were scarcely aware that he was even alive. Sure enough, the fierce birds were whirling in close to the intrepid Jess. Only in his most intrepid dreams did he allow himself to hope that he might travel so far. Grace wanted intrepid explorers who mined for gold—because they were about to strike it rich. جسورانه و شجاعانه

opulent

Opulent is a word that you will hear a lot around rich people looking to show off. "Remember the opulent buffet at Carrie's sweet sixteen? Sixteen chocolate cakes iced in gold leaf!" If you want to remember that opulent is a word describing lavish displays of wealth, you can think of the word opal to help you remember it — opal being a rare gem. And if you are lucky enough to be able to afford opulence yourself, don't describe it that way. The word contains connotations of pretentious. And gold leaf cake aside, who wants that? synonyms: deluxe, gilded, grand, luxurious, princely, sumptuous He leaned back in his leather chair, his bossy stomach opulent. The opulent fur-trimmed silk and gold ornaments told of the woman's wealth and nobility, but those were mere faded trappings compared with her loveliness. In order to commute more efficiendy between their opulent Connecticut manor and an art-filled apartment on Central Park West staffed with uniformed servants, she and her husband bought a helicopter and learned to fly it. As James Madison put it, the nation ought to be constituted "to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority." مجلل و لوکس و اوپال

altruistic

Someone who is altruistic always puts others first. An altruistic firefighter risks his life to save another's life, while an altruistic mom gives up the last bite of pie so her kid will be happy. This word comes from the Old French altruistic and means "other people" and before that the Latin alter, which means "other." Our current word comes from the nineteenth century and comes from philosophy. It means that it's important for people to be concerned with the good of others and to act unselfishly. When the word refers to the animal world, it means behavior that may actually harm the individual animal but will benefit the species in general. This is a truly selfless act! synonyms: selfless Imperialists claimed that their empires were not vast enterprises of exploitation but rather altruistic projects conducted for the sake of the non-European races—in Rudyard Kipling's words, 'the White Man's burden': I am by no means convinced that the motives of the accused were as altruistic as they wish the court to believe. 'Cooperation' sounds very altruistic, but is not always voluntary and seldom egalitarian. All the incredible things it's given me philanthropically—to be able to create my own foundation and speak up for things I'm passionate about, and wonderful things that aren't altruistic, like Dancing With the Stars. نوع دوستی و ترجیح دیگران به خود

supercilious (adj)

Supercilious people think very highly of themselves, more highly than of others. If your sister tends to act snobby and superior, you can describe her as supercilious. You might expect Nobel Prize winners to be supercilious — after all, they've reached the very heights of their profession. But one-on-one, your famous physics professor might be humble and fun to talk to, anything but supercilious. Most often, it's people who have no right to be arrogant, rude, and holier-than-thou who behave in the most supercilious ways. The Latin root supercilium means "haughty demeanor," but also "eyebrow" — as in an eyebrow raised in a haughty, supercilious expression. synonyms: disdainful, haughty, imperious, lordly, overbearing, prideful, sniffy, swaggering proud: feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride He was even more thrilled with the reception the cyclotron was receiving on the skeptical and supercilious East Coast. Meggie couldn't decide whether it was mocking, supercilious, or just awkward. It was odd, but this time his smile seemed to her neither mysterious nor supercilious. There it was again, that mysterious smile, sad and supercilious at the same time. از خود راضی و از دماغ فیل افتاده

rambling

The adjective rambling means confused and long-winded, the way you could describe your grandfather's endless rambling stories of his childhood. Rambling always means indirect and a little confusing, which can be a negative quality in a classroom lecture or movie plot — but when you're talking about a path through the woods, rambling is a charming way to describe it. You might love to hike through the woods on rambling trails that twist and turn. Rambling comes from the verb ramble, "walk or stroll," which is a variant on the older verb romen, "to walk, or to go," and related to "roam." synonyms: digressive, discursive, excursive As soon as we walked into the old, rambling, three-story Victorian house, we were greeted by an enormous German shepherd. "Gaily's psycho. You can't put too much stock in his rambling nonsense. What, you think Thomas here is a Griever in disguise?" He heard Mike say good night and did not answer, but fixed his eyes upon the two-story building where rambling clusters of crimson Martian flowers lay upon the high crystal roof. The inn was an old stone-built rambling, comfortable sort of place. صحبت یا نوشته غیرمستقیم و گیج کننده

sequester

The word sequester describes being kept away from others. If your sister tells you to stay out of the way so she can cook dinner for her new boyfriend, you might sequester yourself in your room. Legal types may be familiar with the word sequester since it's often used in relation to a jury for an important trial. In that case, members of the jury are sequestered, meaning they aren't allowed to watch the news or read articles that could influence their judgment. However, sequester can describe anyone who is isolated or hidden away from others, like a pop star sequestered in a hotel room, protected from fans' mania below. synonyms: seclude, sequestrate, withdraw Nutrient-starved, a fetus alters its metabolism to sequester higher amounts of fat to defend itself against caloric loss, resulting, paradoxically, in late-onset obesity and metabolic disarray. They live sequestered in a forbidden city in the deep interior, in the nucleus of the cell. The performers immediately sequester themselves in their train cars. Instead of sequestering herself in her bedroom with her violin, she would walk the mile and a half to the house on Winslow right after school, where Mia would be hard at work قرنطینه شدن به علت خاص ایزوله شدن

imperative (adj)

When something absolutely has to be done and cannot be put off, use the adjective imperative. Imperative is from Latin imperare, "to command," and its original use was for a verb form expressing a command: "Do it!" is an imperative sentence. The word is still used that way, but it's more commonly applied to something so pressing it cannot be put off: "It's imperative that we hire more workers if we want to complete the job on time." Imperative has more immediate force than pressing but less than urgent. Synonyms: assertive, self-asserting, self-assertive Granny made it imperative, however, that I attend certain all- night ritualistic prayer meetings. The mother's tantrums are not a biological imperative. "Good. I want my people happy. I want you happy, Harry. I need you that way, for all our sake. It's imperative." "The imperative is...no, no. That's not it. The American imperative is a splendid thing...a beacon...a shining beacon." لازم الاجرا و لازم التوجه اوجب واجبات

pedantry

You know that person who is always interrupting other people, correcting their grammar or their facts? That's pedantry, or inappropriately showing off your knowledge. The noun pedantry refers to the behavior of a pedant, which comes from the French word pédant, meaning "schoolmaster." While it is a schoolmaster's job to ensure that students learn, someone who is guilty of pedantry just seems to brag, using his or her knowledge to get attention or seem better educated than the people around him or her. type of: fanfare, flash, ostentation This logician would be unbearably pedantic, but there is a grain of good taste in the pedantry. This isn't mere pedantry, there's an ideological problem with it, too. Because if there's one thing that ruins Christmas more than self-absorption, it's pedantry. But what most annoys about the scheme is that it completely misses the point of linguistic pedantry. خودنمایی دانشی با تصحیح مداوم اشتباه بقیه

shunning

deliberately avoiding; keeping away from or preventing from happening synonyms: avoidance, dodging, turning away These secret warriors often wore the clothes of ordinary men and women, deliberately blending into crowds and shunning the attention showered on the heroes of other wars. Nor would he sit back, proud and fierce, shunning them in return. I told myself that the shunning was more painful for me than for Stargirl. Rather than shunning Woodhull, Stanton respected her candor and courage. جلوگیری از ورود فردی یا رخ دادن اتفاق

dissimilitude

dissimilarity evidenced by an absence of likeness synonyms: unlikeness

idler

person who does no work synonyms: bum, do-nothing, layabout, loafer The wide front hall was empty except for a few idlers who lounged in the doorways leading to the offices on either side. So they took to keeping her below decks when they passed a lockkeeper's cottage or a canal basin, or anywhere there were likely to be idlers hanging about. They were surrounded by the usual crowd of idlers and passersby. "We do need history," Nietzsche wrote, "but quite differently from the jaded idlers in the garden of knowledge." آدم بیکار و علاف

merited (adj) - meritorious

properly deserved "a merited success" synonyms: deserved His name, of course, was Proudfoot, and well merited; his feet were large, exceptionally furry, and both were on the table. Carrie Watson, Chicago's foremost madam, decided her own operation merited a little sprucing up. Even at war, soldiers of the crown hardly merited that term, which belonged to ancient battles and bloodcurdling cries. Ordinary vanishings—Polish girls, stockyard boys, Italian laborers, Negro women—merited little effort. مستحق و شایسته

snuff out

put an end to; kill "The Nazis snuffed out the life of many Jewish children" synonyms: extinguish تموم کردن، کشتن و حذف فیزیکی

preemptive

A preemptive action is made to keep some other action from being taken. Before you could be accused of eating the whole cake, you decided to make a preemptive apology, which was met with awkward silence. Tired of being disturbed by your roommate's loud music, your preemptive strike was to crank up your favorite opera as soon as you arrived home. Unfortunately, he'd already made a preemptive strike of his own by borrowing your stereo. Don't confuse preemptive with peremptory, a word meaning "arrogant." You don't have to be arrogant to make a preemptive move, just cautious. پیشدستی کردن انجام کاری قبل از بقیه

curriculum

A curriculum is a set of courses designed to give expertise, like the shoemaking curriculum at Shoe U: Advanced Cutting, Hammering, and Stitching; History of the Heel; and A Cultural History of Walking. Curriculum comes from the Latin word for "running course," or "career," but when we talk about curriculum it's always about school. If you go to a school with a Liberal Arts curriculum, you'll get an education in the humanities with some science, but if you go to a technical school with a hard-core astrophysics curriculum, you probably won't have to take any courses on poetry. برنامه درسی

dabbler

an amateur who engages in an activity without serious intentions and who pretends to have knowledge synonyms: dilettante, sciolist To criticize him would be to read him as a dabbler, and the work as the byproduct of his associations. Slate complained that it was "a mediocre story that breezed past the bodyguards because of its Hollywood pedigree" and another writer in The Chicago Tribune, admitting envy, called Mr. Hanks "a dabbler at best." Turner and the pre-Raphaelites and a dabbler in countless other subjects. Adapted from Goethe's novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther," the opera tells of an aimless and melancholic young courtier in 1780s Germany, a dabbler in poetry, fixated on his own perceptions of life. آماتور و نوب سگ از روی تفنن

indecorous

Indecorous behavior isn't proper or socially acceptable. It would be indecorous to publish your sister's diary in the newspaper or to tell your extended family an offensive joke at Thanksgiving dinner. Rude or off-color remarks are indecorous, and wearing a bikini to a formal dinner would also be indecorous. Indecorous things lack decorum, which is good manners or proper behavior. Indecorous, from the Latin decorus, "becoming or seemly," comes from the root word decus, "ornament," and is related to words like "decorate" and "decent." not in keeping with accepted standards of what is right or proper in polite society "indecorous behavior" synonyms: indecent, unbecoming, uncomely, unseemly, untoward, improper ناشایست و ناهنجار

flag

When flag is used as a verb, it means "to lose energy or enthusiasm." When students start to flag in the afternoon, they tend to take a quick nap — sitting up at their desks. droop, sink, or settle from or as if from pressure or loss of tautness synonyms: droop, sag, swag سست شدن و از پا افتادن

nettlesome

causing irritation or annoyance "nettlesome paperwork" synonyms: annoying, bothersome, galling, irritating, pesky, pestering, pestiferous, plaguey, plaguy, teasing, vexatious, vexing They both needed her in an odd sort of way—their nettlesome guardian angel. The flagon of mulled wine that Satin delivered helped them settle the more nettlesome points. Last week a group of horticulturists, scientists, and nurses convened in Philadelphia for the first conference devoted exclusively to the nettlesome vine. By her second month in office, Loeffler was once again dealing with nettlesome headlines. آزار و اذیت کردن

doughty

doughty adjective: brave; bold; courageous شجاع

frustrate

hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of جلوگیری کردن و عقیم گذاشتن

jumbled

in utter disorder synonyms: disorderly, higgledy-piggledy, hugger-mugger, topsy-turvy The shadows climbed up the walls of the jumbled buildings and fell across the narrow alleys. A bridge crossed it, and a street of jumbled frame houses followed the river, backed onto it. Back into his childhood in Lexington—the important and unimportant things jumbled together. Her jumbled thoughts skittered like the marbles Jojo liked to play with as she made a beeline for town... به هم ریختگی و بی نظمی

respite

A respite is a break from something that's difficult or unpleasant. If you're cramming for exams, take an occasional walk to give yourself a respite from the intensity. Respite may look like it rhymes with despite, but this word has a stress on its first syllable (RES-pit). It comes from the Latin word respectus, meaning refuge, but we almost always use respite to describe a time, not a place, of relief. If you've been fighting with your partner, a visit from a friend might offer a brief respite from the argument, but the fight will pick up again when she leaves a pause from doing something (as work) synonyms: break, recess, time out متوقف کردن و توقف

tirade

A tirade is a speech, usually consisting of a long string of violent, emotionally charged words. Borrow and lose your roommate's clothes one too many times, and you can bet you'll be treated to a heated tirade. The noun tirade is related to the Italian word tirata, which means "volley." So imagine a very angry person lobbing harsh words and strings of profanity in your direction when you want to remember what tirade means. Although, tirades don't necessarily have to include bad words — any long, drawn out speech or epic declaration can be called a tirade. a speech of violent denunciation synonyms: broadside, philippic نطق آتشین از روی عصبانیت

brusque

If you ask a salesperson for help finding something and all you get in response is a brusque "Everything's out on the shelves," you'll probably take your business elsewhere. A brusque manner of speaking is unfriendly, rude, and very brief. Brush and brusque are not related, but they sound similar — when someone is brusque, you often feel that they are trying to give you the brush off. Near synonyms for brusque are curt, short, and gruff. Brusque (pronounced "brusk") was borrowed from the French word meaning "lively or fierce," from Italian brusco, "coarse, rough." synonyms: brusk, curt, short "Come on," he said, his voice businesslike—brusque, even. When she arrived at his house, his manner was brusque. Brushing past Mariam, he said in a brusque voice, "I'm hungry. Get supper ready." At Hunt's brusque prodding the architects got to work. صحبت زننده

ostracize

If you banish someone or ignore him, you ostracize him. When the Iranian president claimed that the Holocaust was a hoax, he was ostracized by the international community. Ostraka is an ancient Greek word for pottery shard. Thousands of years ago, in the Greek city of Athens, there was a public process where you would write the name of someone you wanted to kick out of town on a broken ceramic fragment. If enough Athenians wrote the same name, that person was sent away for ten years. This process was called an ostracism. طرد شده

harried

Someone who is harried is feeling the stress of being rushed, overworked, or harassed. A harried parent might be exhausted but still have to make 3 dozen cupcakes for school and help with a science project. Harried comes from the verb harry, which itself is from the Middle English word herigan, meaning to pillage, plunder, or make war. Today, harried doesn't imply an act of war, but rather someone who is frazzled or a situation that might cause that feeling. If the project you're working on has been harried from start to finish, you'll be lucky to keep your sanity. خسته از آزار و اذیت دیدن

bleak

Something that is bleak is gloomy and depressing. If it's raining and dark, you might describe the night as bleak. If you have looked for work and no one will hire you, you could describe your prospects as bleak. If you and the ten people sharing your lifeboat have been adrift for ten days and are down to your last cracker, your situation is bleak. A near synonym is dismal. Bleak is from Middle English bleik, from Old Norse bleikr "white, pale." This word is related to the English word bleach. having a depressing or gloomy outlook ظاهر افسرده و غمین

pedantic

There's nothing wrong with focusing on the details, but someone who is pedantic makes a big display of knowing obscure facts and details. Pedantic means "like a pedant," someone who's too concerned with literal accuracy or formality. It's a negative term that implies someone is showing off book learning or trivia, especially in a tiresome way. You don't want to go antique-shopping with a pedantic friend, who will use the opportunity to bore you with his in-depth knowledge of 18th-century porcelain kitty-litter boxes. marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects synonyms: academic, donnish, scholarly موشکافانه و جزئی نگری

admonish

To admonish is to scold. If you want to show someone you're not happy with his behavior, admonish him. Coming to English through Old French from the Latin admonere "to advise, remind," admonish is always used with an eye on improving someone's behavior. The exact meaning of this formal verb varies in intensity depending generally on who is being corrected. If a child or subordinate is being admonished, it means "scold" or "rebuke" whereas if someone admonishes a person with equal standing, warn or advise are closer synonyms. warn strongly; put on guard synonyms: caution, monish هشدار دادن

imprudent

To be imprudent means lacking self-restraint when it would be wise to have it, like that time you started dancing on the table during a math test. Remember that? Everybody else does. Prudent means "wise or shrewd," but add the prefix im- meaning "not," suddenly you have an adjective that describes the opposite of being wise or shrewd. An imprudent person doesn't think about the consequences and might cross the street without looking both ways or use a curling iron while taking a bath. Careless, wild, imprudent behavior can get you into big trouble! not prudent or wise بی تدبیری و بی احتیاطی

impede

To impede something is to delay or block its progress or movement. Carrying six heavy bags will impede your progress if you're trying to walk across town in a hurry. Impede comes from the Latin impedire which literally means "to hold the feet," formed from the prefix in-, ("in") plus pes ("foot"). Think about walking with a cast on your foot — how slow and awkward that would be. If you struggle with reading, that might impede your progress in your social studies class. An impediment is something that impedes, such as a physical defect that affects speech — a speech impediment. be a hindrance or obstacle to "She is impeding the progress of our project" synonyms: hinder مانع شدن و ممانعت کردن

meander

To meander means to wander aimlessly on a winding roundabout course. If you want some time to yourself after school, you might meander home, taking the time to window shop and look around. Meander comes from a river in modern-day Turkey, the Maiandros, which winds and wanders on its course. Today, a stream or a path meanders, as does a person who walks somewhere in a roundabout fashion. If your speech meanders, you don't keep to the point. It's hard to understand what your teacher is trying to impart if he keeps meandering off with anecdotes and digressions. Pronounce meander with three syllables not two — me-AN-der. an aimless amble on a winding course synonyms: ramble بی هدف چرخ زدن

repudiate

To repudiate something is to reject it, or to refuse to accept or support it. If you grow up religious, but repudiate all organized religion as an adult, you might start spending holidays at the movies, or just going to work. This verb usually refers to rejecting something that has authority, such as a legal contract, doctrine, or claim. In connection with debts or other obligations, repudiate is used in the specialized sense "to refuse to recognize or pay." If referring to a child or a romantic parner, repudiate is used in the sense "to disown, cast off." This verb is derived from Latin repudiare, "to put away, divorce." reject as untrue, unfounded, or unjust "She repudiated the accusations" type of: deny رد شده

vilify

To vilify someone is to spread nasty stories about them, whether true or not. The verb vilify comes from the same root as the word vile and is a negative word if ever there was one! One way to remember the word is to think about how it sounds — like the word villain (which is unrelated and comes from villa). This suggests that when you vilify someone, you make them sound villainous. So avoid spreading vile words that vilify another and make him or her seem like a villain. spread negative information about "The Nazi propaganda vilified the Jews" synonyms: rail, revile, vituperate بدگویی کردن

tenacious

Use tenacious to mean "not easily letting go or giving up," like a clingy child who has a tenacious grip on his mother's hand. A strong grip or an unyielding advocate might both be described as tenacious, a word whose synonyms include resolute, firm, and persistent. The word comes from the Latin root tenax, which means "holding fast." The basketball commentator Marv Albert, impressed by a defender's skill, once uttered the sound bite, "That's some tenacious D!" ("D" is short for "defense.") The musicians Jack Black and Kyle Gass borrowed the phrase for the name of their comedy-rock band, Tenacious D. stubbornly unyielding ""a mind not gifted to discover truth but tenacious to hold it"- T.S.Eliot" "men tenacious of opinion" synonyms: dogged, dour, persistent, pertinacious, unyielding, obstinate, stubborn, unregenerate تسلیم نشدنی

diabolic

Use the adjective diabolic to describe someone who acts in a terribly cruel way. A diabolic boy might pick up a cat by its tail and swing it around. When people are diabolic, they're evil. The horrible dictator who has thousands of civilians killed commits a diabolic act, and people who abuse children are also diabolic. The bad guy in a fairy tale is always diabolic. You can use diabolic interchangeably with the slightly more common diabolical. Both words have a Greek root, diabolikos, which means "devilish" and comes from diabolus, or "devil." synonyms: devilish, diabolical, mephistophelean, mephistophelian But now, serene with Hoagland's method, my memory is fantastic, near diabolic. He seemed positively diabolic in his enjoyment of our discomfort. "What was the diabolic thing that happened to Mr. Cadaver?" Suffice to hint that laughter and comedy move from the diabolic to the humanistic, that the name of the rose is a play of words. شیطانی و بیرحمانه

obstinate

When someone is beyond stubborn, use the word obstinate instead: "You obstinate old mule! Get out of my way!" While stubborn may have positive or negative connotations, obstinate is most definitely negative, because it implies a kind of hard-headed determination not to change your mind even when it might be best to rethink your position. "The obstinate Man does not hold Opinions, but they hold him," wrote Samuel Butler way back in the seventeenth century. The word still does the trick if you want a put-down for someone you think is being a pig-headed fool or a stick in the mud. کله شقی

racking

causing great physical or mental suffering synonyms: wrenching, painful Amari looked at this woman, at her strong body and kindly face, and began to cry once more, huge racking sobs of despair. Still, he walked from Charlie Valentine's house to the main road, racking his brains for some way into another world. Leapfrogging past others, moreover, was not only nerve- racking but exhausting. With awe I beheld the storm of emotion racking her. دردآور

derogative

expressed as worthless or in negative terms synonyms: derogatory, disparaging, uncomplimentary تحقیرآمیز

bootless (adj)

unproductive of success synonyms: ruitless, futile, sleeveless, vain The Harfoots were browner of skin, smaller, and shorter, and they were beardless and bootless; their hands and feet were neat and nimble; and they preferred highlands and hillsides. The Hessians, completely disheveled, unbuttoned, bootless, listened intently. A melodramatic, self-destructive alcoholic, Agnes is, nonetheless, adored by Shuggie, whose days revolve around her problem — placating her, attempting bootlessly to keep her from drink and creating a ruckus. In fact, another of that band's hits seemed more appropriate to these bootless proceedings: the one called "Why?" بی حاصل و بیهوده و بی مصرف

bolster

When you cheer up a friend who's feeling down, you bolster them. To bolster is to offer support or strengthen. A bolster is also the name of a long pillow you might use to make your back feel better. And the two uses are not dissimilar. When you bolster your friends, you support them and prop them up, just like the pillow does for your back. When you're trying to bolster your credibility, you find people and/or documents that support you or your view. Bolster efforts to learn this word! support and strengthen "bolster morale" synonyms: bolster up حمایت و تقویت کردن

smattering

A smattering is a small but inexact amount of something. If you know a smattering of things about Australia, then you don't know much. A smattering is a small amount of something, but it's hard to say how much. It's probably less than a bunch, but it's not much more than a whit or a jot. If you said "There's a smattering of squirrels in the park," then there are only a few squirrels. This word also implies that you don't understand a subject very well — a smattering of knowledge is only a tiny bit of knowledge. a slight or superficial understanding of a subject type of: apprehension, discernment, savvy, understanding the cognitive condition of someone who understands a small number or amount synonyms: handful فهم بسیار سطحی مقدار کمی از چیزی

stopgap

A stopgap is a temporary solution to a problem, like a piece of cardboard taped over the broken window in your car. Until you can get it fixed, you need a stopgap. This sturdy English native dates to the early 16th century, and like its semantic cousin makeshift, it seems to have been cobbled together by the two closest words at hand. Both words actually originated from phrasal use of their components: stop a gap for the first, and make shift for the second. Not that they're jury-rigged in any way! synonyms: make-do, makeshift Either way, we were well past the point of any sort of stopgap treatment. As a stopgap measure, while he searched for a female, Father thought of seeing if Peak couldn't be accustomed to living with goats. These kinds of stopgaps are character sacrifices needed to keep a show running. These are only stopgap measures, but they should help you avoid unpleasant surprises until the long arm of the law catches up with hotels that charge resort fees. راهکار موقت

eminent

Anyone highly regarded or prominent is eminent. Eminent people are very successful at their jobs. If you've heard of Neil deGrasse Tyson, it's probably because he's an eminent astrophysicist. Every field has eminent — impressive, famous, or accomplished — people. Two of the most eminent coaches in the history of professional basketball are Red Auerbach and Phil Jackson because they've won the most championships. Beethoven was an eminent musician. Frank Lloyd Wright was an eminent architect. Eminent people loom over a field because they're influential and you can't avoid hearing about them. It's not easy to be eminent because you have to be extremely successful. بالا بودن در موقعیت و کیفیت

petulant

Choose the adjective petulant to describe a person or behavior that is irritable in a childish way. The adjective, petulant, is a disapproving term used to describe a bad-tempered child, an adult behaving like an angry child or behavior of this type. Angry or annoyed mean the same thing, but if you choose the word, petulant, you are indicating that it is unreasonable or unjustified. Petulant came to English in the late 16th century from the Latin petulantem "forward, insolent" but was not recorded to mean childishly irritable until the late 1700s. easily irritated or annoyed synonyms: cranky, fractious, irritable, nettlesome, peckish, peevish, pettish, scratchy, techy, testy, tetchy راحت عصبانی شونده

detrimental

Detrimental is a formal way of saying "harmful." Anything detrimental hurts, hinders, or puts a damper on something. Detrimental things do damage. Have you ever heard "Smoking may be detrimental to your health" and wondered what it meant? It means that smoking is bad for your health: it's going to harm you in a bunch of ways. Detrimental is a more official, formal way of talking about things that do harm. A dog who likes digging holes can be detrimental to a garden. If you're writing a paper and want to pick an alternative to harmful that sounds more formal, detrimental is a great choice. synonyms: damaging, prejudicial, prejudicious آسیب زننده

glean

Glean means to gather bit by bit, either literally or figuratively. You might glean leftover grain from a recently harvested field or glean information about new vocabulary words by hearing them used in context. When you glean information, you sort through ideas and take what you need. Seeing a word in context lets you glean information about how it's used, for example. If you want to find treasures at a thrift shop, you'll have to glean the good stuff out of the piles of junk. To glean a field means to walk along and see what's left on the ground. It takes patience to glean. type of: collect, garner, gather, pull together "You won't be gleaning," Scythe Volta said, putting a comforting hand on Rowan's shoulder. "Scythe Volta is always cranky after a gleaning," Esme leaned over to tell Rowan. "Is he the one who gleaned an entire airplane?" But thinking about that made him think of the saleswoman who was gleaned by a touch. ذره ذره جمع آوری کردن اطلاعات

pugnacious

Pugnacious means ready for a fight. If you're pugnacious, you might find it hard to make friends. On the other hand, you might be a very successful professional boxer one day. Your brother is a pugnacious thug — always ready to use his fists to settle arguments, and he has the strength to do so. That's the literal sense of pugnacious. You can use pugnacious figuratively, too. When two candidates face off in a debate during a close election, one or the other might be pugnacious. He looks to pick a fight with his opponent and is willing to say almost anything, no matter how outrageous, to make his opponent look bad.+ synonyms: rough aggressive His glance was at once calculating and pugnacious. His pugnacious tone indicated that they were not about to laugh at Xenophilius, despite the clear provocation. Lincoln was a clever, gangly, pugnacious, provincial lawyer. Huxley was the most vocal and pugnacious of them all, and earned the nickname of Darwins bulldog. دعوایی

vacuous

Reserved for the harmlessly stupid and truly meaningless, vacuous is a smart-sounding way to describe something dumb. Celebrity gossip and reality TV are usually pretty vacuous, even if they're fun. If someone smiles at you in a way that seems fake or empty, you could describe the smile as vacuous. An example of a vacuous comment would be a politician promising to make things better without explaining how. If something is vacuous, it's like a vacuum — hollow, empty, devoid of substance. synonyms: asinine, fatuous, inane, mindless نبود هوش و اهمیت

sporadic

Sporadic is an adjective that you can use to refer to something that happens or appears often, but not constantly or regularly. The mail carrier comes every day but the plumber's visits are sporadic — he comes as needed. A specialized use of sporadic is to describe a disease that appears only occasionally in random cases, and is therefore not an epidemic. Mostly, though, you'll hear this word used to describe anything that happens occasionally, like your family's sporadic trips to visit your distant cousins in Ohio or the sporadic bake sales your science club sponsors when it's low on funds. English borrowed the word sporadic from Greek sporadikós, "scattered." recurring in scattered and irregular or unpredictable instances Synonyms: fitful, spasmodic تک و توک

placate

f you placate someone, you stop them from being angry by giving them something or doing something that pleases them. If your dad is annoyed that you forgot to take out the trash, you might be able to placate him by doing the dishes. If your little sister is mad that the dog ate her favorite teddy bear, you could placate her by buying her an ice cream cone. A near synonym for placate is appease. The origin of placate is Latin placare, "to calm or soothe." The related Latin verb placere is the source of English please. cause to be more favorably inclined; gain the good will of synonyms: appease, assuage, conciliate, gentle, gruntle, lenify, mollify, pacify تسکین کردن و آرام کردن

timorous

A timorous person is timid or shy, like your timorous friend who likes to hang out with close pals but gets nervous around big groups of new people. The adjective timorous is actually the Latin word for "fearful." But timorous is a specific kind of fearfulness — the kind that strikes people before giving a speech, or walking into a crowded place where people are socializing. Also called "shy" or "timid," timorous people often become more comfortable when they see a familiar face in the crowd. timid by nature or revealing timidity "timorous little mouse" "in a timorous tone" synonyms: fearful, trepid محتاط و ترسو

pernicious

Pernicious means harmful and subtle, such as a poison gas that causes illness in those exposed to it over the course of years. Pernicious comes from the Latin perniciosus, "destructive," which in turn comes from pernicies, "death" or "ruin." You might have heard your parents and teachers talk about the pernicious effects of watching too much TV and playing video games all day — they'll turn your brain to mush (allegedly). exceedingly harmful synonyms: baneful, deadly, pestilent مهلک و مضر

eke out

To eke out is to get by with difficulty or a struggle. When you just eke out a living, you live from check to check, barely managing to pay all your bills. You'll often find eke out followed by "a living," or "an existence," describing the process of working hard for every bit of money. You can also use it to mean "squeeze out," or "win after a struggle," the way an underdog baseball team just barely ekes out a win over its rival. And finally, you can make something last longer, or eke it out: "She'll eke out that chili for a whole week, I bet." به سختی به دست آوردن

recriminatory

countering one charge with another "recriminatory arguments" synonyms: recriminative Eight years later he's in Alcoholics Anonymous, sober but not necessarily completely clean, at least in his own recriminatory imagination. "The important thing here is not to get into a recriminatory finger pointing, accusatory back and forth," he said. When we timidly inquired as to the cause, we found them labouring under a sense of wrong, and disposed to be querulous and recriminatory. With thoughts vague, recriminatory, and despondent, as the foregoing, does many a man push from him all consideration on the subject. مقابله به مثل با اتهام زنی

dispensed

distributed or weighted out in carefully determined portions "medicines dispensed to the sick" Synonyms: distributed He pressed a pump that dispensed cellulite gel and massaged it into the back of his ungloved hand. The most inventive solution to these questions was the simplest: it dispensed of code altogether. If 20 percent of all sodas dispensed by a vending machine overflow their cups, what is the probability that exactly three of the next ten will overflow? at most, three? To Madame Ratignolle he said the music dispensed at her soirees was too "heavy," too far beyond his untrained comprehension. توزیع شده

appropriate

verb: to give or take something by force The government appropriated land that was occupied by squatters, sending them scurrying for another place to live. گرفتن چیزی به زور

desideratum

A desideratum is something you desire or want. It's a fancy word for a must-have. This official-sounding Latin word means something very common: anything you want or need. A new book could be a desideratum. A chocolate cake could be a desideratum. More commonly, a desideratum is something that is truly needed, like food or shelter. For many people, a happy marriage is a desideratum. For a politician, getting elected is a desideratum. You can almost see the word desire in desideratum, and that should help you remember it's an object of desire. type of: essential, necessary, necessity, requirement, requisite Those mountains heralded the approach of my desideratum. These desiderata don't all pull in the same direction. Since her subjects are motivated by wealth or a related desideratum—beauty, youth, glamour, celebrity—they tend to be pathetic or... Airports supply the greatest desideratum of physical retail: foot traffic. نیاز واجب

flaw

A flaw can be a sign of weakness or defect. If you try to make wings and fly off the roof but wind up crashing in the gutter, there's a flaw in your plan. In the early 14th century, when the noun flaw was first recorded, it referred to a snowflake or spark of fire. That sense is now obsolete, and now we use flaw to describe shortcomings in either character or object. We all have flaws. It can also describe an intentional mark of imperfection. "You see," said the dancer Martha Graham, "when weaving a blanket, an Indian woman leaves a flaw in the weaving of that blanket to let the soul out." synonyms: defect, fault I still see flaws in my work, everywhere I look. But lesser failures of coherence are among the commonest flaws in writing. Rush was incensed at what he viewed as flawed medical logic and professional jealousy—and promptly resigned from the College of Physicians. "I was searching for a flaw, my friend." عیب و ایراد

credence

Credence means truthfulness, or believability. A video of a funnel cloud entering Central Park would give credence to rumors of a tornado in Manhattan. Generally, credence is given to an idea or topic by something else. You'll see it often coming after words like lend, give, and impart. When something is given credence, it is made more believable. But it can also be used like this: Mary talked a lot about the poltergeist in her house. To most, her story had little credence, but I like a good ghost story, and so, decided to believe. اعتقاد و ایمان داشتن

skeptical

If a friend told you that her family was perfect and they never had any problems, would you believe her? If not, you may be skeptical. Skeptical people look at the world with a certain amount of doubt. This word comes from ancient Greece, where a philosopher named Pyrrho taught his followers that we can never really understand the true nature of things, only how they appear to us. (So basically, we should stop searching for the meaning of life and just relax.) In Pyrrho's view, the true sage was someone who realized that it was impossible to be certain about anything. His followers were called Skeptikoi, or Skeptics; the Greek word skeptikos means "given to asking questions." synonyms: doubting, questioning, sceptical مشکوک

elucidate

If you elucidate something, you explain it very clearly. If you don't understand fractions, a visit to the pie shop may elucidate the subject for you. Elucidate, meaning "to make clear," is from the Late Latin elucidare, from the Latin prefix e-, "thoroughly," and lucidus, "clear, bright." See the word lucid in elucidate? That's an adjective which describes someone who thinks clearly or something that is clear enough to understand. make clear and (more) comprehensible synonyms: clarify, clear up شفاف سازی کردن روشن نمودن

imbibe (verb)

Imbibe is a fancy word for "drink." If you need to imbibe ten cups of coffee just to get out of the house, you might have a caffeine problem. Although the verb imbibe means to take in liquids of any sort, if you don't specify the liquid, people are likely to infer you mean an alcoholic beverage. You can also use it figuratively. If you have imbibed every detail about every battle of the U.S. Civil War, you must find the subject interesting. synonyms: drink My throat still burned, but I was filled with gratification that with all those brothers, I was the first to imbibe. Over a night of talk and imbibing, and into a morning that brings fleeting sunlight and solace, the shabby Spooner gradually penetrates Hirst's arrogant defenses. It suggests customers may find themselves bamboozled when drinking the lager into believing they are imbibing some form of official Star Wars beer. From regular attendance at his family's local black church he imbibed the preacher's art of engaging an audience. نوشیدن هر مایه ای

inflammatory

In medical terms, something that is inflammatory causes a local reaction that shows up by swelling, heat, pain, and redness. If you are stung by a bee, you may have an acute inflammatory reaction to the sting. The noun inflammatory also refers to something that excites anger, violence, rebellion, or similar strong emotions. In this case, the noun usually refers to speech or writing. If you are a politician, inflammatory speeches may be one tool you use to incite your constituents to vote against the corruption of your opponent. After all, a stirring speech about rights people may lose if an election goes a certain way is more likely to get out the vote than a more understated discussion. extremely controversial, incendiary متشنج و ملتهب جنجال برانگیز

entice

Let's say your friend wants to go to the movies and you don't want to. Your friend might try to entice you by offering to buy you popcorn and a soda. Entice means to persuade with promises of something. The word entice means to lure or tempt someone by promising them something that they like. It is a little manipulative but in a fairly straightforward way. You always know it when someone is enticing you. If a company really wants to hire you, they will entice you with a good salary and generous benefits. The promise of a gold star is often enough to entice small children to get good grades. اغواکردن و فریفتن

intrusive

Something intrusive is getting in your face or invading your space. Nosey questions, a poke in the ribs, and a hovering mother are all intrusive. Things that are intrusive are a real pain in the neck: they intrude on you. If someone asks you a million questions, especially personal questions, that's intrusive behavior. When photographers hound celebrities, they're being intrusive. If a rock is sticking out and getting in people's way, then it's intrusive. All meanings of intrusive involve something being where it doesn't belong. شادی بی حد و حصر

antithetical

Something is antithetical when it is in complete and utter opposition to the character of something. If you're a vegetarian, eating giant T-bone steaks is antithetical to your beliefs. You'll find that antithetical is a useful word when you're trying to express an extreme contrast. If someone is trying to convince you to do something you don't believe in, or to allow an organization you're involved with to adopt measures you are strongly against, you can use antithetical. You go out to vote because sitting out of the voting process is antithetical to what you believe in. If you find that your club wants to adopt exclusive measures when it is supposed to be open, you'll tell them that that's antithetical to the club's purpose. sharply contrasted in character or purpose "practices entirely antithetical to her professed beliefs" synonyms: antithetic, different ضد و نقیض دار جمع اضداد

subtle

Something that is subtle is not obvious: a professional food taster might be able to perceive subtle differences of flavor that most people don't notice. Subtle is used for things that are hard to describe because of their complexity or delicacy: a way of thinking, arguing, or creating a work of art. The word is pronounced like "suttle" and it was originally spelled that way when it was borrowed from Old French, but the b got imported to make the word look more like its ultimate source, the Latin adjective subtilis. If you try to pronounce the b, your ignorance of how to say the word properly won't be very subtle! synonyms: elusive, impalpable It was spirit of the body—the clear fluid pumped by the second heart through its own network of vessels, subtler and more mysterious than the primary vascular system. Her hair's long and sleek with subtle highlights. The only indication of the passage of time lies in the heavens, the subtle shift of the moon. "A very subtle microexpression of distress or unhappiness. It's only in the eyebrows—in fact, just in one eyebrow." نامحسوس و غیر قابل تشخیص

taxing

Taxing things are stressful and difficult. Climbing a mountain is taxing, and so is spending an entire day babysitting an unruly toddler. Things that are taxing wear you out, either physically or mentally (or both). You may think of physical jobs like construction work as the most taxing kind of employment, until you realize how emotionally taxing it would be to care for sick patients as a nurse, or how mentally taxing you might find working as an accountant. This adjective comes from the verb tax, which means "to put a strain on." رسیدن به حد و خسته شدن

temperance

Temperance means restraint and moderation, but if you're talking about alcohol, temperance means not just drinking in moderation, it means not having it at all. The temperance movement appeared in the U.S. in the 19th century, at first urging moderation in drinking but eventually seeking to outlaw alcohol entirely. It managed to get Prohibition enacted in 1919, which did outlaw alcohol, but it was repealed in 1933. Temperance doesn't just have to do with alcohol, it can refer to avoiding any kind of excess: if your new diet requires temperance, you're eating in a balanced, sensible way. Temperance comes from the Latin temperare, "restrain." the trait of avoiding excesses synonyms: moderation میانه روی و اعتدال

vituperate

To vituperate is to speak or write in an extremely negative way about someone. Just as vituperation consists of negative, explosive, malicious outbursts, to vituperate is to communicate in this way. Negative political ads vituperate against opponents. When you insult someone and swear at them, you vituperate. People with a short temper tend to vituperate often — it's similar to railing, vilifying, and reviling. The root word is the Latin vituperationem, "blame or censuring," from vitium, "fault or defect." synonyms: bawl out, berate, call down, call on the carpet, chew out, chew up, chide, dress down, have words, jaw, lambast, lambaste, lecture, rag, rebuke, remonstrate, reprimand, reproof, scold, take to task, trounce In their attitudes and actions, Republicans routinely curse the Constitution, profane America's ideals and vituperate its values. It is considered almost universally acceptable to abuse and vituperate the agency. He disappeared down the basement steps, and in another minute a harsh voice apparently vituperating him rose up, and when he rejoined his comrade his face was redder than ever. But, let us not revile and vituperate those, who are, to all intents and purposes, our brethren, as certainly as if they lived just over the Roxbury line, instead of Mason's and Dixon's. انتقاد شدید توپیدن

hapless

Use the adjective hapless to describe someone unlucky and deserving of pity, like the hapless car buyer who gives in to the fast-talking salesperson. The word hapless traces all the way back to the Old Norse word happ, meaning "chance, good luck." Combine this with the suffix -less ("lacking") and hapless means "unlucky" or "ill-fated." A traveler who goes to Moscow and briefly gets lost on the subway? Just a tourist. A traveler who goes to Moscow, accidentally eats food he is allergic to, somehow loses all his money, and by chance gets on a train destined for Mongolia? Definitely hapless. synonyms: miserable, misfortunate, pathetic, piteous, pitiable, pitiful, poor, wretched What the dreamer was experiencing, she experienced, and not as some hapless spectator. "His mood," Watson recalled, "was no longer that of a confident master lecturing hapless colonial children." People fought, shrieked, threw things at one another, and tormented the hapless driver. Every few seconds some hapless avatar or ship would inadvertently fly or careen into the shield and get vaporized, like a fly hitting a bug zapper. بدشانس و مستحق دلسوزی

inarticulate

Use the adjective inarticulate to describe poor communication skills, like at your most inarticulate moments when you nervously fumble to find the right word and completely forget to make your most important point. Inarticulate sounds — a grunt, cry, scream, snort, wail, howl, moan, sob, snicker — are heard but not easily understood. If something is inarticulate, it is hard to get the meaning, like an inarticulate speech whose main idea can't be found. Creative works can also be inarticulate, when it isn't clear what — if anything — they are trying to express, like a painter whose gallery show that is called "inarticulate" by a critic: You can't grasp what the artist is trying to say. Then the wail rose, remote and unearthly, and turned to an inarticulate gibbering. I did not listen to the next speaker, a tall white man who kept dabbing at his eyes with a handkerchief and repeating his phrases in an emotional and inarticulate manner. Their grief was inarticulate, still entangled in their shock. مشکل در کلام و گفتار و لکنت

martinet

Use the noun martinet to describe someone who is a stickler when it comes to following rules, such as the teacher who won't accept homework if it is written in a color other than blue. Pronounce martinet with the accent on the last syllable: "mar-ti-NET." Jean Martinet, the man for whom the word was coined, would insist you say his name correctly. He was a legendary drillmaster for the French army during the reign of Louis XIV. In 1779, a hundred years after Martinet's death, martinet came to mean any officer who was as strict and demanding in adhering to the rules as Martinet himself. synonyms: disciplinarian, moralist The Quiet One was replaced with a man who was a vicious martinet. Though not dominated by martinets like my teacher, early mathematics education is generally poor. I don't think this is too strictly enforced except when the place is run by an obsessive martinet like Amadeus von Linden. Brad Pitt's performance as a martinet dad in The Tree of Life deserved a nomination — and, we mulishly assert, an Oscar. سختگیر و منظبط

patent

adjective: glaringly obvious Since the book had been through no fewer than six proof runs, the staff was shocked to see such a patent spelling mistake remaining, right in the middle of the front cover! کاملا مشخص و شفاف

hamstrung

made ineffective or powerless غیر مفید و بی قدرت

broadside

noun: a strong verbal attack Political broadsides are usually strongest in the weeks leading up to a national election. حمله زبانی

resignation

noun: the acceptance of something unpleasant that can't be avoided Since Jack could not think of a convincing reason why he had to miss the seminar, he attended it with a sense of resignation. تسلیم در برابر چیزی که غیرقابل اجتنابه

fete

A fête is a party, often one thrown in someone's honor. You'll find fête used as both a verb and a noun. If you want to fête someone, throw them a fête. Fête is a word taken directly from French. In fact, sometimes in English you'll see a circumflex accent over the first "e" in fête. This makes it especially easy to remember, because this accent looks almost like a party hat. جشن گرفتن برای یک نفر

hegemony

Hegemony is political or cultural dominance or authority over others. The hegemony of the popular kids over the other students means that they determine what is and is not cool. Hegemony comes from the Greek hegemon "leader." Wealthy lender nations hoping to determine political outcomes and trade decisions have established hegemony over the debtor nations they lend to. As well as the dominance of one group or nation over others, hegemony is also the term for the leading group or nation itself. During the American Revolution, colonists fought to throw off the British hegemony. dominance over a certain area استیلا تسلط و پیشوایی

myopic

Myopic is an adjective meaning shortsighted in every sense. Whether you need glasses or a new attitude, if you can't see the forest for the trees, you're myopic. Myopic began as a description of the condition that made people squint and was easily cured with a pair of pink cat-eye glasses, but it came to include people or plans with a lack of foresight. Although it's good to live in the moment, it's not a compliment to be called myopic — a myopic party host might have festive decorations but no food for hungry guests, and myopic students have no interest in anything beyond what's on the test. In terms of pronunciation: it's a tomato/tomahto word: pronounce it "my-OP-ick" or "my-OH-pick," although that short o sound is preferred. lacking foresight or scope "myopic thinking" synonyms: short, shortsighted, unforesightful, improvident کوته نظری بدون آینده نگری

profuse

Profuse is a word for a lot of something or even way too much — a profuse rainfall is a serious amount of rain. This word has to do with extravagance or abundance. If you're bleeding profusely, you're bleeding a lot. If you lavish profuse gifts on your pet, you might have too much money on your hands. When you give someone profuse praise, you're probably laying it on a little thick. If you're a farmer and your crops are profuse, that's great because you have a lot of crops. Anything profuse is happening in great amounts. synonyms: exuberant, lush, luxuriant, riotous abundant خیلی خیلی زیاد

rudimentary

Rudimentary means basic, or at a very early stage. The test should be easy: it requires only a rudimentary understanding of the materials. The word rude means simple or offensive — and people with only rudimentary understanding of good manners might not know how that belching is rude. If you remember that the word rude is the foundation of rudimentary, you'll have a rudimentary understanding of the word. being in the earliest stages of development "rudimentary plans" Synonyms: incomplete, uncomplete اولیه و توسعه نیافته ناکامل

insolent

Someone who's insolent is either really doing her own thing, even if it goes against what everyone else is doing, or she's mildly disrespectful. That student in your class who is constantly snubbing the teacher, snorting when he gives assignments, and rolling her eyes when he reads passages aloud from your vocabulary textbook? Insolent, definitely insolent. There might be another student who adorns her school uniform with pins and ribbons, cuts her hair shorter than the dress code allows, and rolls her socks down. This student is also insolent, in the sense that she defies the rules. بی ادبی مغرورانه

brazen

With brazen disregard for the sign that said "No Cellphones," the woman took a long call in the dentist's waiting room, irritating the other patients. Brazen describes something shocking or done shamelessly. The Middle English word was brasen, "made of brass," from Old English bræs, "brass." In its literal sense, this word can mean "made of or resembling brass," as in a brazen drinking cup from a medieval castle. It can also mean overly or disrespectfully bold. A near synonym of brazen is our English word brassy, which has the additional meaning of being loud and showy. unrestrained by convention or propriety "brazen arrogance" synonyms: audacious, bald-faced, barefaced, bodacious, brassy, brazen-faced, insolent گستاخی و بی پروایی

boom (noun) / windfall

a state of economic prosperity a sudden happening that brings good fortune (as a sudden opportunity to make money)

unviable

adjective: not able to work, survive, or succeed (also spelled inviable). The plan was obviously unviable considering that it lead to complete environmental destruction in the river valley. غیر قابل زیست و اجرا

bout

A bout is a fight. If you want to be a boxer, start with some easy bouts before challenging the champ. A bout is a period of time in which something intense happens, like fighting, binging, or being sick, and comes from the word for bending, or going round in a circle. We usually use it these days for something you wouldn't want to go on for too long of a time. If the full moon makes you crazy, you might suffer a bout of madness. synonyms: patch, piece, spell, while I got ready to leave my room then stopped 'cause I got to thinking 'bout something. Biddy was plumb full of chat and tole Lizabeth 'bout how she learning to cook. He didn't talk no stuff 'bout no princess. Now, looking back, my mom thinks my grandmother went through bouts of clinical depression. سر و کله زدن کشمکش

ignominious

Losing a football game stinks, but losing a game where, at the end, you are lying face down in a puddle of mud and the fans are burning effigies of you in the streets? That is an ignominious defeat. Although ignominious can modify other words, it is nearly always attached to "defeat." It derives from the word ignominy, which means public shame or defeat. Ignominy derives from the Latin in- "not" + a variant of nomen "name." (used of conduct or character) deserving or bringing disgrace or shame "an ignominious retreat" synonyms: black, disgraceful, inglorious, opprobrious, shameful, dishonorable, dishonourable ننگین مایه شرم

bumbling

lacking physical movement skills, especially with the hands "a bumbling mechanic" synonyms: bungling, butterfingered, ham-fisted, ham-handed, handless, heavy-handed, left-handed مشکل در کار کردن با دست

presentiment

Do you ever have the feeling that something bad is about to happen? That's called a presentiment. The word presentiment comes from the Latin word præsentire, meaning "to sense beforehand." Some people call it a "gut feeling." For example, if you leave for a trip and something doesn't feel right, you may chalk it up to just being nervous. But later, when your flight is cancelled and you lose your luggage, you may remember that little twinge — the presentiment that something bad was about to happen. synonyms: boding, foreboding, premonition Three Ligeti etudes from the 1980s and '90s proved that Rachmaninoff and Scriabin, as she presented them, were presentiments of the modernism of the distant future. Alongside his more apocalyptic visions, Baldwin harbored a wary utopian presentiment that Buckley believed ignored man's true nature and endangered America's delicate hierarchies. It employs the cross-cutting techniques of movies and TV with startling aplomb, and plays on the drama's presentiments of disaster through dreams and hallucinations. Throughout the emotional celebrations, I felt presentiments of wariness even in the structure of the museum. حس اتفاق بد در آینده تو دل آدم رخت میشورن

supplant

Kate was out sick for a month with mono, and when she came back to school, Jessie had supplanted her as the funny girl at the lunch table. Supplant means to take the place of. Being supplanted is something that often happens to ideas or ways of thinking. Encouraging children's freedom has supplanted old ideas about children being better seen than heard. After a shocking upset at Wimbledon, a new tennis player has supplanted the reigning champion. synonyms: replace, supercede, supersede, supervene upon This was the Rockefeller Foundation, which soon would supplant every other source as Ernest Lawrence's preeminent philanthropic sponsor. Compton was seized with a vision of Lawrence supplanting his own authority by the sheer exercise of will, abetted by geography. In this way, Goddard's voice began to supplant his own internal moderator. He was one of the gods who'd supplanted Athena as a war deity. جایگزین شدن

conciliate (verb)

The verb conciliate means to placate, appease, or pacify. If you are eating at a restaurant and the waiter accidentally spills a drink on you, the manager may try to conciliate you by picking up the tab for your meal. You may be more familiar with the term conciliation --it can mean the flowers you bring to conciliate your girlfriend after a fight, or a politician's conciliatory offer to fund a new playground to a community that's just lost its school. synonyms: appease, assuage, gentle, gruntle, lenify, mollify, pacify, placate Rather than conciliate Hearst, Smith went on the attack. At any rate "The Event" scratches for your attention now as it initially didn't, pitting a curvy, middle-aged female politician from Alaska against a composed, conciliating black president. After the prayers he said: "I urge everyone to conciliate and help solve problems together." It is five unruly arms attached to a conciliating core. سازش کردن و آرام کردن

wit

Wit is brainpower or mental ability, or the person who possesses such ability, especially when it's used humorously. When we are scared out of our wits, we — figuratively, anyway — lose for a moment our mental faculties. When we are at our wits' end, we have run out of ideas or possible solutions to a frustrating situation. When we outwit someone, we make the smarter decision. Historical figures known for their wit include Voltaire, Oscar Wilde, and Mark Twain. type of: humorist, humourist I almost say, but then I recover my wits and press my lips together. But sometimes they cut their hair into such wild patterns that attempting to imitate them, Wood sniffed, "would torture the wits of a curious barber." But sometimes, he's taken over by a dark mood, an unusually acerbic wit, strange and vitrified. "He's not the least bit confused; he's got all his wits about him. As for his age, age means nothing here. Besides, Lord Rustle is one of our youngest. He hasn't reached 150 yet." بذله گویی

screed

A screed is a long, boring speech or piece of writing with a bad attitude, like a rant. If you've had enough and you're not going to take it anymore, go ahead and write an angry screed. You can also call a screed a "harangue" or a "tirade." Another totally separate meaning of the word is "a construction tool made of wood or plaster that acts as a guide for the thickness of new plaster." Screed originally meant "strip of cloth," like the kind you might write a long list on in the old days. Still, if you're speaking or writing a screed, it's like you're reading a long tedious list. abusive rant (often tedious) صحبت بلند مدت و اهانت آمیز

virago

A virago is a loud, bossy woman, like your next door neighbor who is always yelling at kids to get off her lawn. You can use the noun virago when you're describing a particularly mean and scolding woman. It's not a compliment to call someone a virago, although its origins are much nobler than the shrewish, screechy character it implies today. Originally, a virago was a brave or heroic woman. The root of virago is the Latin word for "man," vir. In other words, a virago used to mean a woman who seemed manly or virile. an ill-tempered or violent woman زن بی اعصاب و خشن

abjure

Abjure means to swear off, and it applies to something you once believed. You can abjure a religious faith, you can abjure your love of another person, and you can abjure the practice of using excessive force in interrogation. Abjure is a more dramatic way to declare your rejection of something you once felt or believed. When you see its Latin roots, it makes sense: from ab- (meaning "away") and jurare ("to swear"). When you abjure something, you swear it away and dissociate yourself with it. You might abjure the field of astrology after receiving a bad fortune, or you might abjure marriage after a bitter divorce. synonyms: forswear, recant, resile, retract In a sober ceremony, the Mexica abjured their old religion and embraced Christianity. Yet the lean frame doesn't quite fit with his protégé's scornful comment that, in agreeing to publicly abjure the very ideas he sought to champion, Galileo "saved his big gut." "The music builds unbearable tension, abjures all 'Brahmsian' restraint or relaxation, and its raging subjectivity hits dumbfounding extravagances of tempo at both ends of the scale. His new book, "Bad Faith," offers a history of episodes in which fringe groups abjured modern medicine, with deadly consequences. تسلیم و رد کردن رسمی

arch (adj)

As an adjective, arch can describe something mischievous or sly: "He teased his friend with an arch comment about his shyness around girls." synonyms: impish, implike, mischievous, pixilated, prankish, puckish, wicked موذی و ناقلا

avid

Avid usually means very eager or enthusiastic. If you're an avid reader, it means you read as much as you can, whenever you can. But this adjective can also mean wanting something so much that you can be thought of as greedy. For example, a person can be avid for success or power. Avid is from French avide, from Latin avidus, from avere "to desire, crave." synonyms: zealous, enthusiastic, keen مشتاقانه و علاقه مند

approbatory

expressing or manifesting praise or approval synonyms: affirmative, approbative, approving, plausive Amazement, approbatory or the reverse, at this spectacle is the beginning of surprises which the spectral visitor would find in store. The city became excited—a public meeting was called, strong indignation resolutions were passed, and highly approbatory ones of the course and conduct of the intrepid senator, pledging him countenance and support. Mrs. Colesworthy enfolded her in an approbatory embrace, and hurried home to tell me about it. Robespierre, at first approbatory, knew not at last what to think; then thought, with his Jacobins, that Camille must be expelled. تصدیق کردن

imponderable

imponderable describes a situation that isn't able to be completely explained. "What is the meaning of life?" is one of those imponderable questions that defies humans' ability for understanding If something is ponderable, it is capable of being assessed or weighed; stick im- in front and you get the opposite effect. Use imponderable to describe something that is elusive and vague, perhaps even evasive. When your question doesn't have a definitive answer, you are in imponderable territory: "Life has many imponderable questions, such as why you park in a driveway and drive on parkway." difficult or impossible to evaluate with precision "such imponderable human factors as aesthetic sensibility" غیر قابل پیشبینی

conflate

Conflate is a more formal way to say "mix together," and it's typically used for texts or ideas. You probably wouldn't say you conflated the ingredients for a cake, but if you blended two different stories together to make a new one, conflate would work. The verb conflate comes to us from the Latin word conflare, which literally means "to blow together." So think of using this word when you want to talk about two things getting thrown together and combined. Things that have been conflated often seem mixed up or confused. In fact, this word is also now sometimes used to mean "confuse or mix up." synonyms: blend, coalesce, combine, commingle, flux, fuse, immix, meld, merge, mix Once blackness and crime, especially drug crime, became conflated in the public consciousness, the "criminalblackman," as termed by legal scholar Kathryn Russell, would inevitably become the primary target of law enforcement. It is likely that he conflated two or three in Revere's portrait. When restaurant staff conflate genuine allergy sufferers with fussy eaters, patrons with legitimate health conditions find themselves under scrutiny. There's no plans to conflate the two stories. قر و قاطی کردن

discrete

Discrete means separate or divided. A discrete unit is a separate part of something larger. A room is a discrete space within a house, just as the crankshaft is a discrete part of a car engine. If something is discrete, it has its own space. An ice cube comes from an ice tray, but it has its own discrete compartment. A student government might have discrete committees for different projects. Don't confuse discrete with its close cousin discreet, which means "appropriately private." Billionaire Bruce Wayne, for example, is very discreet about his secret life as Batman. You could say Batman is a discrete, or separate, part of Bruce Wayne's identity. Anything distinct and separated is discrete. constituting a separate entity or part "a government with three discrete divisions" synonyms: distinct, separate مجزا از هم و گسسته

beatific

That blissful grin on your face? It could be described as beatific, meaning it projects a peaceful sense of joy. If you have a beatific smile on your face, then the happiness it shows is the real thing. This word doesn't describe phony smiles or quick grins that show a little amusement. Use beatific to describe something characterized by complete and perfect joy. It's often used to describe a smile, but it can be used to describe anything in a state of bliss. blissfully happy خوشحال و شاد و خندان

stringent

That teacher's demands are stringent — she wants the homework typed in her favorite font, on special paper, and each essay must be exactly 45 lines! While the word stringent might seem foreign, if you're afflicted with pimples, you'll know the word astringent. An astringent causes your skin to tighten like it's shrinking your pores. This tightening, constricting feel describes stringent with regard to rules. Stringent safety procedures prevent accidents in a dangerous work environment. And restaurants must adhere to stringent health regulations. demanding strict attention to rules and procedures "stringent safety measures" synonyms: rigorous, tight سفت و سخت سختگیرانه

polemical

The adjective polemical describes something related to an argument or controversy. To keep the peace, avoid discussing politics at Thanksgiving, which usually deteriorates into a polemical argument with Uncle Bob. Better stick to football or apple versus pumpkin pie. Polemical is the adjective form of the noun polemic, which itself comes from the Greek word, polemos, meaning "war." Use polemical to describe a controversy or argument that could end up as a huge conflict, because polemical refers to a major disagreement. The word is often used to describe speech and writing — a polemical discussion or a polemical essay — that usually starts a war of words. synonyms: polemic Meggers reacted to Roosevelt's critiques by sneering at her "polemical tone" and "extravagant claims." The restrained eloquence of her testimony is somehow more effective than gales of polemical fury. Watson's goal with "Scarlet A" — to get Americans to just start talking with one another — is less polemical but no less difficult, at least in this distrustful day and age. There's a historical sense, too, in which "culture" is a polemical word. مجادله آمیز

presumption

The noun presumption pretty much means jumping to conclusions. It is taking something for granted — an idea, an answer, an event — without having any real knowledge about it, and that is usually not a good thing. Making a presumption means assuming something is true or false without getting all the information necessary for verification. You can decipher this from the prefix pre, which means "before," together with the sume — from the Latin sumere, "to take." Because so many times a presumption turns out to be false, the word has a negative connotation to it; there's something reckless about making up your mind before you know all the facts. رفتار مغرورانه و بی ادبانه

tortuous

Tortuous means twisting or complicated. "James Bond drove up a mountain road that was tortuous in its twists and turns. He had to stop the evil madman's plan for world domination, a plan so tortuous that even 007 himself could not understand it." From Latin torquere "to twist," tortuous means something with twists and turns -- a path, an argument, a story. It is important not to confuse it with torturous, which means characterized by great pain. "The contemporary string quartet was tortuous in its tonal shifts, but only torturous at the point where the violinist ran her nails up and down a chalkboard." marked by repeated turns and bends "a tortuous road up the mountain" synonyms: twisting, twisty, voluminous, winding not straightforward "his tortuous reasoning" Synonyms: indirect پیج و تاب خورده و غیر مستقیم

craven

A craven man is no Superman or Spiderman, nor is he a firefighter or a soldier. A craven man is the opposite of those guys: he has not an ounce of courage. In "The Wizard of Oz," the Cowardly Lion could have been called the Cravenly Lion, but that didn't sound quite right. Use craven as you would cowardly. A craven leader is scared to lead, while a craven gymnast stays on the mat and avoids the balance beam. You can also use the word to describe other things, besides humans. Craven policies, for example, are probably weak and do not take bold measures. pathetically cowardly ترسو و بزدل

fledgling

A fledgling is a fuzzy baby bird just learning to fly, or someone (like a baby bird) who's brand new at doing something. Awww. If you're not talking about a baby bird, fledgling is often used as an adjective describing a new participant in something, like a fledgling senator still learning the ropes of how to legislate, or a fledgling drama program trying to build audiences for its plays. It can also mean inexperienced and young, like the fledgling photographer for the school paper who accidentally erases all the pictures. If you're British, spell it fledgeling if you like, both spellings are correct. young and inexperienced "a fledgling enterprise" "a fledgling skier" synonyms: callow, unfledged خام و بی تجربه

maxim

A maxim is a succinct formulation of a principle, rule, or basic truth about life. Usually clever, maxims are like great sayings everybody knows. Ben Franklin is the author of many, including "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." A maxim sums up a fundamental principle or truth about something in a way that captures the imagination and gets repeated. Diana Vreeland, the legendary editor of Vogue magazine, once said, "Pink is the navy blue of India." May not be true, but it was such a great line it has become a maxim of fashion and even of India. An overused maxim of real estate is "Location, location, location." Confucius was spewing maxims long before Vogue hit the magazine stands: "He who learns but does not think is lost." قاعده کلی

naysayer

A naysayer is a person who always says "No." Naysayers are negative and cynical — they aren't much fun to be around. If you respond to every invitation with, "No thanks — I wouldn't have fun anyway," and answer questions about how your day was with a list of complaints, you're a naysayer. It's your negative, pessimistic attitude that makes you a naysayer. In the 1600s a nay-say was a "refusal," from the now less common use of nay to mean "no." type of: obstructer, obstructionist, obstructor, resister, thwarter Pollard called his naysayers "my left-handed rooting section." When Habiba announced that I wasn't an Olympian, it reminded me of all the naysayers and people who hadn't believed in me or my fencing potential. "Rather than reacting to the naysayers who popped up along the way, we stayed under the radar in guerrilla mode," said Dan Lin, who produced "The Lego Movie" with Roy Lee. کسی که همه اش نه میاره!

raft of

A raft is a vessel or structure that's made to float on water. You might have an inflatable raft you use for floating around your backyard pool. Rafts come in many forms, from soft and squishy to wooden and permanent, like the rafts built on lakes for swimmers to rest on and dive off. Other rafts are mobile — they're small, flat boats meant for transporting people or goods across a river, for example. If you raft, you travel by raft. Experts guess that raft comes from the Old Norse word raptr, "log." a large number or amount or extent synonyms: batch, deal, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap, lot, mass, mess, mickle, mint, mountain, muckle, passel, peck, pile, plenty, pot, quite a little, sight, slew, spate, stack, tidy sum, wad تعداد بسیار زیاد از چیزی

appease

Appease means to make or preserve peace with a nation, group, or person by giving in to their demands, or to relieve a problem, as in "the cold drink appeased his thirst." Appease often implies abandoning your moral principles to satisfy the demands of someone who is greedy for power: think of British Prime Minister Chamberlain's attempt to appease the Nazis at Munich. The verb appease comes from the Old French apaisier, "to pacify, make peace, or be reconciled," from the phrase "a paisier," which combines a-, or "to," and pais, "peace," from the Latin pax. تسکین دادن و صلح کردن

ascribe

Ascribe means to give credit to, like if you ascribe the A you got on your group project to the hard work of your partners! Ascribe's Latin root is ascribere, meaning basically "to write in.'' Makes sense, because ascribe is often used to link writers to their words. Many a quirky quote, like "Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter," is ascribed to that famous scribe Mark Twain. It can also be a way of blaming something — you might ascribe your bad attitude to your mom because she won't let you have cupcakes for dinner. synonyms: assign, attribute, impute Some teachers ascribed the drop in academic performance to the effects of court-ordered desegregation as well as a rapid increase in the town's Hispanic population. Hence any meaning that people ascribe to their lives is just a delusion. I tell you what, Mose, this sure is somebody's kind of truth, but I wouldn't be ascribing it to God." The church modes, like their Greek forerunners, were ascribed certain moods, and a great deal of theoretical energy was expended over hundreds of years describing their effect and their best possible application. نسبت دادن اعتبار دادن

serene

Choose the adjective serene to describe someone who is calm and untroubled. If you tell someone horrible news and they remain serene, you might wonder if they heard you! Related to the Latin word serenus "peaceful, calm, clear," serene was originally used in English, as in Latin, to describe calm weather. By the mid 1600s, however, it was used figuratively to describe a calm, untroubled person as well. Though people show their emotions pretty openly today, Victorian novels are full of characters who remain serene no matter how terrible the news. آرام و صلح آمیز

decorum

Decorum is proper and polite behavior. If you let out a big belch at a fancy dinner party, you're not showing much decorum. This noun is from Latin decōrus "proper, becoming, handsome," from décor "beauty, grace," which is also the source of English décor. The corresponding adjective is decorous, meaning "well-behaved in a particular situation." Both decorum and decorous are often used to describe behavior in a classroom or courtroom. propriety in manners and conduct synonyms: decorousness با ادب و رفتار به جا

languid

Describe a slow-moving river or a weak breeze or a listless manner with the slightly poetic adjective, languid. Languid comes from the Latin verb, languere "to be weak or faint" and is a somewhat literary word for something that doesn't use much energy. If someone says goodbye to you with a languid wave of the hand, there's not too much movement involved. You can describe yourself as languid when you have that feeling of not being entirely awake — kind of lazy in the mind. not inclined towards physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed بی حال و سست و ضعیف

discord

Discord is the strife and tension that arises when two sides disagree on something, like the high-pitched screaming of two kids fighting over the front seat of the car. Discord can be broken down into the prefix dis, meaning "different," and cord, which stems from an old word for "heart." So that leaves us with "different hearts." So if we're talking about music, discord means a lack of harmony — tones that clash so badly your ears bleed. But when there's discord between people, their hearts are in different places — which usually results in more than a few raised voices clashing disharmoniously. lack of agreement or harmony synonyms: strife بدون توافق و نبود هارمونی

malevolent

If someone is malevolent, they wish evil on others. If you find yourself approaching someone with a malevolent look in her eye, best to run the other way. Malevolent comes from the Latin word malevolens, which means "ill-disposed, spiteful"; its opposite is benevolent, which means "wishing good things for others." A malevolent person might display satisfaction at someone else's problems. But it's not only individuals who can be malevolent. If you think that television violence influences viewers to violence, you see television as a malevolent force. The stress is on the second syllable: muh-LEV-uh-lent. wishing or appearing to wish evil to others; arising from intense ill will or hatred بد جنسی و بد نهادی

immutable

If you can't change it, it's immutable. There are many things in life that are immutable; these unchangeable things include death, taxes, and the laws of physics. The adjective immutable has Latin roots that mean "not changeable." The Latin prefix for not is in, but the spelling changes when the prefix is put before the consonant m. It is im before a root word starting with m as in immutable. If you learn this rule, you'll know the immutable fact that immutable begins with i-m-m. not able to be changed غیر قابل تغییر

audacity

If you have audacity then you're one daring — and perhaps reckless — character. Running a red light with three previous tickets under your belt certainly shows audacity. And stupidity. The noun audacity developed from the Latin word audacitas, which means "boldness." So someone who shows audacity makes bold moves — and isn't afraid of the consequences. Audacity can be admired or frowned upon, depending how far it's taken and how it rears its head. But as former British Prime Minister and novelist Benjamin Disraeli once said, "Success is the child of audacity." aggressive boldness or unmitigated effrontery "he had the audacity to question my decision" synonyms: audaciousness کله خری و نترسی

prophetic

If you make a prediction and it comes true, your words were prophetic. Like the time you warned your dad against eating a whole box of donuts. He got sick, right? That was a prophetic warning. The adjective prophetic traces all the way back to the Greek word prophētikos, meaning "predicting." You know who's really good at predicting stuff? Prophets. Usually, prophetic is used to describe a thing — like a warning, a feeling, or a complaint — rather than a person. foretelling events as if by supernatural intervention His cough was prophetic of an early death. Sometimes I remember our hope chests and want to laugh, for how prophetic they were. I trust the black border on the page will not prove prophetic. In this respect, the relief band on the Column of Trajan is curiously prophetic of both the end of one era and the beginning of the next. پیشگویی و آینده نگری

tender

If you're tender, it means you're fragile, sensitive, easily bruised or gentle. Young, easily cut beef and a sentimental heart can both be called tender. The many meanings attributed to tender developed over time. In the early 13th century, the word meant soft or easily injured. About a hundred years later, its meaning expanded to include kind and loving. Skip forward another century, and tender could also imply a lack of maturity. offer up something formally تقدیم کردن وپیشکش کردن رسمی

ignoble

Ignoble means not noble, but for those of us that don't live in feudal England and don't worry about lords or peasants, ignoble just means base, or low, like that dude in Biology who's always telling fart jokes. Ignoble means low, common, or humble, but we tend to use it to describe the lows of human nature, rather than economically humble people or places. So a picturesquely crumbing rustic cottage or a cool old diner is not ignoble, but perhaps a sketchy roadside bar is. Those that think that the human mind is the treasure of the world disdain ignoble animals like pigs or dogs--after all, they can't compose lovely poems like we can. dishonorable, dishonourable ناشایست و پست

duress

Let's hope you're never denied food and sleep and forced to sign a confession, but if you are, that's called being under duress. Threats and harsh treatment meant to make you do something you don't want to do is duress. The word duress came into English through French, with origins in the Latin word duritia, which means "hardness." First used to describe harsh or cruel treatment, duress soon took on the additional meaning of forcing someone to do something, usually through threats. Duress is typically used with the word under, as in a suspect who only signs a confession because he is under duress. compulsory force or threat "confessed under duress" type of: force بالاجبار

insolvent

Piggy bank empty? Nothing but lint in your pockets? Then you're probably unable to meet any financial obligations. In other words, you are insolvent. Being insolvent isn't just about being poor. A person or business that's insolvent has no resources, no assets and no way to pay any of the bills. This adjective insolvent is a synonym for bankrupt, and surely the last thing anyone wants to be. The only way to solve the problem of insolvency? Start saving your pennies again from scratch. عدم توان پرداخت ورشکستگی

rankle

Rankle is a cranky-sounding verb that means to eat away at or aggravate to the point of causing anger. If you want to rankle a cat, try splashing it with water and then putting it in the bathtub. Rankle goes back to the French verb rancler, which comes from an old word for "festering sore," which paints a pretty negative picture of what it means to rankle. A sore that festers gets worse and worse, or more infected, and if you rankle someone, they will get more and more angry. "Ankle" rhymes with rankle, and if you were to prank a friend and hold him by his ankles over a trash can every day for a week, it would definitely rankle him. synonyms: eat into, fester, fret, gnaw, grate کینه ای و عصبانی شدن

cavalier

Someone who is cavalier has a dismissive attitude and regards other people as inferior. If you think you know more than your teacher and never bother doing homework, your parents might complain that you are cavalier about your studies. The word cavalier dates from mid-16th-century French, from the Latin caballus, meaning "horse." If you have a cavalier attitude, you look down on other people — as if you are sitting on a very tall horse and other people are sitting down there on the ground. synonyms: high-handed, domineering Despite the importance of this research, many scientists seemed cavalier about their cultures. Everything about him was smooth—his pressed clothes and perfect shave, his cavalier voice and blithe expression. He was a true cavalier, with his fine embroidered coat, his commanding air, and the wealth of dark curb that flowed over his velvet collar. He works so hard, in anything but a cavalier manner. مغرور و تحقیر کننده دیگران

blatant

Something blatant is very obvious and offensive. Don't get caught in a blatant lie, because you won't be able to weasel your way out of it. Blatant acts are done without trying to hide them. This adjective is probably from Latin blaterare "to chatter, croak" or Latin blatīre "to chatter, gossip." A near synonym is flagrant. without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious "blatant disregard of the law" "a blatant appeal to vanity" synonyms: blazing, conspicuous, unconcealed مشخص و واضح

dilatory

Something dilatory creates a delay. Remember when your math teacher asked you to work out a problem on the board and you tried to get her talking about her favorite theorems instead? That was a dilatory tactic. The adjective dilatory comes from the Latin root word dilator, a noun that means "someone who puts off things" or "a procrastinator." If you are always late to appointments, people may accuse you of being dilatory, especially if they think you don't have a good excuse. wasting time synonyms: laggard, pokey, poky وقت تلف کن

errant

Something or someone described as errant has gone astray or done wrong by going in an unexpected direction. An errant bird might end up in northern Canada while his friends fly to southern Mexico for the winter. Although errant is commonly used as a synonym for "misbehaving" or "naughty," it also refers to things that are just out of place. An errant bomb can hit a house instead of an army base, and an errant lock of hair can get in your eyes. Errant can be intentional, as in "the errant boys skipped school to go to the movies," or unintentional, as in "an errant snowball hit your neighbor instead of your arch enemy." گمراهی و سرگردانی

soporific

Something that is soporific is sleep-inducing. Certain medicines, but also extreme coziness, can have a soporific effect.. In the 1680's, soporific, which doubles as both adjective and noun, was formed from the French soporifique. That word, in turn, came from the Latin sopor "deep sleep." Beloved Peter Rabbit author Beatrix Potter once noted that, "It is said that the effect of eating too much lettuce is 'soporific'." synonyms: hypnagogic, hypnogogic, somniferous, somnific, soporiferous One of his officers then broke the soporific silence of the tent. She engaged in disputes that annoyed the local nobility, and she sold soporific and perhaps hallucinogenic drugs as do contemporary Mexican curanderas. She is soothing, but not soporific; intoxicating without inebriation. He was a man of high professional standards, a careful and deliberate, exacting judge who held himself to the letter of the law, however soporifically. خواب آور

arbitrary

Something that's arbitrary seems like it's chosen at random instead of following a consistent rule. Team members would dislike their coach using a totally arbitrary method to pick starting players. Even though arbitrary comes from a word meaning "judge" (arbiter), that doesn't mean judges are always fair. Calling a decision-maker arbitrary is usually a negative thing, suggesting the person is making rules based on whim rather than justice. A coach who selects starting players arbitrarily isn't strictly applying a rule; he could just be picking names out of a hat. One complaint I voiced to the International Red Cross concerned the arbitrary way we were charged by the warders. This distinction is arbitrary, since Homo erectus evolved into Homo sapiens. The routine police harassment, arbitrary searches, and widespread police intimidation of those subject to English rule helped to inspire the American Revolution. Players are judged on their own performance, not on anyone else's, and on the basis of their ability, not on some other arbitrary fact. انتخاب شانسی و خودسرانه

anemic

Sometimes you can tell just from looking at someone's pale face and lips that they're anemic. If you're anemic, your body has a shortage of healthy red blood cells. Often when someone's diagnosed as being anemic, they're counseled to eat more foods that contain iron, which can help rebuild the red blood cells in their body. Besides looking pale, an anemic person is often tired and weak. Another, non-medical, meaning of anemic is simply "lacking in vitality or energy." Both meanings come originally from the Greek anaimia, "lack of blood." The British spelling of anemic is anaemic. synonyms: anaemic "Quit your bellyaching," he'd say, tossing a family pack of anemic pork chops into the cart. I'm no Spartan and hold up an anemic wrist to prove it. That year, a young dentistry student named Walter Noel presented to his doctor in Chicago with an acute anemic crisis, accompanied by the characteristic chest and bone pain. I always saved a little liver for Sam, so he wouldn't get anemic too. ضعف و کمبود انرژی

macabre

The adjective macabre is used to describe things that involve the horror of death or violence. If a story involves lots of blood and gore, you can call it macabre. This word first appeared in English in the context of the "Dance of Death," recounted in literature as the figure of Death leading people in a dance to the grave, and translated from the Old French Danse Macabre. The Macabre part of the phrase is thought to be an alteration of Macabe, "a Maccabee," an allusion to the Maccabees, who were a Jewish people who led a revolt against the Seleucid Empire about 166 B.C.E. and were martyred in the process. suggesting the horror of death and decay; gruesome مخوف ترساننده در حد مرگ

disparate

The trunk of some people's cars may contain items as disparate as old clothes, rotting food, and possibly a missing relative. Disparate things are very different from each other. Near synonyms are unequal and dissimilar. The adjective disparate is from Latin disparātus, from disparāre "to separate, divide," from the prefix dis- "apart" plus parāre "to prepare." Disparate in the sense of "very different" probably developed by association with the Latin adjective dispar "unequal, different." fundamentally different or distinct in quality or kind "such disparate attractions as grand opera and game fishing" "disparate ideas" Synonyms: different کاملا متمایز و متفاوت

dismissive

To be dismissive is to be indifferent and a little rude. Being dismissive is a sign of disrespect. If you're dismissive, you show little consideration for others. If a teacher laughs at a student's earnest answer to a question, that's dismissive. An employer throwing a resume in the trash without reading it? Dismissive. People are dismissive to others they think are beneath them. You can also be dismissive to ideas and suggestions. It's like waving someone or something away and saying, "whatever." Synonyms: uninterested Xan waved her left hand dismissively while her cheeks began to flush from pink to scarlet. They realized that one response to their Narrative would be a dismissive "It's their word against mine." "It's a quick and dirty land grab," one researcher wrote dismissively. Kaede's cheeks burned at the dismissive tone in her father's voice. نگاه تحقیرآمیز

recapitulate

To recapitulate means to go back and summarize. At the end of an oral report, you might say, "So, to recapitulate, I've made three points," and then you name them. Recapitulate is a long, scary-looking word that actually means something simple and easy. It comes from the Latin re- "again" and capitulum "chapter," which comes from the word caput "head." Think of recapitulating--or recapping, for short--as putting nice little caps on all the bottles you've opened up--tightening everything up. synonyms: recap With a faint hum and rattle the moving racks crawled imperceptibly through the weeks and the recapitulated aeons to where, in the Decanting Room, the newly-unbottled babes uttered their first yell of horror and amazement. She recapitulated the motives which no doubt explained Robert's reserve. That same year de Vries published his monumental study of plant variants, Carl Correns, a botanist in Tübingen, published a study on pea and maize hybrids that precisely recapitulated Mendel's results. When leading "experts" like Dr. Drew or recovering celebs like Russell Brand recapitulate myths about maintenance, they enable the perpetuation of the problem. جمع بندی

jovial

Use jovial to describe people who show good humor and are full of joy. Santa Claus, with his constant "ho-ho-hoing" is a jovial figure. Jocose and jocular are similar words, but they refer more to things that actually cause laughter. Jovial is from Middle French, from Late Latin jovialis "relating to Jupiter, the ancient Roman god of the sky," from Jupiter "Jupiter" plus the Latin prefix -alis "relating to." In astrology, people born under the sign of Jupiter are joyful. full of or showing high-spirited merriment "a jovial old gentleman" synonyms: gay, jocund, jolly, merry, mirthful joyous شاد و سرخوش و سعید

moot

When a point is moot, it's too trivial to think about. If your basketball team loses by 40 points, the bad call by the official in the first quarter is moot: it isn't important. Though moot can mean to debate endlessly without any clear decision or to think about something carefully, it most often describes ideas and arguments that don't really matter. If your plane is crashing, whether or not your socks match is a moot point. When someone accuses you of making a moot point, he's basically saying, "Come on! Let's talk about what's important." As with so many things, people don't always agree on what's moot and what's not. open to argument or debate "that is a moot question" synonyms: arguable, debatable, disputable قابل بحث

elicit

When you elicit, you're bringing out a response of some sort. A good comedian elicits a lot of laughs. Elicit has to do with creating or provoking a response. A great speech will elicit cheers — a bad speech will elicit boos. Teachers try to elicit responses from students. If a friend smiles at you, it will probably elicit a smile of your own. In court, a lawyer might try to elicit mistakes and inconsistencies in the testimony of a witness. In all cases, whatever is elicited is some kind of response. call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) synonyms:arouse, enkindle, evoke, fire, kindle, pique, provoke, raise بیرون کشیدن

materialize

When you materialize, you show up suddenly after being missing, unborn, or unseen. Think of Harry Potter removing his invisibility cloak. He materializes. Living things aren't the only things that materialize. Car keys and reading glasses materialize when you've been searching for them for a while and then they are suddenly there on the table. If you're lucky an unexpected business deal will materialize. Like material, the word is related to the Latin word meaning "matter." Matter, is, of course, all the stuff of this earth, anything and everything that takes form. So to materialize is to take form. synonyms: happen, materialise In that instant a figure materialized before her. Fresh from the journey, he materialized in Caltech's physics lab with his arm in a sling, and declared, "I am Oppenheimer." There was still a possibility that the body might materialize with the spring thaw. The story materialized with little effort this time. پدیدار شدن و آشکار شدن

embroiled

When you're embroiled in something, you're tangled or mired in it — in other words, you're involved so completely that it's hard to get away from it. You might be embroiled in an argument between two friends, unable to step back and be neutral. Two warring countries might be embroiled in peace talks, or two characters on your favorite TV show could be embroiled in a scandal. In either case, people are tangled in a complicated situation or a serious conflict. The earliest meaning of embroil was "throw into disorder," from the French root embrouillier, "entangle or confuse." درگیر شدن در بحث و دعوا

leery

You can use the adjective leery to describe someone who's suspicious of a person or situation. After his brother came out with bald spots and uneven patches of buzz-cut hair, he was leery of having the same barber get near his own head. Being leery is being distrustful. If you're leery, it will probably show on your face and in your posture. You may squint and wrinkle your brows or take a few steps back. If you're leery that someone won't keep a secret, you won't confide in them, and if you're leery about whether they'll keep a promise to you, you won't count on them. Sometimes people are leery because of some proof, but often, just having a bad feeling or instinct is enough to make a person leery. غیرقابل اعتماد و مشکوک

splenetic

very irritable synonyms: bristly, prickly, waspish Is it - as nay-sayers believe - a savage, uncontrolled and splenetic attack on modern British life, culture, mores and tropes? It takes the splenetic livewire of American film and installs him as condemned human property, boarded up and fenced off. Powell's father was a splenetic figure, given to outbursts of rage. Sayle collects himself, musters his rage, and an hour of mostly splenetic and often splendid comedy ensues. زودجوش

plodding

(of movement) slow and laborious synonyms: leaden, effortful حرکت کند و سنگین

backdrop

A backdrop is the scenery that hangs behind the actors in a play. You might help to paint the backdrop for your school's production of "The Sound of Music." The backdrop is an important part of a theater production, since it provides a setting for a play or sets a mood for a musical performance. If you're watching a local version of "Oliver!" the backdrop might be designed to look like a London street scene, for example. The noun backdrop comes from US theater slang, from a combination of back and drop around 1913. synonyms: backcloth, background Against this backdrop, diversity-driven affirmative action programs seem to be the epitome of racial justice purchased on the cheap. Behind them was the backdrop of dark woods. The countryside becomes breathtakingly beautiful, rolling hills dotted with outcroppings of limestone rock against the backdrop of the Nan Ling Mountains. This was the backdrop to the night on which the city council was to vote on forming a Human Relations Commission. پشت پرده

sullen

A bad-tempered or gloomy person is sullen. Sullen people are down in the dumps. If someone is dark, dour, glum, moody, morose, or sour, they're also sullen. Teenagers are often described as sullen, especially when they're being grumpy and silent. You often hear about "a sullen silence," which is when someone is quiet, but obviously in a lousy mood. If a sullen person is talking, they're probably not saying much, and they might not be doing much beyond grunting. A sullen person isn't much fun to be around. synonyms: dark, dour, glowering, glum, moody, morose, saturnine, sour She looked upon our detachment with sullen terror as we marched by. Across the street, sullen white counterdemonstrators took up positions. I remembered blood and the smell of burning hair and felt a deep, sullen anger burning in my chest. By now, sullen confusion weighed upon the suitors. ترش رو

banality

A banality is a trite, boring, or overused remark. That includes clichés like "life is short" and your basic small talk about the weather. Banalities are sayings that almost everyone uses, and because they're so well-known, they've lost all their power. These expressions are clichéd and many people find them annoying. "When life hands you lemons, make lemonade" is one good example. When you're writing or speaking, you're much better off trying to find fresh language because one tends to hear the same old banalities again and again. a trite or obvious remark synonyms: bromide, cliche, commonplace, platitude خز شده از بس استفاده شده

bristle

A bristle is a stiff hair — the kind men shave off their face or the kind badgers have all over. Bristle also means to get angry. Tell an animal rights activist you use a badger's bristle shaving brush and you'll get the idea. The emotional meaning of to bristle comes from the fact that most animal bristles used by man are so-called erectile hairs — the ones that stand up on the neck or along the back of animal when it's angry or surprised. A common word associated with bristle is hackle, another name for such erectile animal hairs. Thus the saying "to get one's hackles up," which is pretty much identical to bristling. type of: react, respond And, still later, the news spread around campus of a strike by lecturers, and students gathered in the hostel foyer, bristling with the known and the unknown. His mustache bristled, and his eyes looked so alarmed it touched Meggie's heart. I was at home braiding the bristles on my whisk broom when the museum called, inviting me to participate in their new "Month of Sundays" performance-art festival. At the pool, firesnakes shot away from me in all directions, bristling, hissing, mysteriously wrought up. واکنش غضبناک

bromide

A bromide is a common saying or proverb that is obvious and not that helpful, like "When life hands you lemons, make lemonade." Some people love to say things like "Follow your dreams" and "Love takes hard work." Such trite, clichéd sayings are bromides. A bromide isn't very helpful or specific, and people tend to say them over and over again. The word bromide comes from the chemical compound made of the element bromine and another metal. This kind of bromide was historically used as a sedative, a medicine that dulls your senses, just as figurative bromides are boring and dull. synonyms: banality, cliche, commonplace, platitude Not just with objective wonder at the rising of a truth, fragmentary or not, up through what often seemed to be an impenetrable mass of prejudices, clichés, and bromides. He was forty by birth certificate and forty by appearance—but it was a healthy, well-nourished good-natured appearance of forty; one that automatically drew the teeth of the bromide about "looking one's age." It's much better medicine than valerian or bromide. The three leads remain watchable, but only the sourness in Jake's face when he moves into Justine's house hints at the kind of true and complex emotions that, bromide by bromide, this movie insistently denies. صحبت کلیشه ای نوار خالی پر کردن

brook

A brook is a small stream. On a hot day, you might enjoy wading in a babbling brook. As a verb, brook is a rather stuffy word for "put up with." The lord of the manor might say, "I will brook no trespassing on my land." Brook is tailor-made for talking about what you won't stand for — it's always "brook no..." If you brook no criticism of your friend, it means you won't let people speak ill of her. If you brook no brooks, it means you've developed a bizarre hatred of streams and will spend the rest of your days trying to avoid them. synonyms: abide, bear, digest, endure, put up, stand, stick out, stomach, suffer, support, tolerate "Hurry," she called back, "I want to see if there's a brook somewhere." But a blackbird, singing undisturbed on the outskirts of the wood, showed that there was nothing alarming there, and in the other direction, along the brook, all was plain to be seen, empty and quiet. They spoke often of arranging their picnic by the brook. All the troubles of the past months seemed to float away with the running of the brook and strength and power to flow into his arms. تحمل کردن و کنار اومدن با چیزی ناخوشایند

chimera

A chimera is something you've imagined that's bits and pieces of other things mashed together into a new horrible fantasy, something impossible in real life that only exists in your mind. In Greek mythology, a chimera is a monster that has a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. And it breathes fire. No creature like that has ever existed, but the idea seemed real and terrifying to Greeks, and that's another meaning: an idea that feels real but is impossible, like the idea of a world without evil. Pronouncing the word is very possible though; just try it one of two ways: either kye-MEER-uh or kih-MEER-uh. Both work. synonyms: chimaera If the genetic chimeras were produced at a one-in-a-million frequency, then no selection method, however deft or powerful, would work: there would be no hybrids to select. The cutting and pasting of genes, the creation of chimeras, and the introduction of these gene chimeras into bacterial and mammalian cells allowed scientists to engineer genetic hybrids between humans and viruses. I felt satisfaction because such a geology confirmed that I was right, that this island was a chimera, a play of the mind. خیال واهی

chore

A chore is a duty or task you're obligated to perform, often one that is unpleasant but necessary. Washing the dishes is a chore, and so is completing a homework assignment you aren't excited about. Sometimes a thing that you wanted to do can become a chore if it ceases to be fun or interesting. Maybe Napoleon felt that conquering nations had become a chore by the time he was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo. The noun chore dates from the 18th century, when there were fewer appliances and more household tasks that needed to be done. synonyms:job, task After the meal, the younger students would return to their lessons while the older ones took to their chores. Saturday seemed a good day for housekeeping chores. "I got plenty of chores needs doing around here this morning," his mother announced as they were finishing the grits and red gravy. Often he stopped, as now, to do some chore or small job in return for a few coins or a sweet. خرکاری واجب

churlish (adj)

A churlish person is one whose middle name might as well be Rude. He's the one who was never taught to mind his manners and avoid telling vulgar jokes at the dinner table. Churlish has its origins in late Old English, but its modern-day meaning of "deliberately rude" developed in the 14th century. It's a fitting adjective to describe boorish or surly behavior. It can also describe a material that is difficult to work with, such as hard wood that's resistant to quick whittling. Our prolific pal Shakespeare coined the phrase, "as valiant as the lion, churlish as the bear." Synonyms: ungracious "But it would be churlish to begrudge Basil's requests. After all, he did recapture our tapestry from Cluny. It was a very daring deed." No. Did your father and I raise you to be churlish? As in: How do you apologize to your twin brother for being churlish— for almost breaking his nose?This week. get my report card. As in: I don't understand how 1 went from annoyed to grumpy to downright churlish. بی نذاکت

compromise

A compromise is a way of settling differences by everybody making concessions. If you want to stay out until 10 and your friend wants to stay out until midnight, 11 is a good compromise. Compromise comes from the Latin compromissum, which means "mutual promise." It can be a noun or a verb. If you compromise with your lab partner over how to analyze the experimental data, you find the middle ground between your two ideas. Compromise can also mean to erode or diminish. If you never repair your brakes, you will compromise the safety of the car. If you cheat, you compromise your integrity. But Commissioner Curtis refused to compromise, making the police even more determined to strike. Still, his ability to metabolize proteins was severely compromised. Even with nothing written in it, it was a compromising possession. I sat down to write Drew, because I'd promised, as a kind of compromise between us, that while on the mountain I would write to him every two hours. مسامحه

congenial

A congenial person is easy to get along with. If you're trying to decide which of your friends to take on a road trip, choose the most congenial one. Congenial means sharing the same temperament, or agreeing with your temperament. You can talk about a congenial person, place, or environment. Maybe you enjoy the congenial atmosphere of the library. Or perhaps for you the disco is more congenial. As you might expect for such a vaguely approving word, there are many synonyms: agreeable, pleasant, delectable, delightful, enjoyable, and so on. synonyms: sociable It may not be a coincidence that Greene, like many scientists since Galileo, is a lucid expositor of difficult ideas, because the ideal of classic prose is congenial to the worldview of the scientist. It was the perfect situation, the two of them together, in so congenial a setting. "Truly a congenial little group," Luke said approvingly. Or some companion of congenial mind and valor? هم سنگ و هم خو و متناسب با هم

contentious (adj)

A contentious issue is one that people are likely to argue about, and a contentious person is someone who likes to argue or fight. Some issues are very controversial. They're also contentious, because people tend to argue about them, and the arguments will probably go on forever. Contentious issues get people angry and in a fighting mood. On the other hand, some people always seem to be in a fighting mood, no matter what the issue is. People like that are contentious too. Synonyms: controversial "Liza says I am contentious, but now I'm caught in a web of my children—and I think I like it." It proved so contentious that Darwin withdrew it from the third edition of the book. A Short History of Nearly Everything "He's a sweet husband," she said aloud, "but contentious." Given the charged relations between white societies and native peoples, inquiry into Indian culture and history is inevitably contentious. مناقشه آمیز، بحث برانگیز

cornerstone

A cornerstone is literally a stone at the corner of a building. It's an important stone, so it also means "the basic part of something," as in, the cornerstone of the suffragette movement was getting women the right to vote. When a building goes up, putting in the cornerstone is a big deal and people celebrate. Many cornerstones are engraved with historical information about the building, such as the year the building was built. The cornerstone is sometimes made of a different material from the rest of the building too. From the sense of "foundation," cornerstone also means "essential element." If you're really into Italian food, you might say that pasta is the cornerstone of your diet. synonyms: base, basis, foundation, fundament, groundwork I was suddenly pointedly aware of the fact that I was standing in one of the cornerstones of civilization, talking to the Master Archivist of the University. What if we then used that as a cornerstone for something bigger, a whole children's health initiative that might help parents avoid some of the pitfalls I'd experienced? She went on to read the Declaration of Sentiments, which was the cornerstone of the entire meeting. The foundations of both were nearly finished and awaited the installation of cornerstones. سنگ بنا

demure

A demure person can be described as polite and a little shy. A demure outfit is a modest one — think high neckline and low hem. Demure is a word you don't hear a lot these days, but it used to be a huge compliment for a woman or a girl, for them to be considered shy and quiet and modest. Those days are over, thank goodness, because demure people are nice and all, but they're also a little boring. خجالتی

despot

A despot, is a cruel, all-controlling ruler. For example, a despot does not allow people to speak out against the leadership, nor really want them to have much freedom at all. The word despot came into English in the sixteenth century from Old French, but it traces all the way back to the Greek word despotes, meaning "master of a household, lord, absolute ruler." The word is often used to describe someone who abuses power and oppresses others. Obviously, it's not a nice thing to call someone, especially within earshot of the despot who has absolute power over you. synonyms: autocrat, tyrant He sur-vived going against the wishes of despots and dictators in some of the most dangerous and war-torn jungles in the world. All the time and money wasted on political posturing, the lives lost in wars, the populations abused by despots—all gone the moment the Thunderhead was handed power. His quest to create a powerful first impression was good showmanship, but it also exposed the aesthetic despot residing within. He is a despot, far more brutal than any educator is allowed to be now. مستبد و ظالم

dupe

A dupe is a furry, ceremonial hat worn during ancient pagan rituals...or not. Dupe actually means "trick or deceive." We're sorry we tried to dupe you into believing the wrong definition. Dupe can also refer to the victim of a trick or hoax, and — used in this sense — it sometimes conveys the idea that the victim is easily fooled. Dupe comes from the French word for a type of bird called the hoopoe, which has an extravagant crest and a reputation for being dim-witted. (And no, that's not another attempt to dupe you; it's the truth!) a person who is tricked or swindled synonyms: victim گول زدن ساده لوح و گول خورنده

fabrication

A fabrication is something made up, like a lie. Telling your boss that the subway broke down when in fact you just forgot to set your alarm is a fabrication. The word fabrication was originally used to talk about manufacturing or construction, and it referred to the act of assembling something. Tires and steering wheels are necessary materials for automobile fabrication. Nowadays, the word fabrication is usually used to refer to the act of coming up with a story out of thin air. In this sense, a book of fiction is a fabrication, as is the lie you tell your girlfriend to explain why you forgot her birthday (again). synonyms: lying, prevarication But what he reported was usually gibberish or outright fabrication. The dates and places were correct; his description of his boyhood as a typical country idyll was most certainly a fabrication. The fear of pollution is not a complete fabrication of priests and princes, however. Ultimately, when Snyder was pressed on his figure of 3 million homeless, he admitted that it was a fabrication. جعلی و ساختگی

factious

A factious group is one that breaks away, or wants to. It's often used in politics, where people separate into smaller like-minded groups. The Confederacy was factious — they wanted out of the Union, but we know how that turned out. The word factious looks a lot like its cousin faction, which is a small, sometimes rebellious group. Factious, then, is easy to remember, as the adjectival form of the noun faction. To be factious is to act like a faction. Among bakers, almost all agree that you have to be precise when measuring ingredients. The Brooklyn Faction, though, disagrees. This factious bunch never uses measuring cups or spoons and has called for them to be abolished. synonyms: dissentious, divisive Furthermore, for a few ephemeral years, a factious nation thought of itself as a space-faring people. Elegantly shot and edited, the movie closely tracks the new factory's growing pains, which turn increasingly factious as the company's management practices clash with the expectations of American workers accustomed to hard-won labor rights. Would this new and factious approach to daily living bleed into the Super Bowl? And so the fault lines are drawn, the children made actors in a home as harsh and factious as the rural South Dakota landscape in which the novel is set. نفاق انگیز، بدعت گذاری

fawn

A fawn is a young deer, but it's also a verb meaning to try and win favor by flattering. You might fawn over Bambi if you want to hang out with the cute and fuzzy gang. As a verb, fawn either refers to an attempt to get on someone's good side, or, oddly enough, to give birth to a deer. If you're a human, fawning is an age-old art that might get you what you want but can be very unattractive. If you ever come into possession of a great fortune, watch out for sudden friends who want to fawn over you and shower you with presents. They probably have dollar signs in their eyes. synonyms: bootlick, kotow, kowtow, suck up, toady, truckle Oh, the fawn broke my heart with its sweet, dished face, its absurdly fragile legs, its still-fuzzy coat. She fawns over us, and the dresses, and our new looks. I acted like a fawn all over again. Yes, they fawned on her when she spoke to them and glowered at her when her back was turned. اغواگری و تملق گویی

flounder

A flounder is a flat fish with both eyes on one side of its head; and, as a verb, to flounder is to wobble around like a fish out of water. To flounder is to be unsteady or uncertain. It's probably from the Dutch word flodderen, "to flop about," or it's a mix of founder ("to fail") and blunder ("do something clumsy"). If you flounder in the ocean, you need a surfer dude to scoop you up. You don't have to be in water, though; you can flounder any time you're a little wobbly — like after a long hike or during the last hour of the SATs. Either way, when you flounder, you wish you were a flat fish at the bottom of the sea. behave awkwardly; have difficulties "She is floundering in college" type of: fight, struggle بد برخورد کردن

panegyric

A formal, high-minded speech can be described with a formal, high-minded word — the word panegyric, which is a very elaborate tribute to someone. You could consider most eulogies as panegyrics. It stands to reason that the original use of the word panegyris, from which panegyric derives, was to describe a public gathering in honor of a Greek god. The Latin, L. panegyricus, altered slightly to mean "public eulogy," which around the 16th Century shifted to the French panégyrique, which meant "laudation." In any case, the word today stands for high praise given in a speech or tribute as highfalutin as the word itself sounds. synonyms: encomiastic, eulogistic, panegyrical Earlier this month, shortly before Donald Trump's Inauguration, a panegyric made the rounds on social media. Though warts-and-all, it does not linger or moralise over the blemishes; laudatory, it does not veer towards panegyric, even as it impresses with Mr Leader's forensic readings. Reviews tell a similar story: the band will not be papering their studio walls with glowing panegyrics any time soon. مدیحه سرایی

amiable

A friendly, pleasant person could be described as amiable. Airline flight attendants tend to be amiable. The people monitoring the school's cafeteria? Maybe not. An amiable person is good-natured and easy to get along with. Add one letter and you get amicable, a word with a common ancestor (Latin amicabilis) and a similar meaning. But while amiable refers to friendly people, amicable refers to friendly relations between them; two amiable people who no longer want to be married to one another might have an amicable divorce. synonyms: affable, cordial, genial His usual forgettable, amiable smile was nowhere to be found. While sitting on a table in the examining room, I was looked at by a young and amiable doctor who was also a professor at the university medical school. Phillips was an amiable man and was, judging by his letters, highly articulate, but he preferred not to speak. With amiable regret, he declined the offer of a combat post under General Dreedle آدم خوش رو و دوستانه

garrulous

A garrulous person just won't stop talking (and talking, and talking, and talking...). Garrulous comes from the Latin word garrire for "chattering or prattling." If someone is garrulous, he doesn't just like to talk; he indulges in talking for talking's sake — whether or not there's a real conversation going on. If you discover that you have a garrulous neighbor sitting next to you on the plane, you might just want to feign sleep, unless you really want to hear everything going through his mind for the entire trip. synonyms: chatty, gabby, loquacious, talkative, talky He was garrulous and sociable and loved to be at the center of attention, but at the same time he was extraordinarily guarded about his private life. They were irritatingly garrulous, prone to fits of chicanery, and often surprisingly incompetent at what seemed to Indians like basic tasks. White then enlisted a stocky, garrulous, and blond-haired former Texas Ranger who, according to a superior, was best suited for situations "where there is any element of danger." Traveling creatures, migratory birds, wandering foxes, rambling squirrels and garrulous hares—they all stopped and chatted with the old mouse, partaking of his hospitality, never dreaming of hurting him in any way. پرحرف

goad

A goad is a pointy stick or other instrument used to prod something along. To goad is to poke something with that pointy stick. Either way, the pointiness is really essential for making things leap into action. Originally spelled gad, meaning "spearhead," goad first came into use as a verb in the 1570s. But say you left your pointy goading stick at home. Have no fear! You can goad people with words, too. Literally or figuratively, a goad prods and pokes and provokes people into doing something. A sheep herder might hustle his flock along with a goad, just as your mom's constant nagging and goading might finally get you sit up straight at the dinner table. سیخونک زدن و تحریک کردن برای انجام کاری

lachrymose (adj)

A good place to see a display of lachrymose sorrow is at a funeral — people sobbing openly or sniffling quietly into their hankies. To be lachrymose, in other words, is to be tearful. Lachrymose is not a word used much in everyday speech; you wouldn't say, for example, "I feel a bit lachrymose today." No, you'd probably say, "I feel a bit weepy today." Lachrymose is generally confined to use as a written critical term, often meaning much the same as sentimental. Books and plays and films can all be lachrymose, if their intent is to induce shameless sniveling. synonyms: dolorous, dolourous, tearful, weeping "What do all of these lachrymose cliches mean?" Instead, the nave throbbed to an austere, electronically enhanced rumble whose lachrymose fanfares contained echoes of Purcell's funeral music or Monteverdi's evocation of Hades. He/she/it drags Bee into Fishbowl Space as a partner; what begins as babysitting a large, lachrymose fish leads to fighting a large angry monster, which leads to getting paid. The Oscar night interviews, initiated in 1981, were, from the beginning, so special that stars would sometimes lobby to be on them, despite the frequent moments of lachrymose candor that seemed de rigueur. حزین و اندوهگین

cornucopia

A grocery store with a large selection of fruits and vegetables could be said to have a cornucopia of produce. A cornucopia is a lot of good stuff. Around Thanksgiving in the United States, you'll often see cornucopias or horn-shaped baskets filled with fruit and other goodies as centerpieces. Originally, a cornucopia was a goat's horn filled with corn and fruit to symbolize plenty. Nowadays, a cornucopia is probably made of some kind of plaster or wicker, but it still symbolizes the same thing — a good harvest season. an abundant supply of something good synonyms: profuseness, profusion, richness غنای فراوان

guffaw

A guffaw is a belly laugh: a laugh that bubbles up with good feeling and plenty of volume. At the end of a stressful day of work, it's good to have some guffaws with your friends. Guffaw operates just like the word laugh: you can give a guffaw, or you can guffaw. It comes from the Scottish word gawf, which is onomatopoetic, meaning that it's spelled the way it sounds. Imagine a big happy Scotsman snorting "gawf, gawf, gawf" at the end of a joke, and you'll know what a guffaw is. Refined ladies and gentlemen don't guffaw--and are much the worse for it. laugh boisterously synonyms laugh loudly قهقهه و خنده بلند

hagiographic

A hagiography is a type of biography that puts the subject in a very flattering light. Hagiographies are often about saints. The two halves of hagiography refer to holiness and writing, and it is something written about holy people. Originally, a hagiography was a biography of a saint written without skepticism or criticism. A hagiography idealizes the subject and puts them on a pedestal. These days, a hagiography is not necessarily written about a saint, but it still idolizes the subject. A hagiography makes the subject seems like a hero, or at least a wonderful, nearly perfect person. type of: biography, life, life history, life story In Los Angeles, where 2Pac still exists as gangsta rap's patron deity, Morrison levitates just above him in the civic hagiography. "The movie is constantly at war with attempts to provide an honest portrayal, almost as if its subject were reaching beyond the grave to steer any negativity back in the direction of a hagiography." Most described the film as a hagiography or an advert. It may verge on hagiography, but the tantalizing shots will leave your stomach rumbling. بیوگرافی قدیس سازانه

hedge

A hedge is a living fence made of closely planted bushes, which, as they grow and get trimmed and shaped, form a wall of green. Hedge can also be used as a verb. If someone asks you a question and you hedge, you're avoiding a straight answer. If you're not sure what your boss's political views are, you can hedge by not revealing yours. If you hedge your bets, you're trying to minimize risk or loss — that is, you're trying to cover yourself no matter what happens. synonyms: circumvent, dodge, duck, elude, evade, fudge, parry, put off, sidestep, skirt Chaol coughed, suddenly very interested in the berries in the hedges. The streets we drove past were like tunnels darkened by the hedges on each side. The second subsection reviews three issues: the problem of focusing on a description of professional activity rather than an exposition of subject matter, the overuse of apologetic language, and the disadvantages of excessive hedging. Somewhere in the dark garden beyond the hedge a fountain was playing. طفره رفتن

heresy

A heresy is a belief that doesn't agree with the official tenets of a particular religion; heresy is the maintaining of such contrary beliefs. Heresy can be used figuratively: to disagree with the school committee's decisions is considered pure heresy by the faculty. You'll often come across this word in a religious context — the Latin root haeresis, "school of thought or sect," was used by Christian writers to mean "unorthodox sect or belief." This comes from the Greek hairesis, "a taking or choosing," from hairein, "to choose." A person who chooses to believe in heresies is called a heretic. synonyms: unorthodoxy According to one tradition, when the philosopher Protagoras was convicted on charges of heresy, his books were dumped in the city marketplace and burned. It was received everywhere, but particularly in the paleontological community, as an outrageous heresy. Darwin knew that he was now gliding along the dangerous edge of the known world, tacking south of heresy. Matthew sat intent, ready to pounce on a hint of heresy. ارتداد و خروج از دین

heyday

A heyday is a peak of popularity or success. If you hear someone say "Hey! Back in the day, I was the best boxer in the city! No one could beat me!" he might be remembering his heyday as a fighter. If you remember a time in the past when you were doing something really well or getting a lot of attention or fame, you might be reminiscing about your heyday. A person or an organization — and even a thing — can have a heyday, or a peak time when everything goes well. The good news is that a heyday can come again and again, so while your heyday as student president might be just a memory, there might be a heyday as governor of your state years later. the pinnacle or top of a time period or career اوج شکوفایی در کریر

hodgepodge

A hodgepodge is a random assortment of things. A dorm room might be furnished with a hodgepodge of milk crates, antique mirrors, and a poster of a kitten hanging on a branch with one paw. Hodgepodge is a funny-sounding word for a somewhat funny occurrence — a grouping of things or people that don't fit together. If you made a stew with bacon, oatmeal, and chocolate cake, you've made a hodgepodge (and a bellyache waiting to happen). The piles of stuff stacked in attics tend to be a hodgepodge. British people call it a hotchpotch. A hodgepodge can also be called a mishmash. a confusing mixture or jumble گره خورده و درهم برهم

accolade

A knight being honored with the tap of a sword-blade was the earliest form of accolade. Today, an accolade is more than a way to bestow knighthood, it is a form of praise or an award. In the early 17th century, the French accoler meant to "embrace the neck," which was done as part of a knighthood ceremony. By the 19th century, accolade came to mean "award." A person who achieves a goal in research or service may receive an official paper certificate or trophy, an accolade of achievement, while a performer or speaker might get an accolade in the form of applause from the audience. Rarely does either of these types of accolade involve a sword. an award or praise granted as a special honor جایزه و تقدیر

litany

A litany is a long, repetitive list or series of grievances, like your picky brother's litany of complaints about dinner or the litany of critical comments your English teacher writes in the margins of your essay. The original meaning of litany is a purely religious one. During some Christian services, a member of the clergy recites a litany, a lengthy call-and-response type of prayer. The word's Greek root means "entreaty," and in this religious context, that's an entreaty to God. Its more popular, secular meaning tends to be used in a negative way, as in your grandpa's litany of aches and pains or the litany of complaints from passengers on a stalled subway car. type of: address, speech These are the kinds of litanies I use, to compose myself. I grabbed his hands and closed my eyes and I made a litany of silent promises. It was, evidently, a plot within a plot, and White suddenly became suspicious of the litany of dead witnesses. When he ticked off the names of friends he grew up with, it was a litany of trouble: one was an alcoholic and divorced at twenty, with a child and no job لیستی از غرولند و نق زدن

magnanimous

A magnanimous person has a generous spirit. Letting your little sister have the last of the cookies, even though you hadn't eaten since breakfast, would be considered a magnanimous act. Magnanimous comes from Latin magnus "great" and animus "soul," so it literally describes someone who is big-hearted. A person can show that over-sized spirit by being noble or brave, or by easily forgiving others and not showing resentment. It implies superiority, and is something you should say of others rather than of yourself. Being magnanimous doesn't require doling out tons of cash — just being an understanding and tolerant soul will do the trick. noble and generous in spirit "a magnanimous conqueror" synonyms: greathearted روح بخشنده

malady

A malady is an illness, like a malady that keeps you home, sick in bed for days, or something that causes you to have trouble or to suffer, like jet lag — a malady that affects travelers. Malady, pronounced "MAL-uh-dee," comes from the Latin words male, meaning "bad or ill" and habitus for "have, hold." When you have a malady, it is like something bad is holding you, such as an illness — the common cold: a malady of winter. Some bad habits cause maladies, such as never having any money — the malady of people who spend freely, not thinking of the future. synonyms:illness, sickness, unwellness بیماری

malapropism

A malapropism occurs when you say one word but you mean another, like instead of saying a certain restaurant is prosperous, you say it is preposterous. As you can tell, malapropisms are often humorous, though sometimes the joke is on the speaker. The word malapropism, pronounced "mah-luh-PRAH-pih-zum," comes from the French phrase mal à propos, which means "ill-suited." Playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan must have been thinking of the French phrase when he created his character Mrs. Malaprop, who made audiences howl with laughter when she used the wrong word. Examples include saying "allegory" instead of "alligator," and "illiterate him from your memory" instead of "obliterate." synonyms: malaprop Winnifred, the girl who beat you in the elementary school spelling bee, raises her hand: Ms. Hardwick, wasn't Nick supposed to present a malapropism to us today? she whines. Were you able to find a malapropism in Huckleberry Finn? As Eugene "Bull" Connor said in one of his classic malapropisms, "White and Negro are not to segregate together." The issues in the case were overshadowed by Alicia's strategy of using text messages to get around the restrictions and coach her client, with failing batteries and auto-correct malapropisms adding to the hilarity. قر و قاطی کردن کلمات بیشتر به خاطر طنز

malleable

A malleable metal is able to be pounded or pressed into various shapes, and a malleable personality is capable of being changed or trained. It's easier to learn when you're young and malleable. Just as there are substances that are malleable, including clay and some metals, there are also ductile metals that can be hammered out into wire or thread; gold, silver, and platinum are examples. The adjective malleable dates back to Middle English, from Old French, from Medieval Latin malleābilis, from malleāre, "to hammer." synonyms: ductile, pliable, pliant, tensile, tractile قابل شکل گیری و منعطف

mandate

A mandate is an official command or a go-ahead. When a politician wins an election by a wide margin, that's a mandate to implement her ideas. A mandate gives authority. If the government gives schools a mandate to test more, then the schools had better give more tests. People who work for the Peace Corps have a mandate to help various countries with things like getting clean drinking water. A politician who believes in higher taxes and then gets elected considers that a mandate to raise taxes. When you have a mandate, it's like a ticket to get something done. synonyms: charge, commission, direction Since some of the other students chose to grow beards and mustaches, his own beard was sometimes interpreted as a personal choice instead of a mandate of faith. Our mandate now was to share it with the rest of the country. Even without the pressure of the space race, even without the mandate to beat the enemy. Its mandate was to manage and protect these resources for the nation. دستور رسمی و اجرایی

melee

A melee is a noisy free-for-all or rowdy fight — a no holds barred, battle royal, if you will. It's what pro wrestlers engage in every night, and shoppers endure at the toy store every holiday season. If you think melee sounds like a fancy French way to say "crazy bar brawl," you're right: It comes from the French mêlée which means "confused fight or mixture." What makes a melee different than any other fight is that element of chaos or confusion — so don't jump into a brewing melee unless you're really ready to bring the ruckus. a noisy riotous fight synonyms: battle royal, scrimmage جنگ و دعوا بزن بزن

misanthrope

A misanthrope is a person who hates or mistrusts other people. Your great aunt Edna who lashes out at anyone who approaches, convinced they'll steal the jewelry she keeps in her handbag on her lap? A misanthrope indeed. This is a formal word, derived from Greek misanthrōpos "hating mankind," from misein "to hate" plus anthrōpos "a man." From the same root, we get the English word anthropology "the study of humans." If you make a statement or do something that is particularly hostile or untrusting, you can call that misanthropic. نفرت از انسان ها

miscreant

A miscreant is a person who behaves badly — who lies, breaks the law, yells at puppies. It's a somewhat old-fashioned word, popular with old ladies shocked at having their purses stolen at the opera. Words like miscreant, scoundrel, and good-for-nothing are used to condemn people believed to be improper or even evil. If your mom warns you that your friends are a bunch of miscreants, she's concerned that you're hanging out with the wrong kind of crowd and that you might be headed for trouble. synonyms: reprobate I hope he doesn't think I'm a miscreant or something, sitting in parks and preying on innocent teenagers. "Of course a hoverboard. What is it about those things and miscreants? And what did Shay plan to eat, do you suppose?" The Warlord leaped down from his rostrum and seized the trembling miscreant, booting him forward into plain view of the army. Of course it would; the whole point of any punishment like that is to humiliate the miscreant by forcing her to write something that everyone knows she doesn't believe. قانون شکن و یاغی

morose

A morose person is sullen, gloomy, sad, glum, and depressed — not a happy camper. When someone is morose, they seem to have a cloud of sadness hanging over them. This word is stronger than just sad — morose implies being extremely gloomy and depressed. We all can be morose at times, like after the death of a friend or family member. Whether you're morose due to an event or just because you're feeling blue, you should try skipping or whistling a little tune to perk things up. synonyms: dark, dour, glowering, glum, moody, saturnine, sour, sullen, ill-natured عبوس و بد حال

myriad

A myriad is a lot of something. If you're talking about Ancient Greece, a myriad is ten thousand, but today you can use the word in myriad other ways. Myriad comes from the Greek myrioi, the word for ten thousand, or less specifically, a countless amount. Myriad can be a noun, like a myriad of choices, or an adjective, like when you study myriad subjects in college. If you lift a rock you might find a myriad of bugs. Sticklers often look down their noses at using myriad as a noun, but that usage came first. type of: large indefinite amount, large indefinite quantity Isolated but vivid tragedies involving a few people should not blind us to the fact that myriad prosaic activities may involve a much higher degree of risk. How good is he at the myriad of skills and attributes that it takes to be a successful athlete? The hat was the first of myriad lines of signature products: toys, commemorative wastebaskets, two varieties of oranges. Barriers to re-entry, specifically the myriad laws that operate to discriminate against people with criminal records in every aspect of their social, economic, and political lives, must be eliminated. تعداد خیلی خیلی زیاد و میلیونی

pariah (noun)

A pariah is someone that has been soundly rejected by their community. Your constant gossiping might make you a pariah on campus. Pariah takes its name from a tribe in Southeast India. The pariahs were drummers, sorcerers, and servants who became untouchables in Indian society because of the unsanitary jobs they did. Pariah maintains this sense of untouchableness. Pariahs are not just unliked, they are avoided at all costs. Imagine how a once popular restaurant could gain pariah status if it fails health inspections three times in a row. synonyms: Ishmael, castaway, outcast Even if they were society's pariahs, they were going to be angels in a marble white heaven and sit on the right hand of Jesus, the Son of God. Who becomes a social pariah and excommunicated from civil society and who trots off to college bears scant relationship to the morality of crimes committed. The other kids treated her like a total pariah, crowing that her mother was a "hoor" and calling her "lice girl." To be a black man is to be thought of as a criminal, and to be a black criminal is to be despicable—a social pariah. طرد شده

parsimonious

A parsimonious person is unwilling to spend a lot of money. You know those people who count up every penny when it's time to split a restaurant bill? You can call them parsimonious. Or cheap. Stingy is the most common and general synonym of parsimonious, but there are many other near synonyms, including thrifty, frugal, penurious, niggardly, penny-pinching, miserly, tight-fisted, tight. The adjective parsimonious was formed in English from the noun parsimony, "the quality of being careful in spending." It is a combination of the Latin verb parcere, "to spare," plus an Old French suffix -ous, "having the quality of." synonyms: penurious Despite the inflow of cash and capital assets, Lawrence kept a parsimonious grip on his kingdom. "So you are just parsimonious with your words?" "Good. I don't like doing business with parsons. They're too parsimonious." "I respect your parsimonious nature," he says, and then continues arranging constellations his own way as he mumbles facts about outer space. خسیس و زیادی مقتصد

parvenu

A parvenu is an upstart, somebody who's suddenly rich but doesn't fit into his new social status. If you're a parvenu, people might also describe you as "nouveau-riche" or an "arriviste." Maybe it's not quite so insulting in French. The Beverly Hillbillies, a sitcom from the 1960s, featured the Clampetts, classic parvenus who strike oil in their backwoods swampland. They arrive at their mansion in Beverly Hills, dressed in overalls, in their pick-up truck, with their shabby furniture strapped on top. As parvenus, they don't fit in — to say the least. Parvenu is from French, and it's the past participle of parvenir, "arrived." synonyms: arriviste, nouveau-riche, upstart The old Arab elite looked upon these parvenus with deep hostility, fearing to lose its unique status and identity. Another contradiction emerges from a discussion of the red squirrel, which clings on in Scotland in the face of strong competition from its parvenu grey cousin. To some, however, his philanthropy was seen as parvenu social climbing - the satirical duo Flanders and Swann mocked Clore's obsession with status in one of their songs. Who, today, remembers that the Vanderbilts were once grubby parvenus? تازه به دوران رسیده

pedestrian

A pedestrian is someone traveling by foot. If you're a pedestrian, you will likely get annoyed at the drivers who don't stop so you can cross the street. Pedestrian comes from the Latin pedester meaning "going on foot" but also "plain." As a noun, it's someone walking around — sidewalks are for pedestrians. As an adjective it means "lacking wit or imagination." If someone calls your new poem pedestrian, they mean it's dull. If you want to impress your friends while also making them feel worthless, mutter "these people are SO pedestrian," at a party, loud enough for everyone to hear. lacking wit or imagination "a pedestrian movie plot" synonyms: earthbound, prosaic, prosy بدون خیال پردازی

chivalrous

A person who is courteous and attentive can be described as chivalrous: "The chivalrous stranger picked up the packages Veronica dropped and held the door open while she entered the apartment building." The word chivalrous originally described gallantry, valor, honor, and courtesy, associated with the medieval code of knighthood. Medieval knights are no longer with us, but chivalrous has survived in modern usage, usually to describe a man — or a behavior — showing courtesy or attentiveness toward women. So the guy holding the door open for you with a flourish may or may not be your "knight in shining armor," but his chivalrous act gives him something in common with the medieval knights of lore. synonyms: gallant, knightly "People. Suddenly, Bone Gap is full of concerned, chivalrous types with lots of extra toilet paper. Who knew?" By now Stark was no doubt regretting his chivalrous impulse. "But it was chivalrous?^ Gawaine began to fidget with his toes. "It was silly," he said eventually. "It did no good." Feeling that nothing more was required of her, Briony went to sit on the Chesterfield and watched from her mother's perspective the chivalrous unease that shifted between Leon and the policemen. جذابیت مانند شوالیه ها جوانمردانه

magisterial

A person who is magisterial can be distinguished and grand, or possibly just conceited and bossy. You will learn a lot if you listen to a magisterial presentation of early American history. The Latin word for teacher is magister, so think of magisterial as describing a person with the great authority of a teacher or learned person. It can also mean related to the office of magistrate — think of magisterial documents or inquiries into a matter. If, however, someone calls you magisterial, he or she may think you are a bit pompous. It will irritate you if a person speaks to you in a magisterial tone! synonyms: autocratic, bossy, dominating, high-and-mighty, peremptory He loved this place, a magisterial old house in the Garden District. The Olmec, he thought, were the Romans of Mesoamerica, a magisterial society that "established the pattern which, through the centuries, was to be followed by other expansionist Mesoamerican cultures." He published rarely—immensely detailed papers on protein sequencing that others characterized as magisterial—but he counted none of these as major successes. Here is Harry Hansen's view, from his magisterial history, The Civil War: آمرانه و دیکتاتورگونه

pillory

A pillory is a wooden frame with cutouts for someone's head and hands. Long ago, people found guilty of a crime could be sentenced to be locked in a pillory for a certain amount of time for punishment but also for public humiliation. The verb pillory means to be punished by being locked in a pillory, but references to this form of punishment are historic and it is no longer used — you might see references today to someone in a pillory in a cartoon. As a modern verb, pillory means both to criticize harshly and to expose to public ridicule. Someone who is caught doing something immoral may be pilloried and people who believe they have been unfairly criticized say they have been pilloried, but often only after they've been exposed! synonyms :gibbet Arriving in Washington with the same sort of desire and energy to contribute, though, she'd been roundly spurned, pilloried for taking on a policy role in the White House's work on health-care reform. While a few viewers saw nothing wrong with pillorying ultra-nationalist killers, most - including right-wing politicians - slammed it as propaganda at taxpayers' expense. And for one reason or another they were all pilloried in public for these things." Even Hillary Clinton, who is so often pilloried, manages to recast some attacks. در معرض تمسخر عمومی قرار گرفتن

pithy

A pithy phrase or statement is brief but full of substance and meaning. Proverbs and sayings are pithy; newspaper columnists give pithy advice. The root of this word is pith, which refers to the spongy tissue in plant stems, or the white part under the skin of citrus fruits. Pith is also used figuratively to refer to the essential part of something: They finally got to the pith of the discussion. Pith descends from Middle English, from Old English pitha "the pith of plants." In the adjective pithy, the suffix -y means "characterized by." synonyms: sententious He opened his mouth, waiting for his brain to supply the customary pithy comeback. It should synthesize a particular grievance into a succinct and pithy phrase, while mobilizing the people to combat it. Pleasingly, the earnestness of the mission is undercut by Izzard's trademark pithy wit. And they are doing so in the kind of spitfire dialogue that is intended to sound pithy and muscular, though upon closer inspection it is — like the speech of politicians — often clichéd and borderline nonsensical. پرمغز و مختصر و مفید

ploy

A ploy is a clever plan that helps you get what you want. A manipulative little girl might shed tears simply as a ploy to get her mother to buy her ice cream. A politician might add amendments to a bill as a ploy to delay voting, or a hooligan might yell, "Fire!" in a movie theater as a ploy to sneak his friends in. A sneaky move in a game is a ploy, and sensational news about a celebrity can be just a ploy to get him more media attention. The first recorded use of ploy was in 1722, meaning "anything with which one amuses oneself" in Scottish and Northern English dialects. a clever plan to turn a situation to one's advantage نقشه هوشمندانه

precedent

A precedent is something that sets a standard for future events. It's hard to say what the legal community would do without the word precedent, since so many legal judgments and decisions are based on what came before. Lawyers and judges often look for a precedent that can be used as a guide for a similar case. This word is used elsewhere too. Your mom might not let you stay up late because it would set a bad precedent for future bedtimes. A teacher who lets kids chew gum is setting a precedent that gum-chewing will be OK in the future. People often refer to a precedent later on as a reference point for how things should be. مسبوق به سابقه

preempt

A preemptive action is made to keep some other action from being taken. Before you could be accused of eating the whole cake, you decided to make a preemptive apology, which was met with awkward silence. Tired of being disturbed by your roommate's loud music, your preemptive strike was to crank up your favorite opera as soon as you arrived home. Unfortunately, he'd already made a preemptive strike of his own by borrowing your stereo. Don't confuse preemptive with peremptory, a word meaning "arrogant." You don't have to be arrogant to make a preemptive move, just cautious. synonyms: pre-emptive, preventative, preventive I notice he happily waves preemptively at the woman "gardening," and she flails her arms back at the happiness of it all. Dad preemptively turned up the volume on the TV. A subtler expression of this geographically varying ease of spread is the phenomenon termed preemptive domestication. The mere suggestion of it, I understood now, caused stable, middle-class families to bail preemptively for the suburbs, worried their property values would drop. تصاحب کردن و قبضه کردن

prognostication

A prognostication is a prediction about the future. If you make gloomy prognostications about how much traffic there will be on the way home, you'll be pleasantly surprised to find the drive fast and easy. Use the noun prognostication when someone's making a forecast or a guess about upcoming events. Your prognostication about whether or not it will rain tomorrow might lead to your family's picnic being cancelled. Another way to use the word is to mean a sign or portent: "I hope that black cat isn't a prognostication of bad luck!" The Latin root, prognostica, means "sign to forecast weather," and it comes from the Greek prognostikos, "foreknowing.". synonyms: forecasting, foretelling, prediction "Be careful with your prognostications," said the stranger. Sourmelina, legs bandaged, lay back in her boudoir as Desdemona performed the first of the many prognostications that would end with me. Each tried to outdo the other in gloomy prognostications for the upcoming regatta. I've combed through the collective wisdom and the gut prognostications and offered my own predictions for your Oscar pool. پیشگویی

pronouncement

A pronouncement is an official announcement, like the kind politicians make. It's formal and comes from someone in charge. The mayor of your town might make a pronouncement about the importance of not littering. When you make a pronouncement, you're certain about what you're saying and say it with authority. A school principal's pronouncement about not running in the halls might be broadcast over the intercom so everyone can hear it. A big brother might make a pronouncement about what's for dinner. Feel free to ignore him, but not the principal or the mayor, unless you want to get in trouble. Pronouncement comes from the Latin word pronuntiare, "to proclaim or announce." synonyms: dictum, say-so The gentry of the neighborhood, hearing of his pronouncement, appeared in the following days to protest, saying that he would incite a rebellion in the neighborhood if others heard of his system. And with that pronouncement, Dill realized that the dread in his stomach wouldn't be going away any time soon. It was a not unbewitching sound, a mix of flute and bassoon, my consonants slightly slurred, a rush and breathiness to most of my pronouncements. He expected her to grow pale at this pronouncement. بیانیه رسمی

provincial

A provincial person comes from the backwaters. Someone from a small province outside of Provence, France, might seem a little more provincial and less worldly than someone from, say, Paris. Something or someone provincial belongs to a province, or region outside of the city. Provincial has a straightforward meaning when describing where someone is from, but it has some other shades of meaning too. Something provincial can be quaint and in a pleasing rural or country style, but it also can imply someone less sophisticated, as in someone with provincial, or simple, tastes. Individuals or groups of people who are considered narrow-minded are often labeled provincial, even if they're from the city. characteristic of a limited perspective; not fashionable or sophisticated کوته فکری

punctilious

A punctilious person pays attention to details. Are you always precisely on time? Is your room perfectly neat? Do you never forget a birthday or a library book's due date? Then you are one of the punctilious people. The adjective punctilious, pronounced "punk-TIL-ee-us," is related to the Italian word puntiglio, meaning "fine point." For someone who is punctilious no point is too fine, no detail too small, to be overlooked. The word is often used to describe people, but it can be used more broadly to apply to observations, behavior, or anything else that is characterized by close attention to detail. synonyms: meticulous So terrified was I that some irregularity would interfere with enlistment—some unforeseen objection—I perhaps answered with too great an exactitude, too punctilious a range of detail—desperate for approbation. I was punctilious about all court regulations, but I sometimes used unorthodox tactics with witnesses. Unfortunately, even the most punctilious punctuation is not informative enough to eliminate all garden paths. "A punctilious man, my father," Bear went on. ریزبین و جزئی نگر

pundit

A pundit is a well-known expert, someone whose opinions show up on television, online, or in the newspaper. Some TV news programs are nothing more than a bunch of pundits arguing about current events. Why not just call them experts? Because pundit is a lovely word that is very close to its Sanskrit root, payndita-s, "learned man or scholar." Originally, a pundit was a "learned Hindu" or Sanskrit expert. Today's classic examples of the pundit are guests on talk radio and professional sports commentators, all brilliant dispensers of insights, statistics, and occasional hot air. synonyms: expert SJ crosses her arms, and the three of them lean in to hear the "analysis" of some anti-gang violence pundit who appears on a split screen with the anchor. Most pundits noticed only the change in the racial makeup of the schools, but the process concentrated poverty, not just race. The Gillian addressing the crowd was styled and polished like a TV pundit. Even conservative track pundits were beginning to think that Louie might be the one to shatter precedent, and after Louie won every race in his senior season, their confidence was strengthened. متخصص و کارشناس

qualm

A qualm is a feeling of uneasiness, or a sense that something you're doing is wrong, and it sounds almost like how it makes your stomach feel. If you had qualms about taking candy from the bulk bins at the store, your conscience probably told you to go back to the cashier and pay. Qualm entered English in the 16th century, with meanings like "doubt" and "uneasiness." Usually a qualm comes from doubt about an action and a feeling that you are doing, or are about to do, something wrong. It isn't a bad feeling about another person's behavior but about your own. If you have qualms about lying to get into the over-18 dance club, you might decide to follow your gut-check and meet your friends for coffee instead. synonyms: misgiving, scruple But Reilly shared none of the medical community's qualms about Goldman's findings. From our modern perspective, it is easy to dismiss the ancients' qualms about the utility of science. How he was driving along, saw and saved this wild black girl: No qualms. But in the end, his desire to build eugenics into a "national religion" outweighed his qualms about negative eugenics. عدم اطمینان

quip

A quip — a short, witty comment — can be pleasant, wise, or sarcastic, but usually carries an element of humor. A quip is a witty or clever remark that sounds spur-of-the-moment. A successful quip must sound offhand, as though it were an afterthought, even if the speaker has been honing the statement for days. Dorothy Parker was a famous writer known for her quick quips, such as, "The best way to keep children home is to make the home atmosphere pleasant — and let the air out of the tires." بذله و لطیفه

quisling

A quisling is a traitor, especially one who collaborates with an enemy occupying force for personal gain. The term arose because in World War II, Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian politician, volunteered to help the occupying Nazis rule Norway for Germany. Quisling was tried for treason and executed at the end of the war, and his name became synonymous with traitor and collaborator. The word quisling is not commonly used in the United States, however, probably because the American term for a traitor is "Benedict Arnold," the name of a Revolutionary War turncoat. synonyms: collaborationist, collaborator They are guilty because Xi is imposing Beijing rules on Hong Kong, with the help of a quisling administration, rendering peaceful protest a crime. In so doing, these quislings all helped foment the insurrectionist storming of the U.S. Unfortunately, Biden is living up to every stereotype of the quisling Democrat and taking this advice seriously. They're why these quisling lawmakers held their noses and accepted so much bad, sometimes criminal, behavior from this administration. خائن ستون پنجم دشمن

rash

A rash is something that spreads like wild fire — red itchy skin or a series of unfortunate events. It can also describe an impulsive, wild decision. As an adjective, rash has meant "quick, vigorous" since the 1300s by way of Scotland. The meaning shifted to "reckless" a few hundred years later, and can still be used that way — a "rash decision" is a sudden, not well thought out one. Rash, the noun that no one wants on their skin, came a few hundred years after that, but from the French word rache which at some point meant "ringworm." Ringworm still gives us a red, itchy rash. Fun! Rash can also mean a lot of unpleasant things happening in a short amount of time, like robberies or earthquakes. بی دقتی بی احتیاطی با ریسک

ravenous

A ravenous person feels like they haven't eaten in days and could probably finish off 10 pizzas without help. So ravenous is not a good state to be in when you go grocery shopping. Back in the early 15th century, you would have been called ravenous if you were greedy and obsessed with stealing, much like a pirate. Nowadays, it's often used to describe extreme hunger or desire. Having a ravenous appetite means you're literally hungry like the wolf, snarling and growling (stomach) included. So do everyone in the lunchroom a favor and remember to eat breakfast. extremely hungry "a ravenous boy" synonyms: esurient, famished, sharp-set, starved hungry feeling hunger; feeling a need or desire to eat food adjective devouring or craving food in great quantities "ravenous as wolves" synonyms: edacious, esurient, rapacious, ravening, voracious, wolfish خیلی خیلی گرسنه

recoil

A recoil is a movement backwards, usually from some force or impact. The recoil of a gun is a backward movement caused by momentum. Your trip to the shooting range might make your mom recoil — from horror, not momentum. Recoil has both a verb and a noun form, meaning any kind of rebound or spring backwards. It doesn't even have to be from an actual force. You might recoil when you see a snake, or recoil at the thought of having to eat squid. In those cases it's more like a cringe or a flinch from something that's scary, disgusting, or painful. Eating squid might in fact be all of those things to you. synonyms: bounce, bound, rebound, resile, reverberate, ricochet, spring, take a hop Lannister recoiled, and Summer lunged at him from the other side. When it turned I reached for its hind flipper, but as soon as I touched it I recoiled in horror. One put his mouth to the spring and recoiled. But when Jesper's mind even brushed up against those thoughts, everything in him recoiled. برگشت به عقب و شکل ارتجاعی عقب نشینی

reprisal

A reprisal is an act of retaliation, especially one committed by one country against another. If you attack your enemy's village and cause lots of damage, expect a reprisal. Reprisal comes from the French for taking back, and used to mean the seizure of property as a compensation for some earlier loss. Now we use it more in the sense of a retaliatory attack. When Germany bombed London during World War II, the British reprisals included the bombing of Berlin. Reprisal doesn't always have to be about war; you can use it for any act of retaliation. type of: retaliation, revenge "No, mah. We are not like those Hausa people. The reprisal killings happened because they pushed us." No matter who the villagers sided with, they risked terrible reprisals from the other side. When slaves rebelled, they often took gruesome revenge on their masters, only to face even more horrific reprisals when the owners and overseers regained control. I will repeat only one admonishment from a native of Maine, and I will not put a name to that person for fear of reprisal. اقدام تلافی جویانه و انتقامی در جنگunprepossessing

reproof

A reproof is a negative comment, reprimand, or rebuke. Even the nicest kindergarten teacher in the world will give his students a reproof if they won't stop laughing and running around the classroom. An athlete's bad behavior on or off the field might result in a reproof by his coach. and a long-distance bus driver will offer at least a mild reproof if a passenger is continuously talking loudly into her cell phone. Kids with strict parents receive more reproofs than those who have fewer rules to follow. Reproof comes from the Late Latin reprobāre, which means "disapprove, reject, or condemn." synonyms: rebuke, reprehension, reprimand, reproval She took it as a reproof, and held up a hand. Already Nathan's obsession with guilt and God's reproof was infecting me. "Thee doesn't become a Quaker just to escape the Meeting," she said, and Kit flushed at the gentle reproof in her tone. Milo looked at him with reproof and turned back to his work. تذکر جدی

reservation

A reservation is something set aside, like a table at a restaurant or land for Native Americans. For fancy restaurants and hotels, you need a reservation: you call ahead and ask them to set aside a table or room for you. A reservation is also a piece of land set aside by the government for a group. In the U.S., there are Native American reservations. Sometimes a reservation is a doubt. If you have reservations about taking a trip to Australia, then you're not sure about it. You're not rushing to make reservations at a hotel there. an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly دو به شک بودن

sedulous (adj)

A sedulous person is someone who works hard and doesn't give up easily. If you make repeated and sedulous attempts to fix a leaky pipe and it only makes things worse, it might be time to go online and find the number of a plumber. There are a couple of words that basically mean the same thing as sedulous but are a little more common, namely assiduous, painstaking, and diligent. Like sedulous, all of these adjectives can be turned into adverbs by adding the suffix ly: "He assiduously tried to fix the pipe, but to no avail." synonyms: assiduous And that, following an assessment of his sedulous performance over the years, the distributor was promoting Mr. Dalai to manage the College Street branch. Littell is a sedulous reader of surface and detail, taking as his guide to the works the principle that "being told in paint they need to be read in paint". She recommends unstinting regard for language and sedulous habits of self-revision; then she throws in, like an afterthought, an extra moral dimension: "Work on your character." In his own right he remains one of jazz's more sedulous bandleaders, and later this year, he'll release a new album with his Captain Black Big Band. کوشا و ساعی

precipitous

A sharp, steep drop — whether it's in a stock price, a roller coaster, or a star's popularity — could be described as a precipitous one. Put simply, precipitous means perilously steep. Look closely and you'll spot most of the word precipice (a sheer, almost vertical cliff) in precipitous. Now imagine how you'd feel standing at the edge peering over, and you'll grasp the sense of impending danger that precipitous tends to imply. Precipitous declines in sales lead to bankruptcy. Precipitous mountainside hiking trails are not for the acrophobic. It can describe an ascent, but precipitous is most often used for things going literally or figuratively downhill. done with very great haste and without due deliberation synonyms: hasty, overhasty, precipitant, precipitate hurried شتابان و عجله ای

smug

A smug person is self-satisfied. You can usually recognize someone who is pleased with himself by his smug little smile and self-righteous remarks. Smug is the opposite of modest and unsure. In cartoons, the smug character often walks around with his chest puffed out and his ego leading the way. "Too much good fortune can make you smug and unaware," thought Rachel Field, the children's author. What she means is that successes are appreciated much more when they don't come so often that you begin to feel entitled to them. marked by excessive complacency or self-satisfaction "a smug glow of self-congratulation" synonyms: self-satisfied, content, contented از خود راضی

spartan

A spartan existence is kind of like being a monk. Your room is bare, you live simply and eat sparingly, and your sheets are probably scratchy. In ancient Greece, there were two great city states: Athens and Sparta. Athens had the artists, the good food, the great parties. Sparta had the warriors — the guys who went to bed early and drilled all day. They lived in bare rooms and didn't get sick days or time off. A spartan life is a life of discipline and self-denial. Some people like it like that. Go figure. synonyms: severe Orlando West was a dusty, spartan area of boxy municipal houses that would later become part of Greater Soweto, Soweto being an acronym for South-Western Townships. Watching him from the spartan gallery, Terryl didn't pick that up at all. Brannon asked, as a smile began to build on the spartan isthmus around his mouth. As soon as this happened, they cheerfully abandoned the gruelling, dangerous, and often spartan life of hunter-gatherers, settling down to enjoy the pleasant, satiated life of farmers. زندگی ارتشی منظم و زاهدانه

spendthrift

A spendthrift person is reckless and wasteful with his money. If you're a spendthrift, you might find yourself in debt. However, it might be fun to have a spendthrift friend who likes to treat you to expensive lunches and lavish gifts. Spendthrift was created by sticking two opposite words together: spend and thrift, which means "savings, wealth." So a spendthrift spends all of his savings. Spendthrift people are the worst nightmare of retirement planners and Scrooges all over the globe. So unless you want to be called a spendthrift, think twice about your next purchase. someone who spends money prodigally synonyms: scattergood, spend-all, spender ول خرج

stem

A stem is a plant's stalk, and it's also a verb meaning "grow out of." So roses have stems, and your idea to give roses to your mom for her birthday stems from her love of flowers. A stem can be the central root of a word, the supporting structure of a plant, or the thin, cylindrical part of a glass goblet. When one thing stems from something else, it originates or begins growing there: "His vegetarianism stems from his love of animals." An older meaning of the verb is "stop the flow of something," as in "Stem your nosebleed with this tissue!" or "Some people think streetlights will stem the graffiti on that street." بند آوردن یک مایع

stolid

A stolid person can't be moved to smile or show much sign of life, in much the same way as something solid, like a giant boulder, is immovable. Both are expressionless. It's hard to get excited about the word stolid. It refers to emotionless people or things, and it even sounds pretty dull. Your face may be stolid, as you plod through the unemotional history of the word born in the 17th century of little more than Latin words for "foolish." In some definitions, stolid does have more complimentary synonyms, such as "dependable" or "calm," but these can be overshadowed by other words for stolid — "empty," "blank," and "vacant," to name a few. synonyms: impassive, unemotional بی عاطفه و بی حسی

surge

A surge is a sudden strong swelling, like a tsunami wave that engulfs the land. Although a surge offers a fluid image, anything can experience a sudden surge, including emotions, political support, or an angry mob. The original Latin word surgere, meaning "to spring up or rise," serves as the basis for the word surge, which refers to a great sudden growth or swelling. If you are watching a sad movie and you experience a sudden surge of emotion, do you quietly reach for a tissue, pretend something's in your eye, or simply weep and sob with reckless abandon? Yeah, me too. Christmas shopping can be dangerous when there is a surge of interest in one toy and desperate shoppers surge into stores trying to grab it up. synonyms: billow, heave An army of tears surged up from his gut. Inside, the audience surges toward the stage, chanting all the while that Booth must be caught and killed immediately. Little silver streaks shot through the air, rained down on the people surging into the clearing. I felt a surge of gratitude for him. صعودی شدید

sycophant

A sycophant is a person who tries to win favor from wealthy or influential people by flattering them. Also known as brown-nosers, teacher's pets or suck-ups. Sycophant is from Latin sycophanta, from Greek sykophantēs, from sykon "fig" and phainein "to show, make known." The original sense was that of an informer, a person who gives information about criminal activities. "Showing the fig" was a vulgar gesture made by sticking the thumb between two fingers. The gesture was used to taunt an opponent or to make an accusation against someone. a person who tries to please someone in order to gain a personal advantage synonyms: ass-kisser, crawler, lackey, toady پاچه خواری

tempestuous

A tempest is a storm, so you can use the adjective tempestuous to describe anything stormy or volatile — from a tempestuous hurricane to a tempestuous romance. The adjective tempestuous can describe violent weather, but it can also figuratively describe something that just has the characteristics of such blustery and turbulent weather. A person could be described as tempestuous if she's prone to violent mood swings and fits of passion. Impetuous is a synonym. The author Joseph Conrad once wrote, "To have his path made clear for him is the aspiration of every human being in our beclouded and tempestuous existence." synonyms: stormy The fiddlers begin a swift, tempestuous tune, and Keenan takes my hip in one hand and my fingers in the other. It is yet another tempestuous night at the Yellow House. Vincent and Theo: The Van Gogh Brothers Love is not a tempestuous sea; it is a calm river. "Listen, it's not my fault he's a mysterious and retiring young royal and you're the tempestuous ingénue that caught his eye, okay?" طوفانی

travesty

A travesty is a cheap mockery, usually of something or someone serious, such as a travesty of justice. A travesty is a silly imitation, like a tall young man dressed up like a little old lady. Travesty and transvestite both come from French travesti meaning "dressed in disguise," so it helps to remember the definition of travesty by thinking of that football player in drag. A travesty can be more than that, though. A travesty of justice, for example, is a court case that makes a mockery of the system, or so you might think if the verdict isn't in your favor. There are lots of examples in literature: the book Don Quixote is a travesty of Medieval Romance. an absurd presentation of something; a mockery تقلید خنده دار و مسخره

tyro

A tyro is a beginner, a new recruit, or someone who is just learning something. If you are the new guy at the job and you're wearing a big dorky badge that says "Trainee" on it, you are a tyro. Tyro isn't used much these days but it's similar to newbie, novice, or recruit. We have all been tyros at some point, but it doesn't necessarily prevent us from hazing the new kid, the next-generation tyro. Tyro can also be used as an adjective to describe someone new to a particular scene — such as "the tyro congressman" or "the tyro quarterback." synonyms: beginner, initiate, novice, tiro Any tyro Hollywood scriptwriter will tell you that they want their plots to be character-driven. Every tyro director at film school must be handed this assignment: create suspense with the most meager means — a tiny budget, a few characters and, please, no gore. The first when I was a young tyro cutting my peripatetic teeth; the latter just 18 months ago, when a confirmed flounderer in the murky depths of middle age. Only as a tyro would Ron Rash start a story with an amateurish "The day after it happened," and refer on the very next page to "what happened." تازه کار

thwart

A villain's worst nightmare is the superhero who always seems to thwart his efforts, preventing him from carrying out his plans to take over the world. Thwart is a word you'll hear in a lot of action movies, and usually it's the hero who is trying to thwart the evil plan of some super-villain. Yet even mere mortals can be thwarted in their efforts; the word simply means to prevent someone from carrying out his or her plans. An aggressive driver can thwart your attempt to snag a parking space at a crowded mall by pulling into the space before you. An aggressive shopper at that same mall can thwart your efforts to buy the last Dancing Snoopy doll by grabbing it off the shelf first. hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of synonyms: baffle, bilk, cross, foil, frustrate, queer, scotch, scuttle, spoil جلوگیری کردن سد راه شدن

abrogate

Abrogate means to abolish or avoid. When someone cuts in front of you in line, they are abrogating your right to be the next one served. When you cut in line, you are abrogating your responsibility to those who were in line before you. The Latin root of this word is made up of the prefix ab- "away" and rogare "to propose a law." What does it mean if you propose a law away? You repeal it, of course, so abrogate means to officially revoke, cancel or abolish. The meaning of this word has expanded a bit since its earliest usage, but it still appears most often in a legal or political context, or when serious rights and responsibilities are being discussed. type of: abolish, get rid of She reestablished Sunday mass, suspended the use of red armbands, and abrogated the harebrained decrees. There was no position in reference to matter or objects; not the recognition of surfaces; the senses themselves collapsed and abrogated their wonted distinctions; and the body was left aware but bereft. Katz, who was not consulted before the artwork was pulled, is livid: "When the Smithsonian starts bowing to its censors, it abrogates its charge as our national museum." He did not hesitate to abrogate Indian treaties, though he sometimes expressed concern for Indian life. باطل کردن و لغو کردن

abstruse

Abstruse things are difficult to understand because they are so deep and intellectually challenging. It might be hard to figure out how a toilet flushes but the technology that goes into making the Internet function is abstruse. The Latin roots of the word abstruse are about concealing or hiding something, which is a good way to remember the meaning of this word. It is useful when describing something that is overly confusing, or if someone is deliberately making a story or a situation more complicated than necessary. It sounds and looks like obtuse, but abstruse is almost its opposite. Obtuse is dull or lacking a sharpness of intellect. While Abstruse is president of the chess club, Obtuse is hanging out by the parking lot smoking cigarettes. difficult to understand; incomprehensible پیچیده و غامض

affable

Affable means friendly, pleasant, and easy to talk to. An affable host offers you something to drink and makes you feel at home. The adjective affable entered English by way of the Latin word affābilis, which means "kind, friendly." If you're stuck on an airplane next to someone affable, the trip won't be so bad because that person will be easy to chat with but won't talk your ear off. Synonyms of affable also refer to a pleasant and mild friendliness, such as genial, hospitable, and gracious. Affable people generally seem like they're in a good mood and are happy to see you. synonyms: amiable, cordial, genial "Some do that," she says, her tone almost affable now, though distanced; it's as if we're considering a choice of nail polish. Just once, I'd like her to be even the slightest bit affable. Bast's normally affable expression sharpened into a glare. When he took his place at the dining table, calm, affable, utterly certain, a crisis in the kitchen became no more than a humorous sketch; without him, it was a drama that clutched the heart. گرم و دوستانه

agitate

Agitate means to stir up. If you watch a horror movie at bedtime, you may be too agitated to sleep. Movies like that can agitate all sorts of adrenaline responses in the body. Agitate derives from a Latin word that means "to drive away." The meaning has changed, but you can see where old meets new—a washing machine agitates dirty clothes in warm soapy water to drive away the dirt. You agitate or shake up salad dressing to mix it, driving the oil away into the vinegar. synonyms: commove, disturb, raise up, shake up, stir up, vex The Gangulis learn the cause of the delay the following morning, as breakfast is being served, the passengers agitated and horrified, all speaking of the same thing. Hard coughs agitated the old man; he spat into a handkerchief. On the eve of Rosh Hashanah, the last day of that cursed year, the entire camp was agitated and every one of us felt the tension. I would agitate against the bemused person who was attempting to help me upward, that is. مضطرب کردن و آشفتن

derivative

Alert: shifting parts of speech! As a noun, a derivative is kind of financial agreement or deal. As an adjective, though, derivative describes something that borrows heavily from something else that came before it. The economic meltdown of the last decade is due largely to the mismanagement of derivatives, which are deals based on the outcome of other deals. A movie plot might be described as derivative if it steals from another film — say, if it lifts the tornado, the witch, and the dancing scarecrow from The Wizard of Oz. Synonyms: derived I plowed my way through a half hour of derivatives before the cheerleaders quieted and the coach addressed them. As a matter of fact, Raphael's figures are just as "derivative" as Manet's. Alphabets of ultimately eastern Mediterranean origin spread throughout all complex societies of Eurasia, from England to Indonesia, except for areas of East Asia where derivatives of the Chinese writing system took hold. In calculus, the first derivative of a point is not its position in space, but its propensity to change its position; not where an object is, but how it moves in space and time. مشتق شده قرارداد مالی و تجاری

genteel

Although the adjective genteel means high-class and refined, it is often used today in a somewhat mocking tone, as though good manners and elegance are passé. Still, it would be nice if more people were a little more genteel. The word genteel comes from the Old French word gentil, "high-born, noble." We can see the similarity to the word gentle, as in gentleman and gentlewoman. The word is especially powerful in describing Chaucer's Knight in the Canterbury Tales as "a verray, parfit gentil knyght" — "a true, perfect, noble knight," dignified, patrician, and as genteel as they come. Today, it describes someone elegant, fashionable, and well-bred. Picture someone in riding jodhpurs reading "Town and Country" while astride a magnificent show horse. synonyms: civilised, civilized, cultivated, cultured, polite های کلاس و شیک رفتار با درجه کیفیت عالی

anachronism

An anachronism is something that doesn't fit its time period, like if you say you'll "dial" your smartphone. Anachronism comes from the Greek roots ana- which means "against" and chron- which means "time." Together they represent a situation in which something happens that should not because it belongs to another time period. You see anachronisms all the time in the movies — they occur when you see a jet fly over a Civil War battle! Or knights jousting over a maiden during the time of Shakespeare! synonyms: misdating, mistiming These bodies hanging on the Wall are time travelers, anachronisms. "However, I told you that it would be like this. I am an anachronism. People realize this and resent it." To impose an anachronism: desegregation simply did not compute. But already it was something of an anachronism. نا به هنگام و خارج از زمان مقرر

antic

An antic is a prank to the extreme. It's outrageous, but it's usually meant to be funny. When the senior class steals the principal's car and manages to get it inside the gym, the antic may be condemned by the school, but everyone else probably thinks it's hilarious. The noun antic is most commonly used in the plural form, as in "the coach was growing tired of his star player's silly antics after scoring." Sometimes antics can lean toward the not-so-funny side as well. Really ridiculous behavior that is more foolish than funny can also be called antics. Antic can also be used an as adjective, as in "her antic stand-up routine had everyone rolling in the aisles." It more infrequently can be used as a verb meaning "to act like a clown." synonyms: fantastic, fantastical, grotesque These are such sights as greet the view of those who suffer siege in cities: the anxiety of violence mingled with the antics of incongruity. She was brighter than the hearthfire, talking again with her family and friends, observing the antics of the bear. Their antics never brought so much as a smile to the captain's face, though his crew would roar and hoot and whistle. Mom would complain, but Dad just laughed at his antics. مسخره و عجیب غریب

apostate (adj)

An apostate is someone who has deserted his cause. The word apostate originally comes from a Greek word that meant "runaway slave." Now, apostate has a religious or political tone to it, so someone might call you "a political apostate" if you ran for office as a Republican during one election and then ran as a Democrat in the following election. Synonyms: unfaithful One of the fascinating points Englander explores in "kaddish.com" is the way ardent followers and angry apostates both regard religious tradition with awe — but from different sides. Throughout the 19th century they built up their own power base, accepting the state when it did their bidding and slaughtering rivals and apostates. That may be good news for the environment, but not for her department, whose funding is threatened by such apostate views. Mostly it's a typical half-hour of animated lunacy and a reminder to apostates of why they loved the show in the first place. خارج شده از دین

apothegm

An apothegm is a short instructive saying that's easy to remember and sometimes even slightly witty, like "haste makes waste." An apothegm often expresses a fundamental truth or general rule. To correctly pronounce apothegm, put the accent on the first syllable and give it the short a sound, as in apple: "A-puh-them." It comes from the Greek word apophthegma, meaning "terse, pointed saying," derived from apo-, meaning "from," and phthengesthai, meaning "to utter." synonyms: aphorism, apophthegm He was an apothegm slinger; he was unstoppable. One of my father's favorite apothegms was that "you can't argue with success." His most famous apothegm—"What you see is what you see"—is no help, if seeing is supposed to imply comprehending. On Saturday, Broner apologized for his language, invoking an apothegm of his own invention. پند و حکمت

arriviste

An arriviste is someone who's moved up in the world quickly and ends up being resented. You might visit your hometown and feel like it's full of arrivistes who can pay exorbitant prices for enormous houses. When someone suddenly earns a whole lot more money than they did before, they find themselves in a new economic class. If the people who have belonged to this group for a long time (maybe they inherited their wealth from their grandparents, for example) are resentful of this person and their "new money," they might use the word arriviste. An arriviste is newly arrived in this world — as you can see in the French root, arriver, "to arrive." synonyms: nouveau-riche, parvenu, upstart Masters of power politics, engineers of genius, the Mexica were also upstarts and pretenders, arrivistes who falsely claimed a brilliant line of descent. They resemble the arrivistes of the Gilded Age, which began in the 1880s when industrial capitalists amassed staggering fortunes, except that there are so many of them and they seem to be relatively anonymous. In the background lay a history and an arriviste but ebullient culture that habitually encouraged the casting aside of one persona and the dedicated embrace of another. Then there is the part of Mr. Kirn that will always be the Midwestern arriviste and sees "The Great Gatsby" around every corner; he's certainly right in thinking of Clark as self-invented. تازه به دوران رسیده یه شبه ره صد ساله رفته

assertion

An assertion is a declaration that's made emphatically, especially as part of an argument or as if it's to be understood as a statement of fact. To assert is to state with force. So if someone makes an assertion, they're not just trying out an idea — they really mean it. An assertion can also be an act that seems to make a statement without words. When your dog urinates in multiple places up and down your block, he's making an assertion of his dominance (also called "marking") over his "territory." synonyms: asseveration, averment SJ: You said affirmative action "discriminates against members of the majority," and you cited Jus's acceptance to Yale and your lack thereof as supporting evidence for that assertion. The last assertion was promptly challenged by Logan Green, who undertook the cross-examination. Ben was still making assertions of affirmation when I hung up the phone. Those assertions are rooted in fear—fear that her daughter will be harmed by a society that still so often fears blackness. اعلان با تاکید

attic

An attic is an unfinished room at the very top of a house, just below the roof. It's often the setting for creepy stories because it's a room people don't go in very often. A finished attic is extra space you can use for a playroom, bedroom, or storage area. In fiction, it's a great place to stash crazy people. In Charlotte Bronte's book Jane Eyre, there's a madwoman in the attic. Some attics don't even have floors that can be walked on, though — they're just empty space at the top of a house. An attic was originally called an attic storey, from the architectural term Attic order. synonyms:garret, loft They emptied every trunk and every drawer, tore the beds and sofa apart, and even searched the dusty attic carefully. 'In my sea chest in the attic. That's why I keep it locked.' "The two sides of the attic are not interconnected. When we get up there, I'll fill you in on my strategy." As the waters rose, they fled first upstairs and then into the attic, but to no avail. زیر شیروانی

enormity

An enormity is something extreme or huge, almost beyond comprehension. If you call having to paint the house all by yourself an enormity, your friends might take pity on you and show up with brushes and rollers. Something that's enormous can be good — a huge paycheck! — or bad, such as a tumor. But when it comes to enormity, some word lovers are up in arms. The word originally meant "a crime," so some people think it should only be used to describe wickedness or lack of morals. Others can't resist the word's similarity to enormous and apply it to anything vast, positive or negative. type of: nefariousness, ugliness, vileness, wickedness I set my wineglass on the table as the enormity of this sinks in. The pause was only long enough for them to understand what an enormity the downward stroke would be. For an instant Matt wasn't sure he'd heard right.Then the full enormity of the situation sank in on him. Sleepy little Liechtenstein was shocked by the enormity of the crime. fortuitous. اعمال شرورانه

epigram

An epigram is a short, clever remark. One of Oscar Wilde's many memorable epigrams is "I can resist everything but temptation." Epigram comes from the Latin word epigramma, which means "an inscription." If you've ever seen an inscription on, say, the back of a watch, you know the writing has to be brief. It won't surprise you, then, that epigrams are very short poems, sayings, or famous quotations, like Benjamin Franklin's "Little strokes fell great oaks," a memorable reminder to keep working toward big goals or to pay attention to little details, the opposite of an epigram from our era: "Don't sweat the small stuff." synonyms: quip Then, with a thrill of recognition, I watched the curves of Alexandria's two harbors slide into view, their outlines looping like an Arabic epigram inked in incandescent gold. This isn't just an epigram--life is much more successfully looked at from a single window, after all. Wills also cites this epigram by Catullus, on the subject of an invitation from Julius Caesar: "Join your party?/I might, mighty Czar,/Could I remember/quite who you are." His emails sign off with the 19th century socialist epigram: "The plough is a better backbone than the factory." سخن نیشدار و خنده دار

eponym

An eponym is either a person for whom something is named, or a thing named for a person. Jules Leotard, a trapeze artist, inspired the creation of the eponym "leotard." Thanks, Jules. Words are formed in many ways: often, they are named after people. For example, the boycott was named after Charles C. Boycott. That makes Boycott an eponym, and boycott is also an eponym. Eponyms are the people who provide the names and the words that are formed from the names. St. Audrey is another eponym, because her name inspired the word tawdry. It was the Megalosaurus, and the name was actually suggested to Buckland by his friend Dr. James Parkinson, the would-be radical and eponym for Parkinson's disease. We wouldn't be surprised if all these character names anagrammed into really sneaky eponyms. In 2000, the band's eponyms — Mr. Eli and the guitarist James Young — started gigging while they attended the University of North Texas. Zoom is 2020's most prevalent eponym: a word derived from a proper noun, in this case, the name of a video-conferencing company. نام گذاری از روی فردی

imbroglio

An imbroglio is a complicated or confusing personal situation. To rephrase the J. Geils band song, "Love Stinks," if you love her and she loves him and he loves somebody else, you've got quite an imbroglio. Although an imbroglio is a tangled situation or a messy complicated misunderstanding, its history is just the opposite, clear as a bell. Imbroglio is just a borrowed word from Italian meaning "entanglement." If something embarrassing happens at a public event, such as a mishap during the musical performances at the Super Bowl, it is sometimes called an imbroglio. type of: misinterpretation, mistaking, misunderstanding Still, it's been used more than 700 times in newspapers in the past three months, almost always to describe some political imbroglio. He was, of course, but apparently not broadly enough, since "The Tonight Show" ratings dropped 49 percent after he replaced , and the whole late-night imbroglio started. But Eco's murder mystery is a flagrantly fictionalized work of literary commentary; his novel wants us to meditate on the canonical prohibition of laughter via an obviously fanciful imbroglio. One of Immerwahr's tasks is wooing back some of the playgoers and donors who felt aggrieved by the Roth imbroglio; he acknowledges the company took a hit. وضعیت نادخ و شرم آور

implacable

An implacable person just can't be appeased. If you really offended your best friend and tried every kind of apology but she refused to speak to you again, you could describe her as implacable. Implacable is derived from the verb to placate, which means to soothe, or to appease. If you're babysitting and the kid starts screaming the moment that his parents leave the house, and nothing you give him, be it a toy or ice cream, can calm him down, he might seem implacable. But try the TV. It tends to turn screaming kids into silent, happy zombies. Synonyms: merciless, unmerciful having or showing no mercy grim, inexorable, relentless, stern, unappeasable, unforgiving, unrelenting The mummy's left wing was shattered, and it would never fly again, but its bearded face was implacable. But there were those whose hatred and jealousy were implacable. Behind his implacable gaze, wheels were turning at an even faster rate than usual. "If Meade is there," Longstreet said implacably, "it is because he wants you to attack him." سنگ دل و کینه توز

incumbent

An incumbent is an official who holds an office. If you want to run for congress, you're going to have to beat the incumbent. Incumbent comes from the Latin word incumbens, which means "lying in" or "leaning on," but came to mean "holding a position." It was first used in English for someone holding a church office, and then someone holding any office. You'll most likely hear it today for political officials. In a race for mayor, the incumbent mayor faces a challenger. Incumbent also means "required by obligation." It is incumbent upon you to do the dishes. Synonyms: necessary "The observance of these standards," Veblen wrote, "in some degree of approximation, becomes incumbent upon all classes lower in the scale." It was also incumbent upon them to attend to his personal wants. Things were often incumbent upon him, and he frequently acted with greatest reluctance. It was incumbent, thereafter, on each and every child to live up to that legacy. لازم متصدی

indulgence

An indulgence is doing something that you enjoy even if it has negative consequences. Buying yourself something that you don't need, be it a cookie, video game, or diamond necklace, is an indulgence. If you allow yourself to eat more chocolate cake or watch more TV than is really good for you, those are your little indulgences. If you spend your life savings on a trip to Tahiti, that's a huge indulgence. If someone says to you, "Grant me this indulgence," prepare for a long-winded story that tries to convince you of something. Long, long ago the Catholic Church sold something called "indulgences": pardons for sins. synonyms: humoring, indulging, pampering For every restraint in force north of the border, Tijuana offered unlimited indulgence. On small things I was thrifty enough; no expenditures on "carousing," flashy clothes, or any of the other indulgences that are often smugly believed to undermine the budgets of the poor. The chore was her way of making up for sleeping in, an indulgence she allowed herself those mornings. "She is young," he said to his new wife, who frowned at this indulgence. افراط و زیاده روی

itinerant

An itinerant is a person who moves from place to place, typically for work, like the itinerant preacher who moves to a new community every few years. Itinerant is pronounced "eye-TIN-er-ant." It might remind you of itinerary, the traveler's schedule that lists flights, hotel check-in times, and other plans. It's no surprise that both words come from the Latin word itinerare, meaning "to travel." Itinerant was first used in the 16th century to describe circuit judges who traveled to faraway courtrooms. Today, almost anyone can be an itinerant. traveling from place to place to work "itinerant labor" "an itinerant judge" Synonyms: unsettled مسافرت کاری

halcyon

An old man watching his grandchildren play might look back fondly on his halcyon days, remembering the peaceful, happy time of his youth. The word halcyon comes from a story in Greek mythology about the halcyon bird, which had the power to calm the rough ocean waves every December so she could nest. Like those calm waters, halcyon has come to mean a sense of peace or tranquility. People often use the phrase halcyon days to refer idyllically to a calmer, more peaceful time in their past. Synonyms: peaceable, peaceful "I'm so happy you've returned. This is a little exhibition we used to tour around the Continent back in the halcyon days. I thought you might find it instructive." Those were the salad days, the halcyon years! Perhaps more than any other pianist, Ms. Allen's style — harmonically refracted and rhythmically complex, but laden with inertia — formed a bridge between jazz's halcyon midcentury period and its stylistically diffuse present. Conversations I overhear among residents at Lake Como recall those halcyon days of childhood, before we found significance in skin color, or sneakers or the type of car our parents drove. آرام و صلح آمیز

mundane

An ordinary, unexciting thing can be called mundane: "Superman hid his heroic feats by posing as his mundane alter ego, Clark Kent." Mundane, from the Latin word mundus, "world," originally referred to things on earth. Such things were supposed to be uninteresting when compared to the delights of Heaven; hence the word's present meaning. Writing about reality TV shows, a Newsweek writer opined, "In reality bizarro-world, the mundane is presented as the spectacular" — in other words, people's everyday routines are now televised as entertainment. repetitive and boring; not spiritual معمولی و خسته کننده

inscrutable

Any person or thing that's mysterious, mystifying, hard to read, or impossible to interpret is inscrutable. You ever notice how it's hard to tell what some people are thinking? Those folks are inscrutable. A good way to think about what inscrutable means is to consider cats and dogs. Dogs wear their hearts on their sleeves, shaking when they're afraid and bouncing up and down when they're happy. Dogs are definitely not inscrutable, because you can tell what they're thinking and feeling. On the other hand, cats are very difficult to read. Even longtime cat owners aren't always sure what's going on with their kitty. Cats are very inscrutable animals. not easily understood; unfathomable غیرقابل درک و مرموز

edifying

Anything edifying is enlightening. Edifying things uplift people intellectually or morally and help them learn. Good literature, art, and music are edifying. The original meaning of edify was "to build," and things that are edifying build up a person, especially in an intellectual or moral way. It's often used in the negative. If you say something is not edifying, you mean that it's unpleasant and unacceptable. Edifying applies to things that help you become a better person. A wise saying is edifying. A powerful documentary is edifying. The words of a good teacher are often edifying. Word definitions are definitely edifying! enlightening or uplifting so as to encourage intellectual or moral improvement "the paintings in the church served an edifying purpose even for those who could not read" synonyms: enlightening اصلاح گری

haphazard

Anything haphazard is random, disorganized, slipshod, or hit-or-miss. A tent erected haphazardly might look more like a big nylon bag of dirty laundry than a place to sleep.. Ever heard the expression "I'll hazard a guess?" In it, the word hazard means "chance," as in "take a chance." Think of the hap in haphazard as short for "happen." Combine hap- and -hazard and you get something that happens (or appears to have happened) by chance. If you approach a math problem with haphazard reasoning, you're likely to get it wrong. dependent upon or characterized by chance "a haphazard plan of action" synonyms: hit-or-miss random lacking any definite plan or order or purpose; governed by or depending on chance adjective marked by great carelessness "a most haphazard system of record keeping" synonyms: slapdash, slipshod, sloppy یریخی، شانسی و تصادفی

ineffable

Anything ineffable is unspeakably beautiful, moving, or horrible. It's beyond expression. If something is so powerful or emotional that you can't even describe it, it's ineffable. Ineffable ideas and emotions are difficult to put into words. Parents might feel an ineffable sadness and pride when watching their youngest child graduate from high school. Ineffable can also be used to describe a name that is so sacred you're not allowed to say it.This word comes from the adjective effable, which means "something that can lawfully be expressed in words," and isn't used much anymore. synonyms: indefinable, indescribable, unspeakable, untellable, For any number of reasons, concrete and ineffable, there was something about Katherine Goble that made her as comfortable in the office in 1244 as she was in the choir loft at Carver Presbyterian. For a good thirty seconds, Colonel Meecham sat reflecting in his chair staring at his steaming coffee with an ineffable sadness. But far more intense was the utter, ineffable tenderness he felt, and the solemnity. They separate the community, contributing to the ineffable sense that something familiar and precious about the ethos of the island is disappearing. احساس غیر قابل توصیف

phantasmagorical

Anything phantasmagorical feels or looks like a crazy dream. If you see a psychedelic music video that looks like it was shot through a kaleidoscope, you can call it phantasmagorical. A phantasmagorical film is surreal and strange, rather than straightforward and literal (think the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine"), and phantasmagorical paintings are equally full of odd, impressionistic images, colors, and designs. If you have a phantasmagorical nightmare, it might be hard to describe to another person, it's so weird and fantastic. The adjective phantasmagorical comes from phantasmagoria, the name given to a "magic lantern" show in 1802, from the Greek phantasma, "apparitition." synonyms: phantasmagoric, surreal, surrealistic The large video backdrop provided yet more layers of phantasmagorical imagery, old and new, sometimes so layered that old technology, such as giant metronomes, seemed as modern as particle accelerators. "New Dawn," one of Mr. Turner's phantasmagorical pictures, portrays lava in shades of yellow, orange and red, spraying in a fluid arc as if an unseen hand were directing it leftward over the volcano. "It's partially why I'm phantasmagorical when you look at me. You don't necessarily see a human, but you see a fool in the Elizabethan sense." When World War II began, his family fled to mainland China, where his grandfather would distract him with phantasmagorical tales about a wise monk and his spiritual companions drawn from the 16th-century novel. توهمی در حد سمی

hamper

Anything that hampers slows progress or makes it difficult to do something. You might think that the presence of your parents hampers your ability to look cool. The verb hamper is for those times when normal progress is slow but not shut down completely. Hamper often describes travel during bad weather, like icy conditions that could hamper holiday travel. Hamper means "slow going." You may have heard of noun form of hamper, a container for holding dirty laundry: If your hamper is full, the need to do laundry could hamper your plans of going out and having fun. synonyms: cramp, halter, strangle It was a treacherous descent and Dumbledore, hampered slightly by his withered hand, moved slowly. She turned off the iron and looked for one of Papi's old shirts in her clean laundry hamper. Anthony described Stanton's physical decline in a letter to a friend, writing that it was a pity "that such mental powers must be hampered with such a clumsy body." But sales of Birdseye's new products were hampered, among other things, by the fact that few American grocery stores, and even fewer households, owned a freezer. جلوگیری از پیشرفت و حرکت

dispatch

Anything that needs to be mailed, sent off, or quickly shipped needs to be dispatched. Letters, official reports, teams of police — if it has somewhere to be, you can dispatch it to get there. Sometimes spelled despatch, this word was first used in the early 1500s as a verb meaning "to send off in a hurry." These days we get hurried dispatches in noun and verb form, from journalists sending in their war zone stories to emergency squads getting dispatched to the scene of an accident. And in its most sinister sense, dispatch means to kill off without delay. the property of being prompt and efficient "it was done with dispatch" synonyms: despatch, expedition, expeditiousness dispose of rapidly and without delay and efficiently They went to church on Sunday, sat on various civic committees during the week, and dispatched their wives to the monthly PTA meetings. On March 11 Olmsted dispatched a long letter to Ulrich full of instructions. "All the personal e-mails are dispatched to your laptops. Also there's a telemetry update for Vogel and a system update for me. Huh . . . there's a voice message addressed to the whole crew." They hired him when he was nine and kept him on until he was dispatched with a single note. گسیل کردن و پر بازده و چالاک بودن

thoroughgoing

Anything thoroughgoing is comprehensive — it pays extremely careful attention to details. Your thoroughgoing research most likely involved endless hours of sifting through multiple sources. A thoroughgoing paint job will be neatly edged and precisely done, and a thoroughgoing government reform will involve a huge, involved overhaul of the system. This adjective has an old-fashioned sound these days, when thorough usually works just as well. Both words come from the Old English þuruh, "from end to end and side to side." performed comprehensively and completely "thoroughgoing research" synonyms: exhaustive, thorough, complete تمام و کمال

vigorous

Anything vigorous is done with force and energy. Vigorous exercise makes you sweat, and a vigorous denial makes someone else sweat. Vigorous is a description for something strong or enthusiastic. It comes from the French word vigour, meaning "liveliness, activity." An active, physically energetic person is vigorous, and mental activities can be vigorous too, when they require a lot of mental effort. A vigorous argument doesn't have to include physical wrestling; it just might involve verbal sparring. Synonyms: energetic "Then I wouldn't let them send me home," Major Danby vowed emphatically with vigorous joy and enthusiasm. The aim of this book is not to venture into the long-running, vigorous debate in the scholarly literature regarding what does and does not constitute a caste system. The applause was vigorous, for, in fact, Leeds was a very well-known company. Thorold was an elderly man, but he was healthy and vigorous, and he felt flattered by the attention of this young witch and her beauty, as any man would. با انرژی و شدید

apathetic

Apathetic is an adjective that describes the feeling of being bored with what's going on around you. If you don't care one way or another, you're apathetic. The Greek word pathos describes a type of emotional suffering that afflicts people who are super sensitive to their environment. Pathos is a root word of apathetic, but the prefix a- turns it into the opposite: emotional boredom, insensitivity, and a lack of enthusiasm. Maybe you feel apathetic because nothing around you stirs your interest, or maybe it's because you need some coffee. My once apathetic students seemed to transform themselves into scholars with a conscience. The proles, normally apathetic about the war, were being lashed into one of their periodical frenzies of patriotism. "I will base your character upon the attributes of the boulders on the lake- shore: silent, apathetic, and—considering how little they exercise—surprisingly chiseled." The Nielsens are politely curious about me, and I do my best to answer their questions without sounding either desperate or apathetic. بی تفاوت و بی حوصله

aplomb (noun)

Aplomb is the ultimate test for cool: grace under pressure. Use aplomb to show great restraint under even the most trying circumstances. In retail, it's always a good idea to handle the angry customers with aplomb. Angry at the long lines at the grocery store? Irritated because the driver ahead cut you off? Take a deep breath, and approach life's messes with aplomb. When you think of aplomb, think cool, calm and collected. Not frazzled, furious, and fiery. Aplomb comes from the French word meaning "perpendicularity," from the phrase à plomb for "poised upright, balanced." synonyms: assuredness, cool, poise, sang-froid When Bernabe Montoya's doleful voice crackled over the walkie-talkie, the agent replied succinctly, thoroughly, and then absorbed the information, or rather, lack of information, from the sheriff with equal automatic aplomb. The twenty-eight ostriches of the Midway ostrich farm bore the loss with their usual aplomb. Lieutenant Scheisskopf unveiled his epochal surprise that Sunday with all the aplomb of an experienced impresario. He was painfully aware that he lacked the ecclesiastical aplomb and savoir-faire that enabled so many of his colleagues in other faiths and sects to get ahead. آرام زیر فشار

apoplexy

Apoplexy is a sudden and often fatal fit resulting from blood vessels bursting in the brain. The 19th century character Madame Bovary became a widow because of it. Today, we generally call it "a stroke," but apoplexy sounds way better. Although apoplexy as a specific medical term is not such a common term now, the word apoplectic certainly is, meaning furious and red-faced with uncontrollable rage (so called because its symptoms of flushed red face and loss of bodily control mimic those of apoplexy). Often used humorously — apoplectic is how you might describe your parents when they see your grades — though there's nothing funny about a real apoplectic fit. synonyms: CVA, cerebrovascular accident, stroke He looked, now, as if he bordered on apoplexy. But not yet, the men on the other side were waiting, red faces swollen as though from apoplexy as they bent forward in their chairs. The doctor said it was an apoplexy brought on by the fire. But Brother — especially its frontman, Lee Newell — is the sort of band engineered to induce apoplexy in British music publications, and it hopes to talk itself into greatness, or at least popularity خشم تا مرز سکته

apparent

Apparent means obvious, but — and this is confusing — it can also mean something that seems to be true but isn't definite. "The train's arrival is apparent — it's in the station — but apparently my friend missed it because she is not getting off." It makes sense that apparent has the same ancient root as appear because it's about what is plain to see. Its subtle power of suggestion, however, is wonderfully useful. The "heir apparent" technically means next in line, but the ink isn't dry. The power of apparent is that it leaves the door open for a little ambiguity. Maybe the heir apparent will be the next king, or maybe he'll be overthrown in a bloodless coup by his apparently more ambitious cousin. synonyms: evident, manifest, patent, plain, unmistakable obvious This inverse proportionality between apparent size and distance is the basis of perspective in art and photography. He dropped and swerved with no apparent logic, his ears popping, his stomach pressed against his ribs. Each day she unloaded her countless privations upon us, until it became unendurably apparent that Bibi wanted a man. Within a few days it became apparent that Herman's mind was not going to concentrate on science for some time, for perhaps as long as I would remain in Copenhagen. آشکار و واضح

apprehension

Apprehension is fear or anxiety about something, like the apprehension you feel about an upcoming test. Apprehension is also the capture of a criminal — that is, when the criminal is apprehended. Finally, apprehension can mean one's understanding of an idea. Get it? Given the crook's record of evading arrest, the chief had real apprehensions about being able to catch him. Eventually though, she activated the whole police force in an effort to ensure the crook's apprehension. And it paid off! They caught him red-handed. But it wasn't until he saw the video of the crime in progress that the guy apprehended just how much trouble he was in. It was that apprehension that led him to make a deal with the district attorney. fearful expectation or anticipation "the student looked around the examination room with apprehension" synonyms: apprehensiveness, dread دلهره و ترس

asperity

Asperity is the harsh tone or behavior people exhibit when they're angry, impatient, or just miserable. Did your supervisor snap "Late again!" when you showed up 20 minutes after your shift was supposed to start? She's speaking with asperity. The harshness that asperity implies can also apply to conditions, like "the asperities of life in a bomb shelter." The word can be used even more literally to refer to surfaces, as in "the asperity of an unfinished edge." But, most often, you will see asperity used in reference to grumpy voices or irritable behavior. synonyms: sharpness "Now where," he answered with asperity, "where except in the great tea shop on the main street of the town?" This is a drama full of warmth between both women and men, yet full, too, of asperity and political scepticism. Dawkins's bracing asperities are now routinely met in kind: 'Puffed up, self-regarding, vain, prickly and militant' was one columnist's string of adjectives for him. Ms. Neuwirth brings an amusing touch of imperious asperity to her role as Malibran, but her naturally dry demeanor seems a strange fit for the character, who was famous for her tempestuousness. پرخاش

assert

Asserting is all about standing up for what you believe. You might assert an opinion, your innocence, or even your authority over someone else. The verb assert can be used for both opinions and for oneself. When asked, you can politely assert your desire to go to the amusement park for your birthday. If no one listens to you, you can assert yourself and forcefully state that you really want to go to the amusement park for your birthday. If that fails, you should just take yourself to the amusement park for your birthday. And get better friends. synonyms: affirm, aver, avow, swan, swear, verify It asserted that Indigenous inhabitants lost their natural right to that land as soon as Europeans arrived and claimed it. "You are too lenient, too lenient by far, L^once," asserted the Colonel. In spirit, it asserts solidarity with the "least of these among us." The instincts of the military wife were beginning to assert themselves, the old efficiency of stealing away from temporary homes and entering the bloodstream of highways heading to new quarters. دفا کردن تمام قد از نظر و عقیده

atavism

Atavism is a return to a previous way of doing, saying, or seeing things. It can be casual, like wearing retro clothing and listening to vinyl records, or committed, like living in a straw hut without electricity. It makes sense that atavism comes from a Latin word meaning "forefather," since it refers to a way of doing things like our ancestors did them. It's often used negatively, though, to refer to behavior the speaker finds primitive or unacceptable. Atavists are often called "throwbacks." In biology, the term atavism or "evolutionary throwback" is used when animals are born with features that had disappeared, such as legs on a whale. synonyms: reversion, throwback Today they are more likely to identify nationalism with xenophobia and atavism—leaving this elemental force to be captured by right-wing populists. We conclude that Ballard is quite unstimulated by human interaction - unless it takes the form of something inherently weird, like mob atavism or mass hysteria. Technicolor chivalry and cultural atavism aside, "Lost in Shangri-La" tells of the first contact between disoriented, combative cultures, one of the final first-contacts in human history. European unification was conceived in fear — Europeans' fear of themselves, a residue of wars produced by various atavisms, including unhinged nationalism. بازگشت به گذشته رفتاری و ظاهری

attenuate

Attenuate is a verb that means to make or become weaker. The effects of aging may be attenuated by exercise — or by drinking from the fountain of youth. The versatile word attenuate denotes a weakening in amount, intensity, or value. As a verb, attenuate is usually transitive, meaning it needs an object to be complete, such as in the sentence: "This tanning process tends to attenuate the deer hide, making it softer." The word can be intransitive in past tense, as in "The rain attenuated, ending the storm." And it can even be used as an adjective to describe something weakened: "Even an attenuated solution will remove the stain." type of: weaken We may wonder whether anything as attenuated as this actually existed in Classical Athenian art. Their faces, bathed in the attenuated December light from the tall windows, appeared quiet and even faintly reverent. This suggested that phosphorus would be a better carrier of therapeutic radiation than radio-sodium, since the latter distributes itself all through the body as salt, attenuating its effect. Something attenuated, a nervous caution, suggested itself in all his movements. ضعیف و رقیق کردن

Autocratic

Autocratic describes a way of ruling, but not in a nice way. An autocratic leader is one who rules with an iron fist; in other words — someone with the behavior of a dictator.+ Autocratic rulers don't tend to be popular. They use fear and control to gain total power over their people. Often, their country is left destitute as a result of their actions. The word autocratic is often used to describe the head of a country, but really, anyone who is a despotic leader can qualify — including the boss who threatens to fire you if you refuse to polish his shoes and work every holiday. synonyms: authoritarian, despotic, dictatorial, tyrannic, tyrannical He worshiped Johnny and did not like Dove, but he and Dove were bound together by their common servitude to Johnny's autocratic rule. A kind and generous man, Lewis Krakauer loved his five children deeply, in the autocratic way of fathers, but his worldview was colored by a relentlessly competitive nature. A suffragist from Tennessee said, "We burn not the effigy of the President of a free people, but the leader of an autocratic party organization whose tyrannical power holds millions of women in political slavery." Nor must an empire be ruled by an autocratic emperor. خودکامگی و استبدادی

badger

Badger is to bother. Persistently. On and on. Without stop. Relentlessly. Over and over. Endlessly. It comes from the name of that chipmunk-like animal that burrows into the ground. If you badger someone, you get under their skin. A badger is an animal that digs tunnels under ground to keep warm. To badger can also mean to persuade someone through constant annoying efforts. You might badger your mom to add another hour to your curfew or badger your friend to give you a turn with a video game he has been hogging. annoy persistently synonyms: beleaguer, bug, pester, tease

meteoric

Because meteors move through the sky so quickly, we often refer to something moving very fast as meteoric. A newly-popular singer might be said to experience a meteoric rise to the top. (The fall can be meteoric, too.) The "-ic" suffix on a word creates an adjective meaning "with the characteristics of." So meteoric means "having the characteristics of a meteor." Both words take their origin from the Greek meteōros, meaning "high up." By the way, a shooting star is meteoric, being a meteor that is burning up as it plunges through the earth's atmosphere. Synonyms: fast It would all happen like the brass sections in the Ruizes' best rumbas, a meteoric cartoon explosion, with no blood or pain. Dumbledore's future career seemed likely to be meteoric, and the only question that remained was when he would become Minister of Magic. Who knows, maybe it will be the start of my meteoric rise to stardom! With the new organic chemicals and new methods for their intensive application, resistance began a meteoric rise that reached the alarming level of 137 species in i960. حرکت سریع مثل شهاب سنگ

benighted

Being called benighted is much like being called naive. It means lacking in knowledge or understanding—the kind you might have if you were older or more sophisticated. Although it sounds a lot like "being knighted", benighted has nothing to do with knights and, in fact, includes the word "night" (as in the opposite of day) and not "knight" (as in "of the Round Table"). One way to remember what benighted means is to think of a person "being nighted" or, put into the dark. A benighted person is in the dark about things: they don't know because they can't see. The Dark Ages are thought to have been a benighted time, full of primitive ideas. synonyms: dark He believed as firmly as Arthur did, as firmly as the benighted Christian, that there was such a thing as Right Finally, there was the impediment of his nature. We were supposed to ignore those benighted sheep, as Dad called them. Nelson, as usual, was the one who finally took pity upon our benighted stupidity and told us what was up: There were good people on this benighted world, the star decided, warmed and contented. ساده لوح و پرت از قضیه

permissive

Being permissive is the opposite of being strict. Permissive parents let their kids stay up later and have more sweets. A permissive person is a little more lenient or loosey-goosey with the rules. A permissive teacher is easier on the students and lets them get away with more. A permissive coach will cut players slack during practices and games. Laws can be permissive too — about drugs, guns, and other things that could be tightly controlled. A permissive society is one with more freedom. When a situation is permissive, there's permission to do more things. Synonyms: indulgent, lenient, soft There's also permissive parenting and neglectful parenting, which are pretty self-explanatory. Overall, "Jesus Christ Superstar" forwards — and benefits from — a particularly emotional, permissive portrayal of Jesus' story, one strongly influenced by the free-love, countercultural movements of the late 1960s. My husband and I are more authoritative than permissive. The government favoured Natural England's recommendation that there should be legislation to achieve coastal access, rather than any permissive arrangement. راحت گیر

thrifty

Being thrifty means being careful of your money and how you spend it. Think twice before you spend, but if you must shop, hitting the sales and using coupons are good ways to be thrifty. Note the similarity between the adjective thrifty and the verb thrive, and you'll realize that being careful with your money might be an important survival tactic. Everyone worries about having enough — look at how thrift shops have become important sources of clothing and other goods for many people, allowing them to buy without spending a fortune. Being thrifty is a solid virtue, as suggested by the old German proverb, "Prudent men woo thrifty women." مقتصدانه خرج کردن

boon

Boon means something beneficial to a specific person, entity, or cause. "Getting called out of school on the day of the test was a boon for Sam, as he hadn't remembered to study." Boon derives from the Old Norse bón, a request for a favor. Think of a boon as a favor that no one has necessarily asked for, something extra. "We'd just spent our last dollar on a cup of coffee so it was a real boon to find a ten dollar bill lying on the sidewalk." Boon can also be an adjective for someone friendly and welcoming, as in "a boon companion." a desirable state "a spanking breeze is a boon to sailors" synonyms: blessing adjective very close and convivial "boon companions" Synonyms: close چیز خوب و کمک کننده آدم خوش و دوست

ebullience

Bubbly, loud, and enthusiastic, ebullience means "the quality of being cheerful and full of energy." Take a room full of seven-year-olds and add a bunch of adorable puppies, and you'll end up with ebullience. The Latin word ebullientem, which ebullience comes from, literally means "boiling over." When you see ebullience, you know it; it's not simply happiness or enjoyment, but those emotions bubbling up and overflowing. synonyms: enthusiasm, exuberance Ms. Udell's focus turned to the bubble of ebullience bouncing in front of her. Miss Riley taught our class without her usual ebullience, the corners of her mouth turned down. In their wit, ebullience, multiple references and palette, "The Ten Largest" seem utterly contemporary, made-yesterday fresh. In the end Ms. Sullivan's natural ebullience and perfect comic timing transport you to a blissful plateau سرخوش و سر کیف

cadaverous

Cadaverous means looking corpse-like, from being sick or too skinny, like an aging rock star or a Halloween ghoul. The adjective cadaverous literally means "like a cadaver." It's from the Latin word, well, cadaver (dead body), that comes from another Latin word cadere meaning "to fall." That's some fall! You don't have to be dead to look cadaverous, though, if your cheeks are sunken and your ribs poke through your torn tee-shirt, you look cadaverous and it's not a compliment (unless you're a Goth). On Halloween, you might go for a cadaverous look with green-tinted makeup and black circles under your eyes. لاغرمردنی و جسدطور

placid

Call a body of water placid if it has a smooth surface and no waves. Call a person placid if they don't tend to make waves by causing a fuss. Coming from the Latin placidus "pleasing or gentle," placid is most commonly used to describe a person who is not easily irritated or a body of water such as a lake that does not have waves to disturb the surface. Synonyms of placid in both meanings include calm, serene and tranquil. In other uses, placid describes something with little disruption — like "a placid neighborhood." synonyms: equable, even-tempered, good-tempered, good-natured سخت اذیت شونده

pejorative

Call a word or phrase pejorative if it is used as a disapproving expression or a term of abuse. Tree-hugger is a pejorative term for an environmentalist. Coming from the Latin word for "worse," pejorative is both an adjective and a noun. As an adjective, it means disapproving or disparaging. Hack is a pejorative term for a bad writer. If you call someone a politician in the pejorative sense, you mean that they are scheming and out for personal gain. Terms of abuse such as jerk and negative euphemisms such as bottom feeder are pejoratives, words you use when you want to call someone a bad name. مخالفت کردن

conjecture

Can you guess what conjecture means? It's a word to use when you are not sure of something and have to "guess or surmise." You can see how the word conjecture means that you create a theory or opinion about something without basing it in fact because the original definition of conjecture, from Old French, is "interpretation of signs and omens." Since signs and omens are pretty subjective, it makes sense that the word would then move to its current meaning. However, even though it only seems like weather reports are conjectures, they are actually based on evidence! synonyms: hypothecate, hypothesise, hypothesize, speculate, suppose, theorise, theorize I am issuing this statement to clarify the position and in the hope that it will bring an end to further conjecture. I recounted the attack, sticking to the facts and avoiding conjecture. One would avoid these problems if what I call the chronology protection conjecture holds. There are other historians of grammar who say this Love-His-Labour-Is-Lost explanation is ignorant conjecture and should be forgotten as soon as heard. حدس و گمان

enunciate

Can't get your point across? Maybe you just need to speak more clearly or articulate your thoughts better — in short, enunciate. Good enunciation is similar to pronunciation, but describes more specifically how clearly someone expresses themselves. The word enunciate is related to the Latin words for both "announce" and "messenger." So most likely those ancient Romans who created the word wanted a messenger who could announce things without mumbling, grumbling, and rambling. synonyms: articulate, vocalise, vocalize He speaks slowly, enunciating each word, bursting with restrained resentment. She made a great show of enunciating her own sparkling s's, and the effect was profoundly irritating. The punishment against us was never enunciated as an official policy, but it was a renewal of the harsh atmosphere that prevailed upon our arrival on the island. I told Mr. de Klerk how impressed I was by his emphasis on reconciliation, enunciated in his inaugural address. شفاف و روشن صحبت کردن و منظور را رساندن

capricious

Capricious is an adjective to describe a person or thing that's impulsive and unpredictable, like a bride who suddenly leaves her groom standing at the wedding altar. You can criticize a fickle-minded person as capricious, but it could just as well describe quickly changing weather, as in "capricious spring storms." It's the adjective form of the noun caprice, which means a sudden change of mood. Caprice might come from capra, the Italian word for "goat" (because goats are frisky), or from capo, "head" + riccio, "hedgehog." Why bring hedgehogs into it? If you have a "hedgehog head," you are so scared that your hair is standing straight on end. A scared person makes sudden starts this way and that, just as a capricious person does. Storms are less fickle than they are, seas less capricious. His feet turned capricious, slipping off at odd angles. A universe created from Chaos was in perfect keeping with the Greek belief in an unpredictable Nature run by capricious gods. Arms are as capricious as the desert, and, if they are not used, the next time they might not function. دمدمی مزاجی و قابل تغییر

carouse

Carouse means to drink a lot of alcohol and behave in a loud, exuberant way. The neighbors will not appreciate it if you and your friends carouse in the backyard until dawn. Carouse comes from the German gar aus trinken meaning "all out," "drain the cup" or "drink up." The English adopted the word in the 16th century, and it came to mean "sitting around drinking until closing time." A noisy drinking party is sometimes called a carouse. synonyms: bender, booze-up, carousal, toot On small things I was thrifty enough; no expenditures on "carousing," flashy clothes, or any of the other indulgences that are often smugly believed to undermine the budgets of the poor. But what is a person of limited means and no taste for "carousing" to do? By contrast, Claudius took his pleasures fiercely, carousing with his cup in hand. How I hated that world of riches, carousing and playing! سگ مستی

carping

Carping is petty and unjustified criticism that just won't stop. People who find fault with you at every turn, who appreciate nothing and complain, complain, complain, are carping. Enough already! Your annoying aunt Mildred who constantly picks on you, listing all the things she thinks are wrong about the way you dress, the style of your hair, who you're dating, and where you're working? She's carping. Carping can also be used as an adjective, to describe someone who is overly critical and impossible to please — like that carping food critic who ruined the debut of your new restaurant. synonyms: faultfinding "In these woods and cottages there are no envious eyes, no carping tongues, no gossip or lies," I said. Another reason I welcome the change is that Mama's always carping at me, especially at the table. Before those who now, for the sake of the Savage, paid their court to him, Bernard would parade a carping unorthodoxy. Even though the election is over, some of my closest friends and relatives, who will be joining us, are still carping about the candidates and political parties in really spiteful ways. انتقاد غیرموجه تمام ناشدنی

inimical

Censorship is inimical to freedom. So, most teenagers would argue, are curfews. To be inimical is to be harmful, antagonistic, or opposed to something. Inimical comes from the Latin word inimicus, meaning "enemy." It suggests acting like someone's enemy — being adverse, damaging, or downright hostile. It can refer to anything from emotions and actions to public policy. The U.S. government might declare that another nation's actions are inimical to national security — and your mom might declare that eating a dozen doughnuts every morning is inimical to your health. Be careful not to mix up inimical with inimitable, which means too good to be copied. synonyms: unfriendly The surviving frost giants all follow Hrym, huge and inimical to humanity. Inefficient nations were always conquered sooner or later, and the struggle for efficiency was inimical to illusions. To inflict any hurt on anything for any purpose became inimical to him. The desert is the environment of revelation, genetically and physiologically alien, sensorily austere, esthetically abstract, historically inimical.... خصمانه و معاندطور

chagrin

Chagrin is a noun that represents an emotion or feeling and it's an uncomfortable one. If you feel chagrin, it means that you are embarrassed or distressed as a result of a failure. The word chagrin, a noun, comes from the French word of the same spelling and means "melancholy, anxiety, vexation." An odd fact about the word in English is that it had been thought to be related to another, similar-sounding word, shagreen, "rough, untanned leather." When one mistakes one word as a relative of another, it's called "false etymology." noun strong feelings of embarrassment synonyms: humiliation, mortification verb cause to feel shame; hurt the pride of synonyms: abase, humble, humiliate, mortify The chaplain was shocked by his bellicose words and tone and, to his own amazement and mystification, deeply chagrined that they were turning him loose. He bows and then shows me each frock one by one, much to Elisabeth's chagrin. When I didn't say anything, he added, "Astonished, chagrined, and saddened." He was dashing and dejected, poised and chagrined. احساس شرم

Chauvinism

Chauvinism means the belief that your country is superior to all others. If you traveled to China and complained about everything that was unfamiliar and talked about how much better things are back home, you'd be guilty of chauvinism. While the main meaning of chauvinism is an exaggerated sense of patriotism, or being convinced that your country is vastly better than any other, the word is most familiar in the sense of male chauvinism. When it's used this way, it means a belief that men are better than women. The word comes from a Napoleonic soldier, Nicholas Chauvin, who was famous for his extreme patriotism — in other words, his chauvinism. synonyms: jingoism, superpatriotism, ultranationalism "This is an outrageous example of unconscious racial chauvinism!" "This is an outrageous example of unconscious racial chauvinism!" If we continue to the planets and the stars, our chauvinisms will be shaken further. It says something about our century, our attitude toward life, our obsession with disease and death, our human chauvinism. خود برتر پندار

clamorous

Clamorous means super loud and obnoxiously crying out. If you find yourself in the midst of a pack of clamorous groupies going nuts over a celebrity sighting, you'll need to put your ear plugs in. Clamorous comes from the Latin root clāmōr, meaning "shout." If you're a clamorous person, you're not just loud, but you're also kind of aggressive about it. Town hall meetings with touchy subjects on the agenda tend to be clamorous affairs, as do championship playoffs, arguments between siblings, and daytime talk shows. synonyms: blatant, clamant, strident, vociferous The clamorous hunger in his belly seemed to justify him. My spirits were so disarranged, my nerves so clamorous in their confusion, that no course of thought, speech, or action presented itself. Fifteen seconds passed, and then, with a clank heard above the clamorous purring all about, they fell to their knees. And so the red blood blushing in their faces and their eyes shining with wonder, Frodo and Sam went forward and saw that amidst the clamorous host were set three high-seats built of green turves. پر سر و صدا

concomitant

Concomitant means accompanying. If you run into someone that you have a crush on, you might feel nervousness with a concomitant forgetfulness. Concomitant is one of those Latin-based words you can break down into little pieces: con means with, and comit means companion. So something that is concomitant is like the companion of the main event. If you start training really hard at the gym, the main effect is that you become stronger, but there are concomitant effects, like better circulation, or a rosy glow, or getting happy from all those endorphins you're releasing. synonyms: accompaniment, attendant, co-occurrence "The emotions of terror & wonder so often concomitant with sublime." But it was equally true that a militancy among younger blacks and a concomitant mistrust of all whites worked against Wiley and for McKissick. Then, too, there's our social media problem, and its concomitant — though preexisting — celebrity problem. In the Surrealist world map of 1929, countries are reallotted sizes concomitant with their importance to the overall Surrealist project. اتفاقات هم زمان

conducive

Conducive means tending to cause or produce something. Regular exercise is conducive to happiness and a feeling of well-being. This adjective is usually followed by the preposition to, and it refers to bringing about something favorable or helpful: A positive attitude is conducive to good health. Conducive was formed in English from the less common verb conduce "to lead or contribute to a result." The verb conduce descends from Middle English conducen, from Latin conducere, from the prefix com- "together" plus ducere "to lead." And the suffix -ive means "tending to." synonyms: contributing, contributive, contributory, tributary In exchange for tuition relief and a place to work—the late-night shift was quiet and conducive to study—the school got someone to admit the body snatcher. "Either way it doesn't seem very conducive to life." At first, soldiers were called on to provide the raw material, but such an arrangement was hardly conducive to industrial-scale production. These schools offer an environment that is simply not conducive to learning. سودمند بودن در جهت تولید چیزی یا باعث وقوع اتفاق مثبتی

consecrate

Consecrate means to make holy or to dedicate to a higher purpose. You need to consecrate a building to turn it into a church, but you can also consecrate a week in New York City to the pursuit of the perfect bagel. The secr part of consecrate comes from the Latin sacer "sacred." Remember that something consecrated is dedicated to God and thus sacred. And then remember that the meanings of words tend to stretch; over time this one moved from "dedicated to God" to "dedicated to whatever": jelly donuts, the perfect tan, finding a solution to Rubik's Cube. synonyms: bless, hallow, sanctify And then from a secret place Juana brought a little piece of consecrated candle and lighted it at the flame and set it upright on a fireplace stone. As for editorial content, no one was to publish anything that was not consecrated by the party. Dad reached into his pocket and withdrew a vial of consecrated oil, which he placed in my palm. After dinner we all went to the front room where the priest took a small book from his jacket to recite some prayers, consecrating our house and our family. تقدیس کردن

constituent

Constituent means part of a whole. The word comes up often in political contexts: constituents are the people politicians have been elected to represent. Elected officials should stay in touch with the needs of their constituents. To understand constituent, look at constitute, which means "to make up." The words share the Latin root constituentem, meaning "to compose," as in a part that makes up a larger whole. A politician's electorate is made of individual constituent voters. Although it's often used to refer to voters, you can also say that a car motor, for example, is made of constituent parts. Constituent can be a noun or adjective. Hans Krebs, the biochemist, was breaking open cells to identify their constituent chemical components. The culture of ascent was characterized by intense competition and undiluted machismo, but for the most part, its constituents were concerned with impressing only one another. But working with Charpentier, she began to meticulously break it down to its constituent components. It is the inevitable occupational hazard of our profession that we must break the world into its constituent parts—genes, atoms, bytes—before making it whole again. موکلین افراد رای دهنده در انتخابات مجلس

consummate

Consummate means complete, finished, or masterful. If you refer to someone as a consummate chef, then you are saying he is the ultimate chef. If you say someone is a consummate jerk, then you are saying he is the ultimate jerk. Consummate can be used to describe something good or bad: consummate joy, a consummate liar. To consummate means to bring something to completion, but it often refers specifically to making a marriage complete by having sexual relations. The adjective is pronounced KÄN-sə-mit, but the verb is pronounced KÄN-sə-māt. synonyms: masterful, masterly, virtuoso Umar's answer is justly notorious as one of the consummate expressions of ignorance in history. Nevertheless, one of the attributes that distinguishes great artists is their consummate technical command. Her wings—one open, the other closed—are effectively employed to help her keep her balance, so that she performs this normally awkward act with consummate elegance of movement. In high school he'd been the consummate all-around athlete—a star in football, basketball, and track—and an honor student. تمام و کمال چه مثبت چه منفی

corollary

Corollary describes a result that is the natural consequence of something else. You could say that your renewed love of books is a corollary to the recent arrival of a book store in your neighborhood. The noun corollary describes an action's consequence, such as having to study more, a corollary to getting a bad grade. The word is often seen with the prepositions "to" or "of," as in "a corollary to fortune is fame." Math enthusiasts may already be familiar with the word corollary, which can be used more formally to describe a new proof or proposition that follows naturally from an established one. type of: aftermath, consequence He knew, for example, that it was called paramnesia, and he was interested as well in such corollary optical phenomena as jamais vu, never seen, and presque vu, almost seen. Even excellent weather was viewed as a blessing from Allah, with corollary credit due to "The Honorable Elijah Muhammad." The amputee, fully aware that his answer would raise an immediate corollary question, said, "They were bit off." For us, such struggles — for sunglasses, long trousers, study privileges, equalized food — were corollaries to the struggle we waged outside prison. منتج شده و متعاقبا

decimation

Decimation is the near-total destruction of a group, like the decimation of your brother's fish when you accidentally overfeed them. Rest in peace, little fishies. Decimation implies that nearly all of a population has been destroyed or killed. You might be angry about the decimation of the rainforest in a region of South America or the decimation of the coral in a reef where you'd hoped to snorkel some day. This noun comes from a Late Latin root, decimationem, which means "removal of a tenth." In ancient Rome, decimation was a military punishment that involved killing one out of every ten soldiers. type of: destruction, devastation Thirdly, mass extinctions akin to the archetypal Australian decimation occurred again and again in the ensuing millennia—whenever people settled another part of the Outer World. To get a better sense of the decimation, McAuliffe looked at the Authentic Osage Indian Roll Book, which cites the deaths of many of the original allotted members of the tribe. "That's not to say it's not still a colossal bummer. But compared to mass deportations, senseless spree killings and environmental decimation, it's small potatoes." قتل عام و نابودی جمعی

deign

Deign means to reluctantly agree to do something you consider beneath you. When threatened with the loss of her fortune, an heiress might deign to get a job, but she might look down her nose at the people she'd have to work with. Deign has the same origins as dignity. Both descend from the Latin word, dignare, meaning "to deem worthy." If you deign to do something, you don't feel it's worthy of your lofty stature, but you do it anyway — it's like you're doing someone a really big favor. Instead of admitting his wrongdoing, the politician who is accused of taking bribes might indignantly declare, "I won't deign to dignify your ridiculous accusations with a response!" synonyms: condescend, descend She does not deign to ask me what it is for. Slynt did not deign to answer that, but he kicked the chair aside as he departed. When he deigned to look in my direction, he offered nothing but contempt. "When my mother dances now, sir," said I, "men pull her more tightly to them than they do the other women ... taking liberties ... or they scarcely deign to touch her. Was it ever thus?" تمکین کردن از کسی

delegate

Delegate lends an official air to passing off your work. If you don't like cleaning the bathroom, you can try to delegate that task to your little brother. A delegate is also an elected official, or the person who is doing the task you delegated them to do. In presidential primaries in the United States, you do not vote for a candidate, you vote for a delegate whose job it is to vote for that candidate at a convention. Be careful with how you pronounce the end of the word. The elected official is pronounced DE-lə-git whereas delegate as a verb should be DE-lə-gāt. synonyms: assign, depute, designate The first order of business at the conference was a motion to admit the female delegates. Storyteller and secretary and doer of odd jobs, neither Tizerkane nor delegate, just someone along for the dream. Fie returned for an ANC consultative conference in Johannesburg, which was attended by over fifteen hundred delegates from forty-five different regions, home and abroad. The delegates found their voices and poured forth a deluge of questions. محول کردن و تفویض کردن

delicate

Delicate things, like a flower, a necklace, or someone's feelings are fragile, easily broken, and often quite beautiful. A delicate situation. A delicate balance. A delicate child. A delicate lace design. A delicate taste. Sometimes the word implies intricate beauty and at other times fragility. Delicate can have negative overtones: A delicate situation is a tricky one. A delicate balance describes an agreement that might turn sour any moment. A delicate child may cry easily. But delicate can also refer to things that are very lovely and hard to reproduce: a delicate lace collar on a dress stands out. A delicate flavor, like pomegranate peach mint sauce, makes salad — or vanilla ice cream — much more delicious. synonyms: fragile, frail The old woman reached down and saw the Iron Rod was now a needle, fine and delicate. When he surfaced, one of his eyes was closed and the other filled with the delicate silver of a moon small as a nail clipping. There were small lacquered dainty ones lined with tufted white satin, with a large fringed umbrella that was used by fine and delicate ladies. And on a pillow several badly cracked pieces of delicate china, a commemorative plate celebrating the St. Louis World Fair . ظریف حساس و شکننده

sordid

Describe a person's actions as sordid if they are so immoral or unethical that they seem dirty. Think of the worst parts of a bad soap opera! Sordid comes from the Latin word sordes, "dirt." Something that is filthy or run down such as a neighborhood or someone's living conditions can be called sordid, but it is usually used figuratively to mean immoral or dishonest. If you want to hear the sordid details of someone's actions, it's because they were extremely dishonest or immoral and also because they were supposed to be kept a secret. involving ignoble actions and motives; arousing moral distaste and contempt; foul and run-down and repulsive synonyms: flyblown, squalid I lied, made stuff up, told him all the sordid things he wanted to hear. Above all he remembered his continuous hunger, and the fierce sordid battles at mealtimes. Mammachi wrote to him regularly, with detailed descriptions of her sordid squabbles with her husband and her worries about Ammu's future. There was something sordid about the tumbled sheets, the sprawling blankets and the thumped pillows, and that bedside table dusty with powder, spilt scent, and melting liquid rouge. پست و فرومایه

deter

Deter means to discourage, or literally "to frighten away." Halloween decorations that are too scary might deter trick-or-treaters, and the risk of being expelled deters kids from cheating in school. Deter comes from the Latin de meaning "away" and terrere meaning "frighten." Something that deters isn't always scary, though: citronella plants deter mosquitoes, and fines deter people from littering. Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy dictum "speak softly and carry a big stick" was meant to deter other countries from attacking the United States. turn away from by persuasion synonyms: dissuade باز داشتن و منصرف کردن

diminutive

Diminutive means small. A diminutive person is short and small. A diminutive word is a "cute" version of a word or name: for example, "duckling" is a diminutive of "duck" and Billy is a diminutive form of the name William. A diminutive name or word is formed from another by the addition of a suffix expressing smallness in size: a booklet is a small book, and a dinette is a small version of a dining set. The adjective diminutive descends from Middle English, from Old French, from Late Latin dīminūtīvus, from Latin dēminuere, "to lessen." synonyms: bantam, flyspeck, lilliputian, midget, petite, tiny A set of doll-house teacups, anchored to a diminutive tray, trembled in the palm of her hand. Now the diminutive freshman waited nervously in his dorm room, dressed in his best suit and preparing to risk everything for the right to order a cup of coffee at a five-and-dime lunch counter. Sometimes oarsmen who thought their cox was weighing them down took matters into their own hands and locked their diminutive captains in the steam room for a few hours. In spite of Teenie's diminutive size, Amari noticed that no one ever questioned her authority in the kitchen, not even the white people who lived in the main house. بسیار کوچک و ریز

Disabuse

Disabuse means to free someone of a belief that is not true. Many teachers of health find that when they teach, they spend as much energy disabusing kids of false beliefs as they do giving them the facts. Disabuse is often connected to the word notion or idea. In singing lessons, you must disabuse young singers of the idea that they can sing better by singing louder. In the first year of college, many people are disabused of the notion that their experiences are universal — by meeting so many people who have had different experiences or come from different backgrounds. Her father explained the origin of the negro to disabuse her of this colorful idea. Blanca tried to disabuse him of his error, explaining that neither she nor her work contained a drop of Indian blood, but the language barrier prevented him from understanding her point of view. He'd ridden into their cities mounted on a spectral, after all, and most of them assumed he was from Weep—at least, until Thyon Nero disabused them of that notion. He never claimed to be that which he was not, but did not disabuse people of their assumptions. از اشتباه درآوردن

discreet

Discreet describes someone or something that is appropriately quiet, prudent, and restrained. If you are wearing a discreet gray suit, it is unlikely that anyone at that business meeting will notice you. Often people use discreet not only to indicate modesty or carefulness, but also to show a sort of secretiveness along the lines of "You're going to keep this a secret, right?" If no one in your family knows that you like to dress up as a bear, but then your cousin finds out, you may ask him to please be discreet. careful to protect one's speech or actions in order to avoid offense or draw attention رفتار محتاطانه

disseminate

Disseminate means to spread information, knowledge, opinions widely. Semin- derives from the Latin word for seed; the idea with disseminate is that information travels like seeds sown by a farmer. Think about a teacher distributing a hand out at the beginning of a class. The dis- of disseminate and distribute come from the same Latin prefix which means "apart, in a different direction." But unlike papers distributed in class, information, once spread around in all directions, cannot be pulled back in. Think about false rumors or political smear campaigns and you'll understand that dissemination is usually a one-way process. cause to become widely known synonyms: broadcast, circularise, circularize, circulate, diffuse, disperse, distribute, pass around, propagate, spread منتشر کردن باعث شناخته شدن و مشهور شدن

augment

Do you need to make something bigger, better, or stronger? Then you need to augment it. To augment is to increase the amount or strength of something. Maybe your bike isn't getting around very well on hills: the bike needs to be augmented with a better set of tires. People augment their computers and phones all the time, adding new gadgets and apps. They augment the storage space in their cars by buying roof racks. If the President decides to augment taxes, taxes are going up. When you see the word augment, think "More!" بهبود دادن و افزایش دادن

flummox

Does the word flummox bewilder, confound, dumbfound and generally mystify you? Well, fear no more, because flummox means all of these things! Things that flummox you are probably not that serious, and often pretty amusing and informal: a TV remote or a crossword puzzle, for example, rather than something major like why your boyfriend or girlfriend broke up with you. (Now that's unfathomable.) Get this: linguists are actually mystified as to where the word flummox comes from — they're flummoxed, in other words. It may come from an old English word, flummock, meaning "to make untidy or confuse," but no one is really sure. Now, what could be more suitable? synonyms: amaze, baffle, beat, bewilder, dumbfound, get, gravel, mystify, nonplus, perplex, pose, puzzle, stick, stupefy, vex I never really told either of them too much about last summer, which is reflected in both of their flummoxed faces. Truman's secretary of state, Dean Acheson, declared himself flummoxed by Oppenheimer's words. The stewardess was flummoxed for only a moment. گیج کننده و معمایی

dolorous

Dolorous is not a woman's name (that's Dolores), it is an adjective that describes someone showing great sadness. If your friend Dolores is crying about a lost puppy, you could call her dolorous Dolores. Music written in a minor key can have a dolorous effect. It sounds really sad, and can make you feel the same way. Dolorous shares the same root with the word, condolence, an expression of sympathy with someone's sadness. Both of these words come from the Latin word for grief, dolor, which in current Spanish happens to mean pain. synonyms: dolourous, lachrymose, tearful, weeping sorrowful She was slumped over and her face was dolorous. He pursued this dolorous inquiry, asking how one might again find someone shipped off down there. Each side continually explores the limits of the other's tolerance, as in flights of nuclear bombers over the Arctic wastes; the Vietnam and Afghanistan wars—a few entries from a long and dolorous list. On Penny Drops the promise of a dolorous brostep, with powerful clear and crisp production, over a full-length album, becomes quite compelling. ناراحت و افسوس مند

penurious (adj)

Don't have two nickels to rub together? You're penurious — a lovely long way of saying you're flat broke. Penurious also means a general dislike of spending money. If someone accuses you of being cheap, tell them you prefer to be thought of as penurious. It sounds so much classier. It's related to a similar word, penury, which means "a state of extreme poverty." synonyms: hard up, impecunious, in straitened circumstances, penniless, pinched New England poems by New England writers: they made a penurious, infinite kind of New England sense. Ms. Wolf's script contains passages describing the penurious daily existence of Vincent, who never sold a painting in his lifetime. Like Mr. Eisenberg's previous plays, "Happy Talk" is centered on an imbalanced relationship between a shortsighted, affluent American and a relatively penurious foreigner. The penurious nicotine levels proved frustrating and costly for South Korean vapers. فقیر و ورشکسته، خساست در برابر خرج کردن

facetious

Don't take a facetious comment seriously because it's supposed to be funny. Anything facetious is a joke. If you've just won a hotdog-eating contest and someone asks if you'd like to go out for burgers, they're probably being facetious. If you forget how to spell facetious, notice that it has all five vowels in a row. The word facetious comes from the French facétie, "joke," and it has come to describe a joke with a little drop of sarcasm. It used to simply mean "funny and witty," but now it often implies that someone is being inappropriately funny about a serious topic. شوخ و بذله

canard

During a political campaign, you will often hear on TV commercials some canard about the opponent. This is a false, deluding statement designed to confuse the voters, as it presents the other candidate in a bad light by spreading an untruth. The Old French word quanart, "duck," morphed into canard, as in "vendre un canard à moitié," which refers to "half-selling" a duck, or cheating someone, and the word came to mean something meant to fool someone deliberately. Poet James Whitcomb Riley said, "When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck." Not always the case with canard. type of: fable, fabrication, fiction The old canards are that crime fiction is plot-driven, thin on character, populist: a lesser calling. I don't buy the canard that one language is any more or less suited to singing pop music than another. There is something tiresome and incurious about the film's romanticism, which rests on the canard that girls aren't really into music. Is Othello's race a canard, or is it the key to unlocking the play's deeper meanings? حرف و حدیث ساختگی

elude

Elude means "evade or escape," like the way you might elude the other kids during a game of hide-and-seek. This word can also mean "to be hard to understand." No matter how hard you try, the finer points of quantum physics might elude you. Elude has a slippery feeling to it. You elude the police, math can elude you — and that yak you went to see on safari but never got a glimpse of, you might say that he has eluded you as well. Delude means "to deceive," and there are times when someone can both delude and elude you — like when the conman took your money and then escaped out the back door. در رفتن

empiricism

Empiricism means a method of study relying on empirical evidence, which includes things you've experienced: stuff you can see and touch. Empiricism is based on facts, evidence, and research. Scholars and researchers deal in empiricism. If you believe in the Easter Bunny, the Tooth Fairy, or Santa Claus, you're out of the realm of empiricism — there are no facts to support those myths. If you want to get something practical done, or to really know what the deal is with something, empiricism is the way to go. synonyms: empiricist philosophy, sensationalism Something similar might be said of the relentless empiricism that produced his world map. At William and Mary, Jefferson's tastes were more eclectic, shaped by the empiricism of teachers steeped in the Scottish Enlightenment and by a preference for Greek philosophers over Romans. A stunning group of three Turner seascapes, in particular, paints the Romantics as inquisitive students of nature whose awe-triggering sublime vistas were firmly grounded in empiricism. Darwin is the finest fruit of English empiricism. تجربه گرایی

endearing

Endearing describes something or someone extremely lovable, like a kitten or your friend's sense of humor. The adjective endearing was originally used in the 1500s to mean "enhancing the value of," and by the 1640s it also meant "making dear or precious." It can still be used both ways, although the second meaning of endearing is most common. Any time you talk about a person or thing that's adorable or extremely likable, you can describe it as endearing. synonyms: adorable, lovely And what was she turning into, thinking that the Rude boys were endearing? She smiled at him as if he were a badgering but endearing little brother and he laughed. Off the field he was an endearing, friendly kid, quiet and shy and respectful. Juliet scowled—something else that the local louts found very endearing. دوست داشتنی گوگولی مگولی

disenfranchise

Enfranchise means to give someone the right to vote. Disenfranchise means to take it away. The U.S. has a shameful history of disenfranchising African-American citizens through bogus laws and outright intimidation. Being disenfranchised can make you feel like you don't belong or that you have no power. When kids feel disenfranchised in school--when they feel like what they're being asked to learn doesn't matter, or that their teachers don't care about them, that whether they try or not they're going to fail--they stop learning. I hear that twice a week ... eBay offers the little guy, who's disenfranchised, an opportunity to compete on a totally level playing field. To this day, activists continue fighting new laws that seek to disenfranchise voters of color. Even those who are technically eligible to vote following release from prison frequently remain disenfranchised for life. There was still no specific mention of African American women, who, along with African American men, would continue to be disenfranchised by state laws, especially in the South. سلب حق رای

equitable

Equitable distribution means everyone gets their fair share of something. If you work on a group project in class, you want an equitable share of the credit. When you look at equitable, you might think you see the word, equal, but it doesn't mean fair in the sense of exactly the same. If you worked ten hours at a lemonade stand and your friend worked five, you'd want an equitable share of the profits rather than an equal share. Equitable would take into account the amount of work you did, equal would not. synonyms: fair, justfree from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules fair, honest We advocated the redivision of land on an equitable basis; the abolition of color bars prohibiting Africans from doing skilled work; and the need for free and compulsory education. Castro promised a more equitable society based on communist principles. "I'm not sure, but it would certainly be more equitable." The division of spoils will never be equitable, but there will be enough to satisfy every man, woman and child—even in the Congo. منصفانه

evenhanded

Evenhanded means fair to all sides. If your essay is evenhanded, it should look at both sides of an argument, without showing preference for one side or the other. When you talk about two opposing ideas, you often invoke the idea of hands. "On the one hand," you begin, discussing the first idea, and then move on to discuss its opposite, starting in with, "On the other hand." Evenhanded means treating both "hands" evenly. Of course, you're not really talking about hands — you're talking about sides of an arguments, or siblings splitting a cookie. Synonyms: equitable, just This studiously evenhanded editing might be the most political the film gets, in the absence of grand statements about Denmark's overseas obligations. While none of Rosen's subjects adore these programs, they are all strikingly evenhanded about their experiences. I appreciate that your approach is evenhanded, and the film is not hagiographic. I can't say the same for Jones' male characters; the most important of whom get evenhanded treatment but nevertheless remain on the thin side. منصفانه، بی طرف و بی غرض

solecism

Ever snore at the opera? Burp at the dinner table? Forget your mom's birthday? Probably all three, right? Well, don't worry. Instead of just screwing up, what you did was commit a solecism. Sounds kinda neat that way, huh? The origin of solecism comes from the ancient Greek word meaning "speaking incorrectly," and solecism does have another meaning that's more specifically verbal. If you say something incorrectly, or make a grammatical error in writing, that's also a solecism. It can be just as mortifying as burping at the dinner table. Well, almost. synonyms: faux pas, gaffe, gaucherie, slip A man so conventional, so scrupulously correct as the Director—and to commit so gross a solecism! Getting your itses mixed up is the greatest solecism in the world of punctuation. I will not weary the reader by cataloguing howlers and solecisms, but would be pleased to furnish a list to Prof Scruton, should he so desire. I particularly liked the episode in which he took on a Navy Seal seal called Neil McBeal, challenging the solecism that members of the US military are by definition heroes. گند زدن و سوتی دادن در جمع

benefactor

Every school, museum, and struggling artist is in search for a generous benefactor, or someone to provide the financial means to keep everything running smoothly. The Latin roots of benefactor are bene, which means "well," and facere, which means "to do" — literally, "to do well." A benefactor does well by supporting (usually financially) a person or a good cause. In the old days, a struggling artist or actor might have been supported by a wealthy benefactor. Now, many struggling artists and actors have to rely on waiting tables and other odd jobs instead. synonyms: helper At the time, I looked on the white man not as an oppressor but as a benefactor, and I thought the chief was enormously ungrateful. White benefactors supplied schoolbooks for their children—why not ask them to pass the hat for entire schools? He does just that, becoming a wealthy benefactor of the impoverished, a generous and kind man beyond compare. He was man's benefactor and he was man's destroyer. خیر و حامی و کمک رسان

exemplar

Exemplary people excel at what they do and are excellent examples to others. Something exemplary is so good that it is an example for others to follow. When something is the best it can be or reaches the highest point, it is exemplary and thus worth imitating. Exemplary comes from the Latin exemplum, meaning "sample" or "example." While some people and things are held as examples of what not to do, an exemplary person or thing is always a positive example. A country can have an exemplary record of preventing pollution, and a person may have an exemplary reputation just for being all-around praiseworthy or noble. synonyms: model If they were to materialize in our midst today, those among us without true knowledge of our religion would rush to authenticate them as exemplary Muslims, based on their appearance. And he was wrong about the Beni, the place they inhabited—wrong in a way that is instructive, even exemplary. She endured the persecutions heaped upon her by the Government with exemplary fortitude and never wavered from her commitment to the freedom struggle. Octavia behaved as an exemplary Roman wife in spite of Mark Antony's appalling conduct. مثال زدنی و شایسته تقدیر

dilapidated

Falling down and in total disrepair, something that's dilapidated is going to need a lot of fixing up. Sure, there might be crooked floorboards, mice scurrying underfoot, and pieces missing from the ceiling, but that dilapidated house does come with one perk: a cheaper price tag! Dilapidated is a word that implies deterioration, often because of neglect. So if you don't take care of things, they can become dilapidated. That goes for houses, tree forts, relationships, health — you name it! synonyms: bedraggled, broken-down, derelict, ramshackle, tatterdemalion, tumble-down Houses as cramped and dilapidated as his didn't seem to exist even in the parts of Nashville with cramped and dilapidated houses, at least along the path they took. The AEC Personnel Security Board hearing into J. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance convened on April 12, 1954, in the agency's dilapidated headquarters, a temporary building on Washington's National Mall left: over from wartime. A sketch where the skinnier performer took off his dilapidated boot and counted his toes over and over again, constantly losing his place, generated the loudest reaction. Back then, California's juvenile facilities were notoriously harsh, violent, dilapidated, dull, and overcrowded, with young wards routinely subjected to solitary confinement, and some forced to exercise and attend classes while locked in cages. در وضعیت نادخ و نابود مخروبه

piquant

Feeling a little saucy? Perhaps a bit provocative — but in a good way? Then it's safe to say your personality is a little piquant. Coming to us from the French word piquer, which means "to prick," something that's piquant certainly piques your interest. Someone who's piquant engages you with charm and wit. A story that's filled with piquant details has plenty of juicy, provocative points. And grandma's homemade gravy? It's certainly zesty and piquant, even with all the lumps. synonyms: savory, savoury, spicy, zesty It is little marked upon how much skill must be exercised to produce the most piquant malformations. It is piquant to watch his scene with her again now, talking to a fictionalised Jackie Kennedy about life and death when he himself was frankly facing death. India is captured here, through an almost omniscient lense, captured in all its piquant, fiery glory. Although the beer was more than a quarter-century old, the hop aroma from an uncapped bottle was piquant and fresh — a remarkable feat, because hops tend to fade in a matter of months. آدم با مزه و کیوت

fleeting

Fleeting is an adjective that describes something that happens really fast, or something that doesn't last as long as you'd like. Driving in a car on the highway, you see a unicorn in the woods, but you only get a fleeting glimpse of it because you're driving too fast. Bummer. Fleeting comes from the Old English word flēotan, which means "float, swim." Like a ghost ship floating by on a foggy night, fleeting things disappear as fast as they appear. Fleeting love may last more than a moment, but it won't stay for very long, and that's why it's called fleeting. synonyms: fugitive, momentaneous, momentary Julian mentioned King Caesar before, but fleetingly; our lessons never got much further than the First Divide, when red and silver became much more than colors. This time it was not a fleeting impression. I concentrate hard and paint fast to keep up with the fleeting images. Nothing moved but himself, his shadow, and his fleeting reflection in shop windows he passed. زودگذر

flux

Flux can also mean being unsure about a decision. Suppose you just had a great job interview and suddenly your friend invites you to go to Australia with her. You don't know what to do because you don't want to miss a call about the job — or Sydney! You're in flux until you hear from the potential employer. Another kind of flux is liquid moving or flowing, like the flux of water under a sheet of melting ice. a state of uncertainty about what should be done (usually following some important event) عدم اطمینان در تصمیمگیری

Apogee (noun)

For an object in orbit around the earth, the apogee is the point that is highest or farthest from the earth. Early satellites had low apogees, so it wasn't long before they burnt up in the atmosphere. Apogee comes from two Greek words meaning "away" and "earth," so it's specific to things orbiting the earth. If you're talking about something orbiting the sun, the equivalent word is aphelion, "away" + "sun." Because apogee denotes the highest point something reaches in an orbit before falling back, it can also figuratively refer to other highs. For example, "Child stars sometimes reach their apogee by 20, and there's nowhere to go but down from there." Be that as it may, money is also the apogee of human tolerance. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind Modern drawings of ancient cities tend to show them at an imagined apogee, the great monuments all splendidly arrayed together, perfect as architectural models. That scene is unfortunately the artistic apogee of "Pawn Sacrifice." His combination of straight-off-the-farm innocence and fledgling ambition reached an apogee near the end of the play when Gus, attempting to buck up the company's flagging spirits, sings — terribly — اوج

foray

Foray means brief excursion. If you're in the army, that's a literal excursion into enemy territory. For the rest of us, it means trying something out. "My foray into rugby ended with my spending a week in the hospital." This word derives from the Latin fuerre 'straw', which led into Old French as fourager 'forage,' or search for food. Think of soldiers stealing food from the enemy as maybe how this word first came to be used. Even if that is historically inaccurate, your foray into amateur word-sleuthing will help you remember this word. synonyms: maraud, raid When the British finally began their march toward Lexington on the morning of the nineteenth, their foray into the countryside was met — to their utter astonishment— with organized and fierce resistance. He made a few halfhearted forays after small creatures that crossed his path, but they easily evaded him. The Point Prospect camp-ground south of Rose Hill was said to be swarming with soldiers who made forays on chicken coops, pigpens, and smokehouses where winter meat was hung. In following Methuselah on his slow forays through the forest, I discovered the boys and men practicing drills. تهاجم و تاخت و تاز

fortuitous

Fortuitous means by chance, like a lucky accident. If you and your best friend's families happen to go on vacation to the same place at the same time, that's a fortuitous coincidence! Something fortuitous is random like an accident, but there's no downside. A rock falling on your head is an accident, dollar bills falling on your head is fortuitous. The meaning of fortuitous is changing from "happening by chance" to "lucky chance" because people get it mixed up with fortunate. But watch out: If you say fortuitous to mean just plain lucky without the element of chance -- that's a usage error. Synonyms: fortunate "Well," he said, "it seems our delay was fortuitous. Whiskey Jack and Apple Johnny. Two birds with one stone." It was a fortuitous partnership, for Livingston's skills neatly complemented Lawrence's. It was entirely fortuitous that Ralph bought a filly instead of a colt. It was just too fortuitous to pass up. از خوب حادثه بخت و شانس خوب

exhort

French roots for the word exhort mean "thoroughly encourage," so to exhort is to fill up with encouragement! "When he heard the crowd exhort him with stomping and cheers, he knew that he could finish the marathon." Some synonyms for exhort include stimulate, excite, and urge on. Words and shouts can exhort, and this is especially true when the recipient of those chants fears coming up short with an effort. Exhortations may make the difference between winning or losing and marching on or giving up. A sergeant might exhort his troops after a defeat just as a dad can exhort his daughter after a missed note during a piano recital. spur on or encourage especially by cheers and shouts synonyms: barrack, cheer, inspire, pep up, root on, urge, urge on تشویق فراوان و ترغیب

lugubrious

Funerals are lugubrious. So are rainy days and Mondays. Anything that makes you sad, gloomy, or mournful can be called lugubrious. Lugubrious comes from the Latin verb lūgēre, "to mourn." You can also listen to the sound of the word: lugubrious sounds slow, heavy, and sad. Sometimes, just the "feel" of a word is enough to clue you in to its meaning, and lugubrious is one of those words. I was feeling great when I got to the concert, but the lugubrious music left me in a terrible mood. Synonyms: sorrowful The Negroes, it seems, preferred more contemporary music and turned up their transistor radios loudly and defiantly whenever Myma began one of her lugubrious dirges. The aerial routine in which the lovers literally become as high as kites leads to a painful hangover accompanied by a lugubrious Nick Cave ballad. Aware of how both characters suited his musically lugubrious voice - and were loved by viewers - Sallis was happy to play Clegg for 37 years and Wallace for 15. John Arthur as a lugubrious butler and Matt Weyland as a jealous copper provide good support, and Charles de Bromhead, as one of the soldiers, plays the violin with panache. حزن آور

pinnacle

Going as far into the sky as you can go on foot, you'll reach the highest point, or pinnacle, of the Himalayas. A successful climb like that might also become the pinnacle, or peak, of your success. Two synonyms for pinnacle also start with the letter "p," "peak" and "point." A pinnacle can be a physical thing, like the top of a high mountain or the antenna on the very top of a building, or it can be a high point that can't be measured with a ruler, like an achievement or a goal. Whatever the pinnacle is, reaching it is almost always a completion of something where you have gone the highest you can go. "Acme" is a great synonym for pinnacle. بالاترین نقطه

precarious

Grab for the adjective precarious when something is unstable, dangerous or difficult and likely to get worse. Are you totally broke and the people you owe money to keep calling? You're in a precarious financial situation! The Latin root of precarious means "obtained by asking or praying." This fits well as precarious always signals that help is needed desperately. If your life is precarious or you are in a precarious situation, things could become difficult, maybe even dangerous, for you. If your footing or hold on something is precarious, it is unstable or not firmly placed, so that you are likely to slip or lose your grip. synonyms: parlous, perilous, touch-and-go, dangerous, unsafe A strike based on a political grievance rather than on clear-cut issues like higher wages or shorter hours is a more precarious form of protest and demands particularly efficient organization. At Amiens, skeletal construction is carried to its most precarious limits. This left his young wife, Johanna, and three-year-old Maria in a precarious position. "I'm afraid of being alone," she whispered, as though she were afraid that normal speaking would bring down some precarious barricade inside her. پر خطر و مضر

graft

Graft can mean bribery or corruption. It's also a way of transplanting skin or bones in medicine, as in a skin graft. People who get terrible burns on their faces often have pieces of skin taken from other parts of their bodies to help them heal and look better. That transplanted skin is called a graft. There are also grafts in agriculture, when farmers take a branch from one tree and graft it onto another tree. The most common use of graft is in political corruption cases when politicians are accused of taking money in exchange for granting favors. They put bits of themselves into his characters, grafting their faces onto the figures in his rhymes. Adoptions are like very delicate gardening with transplants and grafts. They wrapped her in bandages, kept her drugged, and waited for skin grafts. At last, technicians reached the Soviet cables, carefully exposing the inner wires and grafting on the wiretaps. فساد مالی و رشوه خواری

grandiloquent

Grandiloquent is a fancy term for, well, being fancy or pretentious. In fact, you might say grandiloquent is itself a pretty grandiloquent word. The word grandiloquent generally refers to the way a person behaves or speaks. Politicians and schoolteachers are the usual suspects of this manner of behavior, known as grandiloquence, but it can refer to anything that's overbearing or pompous in style or manner. Architecture, especially, is highly guilty of being grandiloquent — if you check out just about anything built in the Baroque style, you could describe it as grandiloquent. synonyms: overblown, pompous, pontifical, portentous Steve would speak to the warders in a condescending and grandiloquent style that they probably did not understand. In a grandiloquent, newsreel-style voice, the show's narrator, Westbrook Van Voorhis, began his report: "Today, at the eastern extremity of the state of Pennsylvania, a remarkable construction project is transforming the face of the countryside." "Sunshiny skies, clear invigorating air and equable temperatures mark a majority of the days," the grandiloquent description said. It's comparable in some ways to Thomas's recent movie I've Loved You So Long, though pitched at a yet more intense, grandiloquent level. قلنبه سلنبه حرف زدن و کار کردن

hackneyed

Hackneyed is a word for language that doesn't pack a punch since it's overused and trite. "Roses are red, violets are..." — enough already?! That's hackneyed stuff. Hackneyed is usually used to describe tired writing, but you can also refer to the hackneyed plots of television sit-coms or the hackneyed jokes of your Uncle Fred. But, most often, you will see hackneyed before the word phrase to refer to a specific cliché that is annoying the heck out of someone. synonyms: banal, commonplace, old-hat, shopworn, stock, threadbare, timeworn, tired, trite, well-worn "Fifty years," I hackneyed, "is a long time." So what if her first original words in months were the most hackneyed. These hackneyed characters fit into a narrative that moves inexorably in one direction. Why didn't a red pen mark the hackneyed phrase, or the stock character, or the creaky dialogue? خز شده از بس استفاده شده کلیشه ای

hauteur

Hauteur is an obnoxious display of overbearing pride and superiority over others. Rather than showing humility and respect, a bad king might act with hauteur toward his subjects. The noun hauteur stems from the Old English word haute, meaning "high in one's own estimation." Because it often develops as a result of power over others (or perceived power), it's often associated with royalty or politically powerful figures who throughout history have become vain and arrogant because of their position: A high-powered CEO might show hauteur toward the newly hired assistant; a professional athlete's hauteur may result from the media spotlight and multi-million-dollar contracts. synonyms: arrogance, haughtiness, high-handedness, lordliness There is to their pose an aristocratic formality, an elegant Latin hauteur. Nor did Oppenheimer share the hauteur that other theoretical physicists displayed toward Lawrence and his crew of preoccupied tinkers. "It is true," Milo exclaimed with a strong trace of the old hauteur. Who is this fascinating character with a cunning glint in her eyes who affects a certain hauteur? غرور و تفاخر

malingerer

Have you ever pretended to be sick or hurt to get out of taking a test or doing a chore? Then you, my dear, are a malingerer, and should be ashamed of yourself. Shape up! Knowing that the prefix mal is from the Latin for "bad," we can tell right off that being a malingerer is not a good thing. This noun form of the verb malinger comes from the French malingre which means "sickly." (Obviously, it's bad to pretend to be sick.) In Jack London's Call of the Wild, the new dog, Pike, is referred to as "a clever malingerer and thief," giving a clear negative context to the word. synonyms: shammer, skulker If the woman refused, they would report to the office that the woman was a malingerer. The malingerers, the malcontents— they always rally around a rebel. Having recently visited upstate Buffalo, I stopped at two different Starbucks and saw the same thing: radically redesigned cafes that clearly sent a message to laptop malingerers. Far better to earn my crust sympathising with affluent malingerers. تمارض برای پیچوندن کار

retract

Have you ever said something you wish you could retract, or take back? You're not alone. Even newspapers and magazines have sections where the editors can retract something written that was incorrect. The sense of the word retract meaning to draw back or withdraw comes from the mid-16th century, and its meaning was clear when Napoleon Bonaparte said, "In politics...never retreat, never retract...never admit a mistake." Still, sometimes you wish you could retract something you said or did. Cats can retract their claws, and some snakes can retract their fangs, but words spoken in anger can never be fully retracted, or taken back. جمع کردن و عقب کشیدن رد کردن چیزی رسمی

histrionics

Histrionics are dramatic, overdone, emotional actions and words that are done to influence someone. It's like putting on a little show to get attention.. Histrionics originally referred to acting in a play, and it still conveys a sense of pretending. If someone is going through histrionics, they're acting outlandish, usually to get sympathy or influence someone. Exaggerated crying, unnecessary yelling, and overdone gestures are all examples of histrionics. Unlike real emotional reactions, histrionics are fake and intended to manipulate others. type of: display I begin to see how the line is crossed, between histrionics and murder. After the usual histrionics about the deteriorated state of my beauty, they get right down to business. Yet Grover drove through the whole grand catastrophe undistracted, as though the torching of a place simply did not matter to him, or as though it were no more than some histrionics he'd ordered up. The light-rock melodies, along with the glammier histrionics of "Jesus Christ Superstar," helped to mainstream a new kind of religious music, totally divorced from Gregorian chant, Bach's liturgical music and the anodyne American hymnals. نمایش احساسات به خصوص روی صحنه

vengeful

Hope that there's no one out there who has vengeful feelings toward you, or wants to get back at you for something that you've done to them. A vengeful person is out for revenge. You might have noticed that the words vengeful and revenge look somewhat similar. That's because their meanings are. The word vengeful is used to describe the feelings of revenge someone has toward another person or group who has done them wrong in the past. Think about Hamlet or Ben-Hur — those dudes were certainly vengeful. synonyms: revengeful, vindictive So on that day, Wu Tsing, fearful of my mother's vengeful spirit, wore the coarsest of white cotton mourning clothes. She's fast and vengeful, and for a few minutes, I think my losing streak might continue. There was a big task pressing in on us, a big responsibility: to shoulder some power, to uproot the dictator's thugs, to be effective and thorough with-out becoming vengeful. It was only his revenant who remained, the small vengeful ghost who throttled Shae and put a crossbow bolt through the great Lord Tywin's bowels. انتقام جویانه و کینه توزی

objurgate

How dare you! To objurgate is to scold or reprimand. Don't objurgate yourself, or beat yourself up if you didn't know it — it's an old word that people don't use much anymore. To scold — or to express your disgust and condemnation of — is to objurgate, although this useful word has become quite rare. You're more likely to hear someone use words like castigate or reprimand these days. Objurgate comes directly from the Latin obiurgare, "to chide or rebuke." synonyms: condemn, decry, excoriate, reprobate If you step on one after nightfall, it will be useless to objurgate. In another case I saw a woman who rushed into the street objurgating the spirits, and in the next breath humbly supplicating them, who, she said, were vexing her child that was lying in convulsions. Let his fellows grumble and objurgate, said he; they would cringe to him when he became a dragoman, with his pockets stuffed with piastres. With a curse of but five words-words of great scope and finest selection, however-he mercilessly raked Felipe's ancestors for five generations back; he objurgated Felipe's holdings-chickens, adobe house, money, burro, horses, pigs. ابراز مخالفت همراه با سرزنش

quandary

How to define the word quandary? Wow, this is quite a dilemma. What to do, what to do? Hmmm. Looks like this moment itself is a quandary: a tough situation that will be really hard to resolve. If you're uncertain what to do because all of your options seem unpleasant, you're probably in a quandary. Some voters find themselves in a quandary when they dislike all of the candidates. A more common quandary is when you plan two events at the same time and can't decide which one to attend. Some synonyms are predicament, dilemma, plight, and pickle — and choosing which word to use is a quandary in itself. state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options synonyms: dilemma دوراهی

hubris

Hubris is an excess of confidence: a boxer who shouts "I'm the greatest!" even though he's about to get pummeled by a much stronger opponent is displaying a lot of hubris. Hubris is from Greek, where it meant "excessive pride, violating the bounds set for humans" and was always punished by the gods. We no longer have the Greek gods, so in English it just refers to over-the-top self-confidence. If you call yourself the best in something, you better have the goods to back it up, since too much hubris can lead to embarrassment and humiliation. It's an age-old human failing: pride goeth before the fall. type of: arrogance, haughtiness, hauteur, high-handedness, lordliness I bring up McCandless's hubris and the dumb mistakes he made—the two or three readily avoidable blunders that ended up costing him his life. To tamper with something as mysterious and miraculous as the birth of a child was an act of hubris. Eighteen years after the event, I now recognize that I suf-fered from hubris, perhaps, and an appalling innocence, certainly; but I wasn't suicidal. And I was about to pay the ultimate price for my hubris. اعتماد به سقف

ineluctable

Huh? Are you scratching your head at this word? The ineluctable conclusion is that you haven't the faintest idea what it means. Ineluctable means impossible to avoid. A five syllable beauty like ineluctable is obviously not the kind of word you throw around in daily speech. It's far more often used as a written word, as in the common phrase "ineluctable conclusion." Used interchangeably with the more common unavoidable, though ineluctable implies an unsuccessful attempt to battle against whatever is ineluctable: after all, it comes from the Latin word "to struggle." synonyms: inescapable, unavoidable, inevitable But Crewdson's unsettling ability to evoke the ineluctable void between observer and observed — and between one human being and another — is beyond the reach of words. Anchored by a fascinating clip from a 1964 interview with an agitated, cigarette-waving Hannah Arendt, the film is an eloquent reminder of the ineluctable link between language and history. But one of the deeper things they captured was the ineluctable pain — even in idyllic circumstances — of growing up. To an extent, it is the ineluctable weight of the Holocaust that allows her to engage such questions at all. غیر قابل اجتناب

nonplussed

If a conversation with someone leaves you scratching your head and wondering what point they were trying to make, you are nonplussed: bewildered, puzzled, often speechless. Interestingly, there is no word plussed. You can only be nonplussed. People are nonplussed when they're astounded, exasperated, or at a loss. "I'm nonplussed," you say when your mother tells you she's marrying her 25-year-old personal trainer. "I'm nonplussed," you say when your boss fires you, even though he tells you you're the best employee he's ever had. Since so many things are confusing and odd, there's a lot in life that can leave you nonplussed. unsure how to act or respond ماذافاذا نمیدونه چه ری اکشنی داشته باشه

nadir (noun)

If a highly forgetful person loses his phone, his wallet, and then his car keys in separate instances all in one day, you could say that he has reached an organizational nadir. This means "lowest point." This was originally strictly an astronomical term and is the opposite of the word zenith, which is the part of the sky located directly above a person's head or, "high point." In fact, nadir is derived from the Arabic nazir, which means "opposite to." It is still used in astronomy to indicate the part of the celestial sphere located directly below an observer, but also more generally to describe the worst point of someone's life or career. synonyms: low-water mark Consider, too, the Dobynsesque procedure for recovering original population numbers: applying an assumed death rate, usually 95 percent, to the observed population nadir. One thing that mystifies me about some corners of the cocktail world is the ongoing romanticizing of the American period of Prohibition, the nadir of this country's strange love-hate relationship with alcohol. This must be America's nadir, followed, of course, by some revolution — some Jesus — to save us. The Fault in Our Stars reaches a nadir of horror when Hazel and Gus visit the Anne Frank House. حضیض، قهقرا

feckless (adj)

If a newspaper editorial describes a politician as feckless, you might wonder, "What is feck, and why doesn't he have any?" In fact, the columnist is accusing the politician of being irresponsible and incompetent. Did you know that most varieties of English are in fact "feck"-less? They don't contain a word feck, only the negative counterpart feckless. The "feck" in feckless began as a short form of effect used in the Scots dialect. So feckless essentially means "ineffective," but is also used to describe someone who is irresponsible, incompetent, inept, or without purpose in life. Synonyms: irresponsible Francisco Pizarro, now governor of Peru, was learning that to avoid outbreaks of feckless violence he needed to keep his men occupied at all times. McCandless wasn't some feckless slacker, adrift and confused, racked by existential despair. There was a commotion at the locker room door and the manager's voice was raised in a shrill, feckless protest. Though Scottish by birth, he grew up in the far south of England, in the New Forest of Hampshire, because his mother was convinced that Scots were feckless drunks. بی مسئولیت و تنبل

artifice

If a politician pretends to be angry as a way of rousing the anger of the voters and getting more votes, he's guilty of artifice — a subtle and crafty trick. Before taking on its current meaning, artifice meant a skilled piece of workmanship. A beautiful diamond bracelet might have been considered a piece of artifice, for example; now it would only be called artifice if the diamonds were fake. synonyms: ruse Rowan couldn't be sure if the man believed it, or if it was all artifice. The invigorating newness of Mussorgsky, whose art, thought Debussy, was 'free from artifice and arid formulae', was but one of the extraordinarily fruitful imports to the Exposition Universelle. This time, along with many other artifices, they brought a flying carpet. A postmodern touch in our domestic cinema, pointing up artifice, calling attention to mechanics. تصنعی و از روی تزویر

stagnate

If after high school you choose to live in your parents' house, keep the same job, and spend time with the same friends, your mother might worry that you've decided to stagnate, or stop moving forward. When water stagnates, it stops moving and then sometimes begins to smell bad and attract mosquitoes. Think of a marshy pond or an old puddle. Similarly in the figurative sense, when the economy or society stagnates, it doesn't just sit still, it loses momentum. The word carries with it a negative connotation as something that stagnates really should be moving. Yes, it is true that median wages are stagnating for white-collar workers in developed countries. Thwarted by these original studies, the field of gene therapy stagnated for another decade or so, until biologists stumbled on a critical discovery: embryonic stem cells, or ES cells. As the host droned through the starter's introduction, Pollard fidgeted in the crowd, slurping up champagne and, like everyone else, stagnating in boredom. Their assignment was to stagnate and live in the past. راکد شدن و بی حرکتی

bilious

If an unpleasant meal has left you feeling grumpy and looking green, you're bilious in several senses of the word. This adjective can mean both "troubled by indigestion" and "irritable," and it can also be used to suggest a sickly green shade. The wonderfully descriptive word bilious comes from the root bile, which is a foul green fluid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder — a fact that helps us picture something described as bilious as being really foul. Because of the connection with bile, we often refer to something that's an ugly shade of green as being bilious. Of course, the word can also be more kindly applied to someone who has a liver or gall bladder disorder. adjective: irritable; always angry 'Colonel Smith is bilious.'Then he noticed it was Johnny, not Dove, and his handsome face brightened. A wisp of bilious green straw perched on her brow like a tropical bird. Their eyes met, and what she saw in the bilious melange of green and orange was not shock, or guilt, but a form of challenge, or even triumph. It would be of particular interest to determine whether the torment of this tissue in any way interfered with the augmentation of bilious fluxion. همیشه خشن و بد خلق

sartorial

If it's the day before a big event and you have no idea what to wear and nothing in your closet is going to cut it, you are facing a sartorial dilemma — one that pertains to clothing, fashion, or dressing. Sartorial comes from the Modern Latin word sartor which means "tailor," literally "one who patches and mends." In English the adjectives sartorial and sartorially are used to refer to any matter pertaining to the consideration of clothing or fashion. The root word sartor has also made its way into the field of biology. The sartorius — a muscle in the leg and the longest muscle in the human body — gets its name because it is used when crossing the legs, also known as the "tailor's position." of or relating to a tailor or to tailoring I thought women were gorgeous no matter what they wore, and I didn't think they owed anyone an explanation for their sartorial choices. Dr. Strayer and Dr. Gazzaley hit it off, even though they seem cut from entirely different cloth, both figuratively, with respect to personality, and literally, in terms of their sartorial choices. Only Perry Smith, who owned neither jacket nor tie, seemed sartorially misplaced. Most importantly, she said her brand of humor didn't quite fit the snarky sartorial roundtable's "creative direction" and declared "it's time to move on." مربوط به خیاطی و فشن

remiss

If it's your turn to bring in the coffee and donuts for your early morning meeting, and you forget, then your co-workers can say that you were remiss in fulfilling your responsibility to keep them awake with sugar and caffeine. Don't expect to get much done at your meeting. The adjective remiss is often used in the phrase "remiss in one's duty." The principal was remiss in her duty to tell parents about the incident at school. After the parents heard about it from their kids, the principal received several angry phone calls wondering why the school had been locked down for loose farm animals. failing in what duty requires "remiss of you not to pay your bills" synonyms: delinquent, derelict, neglectful negligent سهل انگاری در وظیفه

onerous

If one teacher gives you three hours of homework a night, that's rough. But if all of your teachers do it, that makes the task of completing your homework an onerous one, to say the least. If something is onerous, it is very difficult to deal with or do. A near synonym is burdensome. In legal usage, onerous describes a contract or lease that has more obligations than advantages. Onerous derives from Middle English, from Old French onereus, from Latin onerōsus, from onus "burden." In English, an onus is a task or duty that is onerous, or very difficult. synonyms: burdensome, taxing Since there was still only the one telephone in town, her duties were not onerous. But on that onerous day, oppressed beyond relief, my own mortality was borne in upon me on sluggish tides of doom. This apparatus displayed Rutherford's hallmark simplicity and style, but the procedure was unspeakably onerous. Comrade Nomzamo accepted the onerous burden of raising our children on her own. سخت و طاقت فرسا

complaisant

If only the world were populated entirely with complaisant people! Complaisant means willing to do something to please others, and complaisant people or animals are wonderful to be around. Don't confuse complaisant with its near-homonym complacent. Both derive from the Latin complacere "to please," but while complaisant means willing to do something to please another, complacent means smug and self-satisfied, something that you want to avoid when you're on the winning team. synonyms: obliging These cases are quite different from the phoney stories planted by studio flacks from time immemorial, dependent on co-operative artists and a complaisant press. "I recognized that I was casting someone who can't be complaisant. It's not in her DNA," she explains. Onstage, there was absolutely nothing complaisant about her. Or, to put it another way, a peevish old goat manages to cop off yet again with a complaisant babe. خوشحال کننده دیگران

discursive

If people accuse you of rambling from topic to topic in your speech or writing, they may say you have a discursive style — with changes in subject that are hard to follow. But it's okay because unicorns are shiny. The adjective discursive is often used to describe speech or writing that tends to stray from the main point, but the word can also have almost the opposite meaning. Discursive can also be used to describe an argument based on reason instead of intuition: "Her discursive dissertation on Colonial American women was well-argued and well-reasoned. Her professors were most impressed with her work." synonyms: digressive, excursive, rambling During a lunch interview in Greenwich Village she answered most questions in discursive bursts, quick with her cadences and opinions. He's discursive, suave, inhumanly cool, confident, superior, deadpan, sinister, patronizing and asexual. "I want to break cinema," she tells the Guardian at the top of a discursive, illuminating phone call. Olivia Block, seated at a table filled with amplified gadgets and electronics for "Dissolution," produced a discursive field of sound constantly in flux. از این شاخه به اون شاخه پریدن هنگام صحبت و نوشتن

perceptive

If someone calls you perceptive, they mean you are good at understanding things or figuring things out. Perceptive people are insightful, intelligent, and able to see what others cannot. Perceive means "to see"; so, perceptive is a word to describe someone who is good at seeing. Perceptive is derived from the Latin word percipere which means "to obtain or gather." A perceptive person is good at gathering information and using her senses to take in the world. If you are upset but trying to hide it, a perceptive person is the one who will notice. apprehensive, discerning The Whisperer was too perceptive for its own good! Even a man as perceptive as W. E. B. Du Bois for years viewed the world exclusively through the lens of race. At the California Labor School a forceful and perceptive teacher quickly and unceremoniously separated me from melodrama. "Very perceptive of you!" she screams over her shoulder. باهوش و فهیم

industrious

If someone comments that you are very industrious, they are complimenting you for working hard and tirelessly. You can have the evening to yourself if you're industrious enough during the afternoon to get your homework and chores done. The word industrious is closely related to the word industry, used for both the quality of being hardworking, "He is a model of industry," as well as a field of business, "the construction industry." It might help to remember the Industrial Revolution, the time when machinery was introduced to the manufacturing world. If you're industrious, you work as hard as machines do! synonyms: hardworking, tireless, untiring Someone suggested that some of the more industrious members of the community "uninstall" the machines after hours. The bright summer morning hummed to the bustle of industrious woodlanders. Not only were they thrifty and industrious, as one would suppose from their origin, but they were also brave. But amaMfengu were an industrious people, and because of their contact with Europeans, they were often more educated and "Western" than other Africans. سخت کوشی

facile

If someone does something easily, or shows ease, it is described as facile in a good way, but if someone takes the easy way out and shows a lack of thought or care, it is facile in a bad way. While it is a lovely sounding French word, facile is both a compliment and an insult depending on how it's used. Something that shows ready skill is facile, such as being facile with text messaging. But if something is too simple and superficial, or shows little care, it can also be called facile. "Being too cowardly to tell the truth and admit he didn't do it, he used the facile and sarcastic excuse that the dog ate his homework." Synonyms: superficial The sextet is more a facile and charming piece than a great one. The four songs heard on Thursday are radio-ready: infectious and inviting, but by no means facile. The skaters' world is a very selfish, facile, one, and indeed one skater is denounced in these terms by his mother. Yet, despite the absence of mere surface logic, the music achieves an expressive continuity that satisfies on a deeper, less facilely explicable level. برداشت و رسیدن به چیزی به سادگی و به طور سطحی

docile

If someone is docile, he is easily taught or handled. If you suddenly became a trouble-maker in class, your teachers would long for the days when you were sweet and docile. Docile comes from Latin root for teaching, docere, so someone docile is easy to teach. A docile student is willing to be taught. A docile animal is easy to handle. If you behave well and do what people tell you to do, you're a docile person. Docile might be a word of praise, but it can also be a criticism of someone for being overly submissive. Some synonyms are amenable and compliant. Synonyms: obedient synonyms: teachable, manipulable, tractable Geek kids are not, in general, docile and obedient; their subculture is argumentative and outspoken. Fright- ful's parents were docile compared to these birds, and they were fierce enough. He gripped handfuls of its fur and dug in his heels, riling the docile creature into a rage. Nearly all the rabbits were very subdued and docile. مطیع و سر به راه قابل آموزش دادن

prolixity

If someone likes to talk but they're really boring, they've got prolixity. It's not something to be proud of. Prolixity means about the same thing as long-windedness. If someone is yammering on and on and on — that's an example of prolixity. Part of prolixity seems good: we'd all like to be able to put words together easily. On the other hand, none of us want to be boring. That's a major downside to prolixity. Prolixity is similar to "wordiness" — using too many words, or too many long words — when a few would get the job done. synonyms: long-windedness, prolixness, windiness, wordiness The tics and tropes—flexible sentence structure, comedic prolixity punctuated by short declarations, extreme familiarity—grew so recognizable that Jessica Misener applied them to the Bible in a parody for Medium: The dialogue on "The Heart, She Holler" buries bathroom humor in mock-Southern prolixity, and the show's best gags achieve a sort of poetic absurdity that is equal parts Dada and Looney Tunes. Sometimes prolixity gets the better of the band, rendering the barrage of words and sounds airless and unreadable. As with Anthony Burgess and John Updike, Roth's astonishing prolixity exhausted even his most loyal readers. نطق و نوشته طولانی و حوصله سربر

panacea

If someone offers you a pill that promises eternal life, don't take the pill. It's a panacea, a remedy that falsely claims to solve every problem ever. The Greek word pan means "all" (think of a panorama, a view where you can see everywhere). The Greek word for "cure" is akēs (which looks like the word "aches"). Those are the roots of panacea, a cure for all aches. But a panacea doesn't really cure everything; it just acts like it can. Use the word to describe an unbelievable solution, like a new law that will make everyone rich, or a robot that does your homework for you. synonyms: catholicon, cure-all, nostrum But there is frighteningly little evidence that his strategy was the crime panacea that he and the media deemed it. Cities and regions look for the miraculous "Bilbao effect", the kind of urban and regional regeneration bought about by Frank Gehry's Guggenheim museum in that city, but it is an elusive panacea. Ah, the good old days before Ambien, Xanax and a hundred other chemical panaceas for 3 a.m. sleeplessness. It seems that restating vows is not a panacea for the evils of divorce, and may even bring into question the sturdiness of the original utterances. نوش دارو و اکسیر

logorrhea

If someone's always mouthing off and just can't shut up, they've got logorrhea, a pathological inability to stop talking. Sounds better than "loudmouth." As its sound suggests, logorrhea is related to diarrhea — an inability to stop something far more unpleasant from flowing. Diarrhea comes from two Greek words put together, dia meaning "through" and rhein meaning "to flow." In the case of logorrhea, the log prefix is from the Greek word for "words," meaning literally "words flowing through." Technically speaking, logorrhea is an actual illness, unlike such similar terms for extreme chattiness such as loquacious or garrulous. synonyms: logomania Merriam-Webster Dictionary reports that the most "looked up" word at their very busy online site on Tuesday night was "logorrhea." Did you hear the one about the Irish Prime Minister who travelled from Dublin to County Clare to meet an American President stricken with logorrhea? But logorrhea is not the same as transparency. In the Spiel, and in El Paso on Monday: presidential logorrhea. حراف

posthumous

If something happens after someone dies, it is described as posthumous — like the posthumous interest in the music of a singer who died "a nobody." The adjective posthumous comes from Latin — post means "after" and humare, "to bury." (You might also think of humus, which means "dirt" or "earth.") So something that is posthumous happens after a person is dead, like the posthumous discovery that your humble neighbor who lived very modestly was actually a multi-millionaire, or the posthumous publication of a book that the writer finished just before she died. Synonyms: late The first was originally proposed in a posthumous work published in 1851. He didn't want to leave this world for some posthumous glory. Although there may be some truth in both hypotheses, this sort of posthumous off-the-rack psychoanalysis is a dubious, highly speculative enterprise that inevitably demeans and trivializes the absent analysand. Lachrymae meditates on mortality and the nature of posthumous reputation, as a melody by John Dowland struggles to free itself from a series of gnarled variations imposed upon it. اتفاق بعد از مرگ برای کسی نوشدارو بعد از مرگ سهراب

pecuniary

If something has to do with money, it's pecuniary. If your grandfather's antique watch has pecuniary value, it's worth money — you could sell it for cash if you weren't sentimentally attached to keeping it. Pecuniary might seem like a peculiar word for talking about money, but it all adds up when you learn that it was the worth of the cattle, or pecū in Latin, that gave pecuniary its meaning. In Roman times, livestock served as money in making transactions. Some cultures still have economies based on cattle, but most modern societies have a pecuniary system based on, well, money. synonyms: monetary They took care to engage the temple priesthood, which was essentially a system of religious corporations with their own pecuniary interests. Law enforcement gained a pecuniary interest not only in the forfeited property, but in the profitability of the drug market itself. Was his interest in these models merely pecuniary? If Romberg's remarks appear cynical it is because we assume that dedications, particularly those between composers, are not sources of pecuniary profit but "expressions of respect." مربوط به پول و ارزش مادی

deleterious

If something is deleterious, it does harm or makes things worse. Smoking has obvious deleterious effects on your health, not to mention your social life. My parents were worried that their divorce would have a deleterious effect on us kids, but in the end it was less harmful than watching them fight all the time. For most plants, a lack of sunlight has very deleterious consequences, but there are some plants that actually do very well in the dark. It's a wonder, given how well-established the science is, that we continue to do things that are deleterious to the fragile ecosystem. We must be willing to live with the deleterious effects. harmful to living things "deleterious chemical additives" synonyms: hurtful, injurious مضر

embryonic

If something is described as embryonic, it's just starting to develop or come together. An "embryo" is a person or animal that is still growing in the womb or egg, and embryonic means "like an embryo." The idea for Facebook was still embryonic when its creators agreed to be partners. At that early stage, none of them could have imagined what an enormous company it would become. Scientists working on embryonic stem-cell research are working on stem cells from embryos, which have special properties not found in any other cells. Our relationship was still embryonic when you suggested we move in together, but for me, the first date is way too early to think about such things. synonyms: embryotic In the early 1990s, when several human embryonic stem cells were derived from early human embryos, scientists ran into an unexpected barrier. In biology there is a principle of powerful if imperfect applicability called recapitulation: in our individual embryonic development we retrace the evolutionary history of the species. In an inspired analogy, Waddington likened embryonic differentiation to a thousand marbles sent tumbling down a sloping landscape full of crags, nooks, and crevices. The virus-infected embryonic cells were mixed with the cells of a normal embryo to create a composite of cells, an embryological "chimera." جنین و در حال رشد

hostile

If something is hostile, it's unfriendly. If you are zealous about the political causes you believe in, you will be hostile to any suggestion that the other side of the argument is reasonable. Hostile comes from the Latin word hostis, for enemy, and you can hear its relation to the word hostage. But you don't have to be from a warring nation to be hostile. You can talk about a hostile nation, a hostile takeover, a hostile remark, or a hostile attitude. Some synonyms are inimical, antagonistic, unfavorable, unfriendly. Synonyms: aggressive But Jack found hostile strangers in the family's old apartment. As the disorderliness continued, becoming, it seemed, too much for her to handle, she broke down, and became downright hostile. A certain prince of the present times, whom it is best not to name, preaches nothing but peace and faith, and to both one and the other he is extremely hostile. "Six weeks is a long time, Agent. And it's a hostile island. They'll be lucky to last two days," the Boss answered. دشمنی

impending

If something is impending, it is about to happen. If you hear thunder in the distance, you might go inside to escape the impending storm. The word impending often refers to something threatening or frightening: impending doom, impending disaster. Something that is impending hangs over you — you might say, "I was so distracted by thoughts of my impending failure in my exams, I couldn't study." A synonym is imminent. قریب الوقوع

oblique

If something is oblique, it has a slanting position or direction. In figurative use, oblique means indirect or purposely misleading. "What is two plus two?" "Fish!" as an answer is completely oblique. In math, this adjective refers to geometric lines or planes that are not parallel or perpendicular to a line or surface. A playground is positioned at an oblique angle to the ground. By correcting the clerk's "Mrs." with "That's Ms. now," the woman made an oblique reference to her change in marital status. synonyms: devious, indirect The houses were lit by an oblique, smoky light, and the air threatened rain. I imagine it: gliding my hands up his long oblique muscles, lingering over the grooves of his abdomen, feeling the heat of his skin in my hands. Somehow I landed facedown, which forced the antenna to a strongly oblique angle that put a lot of torque on the hole in the suit. A battle followed, fought in true Gilded Age fashion with oblique snubs and poisonous courtesy. غیر مستقیم

obscure

If something is obscure, it's vague and hard to see. Be careful if you're driving in heavy rain — the painted lines can be obscure. Obscure comes from Latin obscurus, which can mean "dark, dim," "unclear, hard to understand," or "insignificant, humble." We tend to use obscure in the metaphorical senses: an obscure sound is unclear, an obscure village is hidden away in the countryside, and an obscure poet is little known and probably insignificant. Obscure can also be used as a verb. If you get really nervous when you speak during a debate, your embarrassing twitches and shaking hands can obscure your argument. synonyms: vague On a great plain, where no light shone from the iron-dark sky, and where a mist obscured the horizon on every side. And no matter where you run into it, prejudice obscures the truth. At first, she thought of it as a curiosity—"the most obscure thing I ever worked on," as she later put it. She knew what a fugitive would do on the nights when it rained, and the North Star was obscured. مبهم و نامعلوم

ornate

If something is ornate — whether it's a ball gown, a set of dishes, or a poem — it seems to be covered in ornaments. It's lavish, flowery, or heavily adorned. Look at the first four letters of ornate, and you'll spot the beginning of its close relative ornament. Ornate most often describes how something looks, but it doesn't have to be visual. The prose in Victorian love letters was more ornate than the email messages people send today. The ornate gilded mirrors and enormous chandeliers in the palace at Versailles were the height of fashion in Marie Antoinette's time, but home decor is simpler today. Now, it seems too ornate. marked by complexity and richness of detail synonyms: elaborate, luxuriant مزین و آراسته

pristine

If something is pristine it's immaculately clean or has never been used. So please check your shoes before walking on a pristine white carpet. A long, long time ago pristine was used to describe primitive or ancient things. It wasn't until 1899 that the word grew to mean "unspoiled" or "pure." Ecologists strive to preserve pristine rain forests, just as vacationers are always looking for a pristine strip of beach to lounge on. A new car should arrive to you in pristine condition, and hopefully you'll do your best to keep it that way. بکر و تمیز و دست نخورده

insidious

If something is slowly and secretly causing harm, it's insidious — like the rumors no one seems to listen to until suddenly someone's reputation is ruined. Insidious is related to the Latin noun, īnsidiae meaning "ambush" which comes from the Latin verb, īnsidēre "to lie in wait for." This is very fitting as an insidious rumor or problem is one whose negative effect is not realized until the damage is already done. Similarly, an insidious disease develops internally without symptoms, so that you don't realize right away that you are sick. working in a subtle but destructive way به صورت مزمن جراحت وارد کردن موذی و پر از توطئه

uncanny

If something is uncanny, it is so mysterious, strange, or unfamiliar that it seems supernatural. If you hear strange music echoing through your attic, you might refer to it as positively uncanny. You can also use uncanny to refer to something that is so remarkable that it is beyond what is natural, as in "She has an uncanny ability to find her way around new places." This adjective was formed in English from the prefix un-, "not," and canny, "fortunate, safe." The current meaning of English canny is "careful and clever, especially in handling money." synonyms: eldritch, unearthly, weird synonyms: preternatural With an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny, he invented chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. He possessed an uncanny knack for winning the big races, the ones that really counted. After a month, I developed this uncanny ability to sense his presence before I even saw him. In the moments that followed Ben forgot about the game and concentrated instead on his uncanny instinct, his intuitive genius for asking the wrong question. عجیب و غیر عادی

untenable

If something is untenable, you can't defend it or justify it. If your disagreement with your teacher puts you in an untenable position, you better just admit you made a mistake and get on with it. When untenable entered English in the 17th century it meant "unable to be held against attack." That sense still holds true: you can use the adjective untenable to describe any situation, position, or theory that simply can't be defended. Untenable is a great word to use when you want to criticize something, whether it's a flawed system or a referee's bad call. synonyms: indefensible For some non-Jews, such as Erwin Schrödinger and nuclear chemist Max Delbrück, the situation was morally untenable. There are always untenable events, freak happenings like someone recognizing you, or at worst, the trouble results from a foolish and negligent spy, like my time with Luzan. In many communities in Natal and on the Reef around Johannesburg, a poisonous mixture of crime, political rivalries, police brutality, and shadowy death squads made life brutish and untenable. But to see seen them in tandem is to experience two of modern theater's most influential minds locked in fierce dialogue about the untenable position of Scandinavian wives in the late 19th century. غیر قابل دفاع

vicarious

If something is vicarious, it delivers a feeling or experience from someone else. If your child becomes a big star, you might have a vicarious experience of celebrity. Vicarious comes from the Latin work vicarius, which means substitute. If you have vicarious enjoyment, you have a second hand thrill. You might get vicarious thrills of adventure by reading your friend's letters from overseas. If you're mad at your wife but you take it out on your dog, that's vicarious punishment. Vicarious can also be used as a medical term meaning "occurring in an unexpected part of body." felt or undergone as if one were taking part in the experience or feelings of another نیابتی

worrisome

If something is worrisome, it bothers or upsets you. Your nervous dog may find the sound of thunder extremely worrisome. When the news reports are full of worrisome developments — crime, climate change, local budget cuts — it can be reassuring to hear some good news, which is why many news broadcasts also include feel-good stories about lost pets reunited with their owners and kids raising money for the local library. Worrisome things do just what you'd think: they make you worry. This word first appeared around 1820 in North America, and it's been used ever since for things that cause distress. synonyms: distressful, distressing, disturbing, perturbing, troubling, worrying More worrisome over the long run was the reality of Utah politics. She was driving, and the road was narrow and snowy and worrisome. I remembered a worrisome course in the Victorian novel where woman after woman died, palely and nobly, in torrents of blood, after a difficult childbirth. "You look a little . . . Pardon the double entendre, my friend, but there's something a little worrisome in your eyes." باعث عذاب و ناراحتی

commendable

If something's commendable it deserves whatever praise it receives. When you developed a car that could run on solar power, that was a commendable accomplishment. Now, it's time to move from Seattle. Coming from the verb "to commend," commendable can find its roots in the Latin commendāre, meaning "to praise." So, it only makes sense that someone who has done some commendable deed should get praise for it. American author James Branch Cabell once wrote: "While it is well enough to leave footprints on the sands of time, it is even more important to make sure they point in a commendable direction." synonyms: applaudable, laudable, praiseworthy قابل تحسین و ستایش

exaltation

If the Prize Patrol showed up at your door with a check for a million dollars, you'd probably be overcome with a feeling of exaltation or overwhelming happiness. Chances are slim, so don't bank on it. Exaltation comes from the Latin exaltare meaning to "raise aloft." When you're in a state of exaltation, your emotions are raised aloft and you're swept away in happiness. Exaltation is also the term for praising someone really highly or raising someone in rank, and for a group of larks, and in astrology, the place in a planet's orbit of maximum influence. Fly an exaltation of larks above the ceremony of your exaltation to Minister of Vocabulary. synonyms: apotheosis, deification The exaltation, the lunatic enthusiasm, was still in his face. Many people regarded them as signs of divine wrath, warnings to a sinful humanity to forsake the pleasures of this earth; in such people the Black Death engendered a mood of otherworldly exaltation. The crowd erupted in a deep, sinewy exaltation of triumph. Suddenly he found himself filled with an exaltation of night, and felt that he was bodiless, silent, transported. تعالی تمجید بسیار

reluctant

If the adjective reluctant applies to you, it means that you are undergoing some inner struggle and are unwilling or unable to decide. The word reluctant comes from the Latin reluctantem, which means "to struggle against." These days reluctant means "unwilling." If you're reluctant to dance to a terrible song, you're unwilling to shake your booty, and you might even have to struggle against your friends who try to get you on the dance floor. You might offer them a reluctant smile instead (and hope it doesn't look like a grimace). synonyms: loath, loth Not at all reluctant to obey, Harry jumped to his feet. Though Luma was reluctant to admit it, her bond with the Thirteens was deeper than that with the older boys. She decided to play slow and dim-witted and reluctant, and dragged her feet as she stepped over the high threshold into the building. Beyond the tall pines, stars glittered like snowflakes reluctant to fall. بی میلی به انجام کاری

dearth

If there is a dearth of something, there is not enough of it. A dearth of cupcakes is unfortunate, but a dearth of nutritious food is a serious problem. Dearth is an Old English noun formed from the adjective deore, "precious, costly," and the noun-forming suffix -th. Though the relationship of dearth meaning "lack, insufficient amount" to the adjective dear is not so obvious, it is still easy to imagine that something precious is probably also in short supply. Dearth is used almost exclusively in the phrase "a dearth of." an insufficient quantity or number synonyms: paucity فقدان و کمبود و قحطی

profusion

If there's an abundance of something, you can say that there's a profusion of it. Hilarious and bizarre YouTube videos certainly exist in profusion. The noun profusion comes from a Latin word profusionem, meaning "a pouring out." So you can think of profusion as an outpouring of something — an overflow or cornucopia of it. An area known for wine making should have a profusion of grapes growing along the hillsides. And an awesome performance should garner a profusion of compliments and shouts of "encore!" synonyms: cornucopia, profuseness, richness It was carved into a profusion of curlicues and niches which made the climb considerably easier. They bristled from the side of the dig in a profusion that reminded me of the Beni mounds, hundreds of miles upstream. Superficially, there seemed to be a profusion of order—or rather a profusion of Orders. فراوانی و رو به اسراف

elegiac

If there's one song on your playlist that always brings tears to your eyes, maybe it's because it has an elegiac quality. Elegiac means "mournful or sad." The adjective elegiac is useful when you're talking about music, a movie, a book, or another work of art that has a sorrowful tone. Sometimes elegiac specifically refers to something or someone that's gone: a person who's died, or a time in the past, especially if you feel a sense of longing for it. You can speak in an elegiac way, or sing an elegiac tune. The word comes from the Greek elegos, "poem or song of lament." Synonyms: sorrowful His music sets the mood throughout: elegiac, jaunty, ominous. This work might project elegiac feelings, but in the context of a show in which mockery is the prevailing spirit, it's potentially offensive. At once atmospheric, elegiac and unsettling, the work was crafted with Ms. Fleming's creamy voice in mind, and she sang beautifully. In his elegiac 2012 novel, "The Yellow Birds," Kevin Powers took a different tack, turning the Sisyphean nature of war in Iraq into a kind of sad parable. گریه آور و تاثربرانگیز

abstain (from)

If you abstain from something, you restrain yourself from consuming it. People usually abstain from things that are considered vices — like eating French fries every day for lunch. Roots of the word abstain are from the 14th-century French, "to withhold oneself," and the word often refers to people who hold themselves back from indulging in habits that are bad for them, physically or morally. Abstain can also mean to withhold a vote, and sometimes a difficult decision is stalled when government representatives abstain from voting one way or another. synonyms: desist, refrain Apparently the protections of the treaty were quite strong for those who totally abstained from magic and mischief. Though I follow the rules and routines of convent life, Angelina will not allow me to abstain from meat, as the sisters do. I wonder why Therese abstains from food, though she is not bound by the nun's vows. This will always be the case when he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects, and from their women. مصرف نکردن

noisome

If you accidentally leave half a sandwich under your bed for a few days, cover your nose while you sleep because it will probably become quite noisome. This is a fancy way of saying that it will stink. Despite that first syllable, this adjective doesn't have root origins in the word noise, but is related to the word annoy. Noisome can refer to anything unpleasant or anything that makes you nauseous. However, it is most often used to describe bad smells. So spray some air freshener, open the windows, and clean out under your bed! synonyms: loathsome, nauseating, nauseous, offensive, queasy, sickening, vile.. A dam across the Missouri River in Nebraska silted up so disastrously that a noisome ooze began to pour into the town of Niobrara, eventually forcing its permanent abandonment. Then they broke the evil bridge and set red flames in the noisome fields and departed. The question of bridesmaids' dresses became moot when the engagement was broken. noisome. There was a faint hiss, a noisome smell went up, the lights flickered and danced and swirled. بوی بد و چندش داشتن

indict

If you accuse someone of committing an offense, you indict them. A book that indicts the entire education system might lay out all the reasons that schools are failing kids. In a legal sense, the verb indict means to bring formal charges against someone, especially in a court of law, as in a federal grand jury. The grand jury indicted, the man on 12 counts of murder. Although it's true the boy had stolen cookies from the cookie jar in the past, that is no reason to indict him out of hand in the present case. There were no witnesses and the crumb evidence would suggest someone else committed the crime. to formally charge or accuse of wrong-doing متهم کردن

maladroit

If you are clumsy, you are maladroit. But the word can mean all kinds of clumsy. Trip over your words? You are verbally maladroit. Stumble in social situations? You're socially maladroit. When someone is adroit, they are graceful and nimble; they show a lot of dexterity. Maladroit is the opposite of that. It means clumsy, but with a hint of overall incompetence. If someone calls you maladroit, or says that you are a maladroit, they're not being the least bit nice. They mean that you've bungled something up with your fumbling. دست و پا چلفتی

courteous

If you are courteous, your good manners show friendliness and concern for others, like your courteous habit of holding the door for people entering a building with you. The adjective courteous comes from the Old French word curteis, which means "having courtly bearing or manners." Courtly described the court — nobles who hung around the castle, the entourage of kings and queens. Their refined manners, not to mention their wealth and power, set them apart from the masses. So courteous behavior is a reminder of the value of good manners. Synonyms: chivalrous, gallant, knightly He said as follows: "Brother Fire, God made you beautiful and strong and useful; I pray you be courteous to me." He was courteous and solicitous, questioning me in a fatherly way about my studies and future plans. The white knight did drink, as was only courteous. She was a shy woman, so courteous she spoke in a voice barely higher than a whisper and she would not raise her pretty hazel eyes to meet my gaze. رفتار خوب و جنتلمنانه

crestfallen

If you are crestfallen, you are dark, depressed, and down in the dumps. You are in need of a pep talk, or at least a hug. Although experts can't agree on the origins of crestfallen, they do know it has something to do with fallen or defeated animals. Some say it is cocks, with their crested heads, that are responsible for the words' origins. Others think it has to do with horses bowing their heads (touching their heads to the crest of their chests) when bested in battle. No matter which animal gave us the word, today's humans are crestfallen when they are in low spirits. synonyms: chapfallen, chopfallen, deflated She barely looks at Cal, instead turning over her shoulder to sneer at the crestfallen girls. The knight's moon face looked crestfallen, the tips of his great walrus mustache twitching with disappointment. A crestfallen Hawkins assured King that he understood. Parvati set off for Divination five minutes later looking slightly crestfallen. داغون و بی روحیه

winsome

If you are described as winsome, take it as a compliment. It means you are attractive or charming in an open and delightful way. It doesn't mean you win some and you lose some. The word winsome comes from the Old English wynn which means pleasure and delight. The word sometimes carries with it a feeling of childlike joy or innocence that is attractive or pleasing to others. There is nothing hiding behind a winsome smile. It wins over others in a fresh and honest way. charming in a childlike or naive way Synonyms: attractive جذاب برای بچه ها

lassitude

If you are feeling lassitude, you're weary and just can't be bothered. Couch potatoes make lassitude into an art form. Lassitude might sound like latitude, but the two words don't mean the same thing. Latitude describes the distance of a particular location from the equator. Lassitude is the weariness you'd experience after attempting to run a marathon around the equator. Lassitude can also describe a lack of interest, like deciding you'd rather lie on your couch than run that marathon along the equator. a feeling of lack of interest or energy synonyms: languor, listlessness خستگی فراوان ذهنی و جسمی

guileless

If you are guileless, you are not a liar; you are innocent, and you might be a touch on the gullible side. To be guileless is to be without guile. Guile is "deceit, duplicity and trickery." The young and uninitiated are the ones we call guileless, and they are the ones who often get stung by the more heartless among us. You might recall being a guileless freshman trying out for the school play, and being told by a veteran performer that it would be best to come to the audition for Our Town in a chicken costume, so you did. صاف و صادقانه

impecunious

If you are hard up, broke, penniless, or strapped for cash, you could describe yourself as impecunious. Then maybe you could make some money teaching vocabulary words. Impecunious comes from the old Latin word for money, pecunia, combined with the prefix im, meaning not or without. But impecunious doesn't just mean having no money. It means that you almost never have any money. If you go into the arts, you are most likely facing an impecunious future. If you gamble away your cash instead of saving it for rent, your landlord might throw you out for being impecunious. synonyms: hard up, in straitened circumstances, penniless, penurious, pinched In the meantime, Jane McDoughnut, an experienced but impecunious El Dorado chef, thinks she sees a business opportunity—there's no really good bakery in her part of town. The irony of one of the world's most powerful and famously exacting celebrities still nursing childhood grievances about her impecunious upbringing while living in unrivaled splendor provides a good portion of this play's rocket fuel. The formal study of the history of art, with its generally impecunious career prospects, may well remain a niche subject. Long before digital seemed like a viable delivery system for theatrical exhibition, it was an alluring paintbox for adventurous and impecunious cinéastes. ورشکسته و بی پول

loath

If you are loath to do something, you really don't want to do it. If you are reluctant to go swimming, people will say you are loath to swim — but if they are really mean, they might throw you in the pool anyway. The adjective loath is used to describe being extremely opposed to something. The term is generally followed by to — "The teacher was loath to let the students turn in papers late, but he made an exception for the girl who had missed class due to illness." synonyms: loth, reluctant "He's a classical music person but loath to admit it in public because it's such a Western taste." Finally, with a great snapping of twigs and thrashing of branches across the windshield, as if the countryside is loath to release them, the car bursts forth onto smooth pavement and the light of day. "A few hundred. My own men, chiefly. Father was loath to part with any of his. He is fighting a war, after all." With several other demonstrators milling around, the police were loath to use the kind of force necessary to move the 390-pound respected community spokeswoman. عدم تمایل به انجام کاری خلاف خواست و سنت

collusion

If you are making secret agreements with someone, then you are in collusion with them. Every time gas prices jump, consumers suspect the gas station owners of collusion and price fixing. The noun collusion almost always implies that plans are being made because of some nefarious, most likely illegal, purpose. An art thief could be in collusion with a museum director to steal a famous painting from an art museum. Things get sticky when there is collusion between government and business, between union and management, or between your siblings. secret agreement type of: agreement, arrangement توافق محرمانه

provident

If you are provident, that means you plan carefully for the future. You have your Christmas lights up in early December, you have a well-stocked pantry, and you have some savings tucked away just in case. The word provident traces back to the Latin word providere, meaning "foresee, provide." The word can be used to describe someone who looks into the future — foresees the future, in a sense — and makes decisions based on future needs. It's often used to describe a thrifty individual who denies himself something today in order to save up for tomorrow, but it can describe actions as well — such as a provident decision that ends up preventing ruin down the road. Synonyms: farseeing, farsighted, foresighted, foresightful, long, longsighted, prospicient He commuted his pension and provident fund to buy a Bharat bottle-sealing machine. The windfall proved to be provident when the coronavirus pandemic hit, allowing the pantry, which was feeding families once a week in November, to increase to four times a week. "The factory is in the process of paying legal entitlements, such as due salaries, provident fund and severance pay to all the workers concerned. FWF and Stanley/Stella will keep a close eye on this." Everyone knows the Aesop's fable about the profligate grasshopper and the provident ant. آینده نگری و برنامه ریزی آینده نگر

truculent (adj)

If you are quick to argue, always looking for a fight, and hard to please, you are truculent. You can also write a truculent essay, and fans upset by a loss can become truculent. This word has no connection to truck, but the similar sound is still a good way to remember it: truculent folks are like monster trucks, ready to run over anything that gets in their way. To be truculent is to be defiant, aggressive, and quarrelsome. A truculent student will get in trouble with teachers, and a truculent teacher might get fired. In a violent sport like football, it helps to be truculent, but it's usually not a great quality. Synonyms: aggressive Like him, you are tough, dark, vulnerable, moody—with a very definite tendency to sound truculent because you want no one to think you are soft. He was still clutching the sword of Gryffindor, and wore a strange look: half truculent, half intrigued. I own that such is not known; but that indeed, the scholars of the College believed the disease was caused by the inhalation of truculent animalcula. Only the Negro and I were near enough to hear what he said but the policeman caught something in the tone and looked over with truculent eyes. وحشی و خشن

rigorous

If you are rigorous when you do something, you do it extremely carefully and precisely. A rigorous inspection of your tax records has revealed the government owes you money. Congratulations! The Latin root for rigorous is rigor, meaning "stiffness." This might remind you of rigor mortis, the stiffening of a body after death, as often seen on cop shows. This is a good, if creepy, way of remembering the meaning of rigorous: rigorous people are stiff and unbending about the standards of their work. This requires being alive, of course. synonyms: strict,exact Yes, we need to be more rigorous in training our young people in math and science, which are the building blocks of so much knowledge. Hamer's own approach was neutral, rigorous, and scientific—often corrosively so. "I was fortunate to receive a rigorous and well-rounded education," she said, choosing her words carefully. Everything from how the foreign media would be treated to how the city would be decorated would be subject to rigorous planning. بسیار دقیق و با احتیاط از سر سختگیری

tendentious (adj)

If you are writing a report on climate change and you ignore evidence that the earth is warming, the paper might be called tendentious. Tendentious means promoting a specific, and controversial, point of view. When something is tendentious, it shows a bias towards a particular point of view, especially one that people disagree about. It shares a root with the word tendency, which means "an inclination toward acting a certain way." If you have the tendency to talk in a tendentious manner about politics, people might tend to avoid you at parties. "It's not a wonderful book — I find it to be Shaw at his most tendentious and annoying — but it's a great title." It's ambitious, frequently tendentious and, at two and quarter hours, perhaps too long. The weaknesses of "The X-Files"—tendentious dialogue, an alien conspiracy that made no sense—were obvious from the beginning. Such a conceit — a projection of a perspective from ancient Judea onto the lifestyle of a contemporary secular New York Jew — might strike some readers as tendentious or random, but it's not. ترویج عقاید تنش زا

palimpsest (noun)

If you are writing fast and hastily erase something not quite all the way and continue writing right over the smudgy bit, then you've created a palimpsest — which means you can see traces of the earlier writing mixed in with the new. The noun palimpsest originally described a document, such as a page from a manuscript written on parchment, that had been rubbed smooth so it could be used again, with traces of the original writing showing through. The word still carries that meaning, but ancient manuscripts are rare these days, so you're more likely to hear palimpsest used to describe something that has traces of early stages showing through, like "the palimpsest of an urban neighborhood" — in which hints of earlier styles and designs are still evident among the new highrises. But the most likely case is that interstellar communication will be a kind of palimpsest, like the palimpsests of ancient writers short of papyrus or stone who superimposed their messages on top of preexisting messages. All history was a palimpsest, scraped clean and reinscribed exactly as often as was necessary. And then, deeper in the palimpsest, underneath the announcement signal and the primer, would be the real message. Figures in full or partial view â€" a bicyclist, a photographer, striding shoppers â€" inhabit a palimpsest of street-scene detail. نوشته ای که پاک شده ولی اثراتش هست

assuage

If you assuage an unpleasant feeling, you make it go away. Assuaging your hunger by eating a bag of marshmallows may cause you other unpleasant feelings. The most common things that we assuage are fears, concerns, guilt, grief, anxiety, and anger. That makes a lot of sense — these are all things we seek relief from. The word comes from Old French assouagier, from the Latin root suavis, "sweet" — think of adding a bit of honey to something unpleasant. A word with a similar meaning is mollify. آرام کردن تسکین دادن یک حس بد

balk

If you balk at your mother's suggestion that you take on more responsibility, you're saying no to added chores. To balk means to refuse to go along with. A donkey balks when it refuses to move forward. This is a good picture for balk which is often used in conjunction with demands. Demands are something people often balk at like a donkey refusing to move. In baseball, a pitcher balks when he or she begins a pitch by winding up, but does not complete it. It is as if he is refusing to complete a started pitch, and it is against the rules. synonyms: baulk, jib, resist At this point, her aged father balked at leaving the house, insisting that the fire would change direction before it got to them. When the U.N. post was first conferred on him, my grandfather balked: he wanted no part of the corrupt regime. The animals balked at such places, and the camel drivers were forced to dismount and unburden their charges. His memory was a catalogue of vital notes on horses and men: hangs in the stretch, balks in close quarters, only hits right-handed. مانع شدن و امتناع ورزیدن

ad hoc

If you call an ad hoc meeting of your knitting buddies, it means the meeting was formed for one particular reason — to knit. Anything ad hoc is either done for one specific purpose, or in an impromptu, last-minute way. Ad hoc comes from the Latin words meaning "for this." Often the term is used as a criticism, in the sense that something done ad hoc is done hastily and can be ill thought out, serving only to address a problem in the short term. Government programs are often described as ad hoc, for example. But the term can also imply a sense of ingenuity, of impromptu brilliance, or of something happily care-free and devoid of fuss. Like your ad hoc knitting event! Synonyms: specific Synonyms: unplanned How, you might ask, does one produce a credible, balanced encyclopedia by way of an ad hoc open-source, open-editing movement? Frank Millet unofficially kept watch over the buildings of the eastern architects during their lengthy absences from the park, lest some ad hoc decision cause irreparable aesthetic damage. As far as Kepler was concerned, elliptical orbits were merely an ad hoc hypothesis, and a rather repugnant one at that, because ellipses were clearly less perfect than circles. The lack of criticism evidenced by our ad hoc community influenced me, and set a tone of tolerance for my life. برای یک کاربرد مشخص

erudite

If you call someone erudite, that means they show great learning. After you've earned your second Ph.D., you will be truly erudite. Erudite is from Latin verb erudire, "to teach," which comes from rudis for "raw, unskilled, ignorant" (the source of our word rude). If you bring someone out of a raw state, you educate them, so someone who is erudite is very educated indeed (and perhaps a bit of a showoff). You can say either ER-oo-dite or ER-yoo-dite; the second one, being a bit harder to say, can seem a bit more erudite. having or showing profound knowledge "an erudite professor" synonyms: learned scholarly با دانش و دانش آموخته

ambivalent

If you can't decide how you feel about something, declare yourself ambivalent about it. Ambivalent means "having mixed feelings about something." A Swiss psychologist named Eugen Bleuler coined the German word Ambivalenz in the early twentieth century, and it was soon imported into English. Bleuler combined the Latin prefix ambi-, meaning "both," with valentia, "strength." So etymologically speaking, if you're ambivalent you're being pulled by two equally strong things — but in practice, ambivalence often arises from caring very little either way. You might feel ambivalent about your lunch options if you have to choose between a murky stew and flavorless tofu. Synonyms: incertain, uncertain, unsure The North was overwhelmingly Republican and, while Republicans were ambivalent about equality for African Americans, they were far more inclined to adopt and implement racial justice reforms than their Democratic counterparts below the Mason-Dixon line. "Rishi, I'm sorry if I seemed ambivalent at the restaurant before. What you did, that gift..." While I gloried in the beauty of these buildings, I was ambivalent about what they represented. I found myself crying, laughing, numb with depression, nervous and pacing, ambivalent, angry, and filled with self-loathing. دو به شک

concede

If you concede something, you admit that it is true, proper, or certain — usually in an unwilling way and often in the context of a competition, as in "At midnight, the candidate finally conceded defeat." In its most common senses, a near synonym of concede is acknowledge — if your mom is pointing out that you need sleep before the test, you should concede the truth of what she's saying. But another meaning of concede is to give away or grant something, as when an unpopular leader is unwilling to concede power. Concede is from Latin concēdere, from the prefix com-, "completely," plus cēdere, "to go along, grant, yield." The corresponding noun is concession. synonyms: cede, grant, yield "We used a whip on him every time we sent him to the track, and we used it freely, too," he once conceded. Only after about 20 years did Edison reluctantly concede that the main use of his phonograph was to record and play music. "Are you conceding?" he says, his mouth falling open with mock surprise. "It must be nice to live like a vegetable," he conceded wistfully. تصدیق کردن واقعیتی خلاف میل واگذار کردن تسلیم شدن

factitious

If you create a "diamond" out of plastic, then you've created a factitious diamond, meaning that it's a phony. Factitious, pronounced "fac-TISH-us," means "fake," like a factitious compliment you give the person who cooked you an awful meal — you don't mean it, but you say it anyway, just to be nice. As he or she happily walks away, another friend might whisper, "Were you being facetious about the dinner being good?" Facetious, pronounced "fuh-SEE-shuhs," means "trying to be funny." Don't confuse factitious with facetious — or fictitious, which means "made up." Synonyms: artificial, unreal I hadn't known what factitious meant, so I looked it up in the dictionary. The first story is about young women living in a college dorm for students with factitious disorders — they are referred to not by name, but by number — who become subjects of a sociological thesis. That's because, for the most part, music is used in movies as sonic wallpaper, covering silences and images with an indifferent and casually factitious unity. There is even a pathological manifestation of the condition called "factitious victimisation", of which Munchausen syndrome is an extreme version. مصنوعی

foolhardy

If you decide you are going to scale Mt. Everest next weekend without any training or experience, that would be a foolhardy decision. Use the adjective foolhardy to describe someone who rushes into action without considering the consequences. Foolhardy is a combination of the noun fool and the adjective hardy, meaning "brave" or "bold." Put them together and you've got "foolishly brave." Someone who is foolhardy throws caution to the wind and takes reckless chances. A foolhardy mistake is typically the result of this kind of impulsive behavior. But foolhardy doesn't always imply foolishness or stupidity; foolhardy can convey courage and romance, as in the case of a foolhardy passion or desire. synonyms: heady, rash, reckless Wilkins weighs 136 pounds, and of all the kamikazes who dominate Permian and are eagerly willing to sacrifice their bodies for the great cause of football, he is the most fearless, or foolhardy. Many blacks in South Africa believed that any effort by the black man to challenge the white man was foolhardy and doomed to failure; the white man was too smart and too strong. But I was not so foolhardy, even in the face of death, as to move onto the floor of the boat. Oh yes, said Janine. . . . but not foolhardy, said Aunt Lydia, frowning a little. بی کلگی و بی پروایی

obsequious

If you disapprove of the overly submissive way someone is acting — like the teacher's pet or a celebrity's assistant — call them by the formal adjective obsequious. There are many words in the English language for a person or an action that is overly obedient and submissive. Obsequious people are usually not being genuine; they resort to flattery and other fawning ways to stay in the good graces of authority figures. An obsequious person can be called a bootlicker, a brownnoser or a toady. You can also say that someone gives an obsequious bow, a gesture that means, "your wish is my command." attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery synonyms: bootlicking, fawning, sycophantic, toadyish insincere lacking sincerity adjective attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner "obsequious shop assistants" Synonyms: servile تملق و چاپلوسی

unprepossessing

If you find someone to be unprepossessing, you find them unattractive. Not that they're ugly, mind you! Just unprepossessing. Unprepossessing is a rather indirect way of calling someone unattractive, or at best OK-looking. Unprepossessing is not quite the same as "ugly." Rather, just a way of saying that someone's looks aren't what you're most likely to remember about them. Cinderella was most unprepossessing in the filthy clothes and worn-out shoes that her step-sisters forced her to wear. But when she was all decked out by her fairy godmother, she was the belle of the ball: she was no longer unprepossessing. synonyms: unpresentable How is it that such an unprepossessing show is even stickier than Sesame Street? Just sixty-five million years ago our ancestors were the most unprepossessing of mammals—creatures with the size and intelligence of moles or tree shrews. At first glance it seemed unprepossessing: just a small, flat, unpainted, circular disk of hard-baked clay, 6 1/2 inches in diameter. Parked on the gravel was an unprepossessing Ford sedan. غیر جذاب ولی زشت نیست الزاما

Propitiate

If you forgot flowers on your Mom's birthday, you can still propitiate her by sending a bouquet the next day. Propitiate means to appease someone or make them happy by doing a particular thing. Handy strategy for lovers, too. One of the most common uses of propitiate historically was in the sense of appeasing the Gods, often with a gift in the form of an animal or human sacrifice. Fortunately, for most people today flowers and candy will do the trick. But then again, some Moms can be tough to appease. synonyms: appease Was it just to tell the date or propitiate some mountain deity? The films feature a recurring archetype: the arrival of a stranger, the discovery of a secret cult, then a vicious murder, perhaps a sacrifice, designed to propitiate pagan gods. Norman's description of a crisis over which deity to propitiate, a crisis that began with the thirteenth and continues to the present day, is impressive in its clarity. Unless, of course, you also believe in propitiating the gods by passing a thorn-studded rope through your own tongue. آرام کردن و تسکین دادن خشم دیگری

rescind

If you get a call saying a company has decided to rescind your job offer, it's back to the classifieds for you. Rescind means to cancel or revoke. Things that are rescinded: policies, court decisions, regulations, and official statements. What all these examples have in common is that they are on the record. Also, rescind usually refers to promises instead of tangible objects. You can't rescind a shirt a friend has borrowed from you, but you can rescind your offer to loan her your jeans. cancel officially synonyms: annul, countermand, lift, overturn, repeal, reverse, revoke, vacate رسما کنسل کردن

munificent

If you give your best friend a bracelet for her birthday, then you're a good friend. If you give her a diamond bracelet, a racehorse, and an oil well, then you're a munificent friend, meaning you are very lavish when it comes to giving gifts. (And it's possible you may also be broke.) If you're the generous type, you may already know that the word munificent traces back to the Latin word munificus, meaning "generous or bountiful," which in turn originated from the word munus, meaning "gift or service." Put those two concepts together and you have big-time gift giving on a lavish scale. Use the word munificent to describe instances of over-the-top generosity — think Oprah on a gift-giving binge at Christmastime. very generous "a munificent gift" "his father gave him a half-dollar and his mother a quarter and he thought them munificent" synonyms: lavish, overgenerous, too-generous, unsparing, unstinted, unstinting دست و دلباز و بخشنده

copious

If you have a copious amount of something, you have a lot of it. If you take copious notes, you'll do well when it comes time for review sessions — unless you can't read your own handwriting. Copious comes from the Latin copia, meaning "abundance." You can use copious for something quantitative, like your copious admirers, or for something qualitative, like the copious gratitude you feel for your admirers. You will often see the word amounts following copious since the adjective is often used to modify a measurement of something — like copious amounts of wine or copious amounts of hair gel. affording an abundant supply "copious provisions" synonyms: ample, plenteous, plentiful, rich فراوانی

sinecure

If you have a cushy job — one that pays, but involves minimal work — then you have a sinecure. "Because he was the brother of the CEO, he was offered a sinecure in the company: he showed up each day and collected a paycheck, but others actually did his work." The noun sinecure comes from the Latin root words sine cura meaning "without care." It originally was used to describe a church position that did not include caring for the souls of parishioners, but that meaning is considered archaic now. The word is now usually associated with political appointments. type of: berth, billet, office, place, position, post, situation, spot s this one opens, Lenù is 32, enjoying both esteem as a novelist and a sinecure in the prosperous, law-abiding Italian north. Another of Mr. Slope's projects entails the whipping-into-shape of those clergymen who are supported by church sinecures and "livings" but who don't do any work. Walter Benjamin dithered away his early opportunities for an academic sinecure and turned toward journalism and criticism; ever the envious genius, he wanted to start a magazine whose main mission was the "demolition of Heidegger." Yet, armour-plated against actuality by think tanks, academic sinecures and TV gigs, they continue to find eager customers. دفتر هتل یه جور مفت خوری

impermeable

If you have a waterproof raincoat, you could say that your coat is impermeable to the rain. Something that is impermeable does not allow water or liquid to pass through it. Made up of the prefix im-, meaning "not," and the adjective permeable, meaning "allowing to pass through," impermeable is used in much the same way as impervious or impenetrable. However, more so than these words, impermeable is especially associated with liquids and is often used in a scientific or technical context. Some gadgets, like waterproof watches and underwater cameras, are designed to be impermeable. does not allow fluids to pass through بدون نشتی آب

confound

If you have an identical twin, you've probably tried dressing alike so that people confound you with, or mistake you for, one another. You've also probably learned that, unfortunately, this trick doesn't work on your mom. The verb confound means both "to mistake" and "to confuse." If you decide to treat yourself to a delicious dessert, you might find yourself confounded by the overwhelming number of choices. If you end up ordering the chocolate cake but the waiter brings you chocolate mousse, the waiter has somehow confounded those two options. Another meaning you may come across in literature is "to damn," as in "Confound it! You are the most exasperating person on the planet." mistake one thing for another synonyms: conflate, confuse گیج شدن و اشتباه گرفتن

gumption

If you have gumption, you have guts. People with gumption are determined and full of courage — and common sense, too. If you easily give up, and don't have a lot of confidence or smarts, then you are lacking in gumption. It takes gumption to get things done — especially difficult things. Someone who takes risks without being afraid has gumption. Having gumption is like having "chutzpah." We all could probably use more gumption. Like common sense, it isn't that common. synonyms: backbone, grit, guts, moxie, sand But she slumped wherever I put her, with no gumption in her at all. Forced to face her, forced to talk, I felt my gumption rising. "If you'd just show a little gumption, Eugenia—" "Your dress is all dirty on the front." Who's got the gumption to turn a mistake into a masterwork? دل و جرات دار

sangfroid

If you have sang-froid, you can keep your cool, even under stress. Your feathers aren't easily ruffled. This foreign-sounding word is another way of saying "poise under pressure." We borrowed it from French, where it literally means "cold blood." Great athletes who do well in the last two minutes of a game have sang-froid. James Bond definitely has sang-froid. You better have sang-froid when you're taking the SATs. If you're worried, nervous and starting to crack, you've pretty much lost your sang-froid. synonyms: aplomb, assuredness, cool, poise In the second half, as the Rake's decline accelerates, the colours seep away to match the monochrome of the sootily-clad Nick Shadow, played with devilish sang-froid by Matthew Rose. Clinton's blunt charm goes hand-in-hand with an impressive sang-froid, in her telling. In it, she sings, "Please don't mistake me for somebody who cares" with a husky, jazzy sang-froid that calls to mind Billie Holiday. She conveys both the horror of war—the panic, the smell of the bombs and fire, the randomness of who lives and who dies—and the very British sang-froid response. آرام در شرایط سخت

contemptuous

If you insult someone or dismiss them in a hateful way, you're being contemptuous. The difference between being hateful and contemptuous is subtle. It involves disdain. Being contemptuous of someone or something means that you're combining a deep dislike for them with condescension. To insult someone is a good way of showing contempt, i.e., of being contemptuous. "You disgust me," is one of the simplest and most contemptuous things you can say to someone. "You're stupid," is another. If you can think of something that both hurts a person and suggests that you're looking down on them, you've come up with a contemptuous thing to say. تحقیرآمیز

construe

If you interpret something or make sense of it, you construe its meaning. If the new girl in your class asks to sit with you at lunch, you could construe that she wants to be friends. You can never have too many friends! To make an assumption based on evidence is to construe. You could construe that eating an entire box of cookies might make you feel a bit sick. And you might not want to eat them again for a very long time. The opposite of construe is misconstrue, which means to falsely or wrongly interpret. If you get a poor grade on an essay, you shouldn't construe that your teacher dislikes you. If you do, you misconstrue your work for his feelings. synonyms: interpret, see But Curtis refused to even listen to their offer, stating that he would not accept any plan "that might be construed as a pardon of the men on trial." He hated himself for what he construed to be his own cowardice. "He is the King's Justice, after all. Sending other men to do his office . . . some might construe that as a grave insult." Fortunately these were in Italian, and so the obvious boredom of the foreign guests did not need to be construed as impoliteness. تعبیر و تفسیر کردن

slapdash

If you just slapped something together and then dashed when you were done, it was slapdash. The paint job was slapdash: it looked like they did it in an hour, without brushes. The meaning of the word slapdash is clear from its two parts, slap and dash. If you make something in a slapdash way, you slap it together and then dash away — probably so no one would notice. If you want something to look great and last for a long time, then take your time and do it right. If you do it in a slapdash way, you may save time in the short run. But in the long run, you'll lose much more time redoing your shoddy work. carelessly and hastily put together سرهم بندی و ماست مالی

gregarious

If you know someone who's outgoing, sociable, and fond of the company of others, you might want to call her gregarious. The word was originally used to describe animals that live in flocks — it's from the Latin word grex, meaning "herd." Not surprisingly, people began using it to describe humans who liked being in groups. Today biologists still speak of gregarious species, but you're more likely to hear it in reference to people. Despite what you might suspect, it has no historical connection to the name Gregory — but if you know an outgoing fellow with that name, you could call him Greg-arious. Synonyms: social "Usually, I'm not terribly gregarious," she said, and looked over at me to see if I knew the meaning of the word. I discovered a lively and gregarious group of people who did not seem to pay attention to color at all. Daddy's favorite was Walter, the most fun-loving and gregarious of his brothers. There were times when he visited taverns near campus and allowed himself to act gregarious and animated in the manner of younger students اجتماعی و خوش مشرب

sybarite (noun)

If you know someone who's totally addicted to luxurious things and all of life's pleasures, call her a sybarite. Unless she's inviting you over for champagne brunches and showering you with gifts — in which case you should keep your mouth shut. Sybarite was first recorded in the 1600s, meaning a "person devoted to pleasure." The literal translation of this noun is "inhabitant of Sybaris," which was an ancient Greek town full of citizens who loved nice things. Today, the word still has the same two meanings: it's either a person who could be described as addicted to pleasures and luxury (like a hedonist), or an actual person who lives in Sybaris. synonyms: voluptuary But just as Augusta sees the inner sybarite within the dull Henry, Mr. Havergal saw that a timeless, theater-celebrating play might be extracted from Greene's dated novel. At once confessional and curatorial, the book portrays Oswalt as not just a celluloid sybarite, but someone dead serious about the art. It is true they were sybarites and aesthetes. "Fat Cats of the Desert," a gaudy nighttime soap on a more daring channel on the Rotana network, is in its fourth season, and it portrays rich Saudis as decadent, hard-drinking, free-spending sybarites. غرق در تجمل و معتاد به لوکس بودن

intuition

If you know the definition of this noun by quick insight without relying on reason, you know what intuition means! Intuition is a noun whose definition means that someone uses quick understanding to interpret but without using reasoning or perception, a snap judgment. The definition of the word comes from the Latin roots in- meaning "at" or "on" and tueri meaning "look at, watch over." A relative of intuition is tuition, and even though we don't use this particular meaning anymore, it used to refer to having guardianship or custody. If we use our intuition it means that we don't always make the correct interpretation, and in fact, the Australian writer Christina Stead wrote, "Intuition is not infallible; it only seems to be the truth." types: feeling, intuitive feeling But it is difficult to persuade Tobias to do something he doesn't want to do, and even more difficult to justify my feelings with no evidence except my intuition. Sitting together in the clubhouse that afternoon, husband and wife felt a pull of intuition. Guided more by her intuition than by her knowledge of things or by logic, Clara managed to reach her daughter's school without mishap. The intuition underlying moral-uplift strategies is fundamentally sound: our communities will never thrive if we fail to respect ourselves and one another. از روی بینش و بصیرت

desultory

If you lack a definite plan or purpose and flit from one thing to another, your actions are desultory. Some people call such desultory wanderings spontaneous. Others call it "being lost." The adjective desultory comes from the word desultor, which was a circus rider who would leap from the back of one galloping horse onto another. From this literal sense of jumping from one thing to another, we get the modern meaning of desultory as jumping between things without a logical purpose. Synonyms: purposeless She knew she did not bore him, and she buffed or painted her fingernails studiously while he dozed or brooded and the desultory warm afternoon breeze vibrated delicately on the surface of the beach. They talked desultorily for some minutes, then, without apparent reason, a yell from the telescreen bade them be silent. She dragged her feet down the jet bridge, holding my hand and staring at the floor desultorily, until we stepped into the terminal and she caught the scent of Subway. The slates flew off and shattered themselves with desultory crashes. قضاقرطکی باری به هر جهت

mordant

If you like Edgar Allan Poe and "The Addams Family," you have a taste for mordant entertainment — that is, anything particularly grim or dark in nature. The original meaning of mordant (which comes from the Latin word modere, meaning "to bite or sting,") was that of a physical substance that literally bit into something, such as the one used to set dye into fabrics, or etch lines into a copper plate. Now, mordant generally refers to a dark or biting artistic style, sense of humor, or psychological outlook. synonyms: black, grim The clinging, overpowering conviction of death spread steadily with the continuing rainfall, soaking mordantly into each man's ailing countenance like the corrosive blot of some crawling disease. The ocean looked dead too, dead gray waves hissing mordantly along the beach, which was gray and dead-looking itself. It failed to reach Sagane until after the war and was returned years later to Alvarez, who put his signature to it and delivered it again to Sagane as a mordant keepsake. Then I'm going to ignore the long-form/short-form distinction, which allows me to include the mordant, sometimes hilariously disgusting "Robot Chicken" and the whimsical, poetic "Adventure Time." رفتار ناخوشایند و دارک

patronize

If you patronize a business, you shop there regularly. But if someone patronizes you, it's not so pleasant — they talk to you as if you were inferior or not very intelligent. Patronize comes from Latin patronus "protector, master," related to pater "father." So if you patronize a person, you talk down to them like a father might do to his child or a master to his apprentice. If you want to take an advanced class and your advisor warns you of all the hard work, you can tell him to stop patronizing you — you know a hard class involves hard work. This sounds much better than saying, "I'm not stupid!" treat condescendingly synonyms: condescend, patronise به خوبی برخورد کردن با آدم تشویق کردن ریاست کردن

pine

If you pine for someone, you desperately want to see them, be with them, or perhaps smother them with kisses. If you're texting your ex-boyfriend over 50 times a day, there's a pretty good chance that you still pine for him. In Old English, pine meant "to torture or cause to experience pain," which seems quite fitting if you've known what it's like to pine for something or someone. The verb pine should not be confused with the noun pine, as in the evergreen tree. If you are from the Northeast and find yourself living in the Caribbean, you may pine for the sight of a pine tree, but the lovely weather should ease the pain. خواستن چیزی با اشتیاق

briefing

If you plan on going to the briefing at the White House, you'd better bring your audio recorder. These informational sessions can get very detailed, and you'll need to review the audio record. When a lawyer appears before a court, they bring with them a "brief," a detailed explanation of their case that's anything but brief. This brief is a sort of briefing for the judge on the details of the case. Whenever you give someone a detailed explanation or set of instructions about something, it's a briefing. Briefing is the noun form of the word brief. The White House press corps meets in the "briefing room" to get briefed on the news of the president's day. 'I didn't get the briefing, and I'm pretty sure the information wasn't covered in Frank's pamphlet. Could you tell me what's going on here?' "What's the trouble?" inquired Colonel Kom, moving leisurely across the briefing room with his hands in his pockets and his tan shirt baggy. Already, our teams were beginning to prepare briefing books and contact lists for their successors. At midnight, Tibbets gathered his crew for a final briefing on the mission. جلسه کوتاه و مختصر

diligence

If you practice diligence, you are a hard and careful worker. Do you have the diligence to read all the collected works of Henry James? Of course not. Nobody has, but a couple of his early novels won't hurt. Here's a tip: never buy anything big, like a house or a car or a boat, without first exercising what lawyers call "due diligence" — that is, a real degree of care and attention and effort, not to mention a close reading of the small print. Diligence may help you realize the Brooklyn Bridge is not actually yours to buy, or that your potential neighbor has 112 cats living next door type of: conscientiousness, painstakingness Regrettably, the Aryans who invaded India and Persia intermarried with the local natives they found in these lands, losing their light complexions and blond hair, and with them their rationality and diligence. Far from instilling resentment, Martin told her, the patrollers' diligence was a point of pride from county to county. Though she was a rank beneath Lac, she was the perfect combination of diligence, talent, and drive. To hear the girls from the other dormitories tell it, Miss Lucy's diligence put her colleagues to shame. سختکوشی و دقت نظر داشتن

rave

If you rave about a book you just read, you're telling people you think it's great, or you're giving it a rave review. Rave has two levels, one that implies you're very excited about something and the other that you are too excited, so you seem crazy. While raving about a movie means to talk it up, being a raving lunatic means you are engaging in a lot of crazy talk. When you rave about a performance, you talk enthusiastically about it. Take that enthusiastic talking to the next level, and you might be called raving in the crazy sense. synonyms: jabber, mouth off, rabbit on, rant, spout "You did splendidly with Princess Sabine. She's been raving about you." "I thought raving was declared dorky before the end of last century." Everyone raved about this Pennsylvania Dutch specialty, but I thought it tasted gross. "Yeah, him. He was still butthurt about the whole thing, ranting and raving in the streets. So I robbed him again." جار و جنجال به راه انداختن از سر هیجان

rebuke

If you receive a rebuke, it means that you have been reprimanded, or scolded. You're sure to get a rebuke if you forget to do your math homework four days in a row. The word rebuke can be a verb, meaning to sternly reprimand or scold, but it can also be a noun, because a rebuke is the result of being scolded. The root comes from the Old French rebuchier and means "to hack down," or "beat back." A rebuke, then, is meant to be critical and to chide — in today's terms, a rebuke is verbal smack-down! criticize severely or angrily; censure زخم زبان زدن و توبیخ کردن

spurn

If you reject your mother's offer to buy you a pair of lederhosen with a snort and eye roll, you are spurning her generosity. To spurn means to reject with disdain. Originally, to spurn was to kick away. Though it's not used in that context so often anymore, being spurned still feels like a kick in the gut. You can reject someone kindly, or let them down easily, but you can't spurn someone with anything but malice. synonyms: disdain, freeze off, pooh-pooh, reject, scorn, turn down decline, pass up, refuse, reject, turn down

foible

If you repeat foible out loud enough times, it sounds so funny that you can laugh at it and maybe remember to laugh at the odd and distinctive weaknesses of others — the foible or two or a hundred that we all have. Sometimes a foible helps make a person who they are, even if the foible, or weakness ("feeble" is a close relative), is a little odd. Synonyms for foible in a negative sense are "failing," "shortcoming," and in a more positive sense "quirk," "eccentricity." It can likewise be annoying or endearing. Most people have a foible, or idiosyncrasy, that stands out to others, but interestingly, a person rarely sees his or her own characteristic foible. نقطه ضعف و مشکل اخلاقی

effrontery

If you rudely behave as if you have a right to something that you have no right to, you're committing effrontery. When a couple stroll into a crowded restaurant, demand the best table, and threaten the staff unless they're seated right away, that's effrontery. People have been guilty of outrageously self-centered behavior at least since 1715, when effrontery was coined. Tracing to the French word effronté, meaning "shameless," the word effrontery is also connected to brazen, which means "of brass," and describes someone so accustomed to effrontery that he's hardened to it and has no concern for the harm done to others. synonyms: assumption, presumption, presumptuousness In addition, I must devise some means of handling M. Minkoff s latest effronteries. "Louis saw it done repeatedly, and at first was amazed at Burnham's effrontery, only to be more amazingly amazed at the drooling of the recipient. The method was crude but it worked." He was picking people at random now in his fury, punishing innocent people for the dead man's effrontery. That's too bad, because "Cyrus" is more interesting and fun when you're recoiling at the effrontery of its comedy and not its conventionality. برخورد حق به جانب

acerbic

If you say something acerbic, or harshly bitter, to someone, it can leave a bitter taste in your own mouth that lingers, and the acerbic, or acidic, words can eat away at the person on the receiving end too. It is fitting that the first part of acerbic sounds like the first part of "acid," because the Latin source of acerbic is acerbus, "sour-tasting." Acerbic speech is like acid, because it is sour and corrodes, or weakens, relationships. There are ways to use sharp words for humor, and some comedians are known for their "acerbic wit," but just as you would take safety precautions in using acid in a science lab, you should be cautious about using acerbic language in conversation. harsh or corrosive in tone "an acerbic tone piercing otherwise flowery prose" synonyms: acerb, acid, acrid, bitter, blistering, caustic, sulfurous, sulphurous, virulent, vitriolic تن و لحن تلخ و تند گزنده

contrive

If you see something that seems fake since it was too perfectly planned out, call it contrived. If you can easily predict the final minutes of a made-for-TV movie, then call it contrived. The adjective contrived describes something that is artificially planned, especially in an obvious way, so it comes across as faked or forced. It's not just drama that can come off as contrived. Someone's speech habits, wardrobe, or even personality can seem contrived. Whenever someone appears as if he or she is "trying too hard," they might seem contrived, or the opposite of "natural." to pull off a plan or scheme, usually through skill or trickery تدبیر کردن و نقشه کشیدن

sententious

If you speak in sententious phrases, your listeners are probably falling asleep, as your speech is pompous and pretentious, and full of moralistic babble. When sententious first appeared in English — back in the late Middle Ages — it meant "full of wisdom," but now it usually has a negative sense, meaning heavy handed and self-important. The sententious blowhard makes people laugh, and you can probably think of at least three cartoon characters who fit the bill — often a politician or minister who drones on and on, oblivious to the fact that his audience is snickering or trying to sneak out. Synonyms: pretentious Until the beginning of the 18th century, quotation marks were used in England only to call attention to sententious remarks. And the endless iteration of the sententious "we tell ourselves stories in order to live" seems to be a testament to that. "They are," he says, "callow, sententious, moralistic, and full of rubbish." The dialogue is rarely more than functional and occasionally sententious, the lapses into sentimentality are rare, but the coda of the elderly Janusz returning to Poland is probably a mistake. نصیحت آمیز به شکل خسته کننده

adamant

If you stubbornly refuse to change your mind about something, you are adamant about it. This word's story begins in ancient Greece, where philosophers spoke about a legendary unbreakable stone or metal they called adamas (literally, "invincible"). In English, people began to use the word to refer to something that cannot be altered, and then in the twentieth century — after adamant had been in English for about a thousand years — it came to be used as an adjective to mean "unyielding as stone." If you're adamant about something, no amount of persuasion is going to convince you otherwise. تزلزل ناپذیر و یکدنده

archaic

If you use the adjective archaic you are referring to something outmoded, belonging to an earlier period. Rotary phones and cassette players already seem so archaic! The adjective archaic means something that belongs to an earlier or antiquated time. It can also mean something that is outdated but can still be found in the present and therefore could seem out of place. The word comes from archaic (i.e., ancient) Greek, archaikos, and literally means "from Classical Greek culture," though its meaning has broadened as it's been used in English. so extremely old as seeming to belong to an earlier period synonyms: antediluvian, antiquated قدیمی و عتیقه

bellicose

If you walk into a high school where you know no one, find the toughest looking girl in the halls and tell her she's ugly, them's fighting words. Or bellicose ones. Bellicose means eager for war. Bellicose is from Latin bellum "war." A near synonym is belligerent, from the same Latin noun. You may wonder if they're connected to the Latin bellus "pretty, handsome," which gives us the names Bella or Isabella, as well as belle "a beautiful woman." They're not. War and beauty are not related, except in the case of Helen of Troy. having or showing a ready disposition to fight "bellicose young officers" synonyms: battleful, combative تهاجمی و جنگی

fastidious

If you want to describe a person who insists on perfection or pays much attention to food, clothing and cleanliness, the right word is fastidious. Fastidious is a funny-sounding adjective from the Latin fastidium "loathing" that has several equally strange-sounding synonyms — persnickety, fussbudgety, finicky and punctilious. Fussy and hard to please will also do the trick. Fastidious is occasionally used as a compliment to describe someone whose attention to detail gives them good organizing abilities, but it is usually used as a disapproving term. giving careful attention to detail; hard to please; excessively concerned with cleanliness پرفکشنیست

abysmal

If you want to say something is really, really bad — then call it abysmal. If one person shows up to your party, well then that is an abysmal turnout. The 1958 Ford Edsel? An abysmal failure. When someone describes the hole you just dug as abysmal, you may not know whether to take it as positive or negative feedback. That's because starting in the 1650s, abysmal simply meant "resembling an abyss in depth." By that definition you've just received a compliment on your deep digging skills. But since the early twentieth century, abysmal has been more commonly used to identify something as "extremely bad." So it's more likely that your hole has just been insulted. synonyms: abominable, atrocious, awful, dreadful, painful, terrible, unspeakable The pay was abysmal, but the job appealed to Barack's core beliefs. They vary somewhat, but most are on an abysmal scale of 1:100,000, which ludicrously compresses every kilometer of real world into a mere centimeter of map. Obama honored his word following the election, drastically increasing funding for the Byrne grant program despite its abysmal track record. Sometimes, I discover, my favorite subject, which is the abysmal rate of pay, seems to be a painful one. بسیار بد و نادخ

subterfuge

If you want to surprise your mom with a sweatshirt, but don't know her size, it might take an act of subterfuge, like going through her closet, to find it out. Subterfuge is the use of tricky actions to hide or get something. It's pronounced "SUB-ter-fyooj." As a countable noun, a subterfuge is a tricky action or device: She employed a very clever subterfuge to get the information she needed. Subterfuge is from French, from Old French suterfuge, from Late Latin subterfugium, from Latin subterfugere "to escape," from subter "secretly, under" plus fugere "to flee." synonyms: blind Here, there's not even the subterfuge of such a possibility. Perhaps this was the son of one of their friends—but this kind of subterfuge was pretty obtuse, even for them. I remembered Mrs. Van Hopper's warning of the night before about putting myself forward, and was embarrassed that he might think my talk of Monaco was a subterfuge to win a lift. "It shall not be long," said he, "before they discover our subterfuge and send riders after us." مخفی کاری و پنهانکاری نیت

endemic

If you want to underscore just how commonly found and present something is within a particular place, try the word endemic. The saguaro cactus is endemic, or native, to the American southwest — so watch out for its sharp spines when you're hiking in Arizona! Although endemic meaning "prevalent" often describes a plant or disease, it can also refer to something less tangible and more unwanted such as violence or poverty. Many complain of endemic corruption in the local government. Despite its -ic ending, endemic can also be used as a noun to signify a plant or animal that is prevalent in a certain region. If an endemic is brought to another area which it takes over, destroying the local population, it's classified as an invasive species بومی

jubilant

If you were the quarterback that threw the touchdown pass that won the Super Bowl, you would be jubilant: filled with joy. When you feel jubilant, you're full of extreme happiness. Usually people are jubilant after great victories, whether in sports, politics, or life. When you're jubilant, it's a moment of extreme happiness, like giving birth or watching a child graduate. There can also be jubilant songs, jubilant performances, even jubilant periods in history, times when people are especially proud and filled with triumph. The end of World War II was just such a jubilant moment. full of high-spirited delight synonyms: elated, gleeful, joyful, joyous شادمانی به خاطر موفقیت و پیروزی

callow

If you're a rookie or new to something, you could be described as callow — like callow freshmen in high school or the callow receptionist who can't figure out how to transfer a call. The word callow comes from the Old English word calu, which meant "bald or featherless." It was used to describe young, fledgling birds. Over time, the meaning expanded to include young, inexperienced people. You'll most often see the adjective paired with the noun youth. Think of the callow youth as people who haven't tested their wings yet. synonyms: fledgling, unfledged, inexperienced, inexperient I am not a conservative, but one matures and regards some of the views of one's youth as undeveloped and callow. Huple, chewing away on a bulging wad of bubble gum, drank everything in with a callow, vacant expression on his fifteen-year-old face. He would let thee starve and pine — A callow,^ shallow, pampered youth. And Henry, flushed and callow and lean, elegant and thrown wide open, his face always turned toward Alex, his mouth unguarded around a laugh, willing. کم تجربه و خام

inveterate

If you're an inveterate doodler, all your notebooks are covered with drawings. If you're an inveterate golf player, you probably get twitchy if you haven't been out on a course in a week. Inveterate comes from the Latin root for "old," and it describes old habits. In Middle English the word was associated with chronic disease. Now it simply refers to something that is a signature habit with a person. If you've loved books ever since you were a toddler, and you regularly check out big stacks from the library, you're an inveterate reader. And if you're an inveterate nail-biter, nothing can cure you of the habit. habitual synonyms: chronic همیشگی مزمن و اعتیادطوری

downcast

If you're feeling sad, gloomy, blue, low, grim, depressed, or melancholy, you probably don't care if there could possibly any more synonyms for the way you feel. Rest assured that there are, and one of them is downcast. Downcast most frequently describes a person's mood: downhearted, down in the mouth, down in the dumps, just plain old down. It can also refer to the direction in which something is pointed — down. Your eyes, for instance, gazing downward, are downcast. And many times when your eyes are looking that way, it's because you're feeling that way synonyms: blue, depressed, dispirited, down, down in the mouth, downhearted, gloomy, grim, low, low-spirited She smirked and turned to the younger woman, who was standing by the door, arms folded and eyes still downcast, as if waiting for orders. And Judith, in spite of her downcast eyes, was well aware of this. His gaze barely flickers over me, and I keep my eyes downcast so he won't see how much I'd like to stab him in the heart with my rusty cavalry sword. With eyes for the most part downcast and, if ever they lighted on a fellow creature, at once and furtively averted, Bernard hastened across the roof. حزین و اندوهگین

genial

If you're friendly and outgoing, you're genial. You can be a genial host or a genial guest. This is mainly a word for pleasant kindness. Besides people or animals, climates and weather can be genial, which means they too are warm and sunny — good for growing things. In older literature, genial might have something to do with marriage and family, and sometimes brilliance, as in genius. Those uses are very rare nowadays, as is the sense of genial as having to do with the jaw. These days, warmth and friendliness are the main meanings. خوش مشرب و خون گرم

impartial

If you're in a contest, you'd better hope the judges are impartial. That means that they aren't biased toward one competitor over another. If you're partial to the color green, you love green and wear it all the time. If you're impartial to colors, you don't care what color you wear. To be impartial is to be objective, so you don't mind one way or another how something is going to turn out. It's important for jurors to be impartial when reaching a verdict, rather than allowing biases and preconceptions affect their judgment. free from undue bias or preconceived opinions "the impartial eye of a scientist" synonyms: unprejudiced بدون تعصب

inclined

If you're inclined to do something, you want to do it, you like doing it, and you may even have an inherent talent for doing it. Alternatively, if the sidewalk outside your house is inclined, that means it slopes upward. Inclined means that you're likely to do something, you're leaning toward doing it, or you do it habitually. If you're inclined to eat too much at Thanksgiving, you're not alone. If you're inclined to want to join the Iditarod dog sled race, get a warm jacket. Inclined can also be an adjective describing something that's at an angle. If a ramp is inclined, it's on a slant, sloping up toward something else. Synonyms: apt, disposed, given, minded, tending With the arrival of each dewy new guest, she became more jealous, more inclined to stay close to him. For the supernaturally inclined, the death of the jury foreman alone offered sufficient proof. Olakunde no longer bailed, for fear of the element roiling all around him; he gripped the gunwales and sat inclined as if the dinghy barreled down a slope. I am inclined to think he never mastered it. تمایل به انجام کاری

irascible

If you're irascible, you get angry easily — perhaps blowing up in rage when someone brushes into you. Irascible comes from the Latin root ira, which means "anger" or "rage," the same root that gives us the word ire, "anger." The -sc in the middle of irascible, means "becoming," so irascible doesn't just mean you're angry — it's got action built into it. If you're looking for a fight most of the time, then you're irascible — ready for the spark that's going to set you on fire. synonyms: choleric, hot-tempered, hotheaded, quick-tempered, short-tempered However, all writers about them, from Romans to modern zookeepers, decry their irascible temper and their nasty habit of biting people. That sound—the swift, shocking report of gunfire—called the scattered, irascible, permanently seeking part of his mind into focus like nothing else. He stretched his wings—it was like a huge, irascible yawn—then settled again. While it did not incapacitate the president, it did weaken him and, according to his cabinet, made him even more irascible. راحت عصبانی شونده

obliging

If you're obliging, you're easy to get along with and eager to help. An obliging neighbor, for example, might volunteer to shovel your sidewalk after it snows. The adjective obliging is perfect for describing someone who is especially considerate and helpful. An obliging co-worker will always come to your aid or chip in for donuts, and an obliging roommate will turn off her light when you're ready to go to sleep. The word has been around since the mid-1600s, and it comes from the verb oblige, with its Latin root obligare, which means both "to bind up or bandage" and "to put under obligation or commitment." synonyms: complaisant, accommodating, accommodative But I wanted to leave things in order and not just trust that obliging and indifferent sea to sweep my refuse away. "How do you like Lucas?" he finally says, taking an obliging step back. Though Francis went back to proteins, obliging Bragg by working on his thesis was not to his liking. One thing she was not—ever—was obliging. علاقه به کمک

irrevocable

If you're on a diet but eat one tiny piece of chocolate, it might start an irrevocable slide into bad eating. Describe something as irrevocable if it cannot be undone or taken back. If you break down irrevocable, you wind up with ir "not," re "back" and vocable from the Latin vocare "to call." So if something is irrevocable, you cannot call it back — it is permanent. You must fulfill an irrevocable promise and live with an irrevocable decision. A law is irrevocable if it states within the law that it cannot be nullified. Now that's final! incapable of being retracted or revoked ""firm and irrevocable is my doom"- Shakespeare" synonyms: irrevokable, sealed غیر قابل فسخ قطعی

prone

If you're prone to doing something, it means you're likely to do it, have a habit of doing it, or are susceptible to it. People who are prone to getting the flu every winter should probably get a flu shot in the fall. The second meaning of prone is "lying face down," and the Latin root is pronare, "to bend forward." This is a handy way to remember both meanings: if you tend to wait to start your term paper until the night before it's due, you are prone to procrastination — you bend toward it. If you stay up so late you fall asleep face down in the book, you are now prone at your desk. Synonyms: inclined "Orgy-porgy . . ." Tenderly the deep Voice crooned and cooed; in the red twilight it was as though some enormous negro dove were hovering benevolendy over the now prone or supine dancers. Russell and Piper lie prone at the hole. Lying prone now, he made two fists, set one on top of the other, and rested his chin on the top one. She might be more prone to depression, even long-term. میل و قصد انجام کاری

peripatetic

If you're reading this on a treadmill or while taking a walk, you may know about the peripatetic, or walking, philosopher Aristotle, who taught while strolling with his students. Or, maybe you just like being a peripatetic, a walking wanderer. Peri- is the Greek word for "around," and peripatetic is an adjective that describes someone who likes to walk or travel around. Peripatetic is also a noun for a person who travels from one place to another or moves around a lot. If you walk in a circle, you are peripatetic, or walking, but you aren't a peripatetic, or wanderer, unless you actually go somewhere. synonyms: wayfaring It's the reason the first philosophers were peripatetic. Fischer's assurances notwithstanding, his peripatetic alpine career was rough on his family. Widowed in her mid-30s and childless, she never remarried, pursuing instead a peripatetic, religious life as a guest in convents all over Italy. When Joyce conceived of the central character of "Ulysses," the peripatetic Leopold Bloom, Svevo supplied him not only with a hoard of information about Jews and Jewish practices, but also with a live model — himself. مسافرت با پای پیاده

reserved

If you're reserved, you're the opposite of a loudmouth or a cut-up: you're polite, you have a lot of self-control, and you don't show your feelings. Reserved can also mean "set aside." If your seats at a concert are reserved, that means they're saved for you. If there aren't any reserved seats — if it's all general admission — you should get there early to get a good seat. They sit in the last two rows of the room, the space reserved for Negroes. The East and West Bedrooms on the second floor are generally reserved for the First Family. The last span of every term at the University was reserved for admissions exams. Tomorrow is dress rehearsals; Saturday morning is reserved for a light run-through before the show, which starts promptly at seven p.m. کم حرف و خوددار

sanguine

If you're sanguine about a situation, that means you're optimistic that everything's going to work out fine. Sanguine is from Latin sanguis "blood" and originally meant "bloody" — in medieval medicine it described someone whose ruddy complexion was a sign of an optimistic outlook. That was back when people thought that "bodily humors" like blood were responsible for your attitudes. Now that we no longer believe in humors, sanguine has settled down as a fancy way to say someone is cheerfully confident. Experts are frequently described as feeling sanguine about a political or economic situation — or not sanguine, if they think we're going to hell in a handbasket. Synonyms: optimistic, expecting the best in this best of all possible worlds He reported that Lord Dunmore expresses none but the most sanguine expectations of our future success, though he admits that the setbacks of the late battle were great. But Ifemelu was full of sanguine expectations for The Small Redemptions of Lagos, with a dreamy photograph of an abandoned colonial house on its masthead. It wasn't Lyra's way to brood; she was a sanguine and practical child, and besides, she wasn't imaginative. In writing his letter to this new Lord Cheldthorpe, 03-01 seemed most sanguine about the prospects of His Lordship's acquiescence and imminent financial gain. خوشبینی

misogynist

If you're someone who believes women belong in the kitchen and shouldn't be accorded the same respect as men, you might be a misogynist. A misogynist is a person who hates or doesn't trust women. Misogynist is from Greek misogynḗs, from the prefix miso- "hatred" plus gynḗ "a woman." The English suffix -ist means "person who does something." The prefix mis-, a variant of miso- before a vowel, appears in the opposite term misandrist, which is a person who hates or doesn't trust men. The corresponding nouns are mysogyny and misandry. synonyms: woman hater Elsewhere, the intemperateness of her takedowns of misogynist rap videos, and of the fairytale of The Ugly Duckling, is funny and bracing. Without Bromden's vision, the story is less a social commentary, less an anti-establishment call to arms, and more a misogynist fantasy of rugged individualism. But Sean is obsessed with more than just finding his mother's killer: He's also on a mission to finish off every misogynist in the five boroughs. The entire episode is interspersed with white men in front of brightly colored backgrounds looking directly at the camera and voicing racist, misogynist and often frightening comments. زن ستیز

mettlesome

If you're spirited and brave, you're mettlesome. It takes a mettlesome person to hike the Appalachian Trail all alone. The adjective mettlesome is a great way to describe someone who's full of pride or courage — although it's also an old-fashioned, somewhat literary way to do it. Many classic children's books feature mettlesome main characters, like Huckleberry Finn and Ann of Green Gables. Though it sounds a bit like the nosy word meddlesome, mettlesome is rooted instead in mettle, "the stuff of which someone is made." Synonyms: spirited Two mettlesome productions from feminist-leaning companies are pondering hard realities in the lives of modern women. And Juliet's mettlesome temper became the engine that fueled the drama, above all in Act III, in which she seldom leaves the stage. "Take care of my toes, master," exclaimed a stout citizen; "your horse is mettlesome." For a week did this mettlesome bird lift up his voice above all the meaner roosters on the hill; but one morning there was an ominous silence about the precincts where he was quartered. شجاع دل

trenchant

If you're trenchant, it means you think or say smart, sharply worded things that cut right to the heart of the matter. A trenchant observation is one that makes people scratch their chins thoughtfully, or wince with embarrassment for whomever you're talking about, or both. The word trenchant originates from tranchant, which in French means "sharp" or "cutting," and it's related to the word trench, which originally meant a line carved in wood and later came to mean a ditch carved into the earth. The word is often used to describe political commentary or cultural criticism. One person known for her trenchant wit was the author and critic Mary McCarthy, who once said of the writer Lillian Hellman, "Every word she writes is a lie, including the 'and' and the 'the'." having keenness and forcefulness and penetration in thought, expression, or intellect synonyms: searching, intelligent synonyms: hard-hitting "Death is often the point of life's joke," is one character's trenchant bon mot in a novel that is itself a cruel and brilliant extended joke. That's the cadence of one of his most trenchant riffs, forming the backbone of the bridge to classic-period Yes' biggest hit, "Roundabout." It's a great, trenchant piece of writing, irresistibly insistent in its repetitive accusations. The catalogue is a far more trenchant document, with discussions of Dante and Derrida, an analysis of art, capitalism, utopia and the end of the Cold War, immigration and purgatory, South Africa and apartheid. تیز و برنده و قاطع

boorish

If your cousin tells revolting jokes, belches, and smells like he spent the winter in a cave, he could be described as boorish — an adjective used for people with bad manners and a sloppy appearance. We almost always use the word boorish for men. This may be because it can be traced back to a 13th century word for "herdsman." Herdsmen spent a lot of time alone with their sheep, sleeping in tents, and cooking over open fires, so it was no wonder that they didn't have the same refined manners as city folk. If someone offends you by acting boorishly — say, by cutting you off in traffic — you could exclaim, "What a boor!" Just don't confuse boor with bore: bad manners may be offensive, but they're rarely boring. synonyms: loutish, neandertal, neanderthal, oafish, swinish This action on my part led to a rather loud and defiantly boorish roar of protest from the collective workers, who began to regard me with sullen eves. One imagines a lot of guffawing from his drunken, boorish guests. They just freeze until the noise subsides—what else are you going to do when your audience acts boorish?—then pick back up with the dialogue. An attractive but boorish man sits sprawled on the sofa, his shirt untucked, a beer in his hand. رفتار پر ایراد و بی نزاکتی

heretic

If your friend became interested in Hinduism, with its many gods and rituals, her Catholic mother might be worried that her daughter was a heretic, or a person whose religious beliefs are in contrast to the fundamental beliefs of her church. The noun heretic is mostly used in a religious context to talk about someone whose actions or beliefs act against the laws, rules, or beliefs of some specific religion. However, heretic can also be used in a non-religious way to mean "someone whose ideas go against the norm." Say your regular hangout is a cowboy honky-tonk and most of your friends play in country bands; you might be considered a heretic if you announced that your favorite kind of music is actually opera. synonyms: misbeliever, religious outcast "You'd be burned alive. So don't repeat them. And if you said I spoke them, I'd denounce you for a liar and a heretic. " "Really? What am I going to say now? He winks at me. "You think I'm a brute, a heretic, a—" "A crackpot," I complete for him. Polytheism is inherently open-minded, and rarely persecutes 'heretics' and 'infidels'. I sat there feeling myself a heretic, believing only in this one-shot life and the body. ملحد و مرتد

nonchalant

If your friend is acting cool, unconcerned or in an indifferent manner, call him nonchalant — like when he saunters by a group of whispering, giggling girls and just nods and says, "Hey." If you act nonchalant, you are literally acting cool, as nonchalant traces back to non- "not" and Latin calēre "to be warm." Isn't that cool? Sometimes, a nonchalant person acts indifferent or uninterested, but really cares very much. If you give a girl a nonchalant smile, you definitely want her to notice you! Even though it begins with non, nonchalant has no positive form — chalant is not a word. synonyms: casual, insouciant But Mom acted like her normal self—nonchalant in the face of adversity. Despite the surveillance, Kamen remained imprudently nonchalant about his social activities. "Sounds pretty sweet," I said, trying hard to sound nonchalant. Bloom waved a hand carelessly, trying to seem nonchalant. راحت کژوئال و کووووول

expound

If your grandmother's handwritten pie recipe calls for "some sugar," "plenty of butter," and "sliced apples," you might ask her to expound by adding measurements of how much of each to use. When you expound, you explain or provide details. Expound came into English from a 14th-century French word espondre meaning "to elaborate" or "put forth." Often when you expound something you are clarifying or giving the particulars. A more formal way to expound is to offer exposition, often going line by line to explain precise meanings in a text or legal document. add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writing synonyms: dilate, elaborate, enlarge, expand, expatiate, exposit, flesh out, lucubrate شرح و تفصیل دادن

piddling

If your part time job pays badly, you might describe your income as piddling, or insignificant. Why does English have so many words for suggesting that something is contemptibly small? The adjective piddling is a favorite choice when sums of money are concerned; a more dignified, but no less contemptuous word, is paltry. Piddling comes from piddle, which has changed in meaning over the years — in the early 1600's it meant "pick at one's food," while by the late 1700's it meant "to urinate." synonyms: fiddling, footling, lilliputian, little, niggling, petty, picayune, piffling, trivial Nothing else to do with their lives, piddling away their lives. A minor local celebrity who believes himself destined for much better things, he resents his piddling assignment to report on the Groundhog Day celebration in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. "I'm this piddling producer guy, and Tommy's giving me a bear hug, and I felt important," he says. Such work is necessary, and the more necessary a labor is, the farther from piddling it becomes. بخور نمیر، کم و ناچیز

exegesis

If your teacher gives an explanation of a difficult text you are reading, she is giving you an exegesis on it. An exegesis is a critical look at a text. Exegesis comes from the Greek word for interpret and it's often used in connection with the Bible. Often times, religious rules are based on an exegesis of a text. For instance, some Jewish people do not eat meat and dairy in the same meal based on an exegesis of a law in the Torah that says you should not eat a calf cooked in its mother's milk. type of: interpretation This is all quite fascinating, but over the next six pages the paragraphs jump around between descriptions of the Cossacks' way of war and still more exegesis of Clausewitz. As Martin J. S. Rudwick puts it, "No geologist of any nationality whose work was taken seriously by other geologists advocated a timescale confined within the limits of a literalistic exegesis of Genesis." As far as the author of "Great Expectations" is concerned, such a presentation — even from a former president of the United States, in biblical exegesis mode — simply won't do. The text paintings in Mel Bochner's latest show, "Voices," are big, colorful and, with the exception of a hand-lettered but breezy philosophical exegesis of what Cézanne meant by "truth in painting," made with stamps. تفسیر منتقدانه

apotheosis

If your teacher says the term paper you handed in last week is a work of genius that sets a new gold standard for the school, he's telling you your work is the apotheosis of term papers. The epitome. Perfection. Hidden in the middle of apotheosis you'll find the Greek theos, meaning god. (Theology, the study of religion, has the same root.) Combine theos with apo "from" and you get a person, place, or thing that is so out-of-this-world amazing that it seems as if it's "from God." It's divine. You could make the assertion that Leonardo da Vinci was the apotheosis of genius and that the Mona Lisa is the apotheosis of all his paintings. synonyms: Ideal, nonesuch, nonpareil, nonsuch, paragon, saint The apotheosis of Obama's providential oratory was his election night speech in Chicago. In the midst of the excitement of the family the scandalization of Úrsula, the joy of the people cramming the street to watch that apotheosis of squandering. Gray-faced and fiftyish, she must be the apotheosis of "servant leadership" or, in more secular terms, the vaunted "feminine" style of management. For this master collaborator, the power lies partly in artists recognizing art, which is perhaps why "Love Focused Like a Laser" felt neither conceptual nor cool, but more like an apotheosis of earnest community theater. فلان چیز خداست

refractory

Imagine yourself pulling a dog who doesn't want to walk. The dog is refractory, or stubbornly resisting your authority. The word refractory comes from a Latin word meaning "obstinate" and can also be used to mean "not responsive to something." If you have a cold you can't shake, you could say you have a refractory cough. The word can also be used to describe a material that maintains its strength at very high heats. The outside of a space shuttle is made of refractory material, so that it can reenter the atmosphere without burning up. stubbornly resistant to authority or control "a refractory child" synonyms: fractious, recalcitrant, disobedient مقاومت در برابر کنترل

withstand

In the story of the three little pigs, only the house made of brick was able to withstand the huffing and puffing of the Big Bad Wolf. To withstand is to hold up against something strong. Withstand means to stand your ground against a powerful and negative force. A lot of toys can withstand rough treatment, but CDs definitely can't. And hopefully, you can withstand the pressures of school and work! If you can withstand a lot of criticism, it means you can take it without giving up. synonyms: hold out, resist, stand firm But the king was unable to withstand the firepower of the British and eventually surrendered his kingdom. Fleming and Smith withstood the onslaught in good style, particularly Fleming, who, wearing a bold red tie and an abiding smile, endured Shultz with gentlemanly resignation. I remembered the words of the prophecy: The Titan's curse must one withstand. There would be shame and there would be pity, and Lexie knew she was not equipped to withstand either one. مقاومت کردن و ایستادگی

contrition

In the truest sense, contrition is feeling sorry for committing a religious sin and being scared about the consequences. But anyone can feel general contrition for something they've done wrong. Contrition is a strong, powerful feeling that people get when they've done something wrong. Originally, this feeling came from having sinned and a fear of going to hell for it. But over the years, the idea of contrition has gotten broader. Anyone can feel contrition if they do something wrong, whether it's a tiny thing like littering or a huge thing like murdering. If you did wrong and feel bad about it, you're feeling contrition — you're contrite. sorrow for sin arising from fear of damnation synonyms: attrition, contriteness عذاب وجدان

inanity

Inanity is complete nonsense. You may be a huge fan of an action movie, but the inanity of its sequel means you're likely to skip the third and fourth installments. A lot of what passes for comedy on TV is really just inanities: foolish characters in ridiculous situations. And while one political figure makes meaningful speeches that truly inspire you, another tends to spout inanities. An earlier definition of inanity was "emptiness," from a Latin root meaning "empty or useless." During the 18th century, the word came to mean "empty of intelligence, or silly." synonyms: mindlessness, pointlessness, senselessness, vacuity They were exchanging inanities about the size and terrors of New York, but my body knew that the conversation was about something far more threatening. But she was miserably nervous too, incapable of stepping around the inanities. The language ranges from Victorian pastiche to modern vernacular and inanity. However, she rarely shows the native wit that tempers Truffaldino's inanity. کاملا بی معنی و بی فکر

incense

Incense means both "to make angry" and a stick that burns slowly and emits a strong smell. If your new college roommate burns incense in your tiny dorm room, you might get incensed and storm out. How can a word that means a substance that is burned for its sweet odor come to mean "make very angry"? Both have to do with the idea of burning, and the Latin root incendere, "to set on fire." A stick of incense must be lit, or set on fire to release its smell. When you are incensed by something, such as your teacher slamming you with homework on the night of the prom, you feel like you are burning with anger. synonyms: exasperate, infuriate She lit the kerosene lantern while I made the fire, then she burned some sweet incense. Usually the air was scented with jasmine incense, but all the burners were empty. They were flanked by three incense burners whose basins were surmounted by animals nearly alive in their detail—roaring lion, fierce dragon, wise tortoise. Mother was never stingy about burning incense for Father. خشمگین کردن

inchoate

Inchoate means just beginning to form. You can have an inchoate idea, like the earliest flickers of images for your masterpiece, or an inchoate feeling, like your inchoate sense of annoyance toward your sister's new talking parrot. Inchoate comes from a Latin word for beginning. When something is inchoate, although you don't yet understand what it is fully, you have a strong sense that it is indeed coming. It's stronger than the wisp of an idea that never turns into anything. But it's hard to really find the language to describe an inchoate idea. That's the whole point: you don't have the words for it yet! synonyms: incipient It competed against the inchoate mob howl and the rhythmic cries of the Fundie claques that formed mob-islands within the mob. He mumbles a few inchoate phrases to someone who is not there. All over the inchoate solar system, the same was happening. Feelings of contempt born of inchoate, unacknowledged fear—civilization's fear of nature, men's fear of women, power's fear of powerlessness. خام و تازه خلق شده

inclement

Inclement usually refers to severe or harsh weather that is cold and wet. When packing for a trip to the Caribbean bring tank tops and shorts, but don't forget a raincoat in case of inclement weather. This adjective can also refer to a person or action that is harsh and unmerciful. Inclement is from a Latin root formed from the prefix in- "not" plus clemens "clement." This English adjective clement can mean either mild or merciful; the more commonly used noun clemency can mean mildness or mercy. Synonyms: intemperate At that hour of the morning there was not a soul on the wooden platform, its roof eaten away by inclement weather and ants. The screening, originally set for Thursday, was rescheduled because of inclement weather. ASK TO BE REBOOKEDIf your flight is canceled because of inclement weather, don't wait for your airline to reschedule. True to her word, inclement weather — and a voice worn down by her first headlining tour — would not stop Cara, who captivated a youthful crowd with an hour of new-school, blue-eyed soul. هوای نادخ و نامعتدل

ineptitude

Ineptitude is a lack of skill, ability, or competence. A doctor would prove his ineptitude at practicing medicine if he mistakenly removed a patient's spleen instead of his kidney. Ineptitude and incompetence are synonyms to describe people who have absolutely no idea what they're doing. It's definitely not a quality you'd want in a pilot, who might prove his ineptitude by sending a plane full of passengers hurtling to the ground. Ineptitude also isn't a good quality to have in fields like medicine, where even one careless mistake could be life-threatening. synonyms: awkwardness, clumsiness, ineptness, maladroitness, slowness Raskin played in his high school band—clarinet, trombone, and drums "with equal ineptitude," he wrote. Uncle just snorted, convinced that it was part of the general ineptitude of the deities who were in charge of the universe. The Permian fans got tired of the incessant whining of the Odessa High fans, of hearing that the Bronchos' ineptitude on the football field was always somebody else's fault. "Here is where you stop regaling me with tales of your ineptitude and surprise me?" asked Boo hopefully. بی کفایتی

ingenuity

Ingenuity is the ability to think creatively about a situation or to solve problems in a clever way. If you want to build a boat out of toothpicks and yarn, you'll need a lot of ingenuity. The Latin word for "mind, intellect" is a root of ingenuity, and it takes a bright and fast-thinking intellect to use ingenuity in a situation. Athletes show ingenuity all the time, finding exciting ways to outwit their opponents and to achieve victory. Master criminals rely on their ingenuity in order to evade the law when they are chased. Ingenuity is all about imagination, and an imaginative mind knows that every obstacle can be overcome with a little ingenuity. the power of creative imagination synonyms: cleverness, ingeniousness, inventiveness داشتن هوش و خلاقیت

insouciance

Insouciance is a feeling of careless indifference. There's a certain amount of lightheartedness in insouciance, but rather than merely being cheerful, someone with insouciance truly couldn't care less. Insouciance has roots in the French in, meaning "not," and se soucier, meaning "to care," giving the English word its "uncaring" meaning. Insouciance can be a positive state — like the childlike insouciance you feel when you are watching cartoons instead of paying your bills. However, insouciance is not always so sunny. Young voters are often accused of treating the right to vote with insouciance, meaning they just can't be bothered. type of: blitheness, cheerfulness He tried to tighten up his face into a mask of insouciance, worldliness, and control. Part of his allure, in addition to his super-sized musical intelligence, is his apparent lack of self-doubt, which reveals itself as a dangerous compound of passion, focus and bloody-minded insouciance. American insouciance melts Russian sanctimony in Arthur Freed's 1957 production "Silk Stockings," the jauntiest of Cold War movies. A young trumpeter who's equal parts insouciance and fleet command, Croker recently unveiled a new ensemble: the Big Brother Big Band. بیخیالی و دل نگران نبودن

insular

Insular means "having a narrow view of the world," like insular people who never leave their small town, which enables them to believe that every place in the world is the same and the people are all just like them. The adjective insular comes from the Latin word insula, which means "island." Perhaps less so in our current age of technological and relatively easy travel, island life can still be separated from the rest. That's why insular can mean "isolated from," like if you grew up in a big city then visited a rural place, you may be surprised that stores close early. Such an experience will help you expand your insular views. synonyms: parochial He knows that that sort of insular passion can't be sustained. That was the insular world I lived in." Their world was insular, away from the real world that I was running from. She paused, thinking of their lonely house on top of the hill, her basement bedroom, her parents' insular lives. تنگ نظری و جزیره ای

intransigent

Intransigent means inflexible, stubborn, entrenched. Argue all you like with an intransigent three-year-old. He will never back down from the position that he wants the lollipop NOW. Trans has to do with movement — think transportation, or a package in transit, i.e. "on the way." The in- of intransigent means "not," so something or someone who is intransigent is not moving. If one political party wants to raise funds to improve schools but the other is intransigent on the subject of higher taxes, the debate will get nowhere. synonyms: adamant, adamantine, inexorable Virginia's resistance to the ruling would, over time, be more intransigent and longer lasting than that of any other state. In fact, the most intransigent got fed "the loaf" for the first few days. In refusing to do so he was simply being greedy, intransigent and ruled by unfounded fears and mistaken beliefs. Scientists from Indiana University found a possible way to treat intransigent neuropathic pain — the kind produced by nerve damage — by using a molecule that enhances the effects of endocannabinoids. غیرمنعطف و کله شقی

invective

Invective is harsh, abusive language, like "you dirty rotten scoundrel." I'm sure you can think of harsher and more obscene examples, but we won't get into them here. Invective comes from the Latin for "abusive." It kind of sounds like a harsh word, actually, with those sharp, dagger-like V's. People usually put a colorful verb or phrase before it. Some examples: "She spewed invective," "She hurled invective," "She burst forth into invective." You can follow it with a phrase like, "picking up her plate and throwing it across the room." synonyms: vitriol, vituperation Cicero's gift for invective was as important then as it is to speakers today. Cora heard her going about her duties, sighing to herself and muttering invectives toward her absent employers. Dad's mood was contagious, and soon the mates were as dogmatic and as full of invective as he, when dealing with the sneaking pickpockets and rum-palsied derelicts who were their subordinates. As they hurled invectives, they barely looked at each other. فحش و فضاحت دادن

irresolute

Irresolute describes someone who feels stuck. A decision must be made, a plan acted on, but the irresolute person just doesn't know what to do. Resolute describes certainty. When someone is resolute, things get done: plans are made and carried out. But add the prefix ir to resolute and you get its opposite. An irresolute person isn't necessarily a slacker — he or she just doesn't know what to do. Maybe it's confusion. Maybe it's a matter of waiting for better information to come along. Either way, if someone is irresolute, you'll need to be patient — or willing to nudge him or her into action. مردد در تصمیمگیری

inkling

Is someone yapping on and on and you only have the vaguest idea of what they're talking about? Then you understood just an inkling — a glimmer, a fraction — of what they were saying. Inkling can also mean a sly suggestion or faint implication. If someone drops a hint you're not wanted they've given you an inkling you're not wanted. The word comes from the medieval English word inclen, which suitably enough means "to utter in an undertone." In other words, what's really being said is in between the lines of what's actually being said on the surface. By now you've probably got the inkling that inklings can be sneaky things. synonyms: glimmer, glimmering, intimation That made me abandon any inkling of escaping. I got some inkling of this from Anatole long ago, I suppose, when he explained why he translated Father's sermons. The beginnings of an idea scratched at the back of his skull, an itch, the barest inkling. Looking at the block, we may get some inkling of Michelangelo's difficulties here. درک و فهم اولیه و کلی یه پیشنهاد ریز

lethargy

Is your pet slug always this comatose, or is this display of lethargy unusual? The word lethargy describes inactivity or a lack of energy. Lethargy comes from the Greek lethargos, originally meaning "inactive through forgetfulness." Somewhere along the way, the word lost the implication of "forgetfulness" and just ended up hanging around in bed all day. Still, lethargy doesn't necessarily imply laziness; it can be brought about by illness and may also describe a lack of strength. Other lethargic nouns include torpor, sluggishness, and languor. synonyms: flatness, languor, phlegm, sluggishness In fact, I'm a model patient, my lethargy taken for restraint, obedience to the doctors' orders. Nor will certain ideas forget me; they keep filing away at my lethargy, my complacency. A deep, heavy fog of lethargy washed over me, and my eyes closed without my permission. As usual, it's the thought of Prim's anxious face as she watches me on the screens back home that breaks me from my lethargy. بی حالی و کم انرژی بودن

vindictive

It is no fun hanging out with vindictive people, who are forever out to get back at people they think have hurt them. If you forget to say hello to them one day in the hall, they will carry a grudge against you into next week. Vindictive is often paired with mean, as in "the atmosphere of the cheerleading squad at my new school was vindictive and mean and I wanted nothing to do with it." Vindictive rumors show a spirit full of revenge. Vindictive is from Latin vindicta "revenge." The related Latin verb vindicare has the very different meaning "to defend or clear someone from guilt," and this is the source of the English verb vindicate. انتقامجو

diatribe (noun)

It's pretty overwhelming when you ask your friend a seemingly innocuous question, like "Do you like hot dogs?" and she unleashes a diatribe about the evils of eating meat. A diatribe is an angry, critical speech. This noun has its roots in the Greek diatribē, "pastime or lecture," from diatrībein, "to waste time or wear away," combining dia-, "thoroughly," and trībein, "to rub." So the origin of the word diatribe is connected to both serious study and the spending or wasting of time. With most diatribes, the speaker thinks he's well informed and knows something the listener doesn't, while to most listeners the diatribe is so angry and unhinged that it's just a waste of time. synonyms: fulmination She listened to my diatribe, her expression purposefully blase. Her arms were folded, her lips were pursed, and she seemed to be chewing her tongue, as though biting back the furious diatribe she longed to throw at Harry. Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire The teacher continued her diatribe and I settled back, bathing in the subtle beauty of each new curse and insult. Her mother told her not to worry and launched into a diatribe about the medical technologies of the seventies until Alma interrupted her. انتقاد تند، زخم زبان

jargon

Jargon usually means the specialized language used by people in the same work or profession. Internet advertising jargon includes the terms "click throughs" and "page views." This noun can also refer to language that uses long sentences and hard words. If you say that someone's speech or writing is full of jargon, this means you don't approve of it and think it should be simplified. In Middle English, this word referred to chattering, so its origin is probably imitative: it echoes the sound of chatter or meaningless words. synonyms: argot, cant, lingo, patois, slang, vernacular زبان تخصصی

jingoist (noun)

Jingoists really dislike people from outside their own borders. Jingoism is an extreme form of patriotism that often calls for violence towards foreigners and foreign countries. Patriotism — a love for one's country — can, in certain cases, turn nasty and go beyond wishing for the welfare of one's own homeland. That's when a patriot becomes a nationalist. From there, it's only a short step to becoming a jingoist, one who not only waves the flag of their country but believes that all other people are threats and should be treated as such. An obvious example of a jingoist was Adolf Hitler, who stirred up fear and anger towards outsiders that led to world war...and much worse. synonyms: chauvinist, flag-waver, hundred-percenter, jingo, patrioteer Amid this jingoist spirit, it would be easy to overlook a tiny show that opened Wednesday at Scandinavia House in Midtown to cheer the fashions of Sweden. The Last Night now splits audiences, with some seeing it as a harmless piece of fun that is wildly popular with audiences, and others criticising its apparently jingoist overtones. A jingoist thrust is also evident in the folksy but perhaps inadvertently Surrealist "Singing Wires," a black-and-white 1951 film produced by Farm Journal magazine and viewable on a video monitor. He's no jingoist - this is a man to shrink from bells and whistles - but he is fierce, fuelled by fear and gratitude and guilt. تعصب و میهن پرستی در حد دیگر گریزی

juggernaut

Juggernaut means a massive force. If the army marching into your country is a juggernaut, you're doomed. If you're trying to market a new Cola product, you're up against corporate giant Coca-Cola, a beverage juggernaut if ever there was one. With its roots in Hindi, juggernaut originally referred to a crude statue from which the Hindu god, Brahma, turned into the living god, Krishna. There continues to be a festival in honor of this miracle, in which a statue of Krishna is carted through town. It is said that in times past, devotees would throw themselves under the cart's wheels. synonyms: steamroller He saw a great juggernaut of stars form in the sky and threaten to roll over and crush him. Desperately, I threw myself headfirst into the juggernaut. Miss Montana swept her arm toward the juggernaut on the beach. Each year there was always the dream that this was finally it, the game where the juggernaut of Permian would somehow self-destruct and the sheer emotion of Odessa High would finally prevail. نیروی عظیم منهدم کننده

execrate

Just when you thought you knew every word in the book for hate, here's a new one: execrate. The word means to despise or also to curse. Broken down to its Latin root, the word execrate means the opposite of being sacred or devoted to. When you execrate something, you are cursing it instead of making it holy. The word is not used all that often. If you say to someone, "I execrate you!" they might think you're casting an evil spell on them. Which in a way, by cursing them, you are. synonyms: accurse, anathematise, anathematize, anathemise, anathemize, comminate In a letter quoted by Shapreau, he execrated "the notorious questionnaire" whose inquiries he said included "'Are you of German blood, or kindred race, or non-Aryan?'" He hardly swears, he doesn't mention race, he execrates drink and drug abuse, he talks uncomplicatedly of God, and he promotes family life, albeit by complaining about it fondly. Many Democrats striving to replace President Trump are, while execrating him, paying him the sincerest form of flattery: imitation. Though the Democrats' advantage over the GOP in voter identification is not particularly large — eight points, according to Gallup — 24 percent of Americans now accept the no-longer execrated label "liberal," up seven points since 1992. نفرین کردن از سر نفرت

kowtow (verb)

Kowtow, which describes the act of kneeling and touching one's head to the ground to show respect, used to be a custom in Chinese culture. Now it refers to acting like you're doing that, whether you actually bow or not. Kowtow is derived from the Chinese word k'o-t'ou, which literally means "knock the head." As a verb, kowtow has the sense of "sucking up" or "flattering." Maybe you're wondering when it would be appropriate to kowtow. The answer? When you want to worship, show respect, gain favor, or flatter. You might need to kowtow to your teacher if you failed a test, but if you kowtow to all your neighbor's requests, you might wind up mowing his lawn all summer. synonyms: genuflect, scrape The little girl threw herself on the ground in a trembling kowtow before the beast. They behaved in a way that defines a word I would learn later—kowtow. "And don't expect me to kowtow to you, mortal, just because old Barnacle-Beard is your father." At his glance, Minli shrank to the ground in a humble kowtow. سجده کردن

laborious

Laborious describes something that requires a lot of hard work, such as Victor Frankenstein's laborious undertaking of digging graves to find monster parts. Laborious comes from the familiar word for work, labor, which doesn't veer far from its roots in Old French meaning "exertion of the body," and from Latin "toil, pain, exertion, fatigue." Anything that requires blood, sweat, and tears is laborious, and while it's usually a good thing to work hard, laborious can also describe something over-thought, such as the heavy-handed plot of a bad TV show. Think labor plus boring, said like an old-fashioned English aristocrat: luh-bohr-ee-uhs. synonyms: arduous, backbreaking, grueling, gruelling, hard, heavy, operose, punishing, toilsome I tossed in my sheets and stared at the ceiling, dismayed at the thought of six laborious, interminable nights of yelda until I saw her again. Then he set about the laborious task of transcribing it into code and addressed it in an ordinary envelope to an insignificant part of central London. Many of the animals believed him.Their lives now, they reasoned, were hungry and laborious; was it not right and just that a better world should exist somewhere else? Meanwhile, the soldiers slogged along the banks, a parallel but more laborious course. پر زحمت و پر مشقت

labyrinthine

Labyrinthine is a good word to describe a place that feels like an enormous maze. A new student at a huge, sprawling high school is likely to find the building labyrinthine as she wanders the halls looking for her math class. If you've ever been lost in a hedge maze, you know what a labyrinth is. The adjective labyrinthine describes something that is as confusing, complex, or maze-like as a labyrinth. This could be an actual maze, a city, or even a convoluted idea. The word comes from the Greek labyrinthos, the structure built to contain the mythological Minotaur. In the story, Daedalus did such a good job making the building labyrinthine that he nearly couldn't find his way out. synonyms: labyrinthian, mazy She led me through the curtain into a small interior courtyard, the heart of that labyrinthine structure. In the labyrinthine Ministry the windowless, air-conditioned rooms kept their normal temperature, but outside the pavements scorched one's feet and the stench of the Tubes at the rush hours was a horror. I left the office, ducking through a Troll Hole into the room with the labyrinthine shelves. His mind slid away into the labyrinthine world of doublethink. پیچیده

rakish

Ladies, the rakish fellow you met last night with the suave dance moves, smoothly rehearsed lines, and your number listed as "Goddess #14" in his phone is fine for a flirt, but probably isn't meet-the-parents material. Used as an adjective to describe a dashing ladies' man or a streamlined ship, rakish comes from the fusing of rake + -ish. Don Juan, the famous Spanish nobleman immortalized in 17th century Spanish tales, is the epitome of rakish: stylishly handsome and prone to saucy, fast behavior. Synonyms include charming, flashy, and immoral. synonyms: devil-may-care, raffish The altar wobbled and threatened to overturn and the collection table sat at a rakish angle. Looking around, he winked at Helen, rakish; and when this time she stared stonily down at her near-empty plate, he simply turned and winked once more, at Ralph. How glorious it was, to be so wanted, and by this man with the rakish metal band around his wrist and the cleft-chinned handsomeness of models in department store catalogues. Hair artfully disheveled, grin adorably rakish, dimple bared. جلف و زننده بدکاره

lavish

Lavish means "generous and extravagant" as an adjective and "to give generously" as a verb. If you don't like it when people lavish you with attention, you might appreciate a lavish spread of excellent food instead. Lavish comes from the Old French lavache meaning "deluge, torrent," referring to rain. When you see it, think of a shower of good things coming down on you as you never use lavish with something bad. Didn't your parents lavish you with praise and love when you were small? With lavish as an adjective, you can rephrase that question like this: Didn't your parents offer you lavish praise and love when you were little? synonyms: munificent, overgenerous, too-generous, unsparing, unstinted, unstinting Remnants of the lavish birthday dinner stain its violet folds. The complexity of the interior is matched by its lavish decoration, which incorporates an extraordinary wealth of mosaics and extends to the intricately carved capitals. Campers, Amazons and Lares crowded the mess hall for a lavish dinner. Its lavish ornamentation includes one feature of special interest: the colored marble surfaces of the base and of the quatrefoil within the gable. بسیار بخشنده

laxity

Laxity is a tendency of being too easy-going, or not strict enough. If your teacher doesn't punish her math class for climbing out the classroom windows, she may be accused of laxity. A government's laxity with regulations can result in big companies taking advantage of the situation. Likewise, a babysitter's laxity with his young charges can result in mayhem, or at the very least an extremely late bedtime. A physical kind of laxity is a literal looseness, especially of muscles and ligaments: "If you over-stretch before your run, your muscles' laxity can harm your joints." The Latin root is laxus, "loose." synonyms: laxness, remissness, slackness Then parental laxity is the rule of the day. He twists Ms. Rio's body into shapes that waver and falter with a compelling, melting-into-the-air kind of laxity. In the various versions of "Armida" the East represents guile, laxity and confusion: every force opposing reason and progress. American television is more squeamish about finding the humor in parental laxity and indifference; even "Roseanne" made a point of showing the loving mother beneath the barbs. تساهل و تسامح

vitriolic

Mean, nasty, and caustic as the worst acid, vitriolic words can hurt feelings, break hearts, and even lead to violence. Vitriolic is an adjective related to the noun vitriol — which means a metal sulphate. However, you will most likely NOT hear vitriolic used to describe a chemical reaction. You are more likely to hear vitriolic used to describe caustic words. We've seen some examples in recent political campaigns, and the results are always embarrassing. Avoid using vitriolic language whenever possible, and you will keep your friends — and your dignity. synonyms: acerb, acerbic, acid, acrid, bitter, blistering, caustic, sulfurous, sulphurous, virulent Her resentment surfaced in the form of vitriolic attacks upon your corporate structure." While many references are neutral or full of praise, others are vitriolic or flat-out nuts. "Oh, don't start that again," Major Sanderson exclaimed with vitriolic scorn, and hurled down his pencil disgustedly. His mother doesn't want him fake-dead anymore, though, and he's stopped getting a thousand vitriolic tweets an hour, so he counts it as a win. کلمات تند و آتشین و سوزاننده

saturnine (adj)

Medieval alchemists ascribed to the planet Saturn a gloomy and slow character. When people are called saturnine, it means they are like the planet — gloomy, mean, scowling. Not exactly the life of the party. Saturnine is a word you don't hear often nowadays, though you probably know people with saturnine dispositions. The ultimate saturnine character in literature is Heathcliff — and for clarification's sake, that would be the bitter, brooding, obsessive hero of Wuthering Heights, not the lovably pudgy cat of comic-strip fame. Synonyms: sarcastic The finely chiselled, rather saturnine features and piercing eyes were those of a colonial magistrate rather than a bland television personality. Cattelan himself, tall and saturnine in slim jeans and a salmon-colored shirt, was on hand for last-minute activities on the day before the press opening. A painting known as "The Warrior" depicts a saturnine male figure with lips pulled tightly over his teeth. On one wall is the green, glowing, saturnine self-portrait of Andy Warhol. شوم و تلخ

mendacity

Mendacity is a tendency to lie. Your friend might swear that he didn't eat your secret chocolate stash, but you'll find it hard to believe him if he's known for his mendacity. Anyone in the habit of lying frequently has the characteristic of mendacity. People often accuse government officials of mendacity, or being less than honest. You're bound to get frustrated by the mendacity of your friend who's a pathological liar. Mendacity comes from the Latin root word mendacium, or "lie." Don't confuse mendacity with a similar-sounding word, audacity — which means "fearlessness, daring, or bravery." the tendency to be untruthful Antonyms: veracity تمایل به دروغگویی روده راست نداشتن

droll (adj)

Need a mental picture for the word droll? Think of one of those cute-homely troll dolls — blend those two words together — "doll" and "troll" — and you get droll, a description of a figure that is adorably strange and whimsically cute. The word droll comes from the archaic French word drolle, referring to a jolly good fellow. The French word comes perhaps from the Middle Dutch drolle, or "imp." The word came into English as both noun ("funny person, buffoon") and adjective ("funny, quaint, strange") in the 17th century. Synonyms: humorous, humourous, full of or characterized by humor "It reminds me of a certain snake I knew. A droll fellow, till a mountain fell on him." A natural comedian, he never waited for the laugh that he knew must follow his droll statements. He practiced a droll self-deprecating expression and a halting delivery in front of the bathroom mirror for a while. Every bit of it—its spindly legs, its chronically puzzled expression, its comical oven-mitt antlers—looks like some droll evolutionary joke. مضحک

cursory

No reason to get excited — cursory has nothing to do with bad language. Instead, it means not paying attention to details, like friends who are so busy studying for a test that they only give your new haircut a cursory glance. Cursory dates to the early 17th century, from the French word cursoire meaning "rapid," which comes from the Latin word cursorius, meaning "hasty, of a race or running." Something that is cursory is done quickly. A teacher might take a cursory look at a pile of completed tests, not to grade them, but to see if anyone attempted the bonus questions. synonyms: casual, passing, perfunctory The officer takes a cursory peek inside my lunch bag—the contraband check. Even a cursory look at Levene's proposed structure for DNA disqualified it as a carrier of genetic information. Finally, several months and many letters later, without any fanfare and with just a cursory notification to me, they dropped the entire matter. We were subjected to a very cursory pat-down in the prison lobby by a male officer before being admitted through the barred gate to the main prison area. بی دقتی و سرسری

notoriety

Notoriety is fame you get from doing something bad or being part of a misfortune or scandal. Just remember: Notoriety's not al-righty. Charles Manson earned notoriety for his grisly crimes. In our celebrity culture, it's hard not to think that seizing your 15 minutes of fame is worth the shame of earning it through stupidity, scandal, or evil. (See: people's motives for going on reality television.) We ordinary mortals can comfort ourselves with the knowledge that most people who become notorious fade from the public mind quickly. synonyms: ill fame Each of them was gaining notoriety for understanding how heavy technology use—multitasking—impacted the brain. Each achieved global notoriety, each briefly held the world in his palm—one by using oil as a weapon and the other by using the most unconventional suicide violence imaginable. There was another benefit to notoriety: A well-publicized lawsuit would help Anthony reclaim her position of leadership within the women's movement. As a result, Mariam gained some notoriety among them, became a kind of celebrity. شهرت به خاطر کار بد

obstreperous

Obstreperous means boisterous, noisy, aggressive, defiant. You've probably seen an obstreperous child in the grocery store, pulling away from her mother, screaming at the top of her lungs. If you've been to a large concert where the band doesn't come on stage for hours, you might have been part of an obstreperous crowd: increasingly impatient, with fights breaking out, things thrown up onto the stage, and demands being shouted, "Give us some music before the night is out!" Some people are kind and gentle with strangers, but around their own family turn obstreperous, shouting "You never loved me!" at their mom when she gives them the smaller of two cookies. Synonyms: defiant, noncompliant Fitzsimmons began to wonder if this horse might be just as obstreperous as his sire, only much more cunning in his methods. Merle Tuve, who was still struggling to produce high-energy particles with his obstreperous Tesla coil, saw little practical application for Lawrence's curved variation on a linear accelerator. For thirty seconds, both squadrons whooped and hollered in an obstreperous rally that was becoming more paleolithic in nature in direct proportion to the number of drinks consumed. He ran a squad of obstreperous newsboys, whom he loathed, and who loathed him in return, as was clear by their taunts and practical jokes. غرغر و نق نق با صدای بلند

curmudgeon

Old, cranky, and more than a little stubborn, a curmudgeon is the gruff, grey-haired neighbor who refuses to hand out candy at Halloween and shoos away holiday carolers with a "bah humbug!" As fickle and stubborn as the type of person it describes, curmudgeon comes to us without a history, its origins undisclosed. It was originally believed to have come from coeur mechant, the French phrase for "evil heart," but that theory has been long discarded. Don't worry though, you'll know a curmudgeon when you see one: He'll be ill-tempered and miserly, eager to shake his fist and spout disagreeable opinions. Dad says his uncle was a charming curmudgeon, which I think means grumpy with some niceness thrown in. Sauntering through events, scattering nihilistic musings as if they were breadcrumbs made of poison, the actor finds the wit in negation, the common sense in the curmudgeon. Award-winning author and noted curmudgeon Jonathan Franzen will be taping on "Jeopardy!" Everyone's favorite curmudgeon Sam Biddle weighed in with a Gawker piece titled "The World's Most Famous Musicians Just Hosted a Bonkers Press Conference" in which he caustically observed: پیر بدخلق خسیس

orthodox

Orthodox practices or beliefs are generally accepted as true or correct. If you are an orthodox vegetarian, you never, ever eat meat — not like those people who have fish once in a while. When capitalized, Orthodox is the name of the Eastern Church, originally distinguished by its doctrinal differences from the other divisions of the Christian Church. Orthodox is also the name of the branch of Judaism that strictly follows traditional beliefs and customs, derived from orthodox in the earlier meaning of "strictly observant." conventional, established The gatehouse of the College was just around the corner, and as she said to the golden monkey, it was important to arrive in the orthodox way, no matter how they intended to leave. The pilgrimage to Mecca, known as Hajj, is a religious obligation that every orthodox Muslim fulfills, if humanly able, at least once in his or her lifetime. And at night she cooked these orthodox dishes for Harry and her. Often, they were opposed by orthodox clergy, but were very popular among the laity. عقیده سفت و سخت و متحجر

overweening

Overweening is a negative term meaning arrogant or excessive. People can be described as having overweening pride or overweening ambition. It's too much and not good. Confidence and pride are okay in moderation. Overweening means having too much of it though so that it overtakes the rest of your personality, and not in a good way. If your football team has won every game of the season, they need to watch that they don't become overweening and start playing games as if they have already won. synonyms: uppity The arrogance of that overweening little jerk is simply overwhelming. palate/palette/pallet. Like his father, a high cleric, 8-Deer was trained for the priesthood, but political events and his own overweening ambition stopped him from following that path. For the first time, she displays real assertiveness, if not overweening ambition. What kind of overweening ambition does this reflect? بسیار مغرور و متکبر

palaver

Palaver is a type of empty nonsense or useless talk. During an election year, you might tire of hearing the palaver of politicians. Whether you call it malarkey, hokum, mumbo-jumbo, or truthiness, there are a lot of words for talk that cannot be trusted or believed. Palaver is part of this club. Specifically, palaver tends to be hot air — empty words from a blowhard. Palaver can also be sweet talk — a type of flattery. You can use this word as a verb too: by palavering, you might try to impress someone or get someone to do you a favor. synonyms: blab, blabber, chatter, clack, gabble, gibber, maunder, piffle, prate, prattle, tattle, tittle-tattle, twaddle "It's been quite pleasant, our little palaver, sir," I said. In as much as I'd ever paid attention to veganism, in my mind it was a bit precious and a massive palaver. Those were relatively informal concerts calculated to beat the heat, offering standard and lightish fare, which this genial British maestro introduced with witty palaver — often charming, occasionally tedious. صحبت تند زیاد و پوچ

pauper

Pauper is an old-fashioned word for someone who is poor — really poor, like the paupers described by Charles Dickens or Mark Twain. The noun pauper has been around for over 500 years, but today, the word tends to mostly crop up in literature. If people use it in conversation, they tend to use the word self-deprecatingly. "I'm sorry, I can't afford to go with you to the movies. I'm living like a pauper this week, until I get paid." examples: Lazarus Nina loved luxury and this was expensive—roses and something else, something his pauper's nose didn't recognize. "God sees fit to let something happen to a Malaga pauper, and Phippsburg pays the bill. It's a scandal." After the potter's field and Bush Hill cemeteries were full, they took over the public square nearest Bush Hill and began burying paupers there. It would be just like his father, Martin thought, to comport himself like a pauper while hiding a fortune. فقیر و ندار

hindsight

People who are able to look back on the past and understand what happened have hindsight. If you go skating on a frozen lake and it cracks, in hindsight you'd know you should've paid attention to the giant "danger" sign. Hindsight is like looking behind you to see what just happened (behind sight, get it?). Another way of describing retrospection, hindsight is a useful skill that can be cultivated. Hindsight often refers to a lesson learned from something going wrong. Billy Wilder, the American movie director, once commented wistfully, "Hindsight is always twenty-twenty." It's much easier to see clearly after something happened than before. type of: apprehension, discernment, savvy, understanding But then, I suppose, when with the benefit of hindsight one begins to search one's past for such 'turning points', one is apt to start seeing them everywhere. In hindsight, I'm almost ashamed of how ridiculous my teen dramas were. It is an iron rule of history that what looks inevitable in hindsight was far from obvious at the time. In hindsight, it is extraordinary that Liliesleaf was not discovered sooner. نگاه به گذشته

fickle

People who are fickle change their minds so much you can't rely on them. If your best friend suddenly decides that she doesn't like you one week, and then the next week she wants to hang out again, she's being fickle. Fickle comes from the Old English word ficol, for deceitful. We usually use fickle to talk about people, but it can also be used for abstract things that alternately favor you and abuse you, like the weather. If you win the lottery and then lose everything else in the world that's important to you, fate is being fickle. synonyms: erratic, mercurial, quicksilver, changeable, changeful بی ثبات و دمدمی

mendicant

People who live off begging can be called mendicants. However, you probably wouldn't call your kids mendicants, even though they beg you for stuff, because the word mendicant also implies extreme poverty. The noun mendicant can also refer to a man belonging to a religious order, such as the Franciscan Friars — who do not own personal property but live together in a monastery and survive off alms donated by others. As an adjective, mendicant describes someone who lives such an existence. synonyms: beggar Her villain, Ravana, was recognizable even while he impersonated a mendicant. He became a mendicant and began wandering India, and was "driven mad with mental agonies" over what he encountered: ritual, poverty, disease. At one Swiss hermitage the bearded mechanized mendicant still works. Another minor character is a mendicant who goes around wrapped in hundreds of chains. متکدی و گدا

peremptory

Peremptory comments are like orders. If you say something in a peremptory manner, you want people to stop what they're doing and do what you say. Peremptory comments put an end to a discussion, and that's final! The word peremptory comes from the Latin peremptorius for "decisive, final." Trace it further and find that peremptor means "destroyer," from perimpere for "destroy, cut off." Basically, peremptory commands destroy the conversation. They are given with an air of authority, and they are often barked. In the courtroom, peremptory orders are not open to appeal; they're final. Outside of the courtroom, a peremptory manner is just plain rude. synonyms: autocratic, bossy, dominating, high-and-mighty, magisterial An elderly veteran of the provincial forces in the late war recounted the peremptory cruelties and unmerited debaucheries of his officers in the King's Army, sparing no cruel details of the lash and noose. He was disappointed as he heard the peremptory crunch of Corporal Whitcomb's footsteps recede into silence. In practice, however, peremptory challenges are notoriously discriminatory. For many African Americans, the use of wholly discretionary peremptory strikes to select a jury of twelve remained a serious barrier to serving on a jury. آمرانه بی چون و چرا حرف آخر را زدن

perennial

Perennial typically describes things that are permanent, constant, or repeated. If you fight with your parents every year over whether they really must invite your annoying cousins for Thanksgiving, you could call that a perennial conflict. Arguing with your roommate about who cleaned the bathroom last time might be a perennial argument. There is also a perennial plant, which lasts more than two years and usually reappears each spring, because it produces flowers and seeds from the same root structure. Perennial comes from the Latin perennis, from the prefix per-, "through," plus annus, or "year." Annus is also the source of our English word annual — an annual plant lives only one year or season. همیشگی و ابدی

perfunctory (adj)

Perfunctory means done as part of a routine or duty. If you give someone a gift and they look at it like it's roadkill and say nothing but a perfunctory "thank you," you might not be giving them another one anytime soon. A person who does something in a perfunctory way shows little enthusiasm or interest in what they are doing. Many of our everyday greetings are perfunctory. For example, when we say "Hello" and "How are you?", we usually do so out of habit. Perfunctory is from Latin perfunctus, from perfungi, "to get through with, perform," formed from the Latin prefix per-, "completely," plus fungi, "to perform." synonyms: pro forma The guys were pretty silent except for perfunctory replies to Isabelle's string of inane chatter about which sorority she wanted to join. His words are perfunctory, as if he's speaking to one of his fighters. Not just a perfunctory curling of the lips, but a warm, toothy grin. With the passage of time, as well as a somewhat closed- off memory, I managed to live a perfunctory life. سرسری و از سر روتین و فرمالیته

perquisite

Perquisites are the benefits or "perks" that come along with a job. Free air travel for air hostesses? Free company car for corporate execs? Free pork for politicians? That's right, they're all perquisites. Not to be confused with prerequisite, which happens about ninety-nine percent of the time. A prerequisite is something that must occur before something else can happen. A prerequisite of getting a job, for example, is passing the interview. Of course, for some people to take a particular job, a prerequisite is that there are suitable perquisites or privileges that come with a particular position. synonyms: exclusive right, prerogative, privilege "It's the one perquisite allowed to the host, isn't it, Frank?" There were perquisites, apart from the thrill of shaming a man in front of his family or roughing up an unseasoned buck who squinted at you the wrong way. From housekeeper to hotel manager to police officer, each character knows his or her place and the perquisites and limitations of roles determined by wealth, social status, ethnicity and nationality. Despite his altruism, Mr. Peter is not above some of the perquisites of the rock-star lifestyle. حق ویژه یک گروه

perspicacious

Perspicacious is an adjective that means "shrewd" and "wise." A perspicacious child can't be fooled when her parents try to keep a secret by talking in Pig Latin. The adjective perspicacious is a long word for a short definition: "keen" or "shrewd." This word is descended from the Latin word perspicere, which means "to look closely." In other words, if you look closely at something you are paying attention to it and know it well. A definition of perspicacious that is out of date but still relevant is "having keen eyesight" and people who can see clearly are also aware and attentive! synonyms: sagacious, sapient The Institution congratulates you on your perspicacious find. The device, though, is only one of many pleasingly inspired flights of writerly fancy sprinkled over an evening of perspicacious insights and devastating verbal takedowns. Instead, Paul agrees with the egotistical Holmes that no one is more perspicacious than the detective himself, and so no one else is capable of exploring the darkest recesses of his troubled psyche. From the cat-and-mouse present-day discussions that alternate chapters with the original short stories, we discover that Julia is an unusually perspicacious detective as well as a sharp-eyed editor. متبحر و تیزهوش و زیرک

pith

Pith is the central idea or essence of something. If you're in danger, you could exclaim, "I would greatly appreciate it if someone would provide assistance." Or, you could get right to the pith of your point by shouting, "Help!" In botanical terminology, pith refers to a spongy, central cylinder of tissue found inside the stems of most flowering plants. If you know a lot about plants, that fact should help you remember the primary definition of pith. If not, just take our word for it. You can think about the pith of an argument like the pith of a plant: both lie at the heart or core of something. synonyms: center, centre, core, essence, gist, heart, heart and soul, inwardness, kernel, marrow, meat, nitty-gritty, nub, substance, sum She was tall, dressed in white, wearing a pith helmet with veils that floated across her face, settled around her shoulders, and trailed down her back. Six days later, he peeled away the outer layer of the embryo, as if skinning a cellular fruit, and extracted single cells from the pith of the inner cell mass. The bands' food staple is the sago palm tree, whose core yields a starchy pith when the palm reaches maturity. Small white wings sprouted from his pith helmet. مهم ترین قسمت از هر چیزی (ایده و تجربه)

hyperbole

Praising your favorite sports team is one thing, but if you call the team the most incredible group of humans ever to walk the earth, then you're going overboard and indulging in hyperbole. The hyper- in hyperbole means "beyond," so it's a good sign that the word has to do with going above and beyond what's necessary. Someone who gets hyperactive about something and ends up hyperventilating (breathing too hard) might be prone to the exaggerated style of speaking known as hyperbole. If you find yourself talking about the absolutely best (or worst) thing of all time, it's time to take it down a notch and cut down on the hyperbole. synonyms: exaggeration The remark was probably intentional hyperbole, but I heard it quoted as fact by a number of media people. Although less given to hyperbole than Washington, Du Bois saw Durham in essentially the same positive light after visiting there less than a decade later. Line three is also an instance of hyperbole. It was a contest in hyperbole and carried on for no other reason. اغراق و مبالغه

precipitate (verb)

Precipitate usually means "bringing something on" or "making it happen" — and not always in a good way. An unpopular verdict might "precipitate violence" or one false step at the Grand Canyon could precipitate you down into the gorge. Precipitate, as a verb, can also mean specifically, "to fall from clouds," such as rain, snow, or other forms of precipitation. When used as an adjective, precipitate means "hasty" or "acting suddenly." If you decide to throw your class project in a trash masher just because someone in your class had a similar idea, then your actions might be described as precipitate. Or if you do that sort of thing regularly, you may be a precipitate person. type of: effect, effectuate, set up The added depressive effect of the organic phosphate may then be enough to precipitate acute symptoms. Others were thought to be precipitated by episodes of blood loss. Unable to glide smoothly through capillaries and veins, sickled red cells jammed into microscopic clots throughout the body, interrupting blood flow and precipitating the excruciating pain of a sickling crisis. His father tried, ineffectually, to intervene, but this time Moni was beaten up viciously, with a gashed lip and a wound in his forehead that precipitated a visit to the hospital. باعث شدن به شکل منفی، اتفاق افتادن، تصمیم یهویی

internecine

Prepare yourself, because internecine is a gloomy word. It's an adjective you'd use to describe a bloody battle where both sides are badly hurt. On a lighter note, it can also mean a conflict that tears an organization apart. A combination of the Latin inter- ("among") and necare ("to kill"), internecine conflicts are full of blood and death, and they end up destroying everyone involved, which sounds fair but also awful. Many wars are internecine, as are most Shakespearean tragedies and Hollywood action films. An internecine meeting would be one where everyone gets mad, says really horrible things, and then suddenly leaves, plotting revenge. It's probably the last meeting for that group, which might be a good thing. Synonyms: internal The mindless contents of commercial television and the integuments of international crisis and internecine warfare within the human family are the principal messages about life on Earth that we choose to broadcast to the Cosmos. Along the way, there is internecine strife between the gods and some flying Hell's Angels, the magnificently apocalyptic Valkyries. And he cut a much more easygoing figure than his bandmates, who despite their fraternal stage names were notorious for internecine feuds. Instead it's a wildly prismatic riff on existential identity, the patriarchy, internecine attraction/repulsion and more. تعارض درون سازمانی

preternatural

Preternatural describes something that seems oddly abnormal and out of sync with everything else. If you hear a preternatural dog's barking, maybe it sounds like a police siren instead of a howl. Note that preternatural contains the word natural. Preter comes from the Latin word praeter which means "beyond"; so something preternatural is beyond nature. It is less commonly used than unnatural or supernatural but means the same thing. If you lift a truck off the ground and hold it above your head, people will marvel at you and say you have preternatural strength. synonyms: nonnatural, otherworldly, transcendental Two prospectors in partnership discover a mine of preternatural richness—of gold or diamonds or rubies. There was a preternatural hush all around the room. She sensed it, a preternatural stillness, and held hers, too. The victims are werewolves, and the two suspect that someone is targeting the preternatural. غیر طبیعی

prevail

Prevail means to successfully persuade someone of something. If you were a Presidential advisor and you convinced him to make a National Day of Pet Appreciation, then you prevailed upon him to recognize pets. Prevail can be used for different kinds of success. If you prevail upon someone, you have influence on them. If you prevail over someone, you win. Say you're a big fan of a losing team. You might cheer, "Despite all odds, we will prevail!" To use prevail, there has to be some kind of contest or conflict. That could be internal, like when you have a pile of homework to do, but your desire to play video games prevails over your discipline. synonyms: triumph Surely between her word and his, his would prevail. Under "normal" conditions, they argue, state institutions are able to normalize the organization and enforcement of the prevailing racial order, and the system functions relatively automatically. Nooses, racial slurs, and overt bigotry are widely condemned by people across the political spectrum; they are understood to be remnants of the past, no longer reflective of the prevailing public consensus about race. In McCleskey, the Supreme Court demonstrated that it is once again in protection mode—firmly committed to the prevailing system of control. چیره شدن و مستولی شدن

prim

Prim means polite, straight-laced, even twee. Many characters in Jane Austen novels are prim and proper. Prim describes someone who is so concerned with being proper it becomes almost fake. If you go to the beach on spring break wearing a Victorian bathing costume, you're being prim. Clothes can be prim, too, like that long wool swimsuit. If you're feeling crazy, you can use prim as a verb meaning, "to purse your mouth into a prim expression" — like how you prim your lips when you look down your nose at someone using the wrong fork. synonyms: priggish, prissy, prudish, puritanical, square-toed, straight-laced, straightlaced, strait-laced, straitlaced, tight-laced, victorian "Drive us to the station, please," my grandmother said, looking prim. She was a quiet, intense little girl, rather prim in her way, and this outpouring was unusual. "See you tryin'a talk all prim and proper," she whispers, lifting her nose up as she moves down the line. Straight-backed, prim Mary set up a modest but respectable home near the city center, a part of town where blacks and whites lived peaceably together. مبادی آداب و محترم

proponent

Proponent means someone who is in favor of something. You might be a proponent of longer vacations, but your parents are proponents of a longer school year. If you're in favor of long school vacations, you're pro or "for" long vacations. The prefix pro- also carries the meaning of "forward," "ahead," or "before." All of these senses are at work in proponent: someone who suggests (puts forward) an idea or who is in favor of an idea. A proponent proposes an idea or advocates for a proposal or a proposition. a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea synonyms: advocate, advocator, exponent طرفداری کردن

propriety

Propriety is following what is socially acceptable in speech and behavior. If you are someone who cares about always doing the right and proper thing, your friends might accuse you of being obsessed with propriety and beg you to loosen up.. In the Victorian Age, both sexes had well-defined roles and were expected to exercise self-restraint. Except for the men. Everyone looked the other way when they went out on benders. Their wives at home however, were so confined by the era's standards of propriety that if a woman so much as referred to the fact that she was pregnant, everyone would cover their mouths and gasp. She'd committed an impropriety. synonyms: correctitude, properness And what about all his talk of honor and propriety, his disapproval of the female customers, who, after all, were only showing him their feet to get fitted for shoes? Croteau dithered about the propriety of dating a customer, but when he finally responded, they talked on the phone from ten at night until five in the morning. I nod, remembering the propriety in Elizabeth's voice. Folk with less curiosity or more propriety stayed outside, peering through the wide windows and gossiping over what they'd heard. مبادی آداب و با نزاکت رفتار و گفتار قابل قبول جامعه

prosaic

Prosaic means ordinary or dull. Most of us lead a prosaic everyday life, sometimes interrupted by some drama or crisis. This adjective is from Latin prosa "prose," which is ordinary writing intended to communicate ideas and information. Prose is often contrasted with poetry, which usually has a more imaginative and original style. synonyms: commonplace, humdrum, unglamorous, unglamourous In part, Latin permitted escape from the prosaic world. Francie thought her diary would be like that, but excepting for some romantic observations on Harold Clarence, actor, the entries were prosaic. Isolated but vivid tragedies involving a few people should not blind us to the fact that myriad prosaic activities may involve a much higher degree of risk. "Like I told you already, I'm irresponsible," she says before going into the details, which by high school standards are utterly prosaic. بدون تخیل

puissant

Puissant means powerful and in possession of authority, and is often used to describe the political power of someone, like a prince or president. Said the English poet, historian, and arguably puissant scholar John Milton, "Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks." Synonyms for this somewhat rarely used adjective include forcible, mighty, strong, steady, unyielding, and vigorous. Synonyms: powerful The Royal Nappy , on the other hand, is focused on the business end of the puissant infant, as you might expect from the chap who brought you The Queen's Knickers and Cinderella's Bum. Despite Mali, the sense that there is a French prerogative in Africa is not as puissant as it once was. Some mystery attaches to this defection; "the others proceeded on their way, not a little grieved with the loss of the most puissant ship in their fleet." Of a noble and puissant family--and the rest. دارای قدرت سیاسی

quotidian

Quotidian is a fancy way of saying "daily" or "ordinary." Quotidian events are the everyday details of life. When you talk about the quotidian, you're talking about the little things in life: everyday events that are normal and not that exciting. Going to the store, doing chores, working or going to school, and brushing your teeth are all quotidian. If you take a spaceship to Mars, that would be unusual and extraordinary: the opposite of quotidian. synonyms: everyday, mundane, routine, unremarkable, workaday This theory is bound to provoke a variety of reactions, ranging from disbelief to revulsion, and a variety of objections, ranging from the quotidian to the moral. But there was more quotidian work to be done as well. They are passionate spokespeople for their brand of life, giving Gogol and Moushumi a steady, unquestionable stream of advice about quotidian things. Sequestered high above most of the city, the living memorial today constitutes a hushed and evocative refuge from Washington's quotidian intrigues. روزمره و معمول

Raconteur

Raconteurs are gifted storytellers, able to spin amusing tales from everyday life. Who is the biggest raconteur in your group? He or she's the one who always tells the best stories — or jumps in when another storyteller isn't being vivid enough. Do you make going to the store to buy groceries a fascinating experience? Do you offer witty observations of the people you pass on the street? If so, you're a raconteur, someone who can regale his or her listeners with riveting stories, usually funny, sometimes dramatic. Raconteur comes from the French word "raconter," meaning "to recount." Note its "eur" ending, signaling its French origin. synonyms: anecdotist A gifted raconteur and an indefatigable drinker, Causey was a pilot of unimpeachable courage. Gregarious by nature, Hall proved to be a skillful raconteur with a caustic Kiwi wit. "He was very giving and an amazing raconteur. Not, 'I did this, I did that'; it was always 'We', y'know? Organised by the Scottish Storytelling Centre, it puts rambling raconteurs at the heart of the festival spirit داستان سرا

rapprochement

Rapprochement is the reestablishment of a happy relationship or arrangement. A peace treaty between warring nations is a kind of rapprochement. People who usually get along sometimes come into conflict: formerly allied nations go to war, friends feud, and spouses divorce. If a conflict ends and the parties go back to being on good terms, they achieve rapprochement. This term is most often used in international politics — for example, when two countries make peace after a long war, that's rapprochement. The word means "reunion" or "reconciliation" in French, and its root is rapprocher, "to bring near." synonyms: reconciliation Then, in the midst of this delicate rapprochement, Outside magazine confirmed it was sending me to Everest. This was their first public appearance since then, and the nearly full house that stayed after the matinee seemed pleased with the 45-minute rapprochement. The Libertines' fleeting reunion - there are no plans yet for a more permanent rapprochement - may provide rich pickings. Never mind that it encouraged a vital and productive rapprochement between journalism and literature, and inspired a generation of writers and readers. باز ایجاد روابط حسنه

ostentatious

Reach for the adjective ostentatious when you want a flashy way to say — well, "flashy" or "showy." No one wants to be described as ostentatious, a word whose cousins include pretentious, flamboyant, and gaudy. It originates from the Latin word ostentare, "to display," but in English it's often used for displays of the crass or vulgar sort. A rapper's diamond-encrusted teeth might be an ostentatious display of "bling," and someone wailing especially loudly at a funeral of a distant acquaintance might be making an ostentatious show of sorrow. synonyms: pretentious "Like I said, it's ostentatious. We try to blend in." Even if it was the most corrupt and ostentatious court in Erilea, it sounded dreadfully romantic. A great many people were offended by her ostentatious displays of wealth, and by the shameless way she chased the limelight. An ostentatious home thrown up in an assembly line fashion while you wait. شوعاف و خودنمایی

reconcile

Reach for the verb reconcile to make different things come together or resolve a matter. If you've ever had an argument with someone and then made up, you have reconciled. Reconcile is a verb that can mean "to become resigned" like if you're reconciled to getting the bottom bunk when you wanted the top. It also means to "bring into agreement and harmony." Words like it are pacify, harmonize, and accommodate — reconcile is definitely an agreeable word! synonyms: conciliate, make up, patch up, settle But the coup the youngest daughter most wanted was to reconcile with her father in a big way. My mom and I tried to reconcile what he told us with what we saw with our own eyes. I stare at the screen for a minute, trying to reconcile the tone of this email with the Nathan I knew for a day. Over and over, he preached the importance of reconciliation — implying that it was we who needed to reconcile ourselves to the whites. وفق دادن و تطبیق دادن

redoubtable

Redoubtable means honorable, maybe even intimidatingly so. If your grandmother worked tirelessly to raise four kids on her own and started her own taxi cab business and to this day, keeps all of her cabbies in line, she is without a doubt redoubtable. The adjective redoubtable traces back to the French word redute, meaning "to dread," a combination of the prefix re-, which adds emphasis, and duter, which mean "to doubt." But it isn't the redoubtable person that you doubt — it's yourself or your ability to compete against or be compared to him or her. That's where the dread comes in. But you can learn a lot from and be inspired by redoubtable people, if you can just get over being afraid of them. He never was to them the mean whining deity of the Iliad, but magnificent in shining armor, redoubtable, invincible. Each day at lunchtime we were permitted to sit outside in the spacious garden of a neighboring vicarage where we were supplied with a meal cooked by the redoubtable Mrs. Thayanagee Pillay and her friends. Physics was taught by Christian Doppler, the redoubtable Austrian scientist who would become Mendel's mentor, teacher, and idol. In October, the redoubtable Professor Matthews was called as our final witness. الهام گرفتن از سر ترس قابل احترام

relegate

Relegate means "to assign to a lower position." If the quarterback of the football team stops making decent throws, he might be relegated to the position of benchwarmer. Relegate rhymes with delegate — both words derive from the Latin legare, "to send." Relegate means to send someone down in rank. Delegate means to send someone in your place to complete a task. In the workplace, managers who can't figure out how to delegate may get relegated to a lesser rank. synonyms: break, bump, demote, kick downstairs Black people found themselves yet again powerless and relegated to convict leasing camps that were, in many ways, worse than slavery. Her grief and loneliness, the burden of being both mother and father, she relegated to the privacy of their house on Mimosa Crescent. It was degrading to play with girls and in our talk we relegated them to a remote island of life. Hassan called driving and Lindsey called shotgun, so even though it was his car, Colin was relegated to the backseat, where he curled up against the window and read J. D. Salinger's Seymour: An Introduction. تنزل درجه

cupidity (noun)

Remember the saying "Greed is good"? It could just as easily be "Cupidity is good," though admittedly it doesn't roll off the tongue quite the same way. Cupidity means a burning desire to have more wealth than you need. Though it sounds like it might have something to do with the little winged figure who shoots arrows and makes folks fall in love on Valentine's Day, cupidity is all about the love of money. It comes to us from Latin cupidus, which means "desirous." It's not a word that crops up a lot in conversation, though you might run across it in newspapers and magazines, particularly those blaming Wall Street's unbridled cupidity for America's economic woes. synonyms: avarice, avariciousness, covetousness he coins in his hand, he stared at her, helpless before his own cupidity. Both novellas burn brightly with what he calls, at one point, "unmitigated cupidity," not for money or possessions but for life and experience. The goal is to provide a slogan for Saipan, and the best of many entries is this: "It's not the heat, it's the cupidity." The transactions described in "Heads in Beds" do involve a high degree of cupidity and dishonesty on both sides. حرص و آز برای بدست اوردن مال

remonstrate

Remonstrate means to call someone on something that's wrong. If your mother yells at you in public, you might call this getting chewed out. She might call it remonstrating. Either way, it's embarrassing. Remonstrate has its roots in a Latin verb meaning "to show," and it used to mean "to make plain." Which is why remonstrate is a word that puts the glow of respectability on the action of yelling at someone or telling them that they're wrong. The sense is that the person remonstrating is the victim — they're just making the injustice plain. type of: object We remonstrated with him, but to no avail. Then, when Rob's wife went to remonstrate with him, he hit her, hard, in the face. I remonstrated with him and said that it was the tradition of the ANC to work with anyone who was against racial oppression. We began to remonstrate; but he walked away, calling orders, and we heard Olakunde's drum bidding us fall in. اعتراض همراه با دادخواهی

reproach

Reproach means to mildly criticize. If you show poor manners at your grandmother's dinner table, she will reproach you. The verb reproach means to express disapproval or criticism of; as a noun it means blame or criticism. If you are beyond reproach that means no one could find anything to criticize about you. Synonyms for reproach are the verbs admonish, reprove, rebuke, reprimand. As a noun, reproach can also be shame. If you are caught lying, it is a reproach that might bother you for a while. express criticism towards "The president reproached the general for his irresponsible behavior" synonyms: upbraid انتقاد کردن

contempt

Reserve the noun contempt for an extreme lack of respect: a food snob has nothing but contempt for mass-produced burgers and fries at a fast-food joint. Contempt has nothing to do with the verb condemn, despite the similarity in sound and meaning; it is from Latin temnere "to despise," and if you despise someone, you have contempt for them. It's a harsh term and should be used with care; it's stronger than either disdain or scorn. It suggests you find someone or something utterly worthless. That food snob might say the words "Big Mac" or "Whopper" with a voice dripping in contempt. synonyms: disrespect Nobody laughed this time: There was no mistaking the anger and contempt in Voldemort's voice. It said: To look down upon; to view with contempt; to scorn or disdain. The poets were pale emasculates, and Western men held them in contempt. As for Sue, while Bill was talking, on more than one occasion she rolled her eyes very quickly, which is a classic sign of contempt تحقیر

clemency

Say you're playing a role-playing game and you end up in one of the other player's dungeons. You could try begging her for clemency — compassion shown by people in power towards people who rebel or break the law. Clemency is also a weather word, though nowadays it's much more common to hear people talk about "inclement weather" than, say, "the clemency of the storm." Derived from the Latin for "gentle", it came into usage in the 1550s. If you have trouble remembering its meaning, get rid of the "cle" and replace the "n" with an "r". You're left with "mercy", which more or less means the same thing. synonyms: mercifulness, mercy There was no recommendation for clemency in the case and none is here recommended. This vindictiveness was urged on by men in high places who resented the President's spirit of clemency as violently as they resented the tenacity of the South. The defendants should receive clemency, he said, otherwise the future of South Africa would be bleak. The Anarchist tells of a long-term inmate with ties to a violent political organisation who pleads for clemency from her prison's warden. بخشندگی و رحم

peripheral

Scanners, printers, and speakers are peripheral devices for a computer because they aren't central to the working of the computer itself. Anything peripheral is on the margin, or outside, while main things, like a computer's processor, are not peripheral. Outside of computer jargon, peripheral is a common term in eye exams, which measure peripheral vision to see how far toward the outer right and left edges you can see. Peripheral also describes nerves from the body's peripheral system, which are secondary to the main system but branch off of it — like the wires between peripheral devices and a computer. Synonyms: incident, incidental And I was just about to say something when, in my peripheral vision, I saw a large individual running toward us at a full sprint. "It's OK, honey. It's OK" She said to Dad, "There. I told you. The problem is with his peripheral vision." His hometown was a wealthy but somewhat peripheral place, analogous in its pleasant remoteness to modern Sydney or Cape Town. It was why she hovered so close to him, why she never strayed too far away, why she always kept him in her peripheral vision. لوازم جانبی

Scrupulous

Scrupulous means very careful to do things properly and correctly. If you're scrupulous, you probably pay your friends back right away when they loan you money and never try to return clothing you've already worn. A scrupulous person is full of scruples, which are concerns about doing things that are morally right. Such a person is hesitant or doubtful, and might have trouble deciding what is morally right or wrong. The adjective scrupulous is from Latin scrūpulōsus, from scrūpulus, "scruple." A near synonym is punctilious. characterized by extreme care and great effort "scrupulous attention to details" synonyms: conscientious, painstaking careful محتاط وسواسی

juxtapose

See the word "pose" in juxtapose? When you juxtapose, you are "posing" or positioning things side by side. The verb juxtapose requires contrasting things placed next to one other: "The collage juxtaposed pictures of Jane while she was growing up and as an adult." Juxtapose is used often when referring to contrasting elements in the arts. "The music juxtaposed the instrumentation of jazz with the harmonies of soul." type of: lay, place, pose, position, put, set This Old Testament miracle, often juxtaposed with New Testament miracles, enjoyed great favor in Early Christian art as proof of the Lord's power to rescue the faithful from the jaws of death. The smell of home juxtaposed with the sweaty, breathless odor of desperation and the taste of rust in my mouth. The entries would juxtapose the mundane thrill and confusion of being a young girl with the terror of living with Danny. But his most common gambit was to juxtapose a drummer's focused face and blurred hand, suggesting both mental concentration and physical commotion. کنار هم قرار دادن پهلو به پهلو بودن

semblance

Semblance is all about illusion. Cramming all of your dirty clothes into the closet gives the semblance, or false appearance, that you've done your laundry — but the stench might give you away. Semblance comes from the 14th-century French word for "resemble," and it is a noun for things that look one way on the outside but are very different on the inside. A popular combination is to say that a person or place has the "semblance of order," when, underneath, everything is out of control. synonyms: color, colour, gloss, veneer Some semblance of normalcy returned to his face. Nailer's ankle burned with pain as he tried to move and stack the junk into a semblance of a tower. I tap my feet in a semblance of what's happening below. But Harvard and Yale did not row in any kind of intercollegiate championship regatta beyond their own annual match, and there was no semblance of a national championship event until 1895. تظاهر

serendipitous

Serendipitous is an adjective that describes accidentally being in the right place at the right time, like bumping into a good friend in some unusual location, or finding a hundred dollar bill on the ground. The root of serendipitous comes from the fairy tale "The Three Princes of Serendip," in which three princes make one lucky and surprising discovery after another. A serendipitous moment happens by accident, usually when you're doing something completely unrelated, like digging a hole in your yard to bury your hamster and finding a treasure chest of jewels. That's a sad but serendipitous funeral. Synonyms: lucky It was serendipitous when writer Thomas Keneally walked into the luggage store that the Pages owned in Beverly Hills and became fascinated by the story Mr. Page told him. But the most serendipitous aspect of the CPS program—for the sake of a study, at least—is how the school-choice game was played. But this summer, I'm reading the serendipitous books on the shelf for their un-indexed surprises. The Art Genome is another way of creating serendipitous connections." خوش شانسی، در زمان مناسب جای مناسب بودن

eclectic

She listens to hip-hop, Gregorian chant, and folk music from the '60s. He's been seen wearing a handmade tuxedo jacket over a thrift-store flannel shirt. They both have eclectic tastes. The English word eclectic first appeared in the seventeenth century to describe philosophers who did not belong to a particular school of thought, but instead assembled their doctrines by picking and choosing from a variety of philosophical systems. Today, the word can refer to any assemblage of varied parts. You can have an eclectic group of friends (friends from diverse groups), eclectic taste in furniture (a mixture of 18th-century French chairs, Andy Warhol paintings, and Persian rugs), or enjoy eclectic cuisine (fusion cooking that uses ingredients from different national cuisines). selecting what seems best of various styles or ideas Synonyms: discriminating التقاطی و درهم بر هم گلچین شده

quail

Smaller than the chicken and not as well known as the pigeon, quail is like the often-overlooked middle child of the ground-dwelling bird family. Quail can also mean to cringe in fear or pain. So if you are a quail, you might quail at the thought of quail-hunting season. Quail is a broad, catchall word; it can refer to any one of many small domestic game birds. So if you're bragging about the quail you shot on a hunting trip to your uptight, bird-obsessed pals, they might demand to know if it was the Bobwhite quail, the Valley quail or the Scaled quail, to name just a few. If you use this word as a verb, it means to draw back in fear or pain. You might quail in fear at the sight of a playground bully. A good way to remember this verb meaning is to think of how the word chicken is also associated with fear. synonyms: cringe, flinch, funk, recoil, shrink, squinch, wince They walked up through the chicken yard and saw the quail eating with the chickens. For a moment Sam caught a glitter in the black stones of their eyes, the very malice of which made him quail; but slowly he felt their will waver and crumble into fear. She finishes her entree of scallops too quickly, sits for a very long time, it seems, watching Nikhil work his way through his quail. His fingers dug into her arm painfully and for an in-stant Dany felt like a child again, quailing in the face of his rage. عقب نشینی به خاطر ترس مثل کبک

smitten (with)

Smitten means overwhelmed or struck by something, usually love. The way you light up every time the waiter comes over to your table, it's obvious you're smitten with him. Smitten is related to the verb smite, which comes from the Old English smitan, meaning "to hit, strike, beat." What do hitting and beating have to do with love, you may ask? Well, when some people fall in love they report feeling as though they've been "struck by lightning." Obviously those people have never actually been struck by lightning, because when you're struck by lightning you don't start saying things like, "Oh, you like the beach? Brad loves the beach!" and, "You have a cat? So does Brad!" synonyms: stricken, struck Probably that was one reason he'd been so smitten with Percy, a son of the sea god. Janis was happy and hard-driving, a telecommunications analyst who worked downtown and was, like everyone else, completely smitten with my dad. Like many people who encountered Blake in the weeks and months after his return from Korea, Allan found herself smitten by the young war hero. The magazine on the top of the stack features a photo of Hideo at a banquet, seated beside a completely smitten blond woman who is whispering something intimately into his ear. گرفتار و درگیر شدن بیشتر در عشق

forlorn

Sniff, sniff, boo-hoo... use the adjective forlorn to express loneliness and feeling left out. When someone is forlorn it means that they not only feel miserable but simultaneously desolate because they also believe they are alone. Forlorn is a very old word in English, and in fact it comes from the Old English word forlesen and means "to lose completely." Synonyms for forlorn all have fairly sad meanings: disconsolate, pessimistic, despairing, despondent, abandoned, depressed, desperate. Synonyms: hopeless She, a forlorn, stubby convict in striped pajamas and a Fountain in a Love-in-Tokyo. The door opens, and as he disappears into the hallway and pulls it shut, I hear Freddie's forlorn falsetto float into the air. But when she arrived in Baltimore knowing she was going to live there, and not merely visiting Curt, she thought it forlorn and unlovable. In this particular context, the nearest translation might be "the maiden all forlorn." تنهایی و بی همدمی

bereft

So, they took the thing you most loved, and you're never going to get it back. You've gone beyond just plain grief-stricken — you're bereft. The way in which bereft differs just from plain mournful or grief-stricken is in its sense of deprivation or lack. It can be used that way too, for example when you're bereft of words. It's the past tense of bereave, following the same pattern as leave and left. When you see your bereft relatives at a funeral, it's very sad, but if your friend says that their cookie is bereft of chocolate chips, you know they are using exaggerated language to be a little funny. synonyms: bereaved, grief-stricken, grieving, mourning, sorrowing synonyms: lovelorn, unbeloved And now they aren't around, leaving me utterly bereft of social peers. The enamel bowls contained flaky fufu and watery soup bereft of chunks of fish or meat. I only knew that Hamlet's absence left me bereft and confused. Perhaps that is why I felt so bereft when he died. غم از دست دادن عشق

solicitude

Solicitude is more-than-average concern for someone. When you're sick in bed, it's nice to have someone around to treat you with solicitude, hovering nearby, bringing you cups of tea, and handing you tissues all day. Someone who shows you solicitude obviously cares about you. You could act with solicitude toward a lost child in a shopping mall if you calm him, dry his tears, and help him find his mother. Sometimes solicitude implies too much concern, bordering on anxiety. The Latin word for agitated is sollicitus — which is also the root of solicitude. synonyms: solicitousness He recalled his childhood, when she surrounded him with dark solicitude, wrapping him in debts of gratitude so huge that as long as he lived he would never be able to pay them back. Even worse, his act of solicitude for a good friend resulted in his forever being known as the junior partner in a momentous discovery. 'Here we seem to see the "solitude"/"solicitude" error in action. Aquinas Christianized Ad Herennium, partly misunderstood it—misreading "solitude" for "solicitude," thus accidentally discovering a devotional aspect in it—and became the patron saint of medieval mnemotechnics. نگرانی بیش از حد

venial

Some crimes are unforgivable. Others are venial — venial crimes and sins are excusable. They're not a big deal. In school, there are so many things that are against the rules: talking during class, tossing spitballs, pulling the fire alarm, stealing a basketball, etc. Something venial would be something against the rules but forgivable. For example, if you were late for school because your parents were in the hospital, that lateness is venial. If you burned the gym down, that could never be considered venial. When you see venial, think "forgivable," "excusable," and "no biggie." synonyms: excusable, forgivable Father Byrnes went on to discuss the difference between mortal and venial sins. His self-absorption is at worst a venial sin, and his book's failings should be charged to its editor. Perhaps my ears deceived me; but if he did do that, it was a venial sin. Gene Weingarten's entertaining and otherwise accurate list of venial sins in his Nov. 1 Washington Post Magazine column, "Gene engages in venial labor," reflected an error of canonical proportion. خطا و گناه کوچک و قابل بخشش

puerile

Some people like their movies to have sophisticated humor and others prefer the more puerile humor of pratfalls or jokes about smelly underwear, inappropriate belching, and passing gas. Although the adjective, puerile can be used to describe anything related to childhood, more often than not, it is used in a derisive manner to comment on the immaturity, silliness, or juvenile nature of something or someone. So if you hear someone talk about puerile toys, they may merely be remarking on the toys of childhood, but it is more likely they are discussing whoopee cushions, fake dog poo, and the like. synonyms: adolescent, jejune, juvenile, sophomoric He did not speak down to her or at her, nor content himself with puerile questions about her life or monologues of his own activities. They were reckless, puerile, congenial, naive, presumptuous, deferential and rambunctious. The yearbook group pays him a retainer because he says his time is too valuable to work on puerile and fleeting pursuits like the high school yearbook for free. Whatever its facets, "Black Monday" will live or die on the strength of its jokes, which range from profanely inventive à la "Veep" to shock-jock puerile. بچگانه و کودکانه

bemoan

Some people love to complain, don't they? Complainers also tend to bemoan things, which can be translated to "Oh no! Why me?" A more casual expression for bemoan is to moan and groan. If you step in a puddle and get your shoes wet, you might moan and groan about, or bemoan, your bad luck to whoever will listen. Just about any bad or annoying thing can be bemoaned. In fact, people love to bemoan how much other people are moaning and groaning about things! synonyms: bewail, deplore, lament "When I left the military, I sort of lost my way," Taske bemoaned in a thick Aussie accent. He was bemoaning the shortage of Celestial bronze when Festus began to whir and squeak. The transformation of the Khumbu culture is certainly not all for the best, but I didn't hear many Sherpas bemoaning the changes. She likes the souvenir shops, and the various hotels that house tourists, even as the locals bemoan the constant construction, the expansion of infrastructure that they say is eating away at Murree's natural beauty. افسوس و غبطه خوردن

debonair

Someone debonair is charming or suave. They have good manners, and they probably look good too. This French word has a fancy feel to it, and it is a fancy kind of word. Being debonair is a specific form of being charming that applies mostly to men. When you're debonair, you impress women, other men, and pretty much everyone with your manners, wit, and style. Debonair is a little bit of an old-fashioned word. Old movie stars like Cary Grant were often called debonair, but not many people are today. synonyms: debonaire, debonnaire, suave Sahil grinned down at me, debonair in a yellow button-down shirt with the sleeves rolled up and plaid shorts. His small mustache was trimmed and looked as debonair as ever. "They went armed with a shotgun and a dagger. They went to rob and kill—" His voice trembled, toppled, disappeared, as though strangled by the intensity of his own loathing for the debonair, gum-chewing defendants. It was something, all right, to see that slender young fellow standing debonairly at the bar among the truck drivers and ditch diggers. جذاب و خوش طبع

impetuous

Someone impetuous acts too hastily or carelessly. Hotheaded, impulsive folks are impetuous. If you're a careful person who thinks everything through and doesn't act rashly, then you're not very impetuous. Impetuous has to do with doing things on the spur of the moment — and not good things. Being impetuous usually goes along with being impatient and easily angered. If you're impetuous, you act quickly and thoughtlessly when you should just take a deep breath, relax, and think about the best thing to do. synonyms: brainish, hotheaded, impulsive, madcap, tearaway And likewise, two men prosper equally employing two different means, one being cautious and the other impetuous. It is clear that she more often allows herself to be won over by impetuous men than by those who proceed coldly. The reckless passion of the heroine, Arabella, for a wicked foreign count is punished by ill fortune when she contracts cholera during an impetuous dash toward a seaside town with her intended. You were always such an impetuous child, and I genuinely hope you aren't letting your temper get the better of you. حواس پرت

incorrigible

Someone incorrigible seems to be beyond correcting, improving, or changing. When you talk about an incorrigible bully, you're saying they're always going to push other people around. Even though incorrigible implies a person is kind of hopeless, it's often used as a light-hearted word. When we describe someone as an incorrigible flirt or as an incorrigible gossip, we mean that this is just the way they are, and it would be foolish to try and change them. If someone is just being obnoxious as usual, you could say "You're incorrigible!" impervious to correction by punishment Synonyms: unreformable, unregenerate unrepentant and incapable of being reformed uncontrollable, uncorrectable, unmanageable incapable of being controlled or managed disobedient اصلاح نشدنی و بهبود نیافتنی

benign

Someone or something that is benign is gentle, kind, mild, or unharmful: a benign soul wouldn't hurt a fly. Benign describes a range of qualities, all of them positive. When talking about a person, it means "gentle." In reference to weather or climate, it means "mild." In some other contexts, it simply means "not harmful"; you might speak of "a benign tumor" or "an environmentally benign chemical." The word comes from a Latin root benignus meaning "well born," but the implied meaning is "kind" or "pleasant" — it's hard to get mad at someone who has a benign disposition. مهربانی غیر خطرناک

prolific

Someone or something that is prolific is fruitful or highly productive. A prolific songwriter can churn out five hit tunes before breakfast. A prolific writer cranks out two novels a year, and a prolific rabbit has baby bunnies every few months. The word comes from combining the medieval Latin prolificus ("offspring") with a form of facere ("to make or do"). It can also connote something taking root and growing, like prolific poison ivy that takes over the yard. synonyms: fecund, fertile After about a decade of comparative calm, paleoanthropology embarked on another period of swift and prolific discovery, which hasn't abated yet. Despite his administrative obligations, he continued to do fieldwork and to write prolifically. Wagner uses them prolifically throughout his ten most famous operas to evoke pain or anguish, or to tell you something grim might be about to happen. Rembrandt was a prolific draftsman who was constantly jotting down observations of daily life and other ideas for further development. پربار و بسیار سازنده

raffish

Someone raffish is a bit of a scoundrel, carelessly making mischief. Your raffish classmate might constantly play mean practical jokes, always denying responsibility with a charming smile. If you're raffish, you're a "rake" or a "cad." Though you're pretty much bad news, you pull off your dastardly deeds in an attractive manner. Someone with a raffish look is intriguing as well as disreputable. Raffish comes from riff-raff, "generally undesirable people," from the Medieval French rifle et rafle, "stealing from the bodies of the dead on the battlefield." marked by a carefree unconventionality or disreputableness ""a cocktail party given by some... raffish bachelors"- Crary Moore" synonyms: devil-may-care, rakish بدنامی و بی اعتباری

astute

Someone who is astute is clever and has good judgment. The kid running around with a bucket stuck on his head? Not so astute. Astute (from Latin) is a formal and flattering adjective for someone with a good head on their shoulders. It differs from its synonym shrewd in placing less emphasis on hardheadedness than on sensitivity: we talk about a shrewd bargainer but an astute interpretation. Other synonyms are perceptive (emphasizing insight) and discerning (emphasizing an ability to distinguish). synonyms: savvy, sharp, shrewd But what he is remembered for now is an astute but lucky find in British Columbia, high above the little town of Field, in the late summer of 1909. The Frenchman never spoke of his private life, except to slip in certain subtle hints that would enable an astute observer to recognize his splendid past, his incalculable fortune, and his noble origins. The package of hamburger patties in Lee Harding's freezer and astute investigative work by Colorado health officials soon led to the largest recall of food in the nation's history. "I am," said Roscuro, "exactly that. A rat. Allow me to congratulate you on your very astute powers of observation. " تیز و باهوش

complacent

Someone who is complacent has become overly content — the junk-food-eating couch potato might be feeling complacent about his health. The literal meaning of this word's Latin root is "very pleased," but even though complacent people may seem pleased with themselves, we are rarely pleased with them. They are unconcerned by things that should concern them, and they may neglect their duties. A complacent person might be heard saying, "Ehh, don't worry about it!" — when there really is something to worry about. از خود راضی و تن آسایی عشرت طلبی

diligent

Someone who is diligent works hard and carefully. If you want to write the epic history of your family, you'll have to be very diligent in tracking down and interviewing all of your relatives. Diligent comes from the Latin diligere, which means "to value highly, take delight in," but in English it has always meant careful and hard-working. If you're a diligent worker, you don't just bang away at your job; you earnestly try to do everything right. Although being lucky and talented doesn't hurt, it's the diligent person who eventually succeeds.

steadfast

Someone who is firm and determined in a belief or a position can be called steadfast in that view, like your mom when she thinks you really shouldn't wear that outfit. The word steadfast traces back to the Old English word stedefæst, a combination of stede, meaning "place," and fæst, meaning "firmly fixed." Picture a steadfast person standing firmly in place, not wavering or budging an inch, and you'll have a good sense of what this word means. Someone can be steadfast in a belief, an effort, a plan, or even a refusal. Whatever it is, it means that the person will calmly hold firm to the chosen position and follow through with determination. synonyms: firm, steady, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable, unwavering Hickock obeyed, with an expression that the detective interpreted as a pleading with him to speak, to accuse, and let the prisoner escape into the sanctuary of steadfast denial. I knew Horatio to be steadfast and incorruptible, the unmoving center of a world that turned unpredictably. She was steadfast on finishing her latest project by supper. Despite congressional apathy and obstruction, the suffragists remained steadfast. راسخ و استوار

haughty

Someone who is haughty is arrogant and full of pride. When you're haughty, you have a big attitude and act like you're better than other people. A haughty person acts superior and looks down on others. Haughty people are disdainful, overbearing, prideful, swaggering, and obnoxious. Acting amazed that others haven't heard of a hot new band is haughty. Speaking in a cocky or superior way is haughty. The word even sounds a little like its meaning: it's hard to say haughty without sounding like you have an attitude. If you're acting like others are beneath you, you're being haughty. having or showing arrogant superiority to and disdain of those one views as unworthy "haughty aristocrats" synonyms: disdainful, imperious, lordly, overbearing, prideful, sniffy, supercilious, swaggering مغرور و پرافاده

imperious

Someone who is imperious gives orders in a way that shows they feel superior or more important than other people. You might want the smartest kid in the class as your lab partner, but not if they have an imperious attitude and boss you around. Near synonyms are arrogant, overbearing, and domineering. The adjective imperious is from Latin imperiōsus, from imperium "command, supreme power, empire." This Latin word is also the ultimate source of English empire, "a group of countries or territories controlled by a single ruler or one government." synonyms: disdainful, haughty, lordly, overbearing, prideful, sniffy, supercilious, swaggering Nestor 10—if it was Nestor 10—took another step, and then, under force of her imperious gesture, two more. He was learning how to negotiate with imperious Yankees. Dogged and imperious, with a handlebar mustache that seemed to bend his smile into a perpetual scowl, Bateson was unmoved by equations. With some you postured and with some you groveled and with some you were imperious. غرور و خود برتر بینی

ceaseless

Someone who is on a ceaseless quest for the world's tastiest French fry will never stop searching until they find it, in all its greasy glory. Ceaseless is an adjective that means "never-ending" or "uninterrupted." The verb cease means "to stop," so ceaseless refers to something that never stops. You might listen to the ceaseless sound of crashing waves at the beach, or you could say that the Internet is a ceaseless source of information. Ceaseless can also refer to things that only seem like they go on forever; it's often used in the phrase "seemingly ceaseless." During a blizzard you might complain about the ceaseless snow, even though the snow will eventually stop. synonyms: constant, incessant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing, unremitting The term chronic pain captures nothing of the grinding, constant, ceaseless, inescapable hurt. It was as though invisible snakes were rippling beneath the skin and forcing its arms and legs to move in a ceaseless bid for freedom. It was a very quiet thing, with a great certainty to it; no laughter, no wildness, just a steady, decided, and ceaseless flow. Theon returned to the Great Keep through a covered stone walkway, the echoes of his footsteps mingling with the ceaseless rumble of the sea below. بی وقفه دائمی و همیشگی

taciturn

Someone who is taciturn is reserved, not loud and talkative. The word itself refers to the trait of reticence, of seeming aloof and uncommunicative. A taciturn person might be snobby, naturally quiet, or just shy. Having its origin in the Latin tacitus, "silent," taciturn came to be used in mid-18th-century English in the sense "habitually silent." Taciturnity is often considered a negative trait, as it suggests someone uncommunicative and too quiet. Jane Austen wrote, "We are each of an unsocial, taciturn disposition, unwilling to speak, unless we expect to say something that will amaze the whole room, and be handed down to posterity with all the éclat of a proverb." Synonyms: incommunicative, uncommunicativenot inclined to talk or give information or express opinions She's taciturn, but so am I. Is she waiting for me to start something, reveal myself, or is she a believer, engrossed in inner meditation? One is a taciturn doughy man with blond hair and a mustache, who I don't much like. Othell Yarwyck was as stolid and unimaginative as he was taciturn, and the First Rangers seemed to die as quick as they were named. The engineer is a taciturn, pungent man named Walter Bernd whose pupils are misaligned. کم حرف

Pollyannaish

Someone who is unfailingly cheerful — no matter what — can be described as pollyannaish. If your friend tells you some terribly bad news, it would be pollyannaish to say, "Yes, but it's such a beautiful day!" While the adjective pollyannaish describes an optimistic outlook and a determined cheeriness, it also implies that this attitude is taken too far. When you put a positive spin on everything, even things that call for sadness or discouragement, you're being pollyannaish. The word comes from a 1913 children's book by Eleanor H. Porter, Pollyanna, about a young girl who tries to find something positive in every situation — a trick she calls "the Glad Game." synonyms: cheerful, upbeat "The theater chains are being unrealistically pollyannaish about this," Pachter said. The relentlessly pollyannaish assessment of the Puerto Rico aid effort from the Trump administration finally caused the mayor of San Juan to snap. خوش خیالی

self-effacing

Someone who's self-effacing is shy and likes to stay out of the spotlight, shunning attention and praise. To efface something is to erase it, so to be self-effacing is to try to remove yourself from various situations, especially ones that draw attention. If someone says you did a great job and you say, "It was nothing," that's self-effacing. It is usually considered a positive quality, since it's the opposite of being cocky, egotistical, and attention-hogging. The root of effacing is the Old French word esfacier, which means "to wipe out or destroy," literally "to remove the face." synonyms: reticent, retiring With his pipe, genially self-effacing manner, and electrified hair, Einstein was too splendid a figure to remain permanently obscure, and in 1919, the war over, the world suddenly discovered him. Robert is self-effacing; still, he's a self-confident person. Finnick's real charms of self-effacing humor and an easygoing nature are on display for the first time. The man he approached was Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, Jr. A dead ringer for actor Jimmy Stewart, Vanderbilt was a gangly twenty-five-year- old whose gentle, self-effacing manner belied his fabulous wealth. خجالتی و خارج از محدوده دید

standoffish

Someone who's standoffish is aloof or unfriendly. When you first meet someone, she might seem standoffish when really she's just shy. A politician who appears standoffish will have more trouble getting elected than one who seems warm and likable. The adjective standoffish is a great informal word for describing people who are reserved or haughty or cold. Standoffish comes from a now obsolete meaning of the phrase stand off, "hold aloof." synonyms: offish. I didn't mean to sound standoffish, but I did. Her brother was standoffish, and even speaking to her mother was awkward. But if you're a little standoffish or a little reserved, it's a little bit harder. Once considered standoffish, genteel and politically marginal, they are now viewed as being emblematically engaged players within the power network of global capitalism. سرد و غیر دوستانه

alacrity (noun)

Someone with alacrity shows cheerful willingness and eager behavior, like a kid whose mother has told him he can buy anything in a candy store. While the noun alacrity normally refers to someone's peppy behavior, it can also describe a certain mood or tempo of a musical composition, indicating how the music should be played. Alacrity comes from the Latin alacritas, and the Italian musical term allegro is a near relation. synonyms: briskness, smartness It lightened the heart, though we were too rundown to be able to show our relief in alacrity or zest of movement. The harried young man rose on one elbow with alacrity as they approached. Robbie obeyed with alacrity for somehow there was that in him which judged it best to obey Mrs. Weston, without as much as a scrap of hesitation. Mac suddenly shot his hand up and snagged the bird by the leg in midair, then handed the squirming animal to Louie, who was amazed at Mac's alacrity. نشاط و خرکیفی

alluring

Something alluring is attractive and enticing. Alluring things are tempting. You might notice the word lure lurking in alluring — that's because alluring things lure people in by getting them excited and inspiring desire. Sometimes that's in a romantic way, like when someone puts on an alluring perfume before a date. But a homemade chocolate cake would also be pretty alluring to a chocolate lover, just as free World Series tickets would be alluring to a baseball fan. synonyms: beguiling, enticing, tempting I haven't really gotten the chance to touch any girl's thigh, and Nia's beige ones seem just about as alluring as thighs get. He so thrilled us with tales of the mines that he almost persuaded me that to be a miner was more alluring than to be a monarch. "It was naive on my part. Still to this day, I'm surprised by how addictive and how alluring the technology is." Candidates would need a degree of stenographic and typewriting skill, but what he most looked for and was so very adept at sensing was that alluring amalgam of isolation, weakness, and need. بسیار جذاب و وسوسه کننده

anecdotal

Something anecdotal has to do with anecdotes — little stories. Anecdotal evidence is based on hearsay rather than hard facts. People like to share stories about things that happened to them, or that they heard about, to make a point. That kind of talk is anecdotal: based on small, personal accounts. Anecdotal stories are helpful when you're trying to give an example of something, but there's a downside to anecdotal information: since it's not based on facts, you never know if you can totally trust it. So it's best to go beyond the anecdotal and get more solid information. synonyms: anecdotic, anecdotical, communicative, communicatory "After all, Wikipedia's list itself is fairly anecdotal and includes tallies only for films whose curses people thought to count," Mr. Wickman writes. Mr. Bays, added, "What I heard anecdotally was that a lot of people went to Netflix and just devoured the first seasons of the show." There's plenty of evidence — both anecdotal and data-based — to support her view. He assumes it will upend your family, but, if anecdotal evidence I've collected on DNA discoveries is accurate, the toughest part of the experience is the anticipation. داستان کوتاه و حکایت

apposite

Something apposite is fitting or relevant. It is apposite that radio stations play Christmas carols on Christmas Eve, and that your tax accountant takes vacation after April 15th. It all makes sense. The adjective apposite is derived from the Latin terms appositus and apponere. Ponere means to place, and thus apponere is "well-placed or well-put." Don't confuse apposite with opposite; they have almost opposite meanings! synonyms: apt, pertinent The direction, by the Mint's artistic director, Jonathan Bank, is appealing and apposite. No corporation is perfect, but I think it is apposite that BP should be hauled across the coals in this kind of debate. It's a half-decent heavy rock album buried under layers of production and gratuitous faffing, which is an entirely apposite description of this show. The timing is apposite, though to be honest the phone-hacking scandal is so engrossing it's hard not to see it wherever you look. کاملا مناسب و به جا

apt

Something apt is perfectly appropriate, clever and well-suited to the matter at hand. If your room is small and dark, "cave-like" would be an apt description. The wee cousin of aptitude, apt has the same root meaning of "strength and ideal appropriateness." An apt description or nickname is one that's just right. Apt can also be used in the form "to be apt to" meaning "to be likely to" do something. You're apt to use this word more now that you know precisely what it means! synonyms: apposite, pertinent The modern viewer, whether expert or amateur, is apt to find painting the most exciting, as well as the most baffling, aspect of art under Roman rule. Self-conscious writers are also apt to whinge about how what they're about to do is so terribly difficult and complicated and controversial: What are intractable conflicts? However, where personal space is at a premium, tensions are apt to spike much more quickly than in a place where one's battle cry reaches maybe ten neighbors instead of a hundred. She trimmed the broken twig ends, so that the cuts would be cleaner, less apt to harbor disease. کاملا مناسب و به جا

invidious

Something can be described as invidious when it is resentful, discriminatory or envious, as in: "Fred was angered by the invidious gossip about his divorce being spread by his ex-wife's allies." The adjective invidious is used to describe an act, thought, opinion or critique that is full of ill will or prejudice. It comes from a Latin word that means "hostile." When the captain of a cheerleading squad says nasty things about an opposing cheer team's skills, work ethic, and uniforms, those are invidious comments. synonyms: discriminatory Local authorities face some very difficult decisions, and we at the Arts Council empathise with those at the receiving end of cuts, and those with the invidious task of deciding where the knife should fall. I wrote that sentence about "children in mortal danger" just now without intending to draw an invidious comparison with the Trump administration's immigration policies, believe it or not. Often, it's invidious to choose between remake and original: like PM Dawn's Set Adrift on Memory Bliss and its source, Spandau Ballet's True, both should exist in the best of all possible worlds. منزجر کننده و نفرت انگیز

assiduously

Something done assiduously is done with care and dedication. If you assiduously count your lemonade stand earnings, you tally up the dimes and quarters very carefully, possibly counting them twice to make sure you get it right. Diligence, care, thoroughness, precision — all of these describe what's needed to do something assiduously. It comes from the Latin word assiduus, which means "busy, incessant, continual, or constant." The people who shelf books at your local library do so assiduously — they take great care to put the books exactly where they belong in the stacks so that others can find them. One aptly named Englishman, George Hunt, hunted British mosses so assiduously that he probably contributed to the extinction of several species. The work was tracked assiduously by a parade of fascinated foundation executives; for ten days in April, it was the turn of Rockefeller executive Frank B. Hanson. At his Palermo laboratory, he worked the Berkeley molybdenum assiduously. Throughout the nineteenth century, trilobites were almost the only known forms of early complex life, and for that reason were assiduously collected and studied. انجام ار با دقت

effervescent

Something effervescent has bubbles or froth, like a sparkling cider or a bubble bath. If you have a happy, light, cheerful personality — if you are "bubbly" — you too are effervescent. Coming from the Latin effervēscere, the original meaning was more boiling than bubbly, thanks to the ferv part, which means "hot." The word literally refers to bubbles giving off gas, and any drinks you enjoy that are nose-ticklingly effervescent make bubbles that pop and release into the air. Remember, someone with an effervescent personality is just bubbly, not full of gas! Synonyms: bubbling, bubbly, effervescing, foaming, foamy, frothy, spumy "Anything you say," his nubile, effervescent maiden sputtered happily. Despite her hunger and blisters from hard work, she was effervescent. There was something about Arize's effervescent mischief that made people forgiving. It disgusts me, this effervescent and very public show of—what? جوشان و گازدار

ethereal

Something ethereal is airy and insubstantial, like a ghostly figure at the top of the stairs. This word can also describe something delicate and light, like a singer's ethereal voice. Ethereal comes from the Greek word for ether, which means "air" or more specifically "the upper regions of space." An ethereal substance or sound is one that carries the feeling of light and air — something you might see in a vision that strikes you as heavenly or supernatural. synonyms: aerial, aeriform, aery, airy In the morning's bright light the young lady seemed more human and less ethereal. The steam was so thick that the players were vague, ethereal forms in the mist. The queen's blazing, glacier-blue eyes were as ethereal as her lovely face. Downstairs a constant disco beat throbbed, but up here in Octopussy's Garden the music was ethereal, a kind of melodious bubbling itself. اثیری و روحانی و آسمانی

humdrum

Something humdrum is dull, tedious, and totally boring. If a regular old photography class sounds too humdrum, you might instead sign up for Underwater Photography of Marine Predators. Don't forget your wetsuit! Anything that you can call humdrum is so severely lacking in variety and excitement that it's sure to make you hum and drum your fingers out of boredom. Humdrum is an adjective to describe the unglamorous monotony of everyday routines. It's the same old thing, again and again, over and over. Humdrum can also mean predictable, mind-numbing and not very challenging — hopefully the complete opposite of your social life. synonyms: commonplace, prosaic, unglamorous, unglamourous I think it helped distract us from the dry, humdrum, and heat of the here and now. Then, on Day Eight, the humdrum routine that Genie and Ernie were actually starting to like was broken. But I got to keep still, like I'm watching something humdrum. They are humdrum economic documents, recording the payment of taxes, the accumulation of debts and the ownership of property. خسته کننده و بدون هیجان

incessant

Something incessant continues without interruption. When you're on a cross-country flight, it's tough to tolerate the incessant crying of a baby. In Latin, cessare means "to stop," so when you add the negative prefix in-, you get a word meaning "never stopping." A near synonym is continual, but something incessant is more relentless; ceaseless is a closer synonym. It's rare to find incessant used in a positive way. Even incessant sunshine would grow boring. uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing "night and day we live with the incessant noise of the city" synonyms: ceaseless, constant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing, unremitting بی وقفه و پیوسته لاینقطع

innumerable (adj)

Something innumerable can't be counted — there are just too many, like the stars in the sky. Innumerable things are infinite. Things that are countless, multitudinous, myriad, numberless, uncounted, or unnumerable are also called innumerable: you couldn't count them if you tried. There are a lot of countries in the world, but they aren't innumerable. On the other hand, the number of drops in the ocean is definitely innumerable. And if you wanted to be really nice, you'd say "Her charms are innumerable!" Even though you could probably count all of her good qualities. synonyms: countless, infinite, innumerous, multitudinous, myriad, numberless, uncounted, unnumberable, unnumbered, unnumerable Many early kings were considered divine and were accorded special treatment in innumerable respects. It was half finished, a wide gold collar formed of tiny chains strung with innumerable golden bees, each one delicately and imaginatively conceived, superbly wrought. Indeed, for most of us this is of less importance than the innumerable small-scale exposures to which we are subjected day by day, year after year. On her lap lay one of those innumerable pads of paper her husband brought home from his office, compliments of some pharmaceutical company, advertising tranquilizers or antibiotics or skin cream. غیر قابل شمارش

insipid

Something insipid is lacking in flavor or interest. You'll probably find the generic poems inside of greeting cards insipid. Insipid comes from the Latin insipidus, the opposite of sapidus which means flavorful. Because spices and salts are left out, hospital food is usually considered insipid. The most common use of the word is in a metaphorical sense for dull or flat. You might think that your goody-two-shoes cousin is the most insipid girl you've ever met. synonyms: jejune This seems to placate her for the moment and I tell the same story to Elizabeth, with a few more details to Hilly, pinching my arm to bear her insipid smile. But why did the people I met, whether well or ill disposed towards me, also seem insipid? "About the soup being insipid, or hell being interesting?" In 1905, Edward Elgar, a fervent admirer of German music, described the British music scene as 'vulgar, mediocre, chaotic and insipid'. خسته کننده و بی مزه و غیرجذاب

numinous

Something numinous has a strong religious quality, suggesting the presence of a divine power. When you enter a temple, church, or mosque, you might feel as though you've entered a numinous space. Numinous comes from the Latin numin- meaning "divine power." This word also comes from numen, a word used to describe the spirit or divine power characteristic of a thing or place. However, you don't have to be in a strictly religious environment to experience something numinous; you might see the beauty of a painting or the melody of a song as numinous — if they communicate a spiritual vibe. Synonyms: sacred As is usually the case, people with special abilities emerged to assist travelers through the portal to the numinous. "Risley continues her disconcerting deconstruction of perceived gender and its relationship to perceived power, especially in respect to numinous imagery," she says. The Marble Faun's sculpture, similarly, at once rough and ornate, leaves plenty of room for viewers to appreciate the stone's own numinous warmth. Egan wields a suspicion of the relics he encounters on his pilgrimage, until a potentially numinous experience at the crypt of St. Lucia Filippini challenges his idea of what might be possible. روحانی و ماورائی

estimable

Something or someone estimable is worthy of respect and admiration. Many U.S. presidents might be described as estimable, though it depends on who you ask. This is a word for people who deserve respect. A hardworking scholar who has written several books might be estimable. Things can be estimable, too. You might describe an impressive book, restaurant, or film as estimable. Estimable is related to esteem, which can be used to mean "regard highly." Being estimable is the opposite of being disgraceful. synonyms: good, honorable, respectable The filmmakers — Drew Goddard directed and collaborated on the script with the estimable Joss Whedon, one of the producers — clearly went to a lot of trouble to put all that stuff in. Stephen Fry in America 9pm, Dave Another chance to see three instalments from the estimable Fry's journey around all the states of America. As evidence, he cited the estimable bowel frequency of "wild animals, wild men, ... infants and idiots." Van Hove's fully-realized version puts ecstatic new flesh on the estimable bones of one of Miller's greatest plays. شایسته احترام

protracted

Something protracted has been drawn out, usually in a tedious way. Protracted things are long and seem like they're never going to end. Anything protracted is lasting longer than you would like. A speech that seems to go on foreterm-55ver is protracted. If an employer and a union can't reach an agreement, there could be a protracted strike. Before a movie, the previews are almost always protracted — they never seem to stop. If something is long and annoying, and there's no good reason it couldn't be shorter, it's protracted. synonyms: drawn-out, extended, lengthy, prolonged "The first labor is usually protracted," the nurse said. In 2015, after a protracted national debate, Britain legalized the procedure, and the first cohorts of "three-parent children" are now being born. During those years, she grew accustomed to sudden starts and protracted waits. The gray, despairing weariness of protracted maneuvers and combat did not touch him. طولانی و برای مدتی مدید

resurgent

Something resurgent comes back to life or is reinvigorated. An old song's popularity might be resurgent after it's featured on the soundtrack of a popular new movie. When things fall out of favor or stop being active and then experience a burst of energy or interest, they're resurgent. After a period of very conservative political control, resurgent liberal beliefs could lead to a progressive president being elected. And if people get bored with new technology and gadgets, there may be a resurgent interest in hardcover books and Polaroid cameras. In Latin, resurgere means "rise again." rising again as to new life and vigor "resurgent nationalism" synonyms: renascent revived باز زنده شدن و احیا

scintillating

Something scintillating is flashing briefly and sharply with light. Scintillating conversations are smart and captivating. To be scintillating is to be sharp. Things that are scintillating are exciting: they grab your attention with sparkles, flashes of light, or sheer brilliance. Most often, we talk about scintillating conversations and speakers. If you say someone is scintillating, then they are clever — people want to listen to them. This is a word often used sarcastically. If someone is boring, you might say "Well, that was scintillating," while rolling your eyes. describes someone who is brilliant and lively با ذکاوت و سرزنده

seemingly

Something seemingly true appears to be true. Use the adverb seemingly when you want to say "on the face of it" or "apparently." The word seemingly refers to how things look on the surface — how they seem — and it often suggests there's more to the story. A seemingly broken ankle might actually be sprained, and a seemingly rich man might actually be deeply in debt. While your dog is seemingly well-behaved, he may be eating the garbage when you're not home. Seemingly means about the same as apparently, ostensibly, or surely. synonyms: apparently, on the face of it, ostensibly It's one thing to acknowledge the enormous power of snap judgments and thin slices but quite another to place our trust in something so seemingly mysterious. Soon they were on top of Mark, a dozen or more, punching and kicking and seemingly trying to rip him apart. The rover, while descending down a seemingly ordinary slope, drove off an invisible ridge. But he couldn't escape the seemingly endless questions about HeLa and cell culture from other scientists. ظاهرا به نظر

spontaneous

Something spontaneous happens when you're least expecting it. Spontaneous things are natural or instinctive, and they happen without warning. If you plan to go to a movie and then you go, that's not a spontaneous thing. Ditching the movie at the last minute to go to the park? That's spontaneous. Spontaneous things happen all of a sudden, on the spur of the moment, without being planned. Spontaneous can also refer to things that happen without outside influence. Your parents will be happy if you do your chores spontaneously instead of waiting till they nag you. synonyms: ad-lib, unwritten It appeared that Goedart still believed that many caterpillars arose from spontaneous generation. And this did not apply only to Negroes, who were no more "simple" or "spontaneous" or "Christian" than anybody else—who were merely more oppressed. Finding a gene that causes the sporadic or spontaneous variant of a disorder is like searching for a needle in haystack. I thought of theory number five: spontaneous combustion. خودجوش و خود به خودی

appurtenant

Something that is appurtenant helps or supports something else. Good physical health is appurtenant to mental well-being. The adjective appurtenant sounds similar to pertinent, and you can use the two words in the same way, to show that something relates or belongs to something else. Appurtenant shows up a lot in scholarly writing, in situations like a building addition that fits, or is appurtenant to the original structure, or a legal decision about whether a claim of discrimination is appurtenant to a particular law. synonyms: accessory, adjunct, adjuvant, ancillary, auxiliary He noted that "directly or indirectly, the President shares in the revenues that the Hotel and its appurtenant restaurant, bar, and event spaces generate." The second was the peril to the Chinese polity, the danger that China might become politically appurtenant to some foreign power of group of powers. That which belongs to something else; an appurtenant. A hundred court, especially in the west of England, was often appurtenant to the chief manor in the hundred, and passed with a grant of the manor without being expressly mentioned. کمک کننده

ephemeral

Something that is fleeting or short-lived is ephemeral, like a fly that lives for one day or text messages flitting from cellphone to cellphone. Ephemeral (ə-FEM-ər-əl) was originally a medical term with the specific meaning "lasting only one day," as a fever or sickness (Hemera means "day" in Greek.) The word became more general, coming to mean "lasting a short time," covering the life spans of plants or insects and then eventually anything that is fleeting or transitory. A related word is the plural noun ephemera, meaning "things that are meant to last for only a short time." Posters for a rock concert are often ephemera, unless the band is so famous that they get saved and sold on eBay. anything short-lived, as an insect that lives only for a day in its winged form synonyms: ephemeron زودگذر

imminent

Something that is imminent is just about to happen: if you light a firecracker and then stick it down your pants, a very bad situation is imminent. Imminent is from Latin imminere, "to overhang," and to say that something is imminent is to say that it is hanging over you and about to fall, in a metaphorical way. If you take your mom's car and drive it into the mailbox, getting grounded is imminent. You don't want that hanging over your head! synonyms: at hand, close at hand, impendent, impending By late 1944 Germany was losing the war and defeat was imminent. With a rebel defeat imminent, the bondholders faced the prospect of losing their trousers. The remembrance of her imminent departure wracks my old body with grief, but it's quickly displaced by joy—I am now close enough to hear the music thumping from the big top. Unfortunately, the sort of individual who is programmed to ignore personal distress and keep pushing for the top is frequently programmed to disregard signs of grave and imminent danger as well. قریب الوقوع

unseemly

Something that is inappropriate or unacceptable behavior is unseemly. It's a gentler, somewhat nicer word for "inappropriate" than its synonyms, the "in" words: "indecent, indecorous, indelicate, inelegant, inept" — well, you get the idea. Knowing that the "un-" prefix turns a word into its opposite, you'll see that unseemly means "not seemly." Let's look at that word (which is related to our verb seem), because it carries the real meaning. Seemly goes back to around 1200, to the Old Norse word soemr, "fitting, becoming." The negative "un-" was added in the early 14th century to denote the opposite meaning. "Seems" to make sense, doesn't it? synonyms: indecent, indecorous, unbecoming, uncomely, untoward Now she felt that they were unseemly in a grown man. There was something unseemly about it, this unwillingness to be forthcoming, to state your origins plainly. They said bangles on the arm of a widow were unseemly and grew impatient with our staying up late and giggling, which kept them awake. The elegant ladies from the gallery scurried fearfully down the steps, hoisting their vast skirts above their ankles in an unseemly way. رفتار نامناسب

moribund

Something that is moribund is almost dead, like a moribund economy that has been stuck in a recession for years. In Latin, mori means "to die." You probably recognize this root in words like mortal, mortician, and mortuary. Moribund means "near death," but it can also mean something that is coming to an end, nearly obsolete, or stagnant. For example, as streaming videos over the Internet becomes a more and more popular way to watch movies and television shows, the DVD has become a moribund medium. Synonyms: dying The actions of the moribund foxes were those of animals poisoned by chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. The Levys drove past the factory, which, open or closed, looked equally moribund from the street. پژمرده و در حال مرگ

palatable

Something that is palatable is acceptable to one's sense of taste—literally or figuratively. If it's palatable, then you can put up with it — whether it's leftovers or a mediocre made-for-TV movie. The palate is the roof of the mouth, the combination of structures that separates the mouth from the nose. Early anatomists believed that the sense of taste was located in the palate, and, just as taste is metaphorically expanded to include sensibilities beyond the experience of food and drink, so palatable can be used to describe phenomena beyond the culinary. And, while palatable can mean pleasing or agreeable, it generally means merely tolerable—edible, rather than delicious. synonyms: toothsome, appetising, appetizing She was like the palatable little dolls we played with as children—mango seeds that we drew faces on and then called by our nicknames. And at this level of experience one's bitterness begins to be palatable, and hatred becomes too heavy a sack to carry. Rick liked to think of them that way; it made his job palatable. We'd worked shoulder to shoulder all summer, which made the whole endeavor more palatable. دلپذیر و مطبوع به ذائقه

staid (adj)

Something that is staid is dignified, respectable — possibly even boring, like a staid dinner party that is heavy on the important guests but light on the laughs. Staid is pronounced just like "stayed" — in fact, it comes from stay, meaning "fixed" or "permanent." Something that is staid is sedate, slightly dull, and tends to stay the same. Whether it's a middle-class lifestyle, a conservative law firm, your unadventurous aunt, or an old navy plaid sofa, the word staid can be used to describe anything that maintains a respectable self-restraint and takes no chances. synonyms: sedate decorous: characterized by propriety and dignity and good taste in manners and conduct A discourse of only one or two minutes on the emotional problems of foreign girls was always sufficient tonic for even the most staid Cambridge evening. He wore impeccable three-piece Brooks Brothers suits, Bostonian loafers, and staid horn-rimmed glasses, and he knew the law. Inside, we were met by another crowd of supporters, so that the hall seemed more like a raucous protest meeting than a staid court of law. Eventually the forms settled into a staid and stable middle age. ثابت به شکل خسته کننده

unprecedented

Something that is unprecedented is not known, experienced, or done before. If you've never gone on a family beach vacation but you're planning one now, you could refer to it as an unprecedented decision. The root of this word is precedent, a noun referring to something done or said that is used as an example to be followed in the future. In law, a precedent is a legal decision that is used as a standard in future cases. So the adjective unprecedented, meaning "having no precedent," was formed from the prefix un- "not," the noun precedent, and the suffix -ed "having." جدید و بی سابقه

illustrious

Something that's Illustrious is well known or famous, leaving a trail of glory in its wake. An illustrious career, for example, is full of impressive achievements and celebrated contributions to society. Coming from the Latin illustris, meaning "bright, distinguished, famous," illustrious is a powerful adjective. It's similar to luster, which is a brilliant shine — so imagine that something illustrious is as wonderful as a sparkling diamond. Use this word to describe the career or reputation of someone really successful, like a bestselling author or business mogul. synonyms: celebrated, famed, famous, far-famed, notable, noted, renowned Have you heard what glory young Orestes won when he cut down that two-faced man, Aigisthos, for killing his illustrious father? Unsure how to act in the company of a divine presence, this living reincarnation of an ancient and illustrious lama, I was terrified of unwittingly giving offense or committing some irredeemable faux pas. No one knew or even cared that I was a descendant of the illustrious Ngubengcuka. "Is the / for 'illustrious' or perhaps 'impertinent'?" My face burned both in the scar and where his lavender- smelling fingers pinched my skin. مشهور و درخشان

admonitory

Something that's admonitory is meant to correct or scold. If you're caught throwing paper airplanes in class, your teacher will probably give you an admonitory lecture. Use the adjective admonitory to describe something that's done in a warning or reproachful way. When kids are loud in the library, the librarian might shush them in an admonitory way. If your piano teacher always finds fault with your playing, she is consistently admonitory. The root of admonitory is the verb admonish, which means "to scold or reprimand." The Latin origin of both is admonere, "remind or suggest," but also "warn or urge." synonyms: admonishing, reproachful, reproving At last, Narcissa hurried up a street named Spinner's End, over which the towering mill chimney seemed to hover like a giant admonitory finger. The story, of course, is about a miser whose resistance to Christmas is overcome when he is visited by a series of admonitory ghosts. She is often admonitory, self-reflective, and maternal in the span of a single column. Of course it was a more literal kind of dialogue, one that broke the commonly agreed-upon wall between actors and audience, that antagonized Mr. Trump into a series of admonitory tweets. تذکر همراه با نصیحت

implausible

Something that's implausible is farfetched or unlikely. If it's 3 pm and you still have to study for three exams and write an essay before midnight, it's implausible that you'll also have time to watch a movie. The adjective implausible breaks down into im, meaning "not," and plausible, meaning "likely." So it simply means "not likely." Implausible ideas or stories usually get high marks for creativity, but they're just too crazy to be believable. But as philosopher René Descartes noted, "One cannot conceive anything so strange and so implausible that it has not already been said by one philosopher or another." describing a statement that is not believable غیر قابل باور و تصور

incongruous

Something that's incongruous is inconsistent or incompatible with something else. Remember that Sesame Street song "One of these things is not like the other"? They were talking about that one thing being incongruous. If we break it down into its Latin roots, incongruous is formed by adding in, meaning "not," to congruous, which means "suitable, proper." So, something that is incongruous is "not suitable or proper" — in other words, not in harmony with everything else. That's why burping at the dinner table could be called incongruous behavior: it's not proper and certainly doesn't go well with the main course. lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness ناهمگون و بدون توافق

indecipherable

Something that's indecipherable can't be understood. When you can't read your dad's messy handwriting, you can describe it as indecipherable. You'll find Italian poetry to be indecipherable if you don't speak Italian, and you may find some experimental films indecipherable even if they're in English. If you can't figure out the meaning of something, it's indecipherable. At the heart of this adjective is cipher, which means "code" or "secret way of writing." When you decipher something, you crack the code — but if it's indecipherable, the meaning remains a secret. Synonyms: incomprehensible, uncomprehensible Each cage was labeled in some indecipherable scientific jargon. Her pink lips trembled as she mumbled something over and over, indecipherable. Alec grumbled and grunted a few times, muttering almost indecipherable words as he scooted off his cot and got dressed. Melquíades was in the corner seated at the desk scribbling indecipherable signs. نامفهوم و ناخوانا

lucid

Something that's lucid is clear and understandable. Lucid writing is important in journalism, so that readers easily get the point of the article they're reading. When what you write or say is lucid, it's straightforward and its meaning is crystal clear. You can also use the adjective lucid to describe your mind or thoughts when you're thinking in a rational, sensible way: "I was worried about my grandmother's confusion yesterday, but she seems really lucid today." Another meaning is "translucent," or "letting light shine through" — which makes sense since lucid comes from the Latin lucidus, "light or clear," with its root of lux, "light." synonyms: crystal clear, limpid, luculent, pellucid, perspicuous The air was clear, clean, lucid, lying lightly upon the world that morning. Under a long list of herbs, there was a notation next to the entry for mugwort: "May be used sparingly for lucid dreams." She looked more lucid than usual, which was bad news. It may not be a coincidence that Greene, like many scientists since Galileo, is a lucid expositor of difficult ideas, because the ideal of classic prose is congenial to the worldview of the scientist. شفاف واضح و روشن

excruciating

Something that's really intense or painful is excruciating. If you go skiing and break your leg in several places, the ride from the slope to the hospital will be excruciating — unless you're unconscious, too. Excruciating doesn't just hurt. It feels like torture. This adjective actually comes to us from the Latin excruciatus, which means "to afflict, harass, vex, torment." Extremely painful injuries are certainly excruciating, but sometimes so are tedious tasks or long waits: Watching the old lady in front of you pay for her groceries one nickel at a time can be just as excruciating as 4 broken ribs, especially if you're in a hurry. synonyms: agonising, agonizing, harrowing, torturesome, torturing, torturous Ear and Eye yanked on the handle, but the gate was so heavy, it moved with excruciating slowness. By my reckoning, we did manage to play it cool, though Malia still laughs, remembering it all as a bit excruciating. Unable to glide smoothly through capillaries and veins, sickled red cells jammed into microscopic clots throughout the body, interrupting blood flow and precipitating the excruciating pain of a sickling crisis. She was quiet for a few excruciating moments, and then she turned to me at last. به شدت دردآور

eyesore

Something that's really unpleasant to look at is an eyesore. You could call your apartment building an eyesore if it's a huge, ugly concrete structure that looms over your street. Most eyesores are structures or buildings — an old, decrepit house that's sagging on one side and has a yard full of weeds is probably thought of as an eyesore by most of its neighbors. You might also describe a new hotel as an eyesore if it's painted a strange shade of pink that clashes with the buildings nearby. The word eyesore has been around since the 1500's, from the idea of "something so offensive to the eye that it hurts." type of: ugliness I finally reach the top, pass the red neon eyesore, and coast down Overlook Road, past my house. Tía Mimi's hedge of bright red ginger shielded us somewhat from the sight of the eyesore palace and of the dictator strolling of a Sunday afternoon with his three-year-old grandson in a minuscule general's uniform. I say: "We're not asking for money. We're not asking for anything but permission to remove an eyesore and transform a communal place. It would be an improvement." Here is my palindrome poem on the subject: Eros, eyesore. کریه المنظر

untrammeled

Something that's untrammeled is completely free and unrestricted. If you live a truly untrammeled life, you feel free to follow your dreams. As opposed to a lion in a zoo, a wild animal is untrammeled, or free to roam. You could also describe a dictator's power as untrammeled, in a much less positive sense — he is free to make any laws he wants, and to treat his subjects however he chooses. Untrammeled comes from trammel, or "restriction," which also refers to a particular kind of fishing net. The root is Late Latin, tremaculum, "net made of three layers." synonyms: untrammelled "America ... shall respond finally ... to the self-interest instilled in all men by our God . .. now untrammeled by the unnatural devices of princes and . . . tyrants. .. ." But Ms. Ervin, like many fellow students, does not see untrammeled free expression as always the paramount value, or one that is easily reconciled with equality and inclusion. It is concerned with the "untrammeled ego," which Freud and the Buddha both identified as "the limiting factor in our well-being," Mr. Epstein writes. Once struggling with pirates and brigands, today the Mani is a peaceful land of rustic villages and untrammeled beaches. آزادانه و بدون مرز

Primacy

Something with primacy has first importance. If you are deciding who to take on an all-expenses-paid trip up the Amazon, the quality of being chill and fun might take primacy over the number of years you've been friends. Primacy comes from primary, meaning first, and it is like a condition of always having first place. If you are the teacher's pet, you might have primacy over your classmates. You can also talk about primacy within a field. Madonna, Beyonce, and Shakira have all at one time or another achieved primacy in the field of pop music. Keep practicing, maybe you'll be next. type of: grandness, importance Composers of the mid- to late-eighteenth century limited themselves to a small choice of chords partly as a reaction to the harmonic style of their predecessors, but also to emphasise the primacy of the melody. The histories of the Fertile Crescent and China also hold a salutary lesson for the modern world: circumstances change, and past primacy is no guarantee of future primacy. Focusing on the Olmec's chronological primacy, they believe, obscures the more important fact that Mesoamerica was the home of a remarkable multisociety ferment of social, aesthetic, and technical innovation. But with first- and second-trimester abortion legalized, and the primacy of medical judgment acknowledged, genetic testing was poised to diffuse widely through clinics and hospitals around the nation. اولویت داشتن

foment

Stand outside the school cafeteria passing out flyers with nutritional details on school food, and you may foment a revolution — foment means stirring up something undesirable, such as trouble. You would never say, "Hooray, we fomented a revolution." Instead you'd say, "Those good for nothing scalawags fomented the rebellion." Don't confuse foment and ferment. Ferment can mean "to stir up" in a good way — a football game can ferment excitement in a town, or foment trouble through traffic tie-ups and litter. try to stir up public opinion synonyms: agitate, stir up برهم زدن دیدگاه های جامعه

surfeit

Steve baked a surfeit of jam tarts. Steve ate a surfeit of jam tarts. Steve surfeited himself on jam tarts. Whether surfeit is a noun or a verb (as in "overabundance" or "gorge"), Steve is likely to end up with a bellyache. Overabundance, glut, gorge, and cloy: these are all synonyms for surfeit, and they all convey a sense of too-much-ness, as does the Old French root of the word — surfaire, "to overdo." When it is used in reference to food or eating, surfeit tends to suggest indulging to the point of sickness or disgust. In other contexts, though, the meaning is not necessarily negative: "A surfeit of kindness," for example, would hardly be a bad thing. Kamen, with a surfeit of empathy and a lack of foresight, assented. "I didn't mean that," said Harry, whose brain felt sluggish with exhaustion and from the surfeit of food and wine. The anger will not hold; the puppy is too easily surfeited. Lazlo enveloped him in a hug, which evidently constituted a surfeit of affection, because the old man pushed him off, incensed. بیش از حد و زیاد

subsume

Subsume means to absorb or include. A successful company might subsume a failing competitor through a merger, or love may subsume you in the early stages of a romance. Subsume is a verb that comes from the Latin words sub, which means "from below," and sumere, which means "take." So subsume means "to take from below," like a sneak attack by some kind of deep-sea creature. Sailors and scuba divers should beware of monsters from the blackest depths waiting to subsume them. contain or include "This new system subsumes the old one" consider (an instance of something) as part of a general rule or principle synonyms: colligate شامل شدن استنتاج کردن

importune

Sure, to importune is to beg, but use it only when you're talking about going beyond mere begging into more urgent territory. The woman importuned the judge to release her innocent brother from jail. The original Latin term actually meant something closer to "to bother." Bear that in mind when you're deciding whether to use importune, because that's the kind of begging you'd want to be talking about when you do. Imagine needing something so badly that you cannot stop asking for it: then you might importune someone to get it. After a year of being importuned, dad let me have the car. synonyms: insist Only a few commercial enterprises showed the fortitude to resist Ernest's importuning. Yossarian whirled and seized the chaplain by the shirt front in an importuning grip. Zooey watched her for a full minute or so, then said, not precisely kindly, but without importuning, "Franny. What about it? Shall I try to get Buddy on the phone?" But Mr. Sharpe would listen to none of her importuning nor mine; and so the dreaded night approached. خواهش ملتمسانه

surly

Surly describes behavior nobody wants to be around. Think of the irritable old guy who lives on your street and always seems to be simmering with some sullen nasty anger, whose every utterance he spits out with a rude snarl. He's the poster boy for surly. Surly behavior is always frowned upon, but the word's origins are in the behavior of English nobility. Surly's roots are in sirly, as in sir, meaning arrogant, haughty, and superior. Its current meaning implies all that and more, none of it appealing — rude, snotty, sullen, mean and cranky can be added to the list. Generally speaking, if you find yourself in a surly mood, avoid your friends and loved ones. She told him the Hausa in the North were a dignified lot, the Igbo were surly and money-loving, and the Yoruba were rather jolly even if they were first-rate lickspittles. I guess this is the look now: surly aggression. Smith, for some reason not his usual surly self, laughed with them, saying he hadn't been aware that the dockers and reporters were still there. A surly grunt sounded above the tinny ring of metal. ترش رو و عبوس

tawdry

Tawdry means cheap, shoddy, or tasteless. It can be used to describe almost anything from clothes to people to even events or affairs. You know that shiny black slip you picked up for nothing at a garage sale and used as the skirt of your lion-tamer Halloween costume? It's a bit tawdry. But it would really be tawdry if you wore it on a regular day out. Tawdry things often have a hint of desperation and immorality — like tawdry extramarital affairs or tawdry tales. With tawdry decorations and jewelry, quality has been exchanged for lots of flash and shine زرق و برق دار و جلف

taxonomy

Taxonomy is all about organizing and classifying. To make it sound more scientific, you could refer to your project of reorganizing your spice rack according to smell as a taxonomy of spices. Taxonomy is a word used mainly in biology to talk about classifying living organisms, organizing them according to their similarities. If you've ever seen a chart with animals divided into species, genus, and family, you know what scientific taxonomy is. The word comes very straightforwardly from Greek words for "arrangement" — taxis — and "method" — nomia. So any special method for arranging or organizing things can be called taxonomy. type of: hierarchy For the most part however, Linnaeus's lapses were offset by sound and often brilliant taxonomy. Asked to describe and classify mammals, he scribbled down an incomplete and absurd system of taxonomy—omitting categories, inventing others, lumping kangaroos with beavers, and pigs with elephants. Emboldened by their taxonomy of single-gene—"monogenic"—diseases, McKusick and his students ventured into diseases caused by the convergent influence of multiple genes—"polygenic" syndromes. He lists 121 figures, and divides them according to a taxonomy that's highly serviceable today:* grouping them according to the type of thing they did. طبقه‌بندی علمی

terse

Terse means brief, or using very few words. If your teacher tells you to make your writing in your essay style terse and to the point, he's saying use as few words as you can and be simple and clear. A terse reply or command may seem rude or unfriendly—but the word terse itself doesn't mean unfriendly or rude. Synonyms are succinct or concise, though these words have a more positive tone. The adjective terse is from Latin tersus "clean, neat," from tergere "to rub off, wipe, polish." Polished language is neatly concise. synonyms: crisp, curt, laconic Many of the entries in the brief, perplexing diary recovered with the body were terse observations of flora and fauna, which fueled speculation that McCandless was a field biologist. Thomas doesn't question a single one of my terse responses. He was more terse than usual and looked at me frantically whenever someone asked him a question. It might consist of a terse statement of law, or a question on the statement, an answer to the question, a brief or lengthy commentary on a Biblical verse, and so on. مختصر در حد چند کلمه

precocious

That high school hoops phenom who plays like an NBA pro? The sixth grader who's already asking questions about organic chemistry? They're both precocious — meaning they're way beyond their years in skill or knowledge. When you look at the Latin roots of precocious, it all makes sense. When pre (meaning "before") joins coquere (meaning "to ripen"), you have something that is ripening prematurely. And in the case of precocious, you are usually describing young people who have some adult-like quality about them. Maybe it's their vast vocabulary, maybe it's their ease with Calculus, or maybe it's just applying lipstick. سریع رشد یافته و بالغ شده

dispensation

The act of giving or portioning something out is called dispensation. Your teacher will have a hard time with the dispensation of biology textbooks if there aren't enough copies for everyone in the class. The Latin root word of dispensation is dispensare, which means to disburse or administer. Doctors and pharmacists commonly talk about the dispensation of prescription medication. Another meaning of dispensation is an exemption from a rule. Your teacher might give you a dispensation to take the algebra final at a later date if you're sick on the scheduled day, for example. types: variance In both Europe and Mesoamerica kings ruled by the dispensation of the heavens. I wanted to impress upon the reporters die critical role of whites in any new dispensation. Nor did I request a dispensation from a priest when a non-Catholic friend asked me to be his best man. As minorities, we were the most visible, but it became clear that special dispensations were made to admit all kinds of students whose grades or accomplishments might not measure up to the acknowledged standard. معافیت

contingent

The adjective contingent can be used to describe something that can occur only when something else happens first. Making money is contingent on finding a good-paying job. When an event or situation is contingent, it means that it depends on some other event or fact. For example, sometimes buying a new house has to be contingent upon someone else buying your old house first. That way you don't end up owning two houses! As a noun, contingent means either "a group of soldiers that joins a larger force," like a contingent of British troops sent to assist American soldiers, or "a group of people with something in common," like the contingent of folks dressed as Batman at Comic-Con. synonyms: contingent on, contingent upon, dependant on, dependant upon, dependent on, dependent upon, depending on In Seatown, a contingent of the King's Guard was waiting to escort them through the crowded, noisy wharves. The audience seated in the chamber was a conglomeration of Durham's various racial factions; there were contingents from UOCI, the BSC, the Klan, and the White Citizens' Council. "Of course, it's all contingent on the approval of the loan." There were opportunities to travel to foreign countries with contingents of 'minority group scholars.' اتفاق افتادن چیزی مشروط به اتفاقی دیگر

disaffected

The adjective disaffected describes someone who is dissatisfied or rebellious. Usually if you're disaffected, you're upset with people in authority. You and your fellow disaffected workers might become so upset about the lack of raises that you decided to boycott work. You might have heard the term "disaffected youth," which refers to young people rebelling against some aspect of society. For example, disaffected youth might fight against their lack of political freedom. Disaffected can also be used to describe things rather than people, like the disaffected lyrics in a song or the disaffected mood of a poem describing an unhappy or bitter state of mind. The word disaffected comes from disaffect, meaning "estranged, hostile." discontented as toward authority synonyms: ill-affected, malcontent, rebellious discontent, discontented نارضایتی از چیزی

erratic

The adjective erratic describes things that are unpredictable, unusual, and that deviate from the norm. An erratic quarterback might completely confuse his receivers waiting for a pass. Like its linguistic relative, error, the adjective erratic means "deviating from the norm," or "wrong." It also implies behavior or qualities that are unpredictable or odd. The word comes from the Latin verb errare, or "to wander" off course. In the field of geology, a rock that is erratic is unlike others in its environment because it has been transported by glacial activity. Likewise, someone driving a car that veers out of its lane is said to be driving erratically. غیر معمول و غیر عادی پیشبینی نشده

erroneous

The adjective erroneous describes something or someone as mistaken and incorrect. Early explorers had the erroneous notion that the oceans were full of dragons. When we talk about being on the "straight and narrow path" we aim to live a truthful and moral life. The Latin root of erroneous, or "to be incorrect" as well as "to be immoral," is errare, which means "to wander." It's clear that we make connections between behavior and direction or space. These two ideas have been linked for a very long time! Synonyms: incorrect, wrong He cut carefully and cleanly, never misstepping, building arguments that were irrefutable, even if erroneous or morally repugnant. Quite the contrary: some of his most famous papers are marred by rudimentary mathematical errors, occasionally leading to erroneous conclusions. They often approached visitors as if they might be deities, possibly calculating, in the spirit of Pascal's wager, that the downside of an erroneous attribution of celestial power was minimal. The recruit receives little, or erroneous, information about what to expect, which tends to maintain his anxiety. اشتباه و غلط

fecund

The adjective fecund describes things that are highly fertile and that easily produce offspring or fruit. Rabbits are often considered to be fecund animals, and you may hear jokes in poor taste about people reproducing like rabbits if they have a lot of children. The word fecund comes from the Latin word fecundus, meaning fruitful. But the English word does not just describe something or someone fertile, the adjective fecund can also be used to describe someone who is innovative or highly intellectually productive. Your fecund imagination will be an asset if you have to tell ghost stories around the fire at camp while eating s'mores but that same fecund imagination could be less helpful if you're at home alone on a stormy night and you think you hear a knock at the door! synonyms: fertile, prolific For thousands of years after the Agricultural Revolution, religious liturgy consisted mainly of humans sacrificing lambs, wine and cakes to divine powers, who in exchange promised abundant harvests and fecund flocks. "In due season all that lives returns to dust, making the earth fecund with life. Smell how the air tonight is pregnant with the flowers' blooms and their bee-sought sweetness." Despite years of physical torment, Mr. Price entered into a remarkably fecund phase as a writer. حاصلخیز و تولیدکننده

limpid

The adjective limpid describes something (often liquid) that is clear, serene and bright. Nature calendars often feature glamour shots of a limpid stream or a limpid lake. The adjective limpid may also describe language that is easily understandable. Your teacher might ask you to give an answer in a single limpid sentence. But he probably won't because limpid is a word that's fallen out of use. Maybe because it sounds too much like limp. Or maybe because it's associated with the king of all clichés: "Her eyes were like limpid pools." synonyms: crystal clear, crystalline, lucid, pellucid, transparent She stared at the limpid, naked sky looking for traces of a cloud, hoping that sooner or later a drop of rain would fall to break the unbearable harshness of that lunar valley. Her eyes were soft brown, limpid and innocent. Black prow by prow those hulls were made fast in a limpid calm without a ripple, stillness all around them. Eratosthenes' limpid inference does conceal a few additional assumptions, and some difficulties. روشن و شفاف

obtuse

The adjective obtuse is good for describing someone slow on the uptake: "Don't be so obtuse: get with the program!" The adjective obtuse literally means "rounded" or "blunt," but when it's used for a person, it means "not quick or alert in perception" — in other words, not the sharpest tool in the shed. It's not just for dull people, but also dull angles: in geometry, an obtuse angle is one that is not so sharp (between 90 and 180 degrees). synonyms: dense, dim, dull, dumb, slow It was as though his eyes were holding their breath, while his mother looked at him, her face flaccid and querulous, interminable, clairvoyant yet obtuse. Mother noticed the rest of us sitting openmouthed and snapped, "You are so obtuse sometimes, Alfred. We'll discuss it later." Perhaps this was the son of one of their friends—but this kind of subterfuge was pretty obtuse, even for them. "Yes. Don't be so obtuse. Did they taste good?" دیر گیر و دیرفهم

picayune

The adjective picayune refers to those things that are so small, trivial, and unimportant that they're not worth getting into. Why focus on the picayune details, when it's the larger ideas that are the real problem? There are several newspapers in America called the Picayune, because they see it as their job to comb through even the minor details of the story to get to the truth. Hear the word "picky" in picayune (though they're not related)? That's one way to remember it. A picky person is picayune. Airline disaster investigators spend their lives rummaging through the debris, knowing that it might be the most picayune detail that leads them to understand the cause of a crash. synonyms: fiddling, footling, lilliputian, little, niggling, petty, piddling, piffling, trivial I made the mistake of saying we were back to the picayune grind. The vast labyrinth of Biblical commentary known as the Mishnah is at once "an orgy of the picayune" and "a thousand-page act of yearning." It was never more than "picayune sloganeering," sneered one millennial-flavored dude in the 10 o'clock hour. It may sound picayune but, in big organizations, such things matter. جزئیات بی ارزش

propulsive

The adjective propulsive describes something that has the power to drive something forward. You would not want a propulsive jet engine on your model airplane — it's just too much power for something that should stay in the basement. You can think of propulsive as describing an object that has propellers (like a helicopter) that move it forward. But the word propulsive is not just for the literal. Use propulsive to make a description more colorful and imaginative. The word suggests a feeling of propelling, like hearing a soaring melody with a propulsive rhythm or a propulsive speech that makes you want to change the world. synonyms: propellant, propellent, propelling Peoples, why are they so compelsive, no, what is the word, propulsive, no, obsessive, yes obsessive! Despite its echoing, propulsive beat, it's not the sort of song that should ever be played to rile up conservative donors. Focusing on the dancier side of her catalogue, Richard was a siren over propulsive grooves, synthesized melodies and waves of bass. The vividness of Whitehead's book, and its propulsive sense of thrill and adventure, spring directly from this literalization—from the fearsome puffing trains that carry Cora, the novel's enslaved protagonist, toward freedom. پیشران

sylvan

The adjective sylvan refers to a shady, wooded area. The word suggests a peaceful, pleasant feeling, as though you were far away from the noise of modern life. As a noun, sylvan means a being that inhabits the woods. The Roman god of woods and fields was known as Silvanus, sometimes also known as the half-man, half-goat sylvan called Pan. Shakespeare's character Puck, in "A Midsummer Night's Dream," seems based on a sylvan, and other authors used the image as well. The adjectival use of the Middle French word sylvain evolved in the mid-16th century. The word is most often used today to describe an idyllic wooded area. synonyms: silvan wooded: covered with growing trees and bushes etc In those concerts, the band stretched its tumultuous rock guitars and sylvan textures into a lengthy performance, and the effect was hearty if unflagging. A series of small, sylvan valleys turns into a beautiful patchwork of ochre and rust-red starting in September. The loop bus swoops past this area and ends at Bulguksa Temple, which is impressive both for its architecture and its sylvan hillside setting. You'll also discover that the soap opera beats and sylvan images of the traditional baseball picture are still pretty effective. محل زندگی جنگلی

unassailable

The adjective unassailable means without flaws or loopholes. If you are going to get home late (again!), you'd better have an unassailable alibi for your parents, or else you should plan on not seeing the outside of your room for a while. The adjective unassailable also means immune to attack or doubt, such as an unassailable military holding or an unassailable reputation. Unassailable can also mean untouchable or unable to be defeated. If your high school basketball team is leading 92 to 14 with just a couple of seconds to go, the announcer might say you have an unassailable lead. The corrupt politician had so many connections, he seemed unassailable; he always seemed to manage to deflect even a hint of scandal onto others in the party. synonyms: impregnable, inviolable, secure, strong, unattackable They will assemble everything under one unassailable roof, a temple to the human endeavor. In time the Mrs. Morrisons found unassailable reasons for not going to the little house by the bakery. The sealed window soothed her with its sturdy termination, its unassailable finality. "The preacher is an unassailable mountain," I mutter. غیر قابل نفوذ حمله ناپذیر

untoward (adj)

The adjective untoward describes something offensive or inappropriate, like the rumors of untoward behavior that can shatter a Hollywood icon's reputation. Untoward also describes things that are not good for you, such as untoward advice from someone your parents always said was a bad influence. Think about what you do when you move toward something: you get closer to it. Suppose you're moving toward a goal. You are, as they say, "on the right path." But when you add the prefix un- you reverse that, and you're no longer on the path to that goal — you're untoward. synonyms: indecent, indecorous, unbecoming, uncomely, unseemly Before leaving, the general also asked me my blood type, just in case anything untoward should happen the following day. But I'm saved from doing anything untoward by Miss Preston entering the room. My initial calculations suggested that I would do very well with my two jobs—in the long run, that is, and if Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Thereafter, the whistle alone will deal with trespassing or any other untoward behaviour. ناخوشایند و نامناسب

checkered

The author who sells a million copies of her first book, four of the second, wins a prize for the third and dies at the ceremony has had a checkered career: it's got bright spots and dark ones, like a checkerboard. Checkered is a funny word; it can be used to describe the red and white pattern on a classic tablecloth or the up's and down's of someone's past. You could describe the flag that's waved at a Nascar event as checkered. And if the winning Nascar driver used to work at a car wash, you could say he has had a checkered career. اتفاق رسوا کننده و بد شانسانه

portentous

The black crows slowly circling the front entrance to your office building at 6:00 am may have a portentous quality, meaning it seems like they're an omen indicating something bad will happen. Use the adjective portentous to describe something that seems to be a sign related to a future event — generally an ominous sign. Something that is portentous often seems to hint at or warn of a future disaster. For example, in a movie ominous music playing in the background while someone turns a dark corner can have a portentous quality, predicting doom for the hapless character. synonyms: fateful, foreboding As Tom took up the receiver the compressed heat exploded into sound and we were listening to the portentous chords of Mendelssohn's Wedding March from the ballroom below. There, strangers were as rare as shooting stars, and just as portentous. Before me stretched the portentous menacing road of a new decade. The equating of accent and autism, one of which we usually consider trivial and the other hugely portentous, was eye-opening for me. بدشگون و منحوس

dissolution

The dissolution of a relationship means that it's broken up or ended. The dissolution of your band means you better get started on your solo album. Dissolution comes from the Latin word dissolutio, meaning "a dissolving of something." Dissolution looks very similar to "dissolve," so to help you remember the meaning, think about what happens if you put paper in water — it breaks apart. A dissolution of a marriage is the same thing as divorce. Although it sounds like disillusion, if you try to use them interchangeably, your logic will fall apart. synonyms: dissipation, licentiousness, looseness, profligacy.. He believed in an infinite number of worlds, all inhabited, and all subject to cycles of dissolution and regeneration. Let him languish in pain, crying aloud for mercy, and let there be no surcease to this agony till he sing in dissolution. If a judge were to mandate the dissolution of the company, its factories would remain standing and its workers, accountants, managers and shareholders would continue to live—but Peugeot SA would immediately vanish. Carter paused to let them imagine the dissolution of The Vigils. زندگی پر از فسق و فجور و فساد

ersatz

The ersatz version of something is an inferior substitute or imitation. You might speak in an ersatz French accent, but you won't fool the Parisian who runs the local French bakery. Used as a noun or adjective, ersatz stems from the German verb ersetzen, which means "to replace." Compared with regular Coke, Diet Coke may be considered an ersatz beverage because of its artificial sweeteners. Similarly, rich, creamy, full-fat ice cream is much better than the ersatz, fat-free version, or frozen yogurt. You would be in deep trouble if your fiancé found out that her engagement ring was an ersatz diamond. synonyms: substitute As with the Nazis, the Soviet doctrine was also bolstered and reinforced by ersatz science. "I've saved up two pounds of ersatz coffee," Mina tells her on the telephone. Everyone's hungry; except for the ersatz coffee, a week's food ration doesn't last two days. Down there in a dim storage room adjacent to the furnace I've set up a realm of ersatz squalor. جعلی و ساختگی

cataclysm

The hurricane battered the coast, causing the city to flood, and tens of thousands of people were stranded without food or water. When an event causes great suffering, we call it a cataclysm. Cataclysm comes from the Greek word kataklysmos, which means "a deluge or flood." So saying something was "a disaster of cataclysmic proportions" is particularly apt when you're talking about a tsunami. Still, people use the word cataclysmic to describe non-watery disasters, too, like stock market crashes, painful breakups, and failed grammar tests. synonyms: calamity, catastrophe, disaster, tragedy The cataclysm began at four o'clock in the morning. He pushed on the main door with his shoulder and the worm-eaten wooden frame fell down noiselessly amid a dull cataclysm of dust and termite nests. In The Plague, a biological cataclysm becomes the testing ground for our fallibilities, desires, and ambitions. Then he turned north and descended into the Washington scablands, a tortured landscape shaped by a series of cataclysms between twelve and fifteen thousand years ago. فاجعه ناگهانی

lionize

The lion is the king of beasts. To lionize someone is to see them as important as a lion. Republicans continue to lionize Ronald Reagan as their ultimate hero. The lion is a symbol of pride, strength, courage, and nobility, so when you lionize someone, you attribute to them all those marvelous traits. Many people are uncomfortable with being lionized, since being made to seem important comes with responsibilities that are sometimes a burden. After the shooting, the bystander resisted people's efforts to lionize him. He was only doing what any person would do, he protested. "Don't make me into a hero. I don't want to be lionized." assign great social importance to "The tenor was lionized in Vienna" synonyms: celebrate, lionise اعطای توجه اجتماعی

mulct

The meaning of mulct is as nasty as it sounds; it means to fine someone or the money you collect as a result of a fine. No one wants to pay an extra mulct to the city, when it's the city who mismanaged the budget. Got mulct? Then somebody took your money. They "milked" you by mulcting you. And the money that they took? That's called mulct, too. Some people believe that there's no difference between being mulcted by the state and being shaken down by the mob. In fact, the word mulct is often used to mean having your money taken unfairly or as a kind of punishment or as extortion. synonyms: bunco, con, defraud, diddle, gip, goldbrick, gyp, hornswoggle, nobble, rook, scam, short-change, swindle, victimize Any contravention of the edict shall entail a mulct of one hundred marks, one half payable to the fisc and one half to the party injured. The infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court; also, a mulct or penalty thus imposed. A pecuniary mulct or penalty laid upon a delinquent for offending against a ban; as, a mulct paid to a bishop by one guilty of sacrilege or other crimes. The tax on advertisements checks information, fines poverty, mulcts charity, depresses literature, and impedes every species of mental activity, to realize £150,000 per annum. تاوان و جریمه همراه با کلاه برداری

intimation

The noun intimation means a hint or an indirect suggestion. Your teacher's intimation that there could be a quiz the next day might send you into a panic, while your friend sitting beside you might not even notice. Intimation comes from the Latin word intimationem, which means an announcement. In English, intimation refers to a less direct form of communication. It's a suggestion or hint, rather than a blatant statement of fact. Your first intimation that your brother had a girlfriend was the amount of time he spent whispering into the phone. The second intimation was when he asked your parents for money for two movie tickets. synonyms: breath, hint The following winter months brought the first intimation that other life was affected: the western grebes on the lake began to die, and soon more than a hundred of them were reported dead. What follows that less-than-storied youth is regret, an intimation of lost possibilities that haunts everyone. Watching it now you are aware of Roth's alert and restless eyes, the insolent smile, the simmering intimation of violence. That humor, and its intimation of a larger world, never emerges in the work of Mr. Spencer Bell, who doesn't seem quite certain of what he wants to do choreographically. توصیه غیر مستقیم

retreat

The noun retreat means a place you can go to be alone, to get away from it all. A spot under a shady tree might be your favorite retreat from the sun, or your bedroom in the basement may serve as a retreat from your siblings. In the military sense, the noun retreat means the withdrawal of troops. The British retreat after the Battles of Lexington and Concord gave the American colonists an early taste of victory during the American Revolution. As a verb, retreat means to back out of something — like a lawyer who is forced to retreat from his argument when the opposing evidence is too convincing. Antonyms: advance, advancement, forward motion, onward motion, procession, progress, progression synonyms: retrograde The whole would be, as MacKaye ecstatically described it, "a retreat from profit"—a notion that others saw as "smacking of Bolshevism," in the words of one biographer. But Howling Mad Smith refused to order his Marines to retreat. We are so close on the heels of our retreating enemies that we reach it almost at the same time as they. To my surprise, she kisses my cheek before retreating into the house. کنج عزلت عقب نشینی رزمی

enamored

The rock star wasn't enamored, or in love, with the idea of performing old-fashioned ballads, until his agent told him there'd be no big paycheck until he started crooning out those romantic tunes. Being enamored of something or with someone goes far beyond liking them, and it's even more flowery than love. Enamored means smitten with, or totally infatuated. Someone enamored with another will perhaps even swoon. A man who's in love sends the object of his affection a dozen roses, but if he is enamored with her, he covers her entire front lawn with a blanket of rose petals. synonyms: in love, infatuated, potty, smitten, soft on, taken with He wasn't part of the maintenance staff, but he obviously was enamored with their work. He concluded and seemed enamored with his own thoughts, but tapped his finger on the table and pointed to Ethan. "He is so enamored with it that he always carries one in his pocket." Halima smiled, enamored of the woman because of this extraordinary feat, an American accent. دلبستگی عاشقانه

conundrum

The tricky word conundrum is used to describe a riddle or puzzle, sometimes including a play on words or pun. One of the most famous conundrums is the riddle of the Sphinx, famously in the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles. Oedipus encounters the Sphinx, a mythical beast, who asks him, "What walks on four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon, and three in the evening?" The answer is "A person": crawling as a child, walking as an adult, and using a cane in old age. The scary thing is that if the Sphinx asked you the riddle and you didn't know, she'd eat you! synonyms: brain-teaser, enigma, riddle They must all deal with the conundrums of bioengineering, cyborgs and inorganic life. It seems to me that one ought to rejoice in the fact of death—ought to decide, indeed, to earn one's death by confronting with passion the conundrum of life. In that conundrum would lie the deeper injury the controversy caused the university in general and the Rad Lab in particular. This was—and still remains—the defining goal, the perennial fantasy, and the deepest conundrum, of cancer therapy. مشکل سخت و پیچیده و غامض

deride

The verb deride means to speak to someone with contempt or show a low opinion of someone or something. A bully might constantly deride other kids in his class — which might lead to many afternoons spent in the principal's office. To "ride" people is to get on their case or give them a hard time, and to deride is to do the same with insulting language or poor treatment. Deride comes from the Latin root dērīdēre, meaning "to ridicule, to scorn," and it's often used to express dislike or even hatred. Criticizing something with words is a common way to deride, and politicians often deride each other in their speeches during election campaigns. type of: bemock, mock The old woman throwing stones at crows who cawed and derided her was his old woman—and they his crows. The greenwitches derided the philosophers as joyless old men afraid of magic, and the philosophers, not surprisingly, protested that they found much joy in the real world. Support of civil rights legislation was derided by Southern conservatives as merely "rewarding lawbreakers." Her aunt did not attend church and derided those who did. تحقیر و تمسخر

galvanize

The verb galvanize refers to stimulating muscles with an electrical current, and this word is also used to suggest stimulating someone into action. An inspiring speech can galvanize people into making a change. The word galvanize was coined to honor the 18th-century scientist Luigi Galvani, who found that a spark could make a frog's legs move. This discovery led to further studies in what Galvani called "animal electricity," and became the basis for Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, (a novel in which a mad scientist attempts to use electricity to galvanize a monster to life). Galvanize also means to cover steel or iron with zinc so it doesn't rust. synonyms: galvanise, startle I would sit, galvanized, hearing what I then accepted from Mr. Muhammad's own mouth as being the true history of our religion, the true religion for the black man. "There he is again, Bigger!" the woman screamed, and the tiny, one-room apartment galvanized into violent action. Bigger sprang to his feet, galvanized by fear. Rather, he "devoured" the book: it struck him like a jolt of electricity, both paralyzing and galvanizing him. تحریک کردن برای انجام کاری

implicate

The verb implicate means "to connect or involve in something." For example, your cousins might implicate you in the planning of a big party for your grandparents. Implicate comes from the Latin word implicare, meaning "to entwine, involve." When you implicate someone, you bring him or her into a group or to pitch in on a project. Implicate can have criminal connotations when it means "to connect in an incriminating manner," like when detectives figure out who drove the getaway car in the bank robbery — that person will be implicated for his or her role in the crime. verb: convey a meaning; imply verb: to indicate in wrongdoing, usually a crime "So you do not think that she is likely to be implicated in this crime?" It was easier to confess everything and implicate everybody. It was not as somber an occasion as Tobias's and my interrogation, partly because there was no suspicious video footage implicating Zeke, and partly because Zeke is funny even when under truth serum. He was in the public dock, confessing everything, implicating everybody. شناسایی جرم رساندن معنا

impute

The verb impute can be used to blame someone for doing something bad, give credit for good work, or just tell it like it is, like when you impute your lateness to my not telling you where to meet me. When you impute something, you name the cause of something that has happened. For example, you might impute your ability to sing well to the thousands of dollars your parents spent in voice lessons. In other words, you name the source. You can also impute a person, like imputing to a teacher your love of learning — he or she helped you become more interested in school and your classes. Synonyms: ascribe, assign, attribute We must be careful not to impute any psychological meaning to this "Archaic smile," for the same radiant expression occurs throughout sixth-century Greek sculpture, even on the face of the dead hero Kroisos. I struggled to understand his jest; and when I recognized what he imputed, my mother's low condition, I knew not what to say. In an hurried manner he immediately began an enquiry after her health, imputing his visit to a wish of hearing that she were better. He imputes a political discomfort to critiques like Als's that isn't entirely fair, but he writes ardently and protectively. متهم کردن

irk

The verb irk means "annoy," so if the incessant barking of your next door neighbor's pug is driving you crazy, you can say that the noise irks you. Being irked is an individual thing — what drives you crazy might be something your friend doesn't even notice. For example, it might irk your grammarian friend every time he hears someone says "ain't," but other people don't mind it. The earliest version of the word irk, irken, meant "to feel weary or tired," but it later came to mean "to tire of or to be disgusted with." اذیت شدن

lacerate

The verb lacerate means to cut or tear. So the envelope that gave you that nasty paper cut? It lacerated your finger. Something usually needs to be sharp or jagged to lacerate you, like broken glass or a sharp stick. You won't be getting lacerated anytime soon by lace or cotton balls, that's for sure. But watch out for sharp-tongued people hurling hateful words your way; those snide remarks and personal digs can lacerate feelings like a knife slicing through butter. type of: bruise, hurt, injure, offend, spite, wound She narrowed her eyes and curled her lacerated fingertips into her palms. It was well past midnight by the time Kote made it back to Newarre with Chronicler's limp body slung across his lacerated shoulders. This impression was dispelled early on when a probationer in Briony's year, a large, kindly, slow-moving girl with a cow's harmless gaze, met the lacerating force of the ward sister's fury. It is not as original, lacerating, or self-aware as Louie and Girls, the progenitors of this trend, or as good as Transparent, the perfector of it, but it contains a deep and precise character sketch. جراحت عاطفی بریدگی

plummet

The verb plummet means "to drop sharply," like eagles that plummet toward earth, seeking prey, or school attendance that plummets when there is a flu outbreak. To correctly pronounce plummet, say "PLUH-met." This verb describes something that drops sharply or quickly, like a roller coaster that plummets down a hill, temperatures that plummet overnight, or sales of roses and candy that plummet after Valentine's Day. If something plummets, this doesn't mean it will stay down or low forever, just that it has experienced a sharp drop. drop sharply "The stock market plummeted" synonyms: plump Blackjack folded his wings and plummeted toward the boat like a black comet. Ma shouts seconds before we plummet to the ground with a shuddering thud. The stock price plummeted further, setting off an avalanche. Round and round and upside down went the peach as it plummeted toward the earth, and they were all clinging desperately to the stem to save themselves from being flung into space. سقوط شدید

redress

The verb redress is used when you are supposed to fix a problem and make amends. You want your parents to redress the fact that you don't have a pet. Your parents offer to get a hamster, but instead, you say you want a monkey. Redress can be used as both a noun and a verb. In the noun form, it is the compensation for setting something right. As a verb it means to correct, right a wrong, or make restitution for something. The union organizers wanted the company to redress the fact that workers weren't getting lunch breaks. synonyms: compensate, correct, right He says, waving his fork, that if we continue to overbreed as a species, a new epidemic will arise to redress the balance. Liberals say the findings are evidence of the need for better early- education and antipoverty programs to try to redress an imbalance in opportunities. Many and more of the matters brought before her involved redress. I clean it thoroughly, and painfully, with alcohol swabs, careful not to touch anything that might infect me, then redress the wound. درست کردن شرایط و مشکلات

refute

The verb refute is to prove that something is wrong. When the kids you're babysitting swear they brushed their teeth, you can refute their claim by presenting the dry toothbrushes. Evidence and arguments are used to refute something. So are facts. For example, if children who eat chocolate before going to bed go straight to sleep, that refutes the idea that sugar keeps them up. Refute comes from the Latin refutare for "to check, suppress." A near synonym is confute, but save refute as an everyday word for proving something is false. synonyms: controvert, rebut It was the defense's turn to refute the state's charges. He published his articles about me and prayed that I would never show up to refute them. When the famous Dr. Johnson was told of Berkeley's opinion, he cried, "I refute it thus!" and stubbed his toe on a large stone. It is suggestive as to which sort of arena we find ourselves in that the people Gorgias imagines himself refuting are poets. اثبات غلط بودن چیزی

stymie

The verb stymie means to obstruct or hinder. Constantly texting with your friends will stymie your effort to finish your homework. Stymie was first used on the golf course in Scotland, where it referred to an opponent's ball blocking your own ball's path to the cup. From there a verb sense developed, until finally stymie came to mean blocking with any obstacle, not just a golf ball. synonyms: block, blockade, embarrass, hinder, obstruct, stymy The experiment worked at first—but it was stymied by two unexpected effects. Anyone who tries even casually to follow their advice may be stymied, for the conventional wisdom on parenting seems to shift by the hour. He was initially stymied by the essays, which he tried to fire off as irreverent, impulsive e-mail messages. But she was stymied when she tried to recall the urgency of that moment, the grain of the feeling that possessed her. مانع شدن

wax

The verb wax is most often found in the company of its opposite, "wane." To wax is to grow larger or increase, whereas wane means to grow smaller or decrease. As the moon grows towards fullness, it waxes. It wanes, or diminishes in size, as the new moon approaches. This is the most common context for the verb wax, but it is also used to describe other phenomena that grow or increase, particularly those that are cyclical. Figuratively, if you wax eloquent, lyrical or poetic about something, you talk about it at great length and with growing enthusiasm. The noun wax refers to chemical compounds that can be shaped and molded, for example into candles, when warm. to gradually increase in size or intensity زیاد شدن سایز و غلظت

embellish

The word "bell" shows up in the middle of embellish, and bells are something that decorate, or embellish something, making it more attractive. If you embellish speech, though, it can get ugly if you add a lot of details that aren't true. Embellish often has the positive meaning of adding something to make it more handsome or beautifully decorated. But, while adding bells to something looks great at first, after a couple of hours of bells ringing in the ears, what was meant to embellish and beautify can get annoying. That's what can happen when you embellish by adding too many false or exaggerated details to a story. Embellishing with true, colorful details and vivid descriptions is what can really enhance the beauty of a story. synonyms: adorn, beautify, decorate, grace, ornament Arnolfo devised an ornate scheme of pilasters and niches with sculptures to articulate the surface, which was further embellished by mosaics. "I was always encouraged to embellish my flower painting with caterpillars, summer birds and such little animals, in the same manner as landscape painters do, to enliven the one through the other." It still essentially sounds like a colourful variant of plainchant, but she embellished the outline of the tune with touches of her own. The Maidens used a small knife with an ornately embellished golden handle to cut and smooth my hair, and many hands began twining small strands into a series of formal hanging braids. زینت بخشیدن و بعضی اوقات هم زیاده روی در این امر

aptly

The word aptly describes an action that's done appropriately or fittingly. An audience's standing ovation might aptly capture its enthusiasm for a rock band's energetic performance. First used in the mid-14th century, the adverb aptly, by way of the adjective apt, "appropriate or suitable," comes from the Latin word aptus, meaning "fit or suited." A dog called Snoozy who lies around on the couch all day is aptly named, and a newspaper obituary that perfectly sums up your grandfather's life aptly captures who he really was. In both examples, something is utterly suited or appropriate. synonyms: ably, capably, competently How aptly the verses suited the forest scene, I thought. One aptly named Englishman, George Hunt, hunted British mosses so assiduously that he probably contributed to the extinction of several species. It is located near the village of Baliganapalli, in Tamil Nadu Province, about an hour's drive from downtown Bangalore's glass-and-steel high-tech centers—one of which is aptly called "The Golden Enclave." It does show, as you so aptly say, the question is not black and white." درست و به جا

arrant (adj)

The word arrant intensifies. An arrant criminal is one heck of a criminal. Arrant nonsense is total nonsense. Do you struggle for adequate superlatives? If so, you might want to add arrant to your arsenal. It can be used to add emphasis to other words, most often negative words. Arrant rudeness is extreme rudeness. Arrant hypocrisy is very hypocritical. An arrant liar is a world-class liar. Arrant has a meaning similar to complete or utter. Like other intensifiers, arrant turns up the volume on another word. synonyms: complete, consummate, double-dyed, everlasting, gross, perfect, pure, sodding, staring, stark, thoroughgoing, unadulterated, utter "The whole thing is arrant nonsense, of course," he said. So the pressure is on this year, to get it right - or at least, given that "right" is always in the blog rant of the beholder - less arrantly wrong. As Winston Churchill, one of the last century's most powerful writers, wryly observed, "This is the kind of arrant pedantry up with which I will not put." For one thing it shows just how much arrant nonsense we actually accept in television." به بدترین شکل ممکن

fertile

The word fertile means "able to reproduce," but like so many words, that's just the beginning. The fact that she gave birth to eight kids was proof that she was fertile; her fertile imagination explained their unusual names. The distance between fertile's literal meaning (able to make babies) and its figurative ones (productive, prolific, full of potential) is small. A child's mind is a fertile place; an idea can grow there very easily. Rabbits are famously fertile creatures; they can spawn several generations in a matter of months. And "fertile ground" can be arable land or a situation that provides the perfect opportunity. The Latin root, fertilis, means "bearing in abundance, fruitful, or productive," from ferre, "to bear." The cities were spacious and elegant, the fields well tilled and fertile. As I mentioned, the tobacco seedlings are first grown in nursery beds down at the dambo where the soil is extra fertile. These developments were especially apparent on Tonga, Samoa, and the Societies, all of which were fertile, densely populated, and moderately large by Polynesian standards. I slowed, crawling over thick branches that arched through the air like tentacles before diving into the fertile soil and becoming roots. حاصلخیز

iconoclastic

The word iconoclastic is an adjective referring to a breaking of established rules or destruction of accepted beliefs. It might refer to an artist with an unorthodox style, or an iconoclastic attack, either physical or verbal, on a religious doctrine or image. Consider the Greek word eikōn, or "image," coupled with -klastēs, "one who breaks," and you get a good image of someone who is iconoclastic. An iconoclastic approach to religion involves tearing down the icons representing the church. While this was once done physically, through riots and mayhem, today's iconoclasts usually prefer using words. Not all iconoclasts are destructive, however. An iconoclastic approach to art and music has given rise to the development of new genres and styles through breaking the rules. defying tradition or convention سنت شکنی

reprobate

There's no way around it, a reprobate is a bad egg. The black sheep of the family, missing a moral compass — a reprobate's been called everything from a deviant to an evildoer to a scoundrel. Selfish, depraved, disreputable, a reprobate is not known for his inner goodness. In fact, reprobates were once considered "rejected by God," the meaning of the noun in the 1500s. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, a reprobate was a popular literary character, sometimes amusing, as noted in Henry James' Daisy Miller, "What a clever little reprobate she was, and how smartly she played an injured innocence!" a person without moral scruples synonyms: miscreant فاسد و بد رفتار

contemporary

Things that are contemporary are either happening at the same time or happening now. Contemporary art is recent art. In history class, if you hear that one famous person was a contemporary of another, that means they lived at the same time. Contemporaries are people and things from the same time period. Contemporary can also describe things happening now or recently. It's common to speak of contemporary music or contemporary furniture, for example. Those things are new, not old. Anything characteristic of the present day can be called contemporary. synonyms: present-day I worked on my own to learn a different classical variation and choreograph a new contemporary dance. This contemporary lithograph lampoons the panicked gentry who fled the city - and thus turned Handel's new oratorio, Theodora, into a box-office flop. The few preserved African skeletal fragments contemporary with the Neanderthals are more similar to our modern skeletons than to Neanderthal skeletons. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies The Israel Museum, largest in the country, displayed archaeological wonders and contemporary art. معاصر همزمان

elusive

Things that are elusive are hard to find, pin down, or remember. They slip right out of your grasp. Ever try to catch a mouse? It's not easy, because mice are quick and elusive — they're tough to catch. Rabbits are speedy, so they're elusive too. Also, things that are tough to understand or describe are elusive — like the concepts of love and beauty. If you had an idea and then forgot it, the idea is elusive: it slipped away. Anything you can't get hold of, with your hands or with your brain, is elusive. زیرک و گریزان سخت به یادماندنی

hectic

Things that are hectic tend to be happen quickly and all at once — that's why a hectic day makes people nervous. Think about a calm, beautiful island with the sun shining and nothing to do but read a book. That kind of peacefulness is the opposite of hectic. When things get hectic, people sometimes say things are getting crazy or bananas: events are happening too fast for us to keep up, so we tend to get agitated or even angry. Because there's so much work to do, being a student is often a hectic job. synonyms feverish If animals existed in a world of instincts and senses beyond the conscious thoughts of the mind, what happened to people in their frantic worlds of noise and hectic rushing? Because of the lurid tales we read and our vivid imaginations and, probably, memories of our brief but hectic lives, Bailey and I were afflicted—he physically and I mentally. His upbringing was hectic, to say the least. پر جنب و جوش

immaterial

Things that are immaterial have no physical form (like a ghost) or are unimportant (like most ghost stories). Something that's material has substance, right? You can touch it or it's important. So the opposite is the word immaterial, which means something that doesn't matter, or has no physical substance, or which adds nothing to the subject at hand. This word is heard a lot in court, where "It's immaterial!" dismisses evidence or testimony as meaningless or beside the point. You could say the wind is literally immaterial, though windiness is not immaterial if you're going kiting. not relevant بی ارتباط

dilettante

Though dilettante might sound like a nice French word, don't use it on your friend who thinks he can play the guitar after several short lessons. A dilettante is an amateur, often one who pretends to be very knowledgeable. The meaning of dilettante has changed since it was borrowed from the Italian in the mid 1700s. Originally, it meant "lover of the arts," but began to take on a negative slant as the idea of doing something as a professional took hold strongly during the 18th century. A dilettante was a mere lover of art as opposed to one who did it professionally. Today, the word implies you're pretending to be more of an artist than you're interested in or capable of being, so if you call your friend who likes to paint a dilettante, it's like you're calling him or her a poser. an amateur who engages in an activity without serious intentions and who pretends to have knowledge synonyms: dabbler, sciolist آماتور و ناشی و غیر حرفه ای

duplicity

Though he said he didn't know anything about the footprints in the new sidewalk, his duplicity, or deceitfulness, was obvious from the cement caking his shoes. His mouth said one thing, his feet said another. Many words with "du" have meanings with "two" or "duo." Duplicity is from a Latin word meaning "twofold, having two parts." Someone who shows duplicity is two-faced — maybe showing one side in public and another in private — or is just a liar, saying something known to be untrue or misleading. A fraud uses duplicity to gain something with false promises, and someone described as "fake" might use duplicity just to fit in or be accepted. synonyms: double-dealing Her expression of duplicity was balanced by the fatuous confidence with which the Unicom regarded her. The exchange rate is a farce, the price of carrots indefensible, duplicity lives everywhere. When he looked past the immediate delays and Ulrich's duplicity, he saw progress. I don't think, though, that such duplicity would be anything but obvious on him. دورویی و تزویر

officious

Though officious sounds like official, it means being annoyingly eager to do more than is required. "The officious lunch lady made everyone's food choices her business, and made nasty comments when students chose cookies over carrots." Officious is a tricky word as it seems like it might mean something like office or official. Instead, it is a word to describe someone that acts more official than they actually are. People who are officious are busybodies. They want to make their opinions known and followed, despite not having any kind of real power. synonyms: busy, busybodied, interfering, meddlesome, meddling A voice is talking to her now, calm and officious. They've been intimidated by officious and sometimes sexist teachers and others who may themselves suffer from math anxiety. "My purpose is to write the life of Therese, and you are distracting me from it," she says, sounding officious. There was pushing and pulling and officious cries. فضولی

probity

Though probity sounds like what you might do with a sharp stick, it actually means being morally and ethically above reproach, or having integrity. If you show fiscal probity, it means you are responsible and ethical with your money. The story of George Washington chopping down the cherry tree and refusing to lie about it is a story of probity. The story was first told by a pastor, who may have made the whole thing up according to today's scholars, possibly to sell books — no act of probity. type of: integrity The men appeared anxious; Sip was not wholly pleased with my frankness and probity. Few artists of his international standing so consistently combined formal daring and probity with an agitator's temperament. Secret Service agents are also drilled almost from Day One on the need for probity, discretion and solid morals. Is there a major novel so established in the canon and curriculum whose literary merit and moral probity remain so regularly and passionately contested? اصول گرا و اخلاق مدار

timid

Timid means "overly cautious or fearful," like a timid driver who drives very slowly or avoids highways altogether. Timid comes from the Middle French word timide, meaning "easily frightened, shy." Those who are timid often worry that things will go wrong: a timid eater orders bland food to avoid the possibility not liking the flavor of something new, just as a timid partygoer talks to people he already knows, afraid that he won't be able to talk to strangers. synonyms: faint, faint-hearted, fainthearted The timid creature jumped like a shot rabbit and dropped the pocketbook. But your timid fellow, your nervous poacher—the woods of Manderley are not for him. Colonel Smith, a timid horseman, liked showy mounts. As I asked timid questions, my eyes darted about. محطاط و ترسو یکمی هم ترسو

adjudicate

To adjudicate is to act like a judge. A judge might adjudicate a case in court, and you may have to adjudicate in the local talent show. Do you see a similarity between judge and adjudicate? When you add the common Latin prefix ad meaning "to" or "toward," you have a pretty good idea what the word means. But a judge isn't the only person who can adjudicate. If you're fighting with your little brother or sister and make them cry, your parents may adjudicate and send you to your room. synonyms: decide, dispose, resolve, settle Years later, when the tribe created its first court system, which adjudicated mostly minor crimes, he was elected one of the three judges. Though not lawyers, these men presented cases and then adjudicated them. On his behalf, I appealed to the Classification Board, which adjudicated cases falling under the Population Registration Act. We ultimately got Charlie's case transferred to juvenile court, where the shooting was adjudicated as a juvenile offense. داوری کردن و حکم دادن

adumbrate

To adumbrate something is to outline it. In an English essay, you could adumbrate the themes in a novel; or, in a letter to Santa, you could adumbrate all the ways you have been behaving. Adumbrate is built on the Latin root umbra, "shade," and the image it evokes is of a shadow being cast around something. Your outline is like a shadow of something bigger — like the themes in that novel or the ways you have been behaving. You can also use adumbrate to mean "foreshadow": "The scene where the princess dreams of the vampire adumbrates her later discovery that her little brother is, in fact, a vampire." synonyms: outline, sketch The interpolated notebook entries, meanwhile, adumbrate a serpentine journey through Poland, Budapest, Belgrade, Croatia, Odessa, Sofia and Bucharest. In between, works by contemporaries complicate superficial ideas about his meteoric genius, and small, delicate drawings teem with an abundance of ideas — paintings never made, thoughts adumbrated then abandoned. And thus the fragility of this vast ecosystem is adumbrated by the suggestion of decay on the newly restored walls of the gallery. The filmmakers build to this moment as if it were D-Day or the Rumble in the Jungle, excavating a biographical Before and adumbrating a news media After. توصیفات کلی

ameliorate

To ameliorate is to step in and make a bad situation better. You could try introducing a second lollipop to ameliorate a battle between two toddlers over a single lollipop. The verb ameliorate comes from the Latin word meliorare, meaning "improve." Food drives can ameliorate hunger. An air conditioner can ameliorate the discomfort of a stiflingly hot summer day. A sympathy card can ameliorate grief. Family therapy can ameliorate severe sibling rivalry. Anything that can lift a burden or make something better can ameliorate. make better synonyms: amend, better, improve, meliorate better, improve, meliorate رو به راه کردن شرایط

arrogate

To arrogate is to take over. When the teacher steps out of the classroom and some bossy student marches up to the chalkboard and begins scolding the other kids? The student is trying to arrogate the teacher's authority. When someone takes control of something, often without permission, such as when a military general assumes the power of a country's government after getting rid of the previous leader, they arrogate power or control to themselves. Occasionally the verb arrogate means something like "assert one's right to," or take something that is deserved, but more often it implies a taking by force. synonyms: assume, seize, take over, usurp Steeped in the spirit of 1970s social commentary, this show examines more acutely than ever before the psychic price women pay when their drive, intelligence and energy are arrogated to male ambition. They are truly generative, an apt term for a novel that queries a selfish inventor, his damaged creature and science's threat to arrogate creation to itself. The Times, in its annotated version of the impeachment articles, wrote that the phrase "sought to arrogate to himself the right" speaks to the "separation of powers." Amid the legal confusion, Congress essentially arrogated the war powers to itself while Johnson—backed by the Supreme Court—did the same for himself. تحت کنترل گرفتن بدون اجازه

assail

To assail is to attack or assault — with throwing stars, fists, words or, less tangibly but just as violently, with troubles or doubts. Believe it or not, assail evolved from the ancient Latin word assilire, which means "to jump on." So picture an attacker jumping on you, throwing punches and maybe some insults, too. Because assail also means to ridicule or heap your worries upon someone. As novelist Charlotte Bronte noted, "Conventionality is not morality. Self-righteousness is not religion. To attack the first is not to assail the last." Think on that.. synonyms: assault, attack, lash out, round, snipe حمله زبانی و نوشتاری

avert

To avert is to turn away or to prevent. You might avert your gaze or avert a disaster — either way, you are avoiding something. The verb avert comes from Latin roots that mean "to turn away from." Averting has that sense of deflecting, turning away, or preventing something (usually bad) from happening. You might put salt on an icy sidewalk to avert accidents, or you might avert a toddler's meltdown by supplying a lollipop. synonyms: avoid, debar, deflect, fend off, forefend, forfend, head off, obviate, stave off, ward off Pantalaimon watched with powerful curiosity until Mrs. Coulter looked at him, and he knew what she meant and turned away, averting his eyes modestly from these feminine mysteries as the golden monkey was doing. They seemed to believe she was no longer worthy of their attention or maybe that it was wrong to look at her now, that there was something perverse about it, and they averted their gaze. Sticky averted his eyes and didn't look that direction again. Tally averted her eyes from Shay's beauty, trying to focus her thoughts. جلوگیری کردن

banish

To banish is to get rid of. Think very carefully before you banish someone from your group. Someday, you may want that person around again. Banish rhymes with vanish, which is exactly what happens when you banish someone. Suppose a king, angry with some of his subjects, banishes them. They have to leave the kingdom and vanish — not just go home and wait for the king to change his mind. Banish comes from the Old French word banir, which means "proclaim as an outlaw." It is serious and absolute. You can see the word ban in banish, but to ban something is not as harsh as banishing it. تبعید کردن و طرد کردن

desiccated

To be desiccated is to be dried out. If you like desiccated fruit, you like dried fruit — such as raisins or dried apricots. Something that's described with the adjective desiccated is extremely dry, or parched. During a drought, the ground becomes cracked and desiccated. Removing moisture and humidity from something is what makes it become desiccated. The Latin root, desiccatus, means "to make very dry." synonyms: arid, desiccate "You won't be needing this anymore," she said, clutching a cream linen suit, which hung better on the wire hanger than on her desiccated frame. It was as if there were an unspoken agreement on the mountain to pretend that these desiccated remains weren't real—as if none of us dared to acknowledge what was at stake here. The country surrounding Davis Gulch is a desiccated expanse of bald rock and brick-red sand. The Vampires were terrible, desiccated women who entered the convent because they hated themselves and thought that by surrendering their lives to their redeemer, this self-hatred would turn to something good and palliative. خشک و خالی از سرزندگی

doleful

To be doleful is to be down in the dumps, to have a hole in your soul, to be full of woe. Doleful has nothing to do with a doe, a deer or a female deer. Unless one of those animals has a really sad look in its eyes. Expressions can be doleful, ditto a song or a set of circumstances. You can use the adjective doleful to describe something that is bringing you down, that makes you want to give into gravity or crawl into bed. Doleful is pretty much the opposite of how a ray of golden sun can make you feel. synonyms: mournful Children sitting in twos and threes look up with doleful eyes as I pass. He argued, not unsuccessfully, that the Earth was best described by that single doleful word. When Bernabe Montoya's doleful voice crackled over the walkie-talkie, the agent replied succinctly, thoroughly, and then absorbed the information, or rather, lack of information, from the sheriff with equal automatic aplomb. The Demiguise is a peaceful herbivorous beast, something like a graceful ape in appearance, with large, black, doleful eyes more often than not hidden by its hair. داشتن غم و اندوه بسیار

evasive

To be evasive is to avoid something, whether it's a touchy subject or the person who's "it" in a game of tag. If you're dodging the truth and not giving straight answers, then you're being evasive. Which is probably not the best strategy when the police are asking the questions. From the French évasif, it's an adjective that describes someone who's being intentionally shifty or vague. But a concept that's hard to pin down or comprehend can also be considered evasive. Synonyms: protective Synonyms: ambiguous, equivocal The streets were still mostly empty as we merged onto the highway, but Babou drove as if he was dodging enemy fire, pulling off one evasive maneuver after another. She didn't get a chance to start on the subject again during class, and as soon as the bell rang, I took evasive action. Mr. Owens himself was more evasive and less imaginative. Havermeyer was a lead bombardier who never took evasive action going in to the target and thereby increased the danger of ail the men who flew in the same formation with him. طفره رفتن از چیز بد پیچوندن چیز بد

plucky

To be plucky is to show courage. Plucky people are often underdogs fighting against the odds, like a plucky kid who scares away a burglar or a plucky kitten who refuses to run away from a Great Dane. Pluck is courage or heart, so to be plucky is to have those qualities. This word describes brave people and actions, and it means about the same as feisty and spunky. It often applies to people who bravely struggle against powerful forces. A short person playing basketball is plucky. You can be plucky in fighting a terrible disease. Anyone who refuses to give up, no matter what, is plucky. synonyms: gutsy A plucky little bird of complete mischief that steals your tortilla from your very hand if you are not watchful. "Yes, there are hundreds of them and they seem quite plucky." The Slow Club is playing, a band I like, all plucky and bittersweet and kind of offbeat. "Read this! Those plucky women are going after the legislature now!" جسورانه و شجاعانه

prescient

To be prescient is to have foresight or foreknowledge. We can use this word to describe people themselves, or what they say or do at a given moment. You probably know that the Latin prefix pre- means "before," so you might be able to figure out that the word prescient, from the verb praescire, means to "know beforehand." People like economists, sports commentators, and political analysts often get tagged with this word, because it's part of their job to sift through the data and make predictions — and sometimes they get it right. And when they're not just lucky, we might say they're prescient. Synonyms: discerning Altogether, the abstract was, in the words of Caltech astrophysicist Kip S. Thorne, "one of the most prescient documents in the history of physics and astronomy." It was a prescient question, for Frank Oppenheimer's association with Lawrence's lab would end abruptly, following the disclosure of his earlier membership in the Communist Party. Some prescient part of him saw the two paths diverging in the yellow wood. The decision to fund anti-Soviet militancy in Afghanistan was a well-informed national security decision made through the cold-war lens, just not a prescient one.

stalwart

To be stalwart is to be loyal, no matter what, like your friend who remains a devoted fan of an actor she's admired since childhood, even if that was the last time the guy made a decent movie. Stalwart can describe someone who's able to keep on going even when things get hard, like a marathon runner who doesn't slow down, even after spraining an ankle, or a supporter of a political cause that everyone else has long declared over. In U.S. history, the word stalwart was used in 1877 to describe Republicans who remained unwilling to trust the South, even though the Civil War was long over by that time. synonyms: stout synonyms: hardy, stout, sturdy synonyms: loyalist I spilled my sadness to Horatio, and it surged like waves against a stalwart dam. One full page was a photograph of me; the opposite full page was a beautiful color illustration of a black royal Nigerian Muslim, stalwart and handsome, of hundreds of years ago. He wrote, "When I find a husband for you who is rich enough to satisfy me, you will be released from my Olga. Until then, I urge you to be, as always, my stalwart daughter." This was a departure from the days of decorous protest, and many of the old stalwarts of the ANC were to fade away in this new era of greater militancy. قابل اتکا، سختگی ناپذیر و دارای ثبات در قدم وفادار

tactless

To be tactless is to either be rude (without manners) or inept (without finesse). Either way, it's awkward. Since people with tact are polite and respectful, tactless people are the opposite: rude and ill-mannered. Interrupting is tactless. Wearing a baseball hat in church is tactless. Not holding the door for someone is tactless. This word has to do with other graces besides social graces too. Being clumsy or lacking in judgment can also be called tactless, and an employee who constantly botches his job and never understands why is also tactless synonyms: untactful I told him about Bep and how tactless our mothers are. She clearly felt that it would be tactless for them to remain in the room while Harry and the Dursleys exchanged loving, possibly tearful farewells. "In the first place," he said, into the phone, "for a helluvan intelligent guy, you're about as tactless as it's humanly possible to be." It's also one of the vanishingly rare movies with interracial leads, and a mainstream feature film bold enough, tactless enough, irresponsible enough to invoke race outside the solemn confines of documentary. بی ادبانه برخورد کردن

unflappable

To be unflappable is to be calm and relaxed, even in a stressful situation. A confident person is usually unflappable. Some people get nervous and jittery under pressure, while others are unflappable. If you're unflappable, you stay calm, relaxed, and poised no matter what's happening. A good kindergarten teacher stays unflappable in the midst of chaos, and a successful businessperson is unflappable when faced with deadlines and unexpected problems. The earliest use of this word was in 1953, in reference to the British prime minister. At its root is flap, twentieth-century British slang meaning "disturbance or tumult." synonyms: imperturbable The corps, led by the suave, unflappable Captain James T. Kirk, included natives of an advanced United Earth, its history of poverty and war now in the past. Emma might not be passionate like his old girlfriend, Fanny Owen, was; she might not be sophisticated the way the Horner girls were, but she was brilliant and she was open-minded and she was unflappable. In public, Katherine Goble was unfailingly gracious, optimistic, and unflappable, and she insisted that her girls acquit themselves in the same fashion. Even the normally unflappable Toby seemed momentarily panicked. آرام تحت شرایط سخت

begrudge

To begrudge someone for something is to wish them ill for it or to envy them. Try not to begrudge his getting the promotion over you — he's been at the company longer. An understudy might begrudge the lead her role and even go so far as to put glass in her shoes so she can't perform. An easy way to remember the meaning of this verb is to note the noun grudge lurking inside it. A grudge is ill will that you hold toward someone: to begrudge is to hold that grudge. If you begrudge your friend his happiness because he got the nicer car, your friendship will suffer. synonyms: envy Then Wang Lung set himself robustly to the soil and he begrudged even the hours he must spend in the house for food and sleep. It is, in any case, another reason to extol, not begrudge, the fundamental innovativeness of the Ptolemaic state. Not that I begrudge my life in books. But I didn't begrudge the possum his home in ours. غبطه خوردن و حسادت با اکراه چیزی را دادن

behoove

To behoove someone to do something is to make it advisable or necessary to do so, for their own good or that of others. It would behoove you to study hard and work for the future you desire. It would behoove the legislature to pass a law behooving citizens to pay their taxes earlier. Behoove comes from the Old English word behofian, which means "to be of use." "Becomes necessary, Mr. Hupfer," said Mrs. Baker, "as in 'It behooves us to raise our hands before we ask a question.' Would it not behoove the Department of Homeland Security to add a name to their roster of dangerous individuals? "Thank you, Miss Meecham. It would behoove us to remember that Christ was not able to bend his arms on the cross. Is that not right, children?" واجب بودن و بنا بر اقتضا

besiege

To besiege means to attack with an army, or to pester with many requests. When all your teachers ask you to hand in assignments on the same day, you can end up feeling besieged. The source of the word besiege in its military sense is the Latin word for "seat." When an army settles down in front of a fort or other site of attack, they are besieging it or taking a seat there. Picture them continually bombarding the fortress with arrows and cannon shot, and you've got the picture of the figurative sense of the word, "to pester with requests, etc." If you get a lot of spam in your e-mail, you are besieged with advertisements — and maybe also besieged with worries that you'll get a virus! harass, as with questions or requests "The press photographers besieged the movie star" type of: importune, insist Heat besieged the tiny room, firing the air and inside her skin. It was a loving house even as it was besieged by its country, but it was hard. It was known that the President was being besieged to get rid of Grant. Almost 150 years before Columbus set sail, a Tartar army besieged the Genoese city of Kaffa. یورش بردن آزار و اذیت به خصوص به صورت کلامی

besmirch

To besmirch means to dirty or tarnish, particularly someone's reputation — like when you call Billy a cheater at kickball (even though you know he's just better at bunting than you). Besmirch may sound kind of funny, but it goes hand in hand with other hurtful words like defame and slander. It can also mean to literally stain something. So that time you tracked mud all over the new white carpet and then blamed it on your little brother? That was a double besmirching — dirtying the rug and then falsely accusing a sibling. synonyms: asperse, calumniate, defame, denigrate, slander, smear, smirch, sully "Lord Pea Pod. If you were a man, I would kill you for that, but my sword is made of too fine a steel to besmirch with craven's blood." "I can't imagine how you decided to besmirch the movement by inviting those rowdies here." "How dare you besmirch that magnificent image with your vintner's hands." So, even as White was apologizing to Gloria Cain on Thursday evening, Cain's lawyer, Lin Wood, showed up Piers Morgan's show on CNN to besmirch her. خدشه دار کردن اعتبار و شهرت کسی

bowdlerize

To bowdlerize means to edit offensive parts out of something. If the hero in an R-rated movie adapted for TV exclaims, "Oh shoot fudge darn!" but his lips seem to be saying something else, that movie has been bowdlerized. The word bowdlerized comes from the name of Dr. T. Bowdler, who decided to publish an edition of Shakespeare without sexual references or double-entendres (which is when a word has two meanings, one of them cheeky). Mr. Bowdler thought he was performing a great service for humanity, but generally if we call something bowdlerized, we're implying that it was edited in a prudish way. synonyms: bowdlerise, castrate, expurgate, shorten But their similarities, which are marked, reflect a narrow, bowdlerized view of modern American history with which Robin Bissell, the writer and director of "The Best of Enemies," is positioning the film. This film is adapted from a tale by the Brothers Grimm — one of the gnarly unexpurgated ones, not the bowdlerized kind long served to American kids. The popularity of the "Messiah" in various bowdlerized forms helped obscure the true range of Handel's achievement. Performing on network TV, Mr. Petersen served up an only somewhat bowdlerized version of his live show. سانسور کردن

browbeat

To browbeat is to intimidate with language. Picture yourself in a police station. The cops are trying to get you to talk by using tough, even abusive, language. They are browbeating you. When someone browbeats you, they're giving you a beating with their mouth and their mind. If your parents have to browbeat you into cleaning your room, they nag you, yell at you and they may even make fun of you and your bad cleaning habits. While the word brow means forehead, think that they're using their head, or brow, to beat you down. It's a figurative, rather than a literal, beating. synonyms: bully, swagger The Negro terrorizes simply by being himself; I, however, must browbeat a bit in order to achieve the same end. For once she was not going to be browbeaten. He generally liked me, tended to treat me, I thought, as he might some rising young VP in his Boston-based holding company, alternatingly coddling and browbeating me. Now he was stuck in the middle of an increasingly acrimonious debate between the browbeating Lawrence and the bedridden Compton. تهدید و ارعاب

capitulate

To capitulate means to give in to something. If your parents refuse to raise your allowance, you might try to argue until they capitulate. Good luck! To capitulate is to surrender outright or to give in under certain terms. Either way, you're agreeing to something you don't really want. The word comes from the Latin roots caput ("head") and capitulum ("headings"), a reference to the official agreement drawn up when someone formally surrendered. type of: give up, surrender The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians' intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulate. China and Russia deploy their military forces to strategic positions throughout the world while suggesting that the US capitulate to North Korea's demands. I was ready to capitulate without a groan. Kid Sampson resisted doubtfully for another moment and then capitulated eagerly with a triumphant whoop. تسلیم شدن تحت شرایط مشخص

cede

To cede is to give up or surrender land, position, or authority. "She reluctantly ceded the coveted position as the baby of the family to her brother when he was born. She would not, however, cede her bedroom to him." Cede is a word often used in discussing diplomatic issues. It is more commonly used in reference to actual physical things, like geographic areas or objects, but can also be used in reference to attitudes or opinions. "The rebels ceded territory after the siege failed." "Dad tried but finally ceded control and let me have my own Facebook account." synonyms: deliver, give up, surrender I am not ready to cede the twenty-first century to China just yet. Over the next two decades, the Osage were forced to cede nearly a hundred million acres of their ancestral land, ultimately finding refuge in a 50-by-125-mile area in southeastern Kansas. Dust rains down from the ceding, and sparks flicker through the air. These new treaties would cede Indigenous homelands to the United States in exchange for that new land base across the Mississippi. تسلیم کردن و واگذار کردن سرزمین

circumscribe

To circumscribe is to limit or restrict. If you spend too much time watching TV instead of fulfilling other obligations, you might circumscribe your TV-watching time to one hour daily (or two hours, if your favorite show is on). Circumscribe comes from the Latin words circum, meaning "around," and scribere, meaning "to write." If the word circumscribe causes you to think of geometry class, give yourself a pat on the back. In geometry, circumscribe means to draw one geometric figure around another figure so that the two figures touch but don't intersect. If you studied geometry but this sounds unfamiliar, perhaps you should have taken our advice about watching too much TV. restrict or confine synonyms: confine, limit محدود کننده

circumvent

To circumvent is to avoid. Someone who trains elephants but somehow gets out of picking up after them has found a way to circumvent the cleaning of the circus tent. Circum in Latin means "around" or "round about," and vent- comes from venire, "to come," but painting a picture from these two parts of the word helps. Picture someone circling around a barrier instead of climbing over it. That's what you do when you circumvent. You find a smart way around rules or barriers, or avoid doing something unpleasant altogether. cleverly find a way out of one's duties or obligations دور زدن و پیچوندن

connive

To connive is to plan or plot to do something illegal or wrong. Conniving is considered dishonest and cowardly. If someone accuses you of conniving, that's definitely not a compliment. Conniving usually occurs in secret, and people who connive are up to no good. Criminals planning a bank robbery are conniving. Crooked politicians looking for a bribe are conniving. Villains connive, and conniving is associated with conspiracies and dishonesty. The opposite of conniving is being honest and straightforward. درگیر شدن در نقشه ای شرورانه

corroborate

To corroborate is to back someone else's story. If you swear to your teacher that you didn't throw the spitball, and your friends corroborate your story by promising that you were concentrating on math homework, she might actually believe you. For example, a witness in court corroborates the testimony of others, and further experimentation can corroborate a scientific theory. Near synonyms are substantiate and confirm. Corroborate, originally meaning "to support or strengthen," was borrowed from Latin corrōborāre, formed from the prefix cor- "completely" plus rōborāre "to strengthen" (from rōbur "strength"). synonyms: bear out, support, underpin Then for the first time he stated that he was not involved, and asked one of the other boys to corroborate his testimony. Its expressions of equality are generally used to corroborate some existing doctrine, and little if any effort is expended to construct counter-examples. Boveri's hypothesis was corroborated by work performed by two other scientists. What happens when the whistle-blowers' corroborating evidence is factored into the analysis of the match data? تایید و تصدیق کردن

cosset

To cosset is to pamper or spoil. Your mom might cosset her beloved lap dog, feeding him homemade meals and singing him to sleep. If your parents used to cosset you when you were little, they may have protected you from injury and indulged your every whim. Your temptation might be to cosset small children or elderly relatives, pampering them and shielding them from difficulty. In the 17th century, cosset had the additional sense of "fondle and caress," as you might cuddle a baby or a puppy. Earlier, the word was a noun meaning "a lamb raised as a pet." synonyms: baby, cocker, coddle, featherbed, indulge, mollycoddle, pamper, spoil About Agatha Christie she says, "It's widely accepted by historians that Christie was a particularly well-loved and cosseted child." But the shop itself, smaller and more cosseting than a first glance would suggest, takes a bit of the edge off. The change in question — the sudden dismissal of Gina's beloved governess — is just one of many upheavals soon to launch a cosseted teenager into an abrupt adulthood. In Camden, Me., we found the Blue Harbor House, a cosseting B&B on Elm Street, a few minutes' walk from the harbor. لوس کردن

crackle

To crackle is to make short, sharp cracking noises. A roaring fire in your wood stove crackles as it burns. Fires crackle, as small branches pop and snap from the heat, and a voice over an intercom might crackle with static. You could also describe the sound of your feet on dried leaves and branches as you walk through the woods as a crackle. A visual crackle, as opposed to one you hear, appears as tiny cracks in the surface: "I like that crackle effect on your table." synonyms: crepitate Interference crackled over the audio, and a loud motor roared in the back- ground. I studied it, the way her smile seemed to crackle with her own brand of electricity, and felt something inside of me shrink in defeat. It bustled and yelped and crackled and rumbled. The radio bleeps and buzzes and squawks and crackles so much that it's impossible to hear a word. صدای ترق و تروق

debase

To debase something is to make it corrupt or impure. If your lemonade stand sells "pure lemonade," you'd insist on using real lemons instead of a mix; using a mix would debase your product. Debase is often used in the context of two things: coins and people. To debase a coin is to replace some of the precious metal in the coin with metal of lesser value. To debase a person is to corrupt them, often by driving them to perform an immoral act like (gasp!) using the lemonade mix. Just promise us you won't do it. کم کردن و خوار کردن

deliberate

To deliberate means to carefully think or talk something through — it also means slow and measured, the pace of this kind of careful decision making. If you chose deliberately, you make a very conscious, well-thought-through choice. The verb deliberate ends with an "ate" sound — at the end of a trial, after the evidence is presented, the twelve members of a jury retreat to a room to deliberate, i.e., talk through the trial and come to a verdict. The adjective deliberate ends with an "it" sound. If you walk with a deliberate pace, you're slow and steady. synonyms: consider, debate, moot, turn over But if you want to emphasize a deliberate trailing off, omit the period. What was interesting was how he stooped over and scrutinized each object before extending a slow, deliberate hand. An Osage man in his seventies with expressive gray eyebrows and a deliberate manner, he served as the chief trial court judge. Partly it was a sort of hymn to the wisdom and majesty of Big Brother, but still more it was an act of selfhypnosis, a deliberate drowning of consciousness by means of rhythmic noise. تفکر عمیق و سنجیدن همه جوانب

demean

To demean someone is to insult them. To demean is to degrade or put down a person or thing. If you noticed the word mean in demean, that's a good clue to its meaning. To demean someone is very mean. You are demeaning your sister or brother if you run their underwear up a flagpole. A teacher could demean a student by saying "You're stupid!" To demean is to insult: no one wants to be demeaned. Insulting language is often called demeaning. We can also say a bad president demeaned his office. reduce in worth or character, usually verbally synonyms:degrade, disgrace, put down, take down توهین کردن به خصوص زبانی

denigrate

To denigrate is to say bad things — true or false — about a person or thing. Your reputation as a math whiz might be hurt if your jealous classmate manages to denigrate you, even though the accusations are unfounded. The verb denigrate comes from the Latin word denigrare, which means "to blacken." To sully or defame someone's reputation, or to spread negative or hurtful information about a company or a situation, is to denigrate it. Your neighbors may denigrate your proposal for mandatory recycling in an attempt to stop your plan. Denigrate can also mean that you're making something seem less important, like when your brother tries to denigrate your athletic achievements. charge falsely or with malicious intent; attack the good name and reputation of someone synonyms: asperse, besmirch, calumniate, defame, slander, smear, smirch, sully بدنام کردن و لکه دار کردن

denote

To denote is to draw attention to something or to show what it means. All of the googly-eyed looks that a girl gives to a boy might do more to denote her feelings for him than leaving a note in his locker. Denote comes from the Latin root dēnotāre, "to mark out." Using a particular facial expression can denote meaning, as in, "All of the crinkled foreheads and squinted eyebrows denoted a lack of understanding among the math students." Words and symbols also point to, or denote, meaning, "If he had used PST to denote the fact that he was in the Pacific time zone, she would have known that it was only 4:00 a.m. and too early to call from New York." have as a meaning "`multi-' denotes `many'" synonyms: refer be a sign or indication of "Her smile denoted that she agreed" معنی کردن نشانی از چیزی بودن

deracinate (from)

To deracinate someone is to force them to move away from their native home to a new, unfamiliar place. Civil wars often deracinate large segments of a country's population. Deracinate comes from the Old French desraciner, "pull up by the roots." When you deracinate people, they're figuratively pulled up by the roots, usually with the intention of "planting" them in a new location. Historically, U.S. policies deracinated Native American tribes, relocating them to reservations. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina deracinated many people whose neighborhoods became unlivable. You can also use this verb more literally: "I'm going to deracinate that lavender plant and put it in a sunnier spot." synonyms: extirpate, root out, uproot Our deracinated feet stomped along in the mud. It might be exasperating and deracinating, but it's also true. It's hard to be both a cultural trailblazer and a traditional sitcom everyman, and Steve ends up registering as deracinated and neutered in the bargain. This "Yerma" takes place in a London of a willfully progressive, deracinated middle class, which long ago discarded traditional notions of family. وادار کردن به کوچ و تغییر محل زندگی

versatile

To describe a person or thing that can adapt to do many things or serve many functions, consider the adjective versatile. In E.B. White's classic children's book Charlotte's Web, Charlotte the spider tells Wilbur the pig that she is versatile. "What does 'versatile' mean — full of eggs?" Wilbur asks. "Certainly not," Charlotte replies. "'Versatile' means I can turn with ease from one thing to another." Charlotte knew her etymology, because the word reflects its Latin root, versatilis, "turning around; revolving." It eventually came to describe someone who is multi-talented: a singer-songwriter-actress-model would be a versatile figure in the entertainment world. synonyms: various All the components a woman needed and wanted to put together a stylish and versatile wardrobe. Yet by contrast to the versatile apostrophe, they are stolid little chaps, to say the least. The tradition of the tough and versatile frontiersman is true but not exclusive. Fifty Neanderthals cooperating in traditional and static patterns were no match for 500 versatile and innovative Sapiens. متنوع و وقف پذیر

desecrate

To desecrate means to treat a sacred place or thing with violent disrespect. The news sometimes reports on vandals who have desecrated tombstones or places of worship. The word consecrate from the Latin consecrare means "to make sacred." Substituting the prefix con- with de- reverses the meaning. When preparing for a foreign occupation, the military instructs troops not to desecrate sacred sites and risk offending the local population. You can also desecrate someone's memory if you spread malicious lies about him after his death. violate the sacred character of a place or language "desecrate a cemetery" synonyms: outrage, profane, violate حتک حرمت کردن

dissemble (verb)

To dissemble is to hide under a false appearance, to deceive. "When confronted about their human rights record, the Chinese government typically dissembles." Dissemble is a little more complicated than a straight lie or denial. When you dissemble, you disguise your true intentions or feelings behind a false appearance. To dissemble is to pretend that you don't know something, to pretend that you think one way when you act another way. "My boyfriend was dissembling the whole time. He was a married father of two." synonyms: cloak, mask Ridgeway knew that image to be false—he didn't need to dissemble about the business of slavery—but neither was the menace of the Randall plantation the truth. To dissemble your feelings, to control your face, to do what everyone else was doing, was an instinctive reaction. Even under the greatest duress, my capability to dissemble was scarcely diminished. It includes thrilling images of well-known works such as the Sun Tunnels, lying in the sands like a dissembled telescope. پنهان کاری

dissipate

To dissipate is to disperse or fade away — as a bad smell will dissipate (usually) if you wait long enough. Dissipate can also mean "spend or use wastefully." If you win the lottery, you might suddenly find yourself with a group of new friends encouraging you to dissipate your money (on them). Note that dissipate can be used with or without an object: "Once you dissipate your wealth, your new group of friends will dissipate without a trace." synonyms: fool, fool away, fritter, fritter away, frivol away, shoot She felt the energy of the ghosts dissipating. The unstructured blobs of irregular galaxies, the arms of spiral galaxies and the torus of ring galaxies exist for only a few frames in the cosmic motion picture, then dissipate, often to be reformed again. A state court issued an injunction, and the mob eventually dissipated. After a moment the smell dissipated—so quickly she wondered if she'd imagined it. هدر دادن سرمایه از بین رفتن

encumber

To encumber is to weigh someone or something down with a physical or psychological burden. You may find yourself encumbered by a heavy backpack or with anxieties. Either way, it's a heavy load to bear! You can also use encumber to describe something that restricts you in some way: you're so encumbered by your homework load you can't go to the concert Saturday night. The root, cumber, has several shades of meaning — including "to burden" and "to be overwhelmed." synonyms: constrain, cumber, restrain It's the way civilized man now encumbers his territory, not with great walls or stretches of wire but with a single well-placed device, a neat bundling with the workings of a mind. "I will not bargain with you. Nor will God. You must run to him freely, looking forward, not encumbered by your past griefs." And she was too tired and too encumbered to move much anyway. The next day she returned to school walking with extreme dignity, not prideful, but encumbered by accoutrements hitherto unfamiliar to her. به عقب زدن و مانع شدن

enjoin

To enjoin is to issue an urgent and official order. If the government tells loggers to stop cutting down trees, they are enjoining the loggers to stop. Enjoin looks like it should mean bring together, and at one time, it did have that meaning. But in current usage, the only thing enjoin brings together is a command and the person on the receiving end of that order. If your doctor enjoins you to stop smoking, he is suggesting strongly that you quit. synonyms: order, say, tell Directly after the conference I sent Prime Minister Verwoerd a letter in which I formally enjoined him to call a national constitu-tional convention. In contrast to Wilkins, Farmer backed the students' efforts 100 percent and enjoined every man, woman, and child in St. Joseph's to participate in the direct-action campaign in any way possible. Row by row, Mr. Mac enjoins the audience to hustle down to the stage; we are fleeing pogroms in Europe and settling tightly together in the tenements of New York. A recent video segment enjoins viewers to call for a cleanup of the needle-and-condom-littered Third Avenue Bridge; it also advises how to cope with immigration sweeps. دستور رسمی

entrench

To entrench is to secure something firmly. Entrench a tent pole in the ground so your tent doesn't fly away, or entrench yourself at your new job so you don't get fired. Dig a little and see that entrench is from en meaning "in" and trench is from the Old French word trenche for "ditch," just like the kind soldiers hide in. You don't have to be a soldier to entrench, though — anytime a person or thing is securely inside something, it's entrenched. If you entrench a swing set in your yard, it's solid. If a government entrenches a spy in another country, that spy blends right in. synonyms: intrench The enemy army was closer now, entrenched only a few hundred yards outside the palace. American troops entrenched on the new line and repulsed two powerful German counterattacks. They were, as is known to us, stopped in their progress at Great-Bridge, and here they now rest, entrenched, frowning at our stockade across a great marsh. That night Finny began to talk abstractedly about it, as though it were a venerable, entrenched institution of the Devon School. محافظت سفت و سخت با سنگربندی

enumerate

To enumerate is to list or count off one by one. Before you ask for a raise, you'd better be able to enumerate all the reasons why you deserve more money. Tally, total, add up, compute — however you put it, enumerate is basically just another way to say "count." As in, "How do I love thee? Let me enumerate the ways." This verb came about in the 1610's as a variation on the Latin enumerates, which means "to reckon up or count over." To quote Paul Valery, the French critic, essayist, and poet, "Science is feasible when the variables are few and can be enumerated; when their combinations are distinct and clear." synonyms: itemise, itemize, recite But at that moment of first doubt, they were a long way from being able to enumerate precisely why they felt the way they did. I spent the remainder of the meeting enumerating complaints about our diet, work, and studying. Pythagoras did not simply enumerate examples of this theorem; he developed a method of mathematical deduction to prove the thing generally. Hinted at the gravity of the so-called "trauma of decanting," and enumerated the precautions taken to minimize, by a suitable training of the bottled embryo, that dangerous shock. برشمردن

eradicate

To eradicate something is to get rid of it, to destroy it, and to kiss it goodbye. Eradicate is from the Latin word eradicare meaning "to root out." When you yank that weed up by the roots, it has been eradicated; it's not coming back. Eradicate often means to kill a bunch of somethings, like what you want the poison to do to the roach family and their extended relatives living in your house, and what we thought we did to bedbugs. You can also eradicate corruption, poverty, or diseases. Although there are all kinds of things to get rid of, we usually want to only eradicate the bad things. destroy completely, as if down to the roots synonyms: exterminate, extirpate, root out, uproot نابودسازی

evaporate

To evaporate is to fade away or to literally turn into vapor. If you leave a glass of water out and the water slowly disappears, it's not being consumed by elves; it's evaporating. People often use the word evaporate metaphorically because it produces a strong image of something disappearing like vapor. When the economy goes through a rough patch, funding for projects like education and the arts tends to evaporate or disappear. Your feelings for a mate might evaporate after you spend too much time with him or her. synonyms: disappear, melt In fact, it only obscures my view for a few seconds before evaporating completely. And suddenly Cudgeon's newfound confidence evaporated, replaced by a shiny pallor. I sought more answers, but she was gone, evaporated into a loud noise. "He's such a nice man," said Fadi, all thoughts of a confession evaporating. تبخیر شدن و پریدن

exasperate

To exasperate someone is to annoy him or her to the point of impatience, frustration and irritation, like when you exasperate a busy waiter by asking questions like "what are all the ingredients in the salad dressing?" and making him repeat the specials five times. The verb exasperate comes from the Latin word exasperatus, which means "to roughen," "irritate," or "provoke." To exasperate is to make something that is already bad even worse, like when sitting in traffic that is sure to make you late, you exasperate the person who is driving by bringing up an unpleasant topic, or the addition of twenty more students that exasperates the crowding in the cafeteria. annoy or irritate synonyms: aggravate, exacerbate آزار و اذیت کردن

exasperate

To exasperate someone is to annoy him or her to the point of impatience, frustration and irritation, like when you exasperate a busy waiter by asking questions like "what are all the ingredients in the salad dressing?" and making him repeat the specials five times. The verb exasperate comes from the Latin word exasperatus, which means "to roughen," "irritate," or "provoke." To exasperate is to make something that is already bad even worse, like when sitting in traffic that is sure to make you late, you exasperate the person who is driving by bringing up an unpleasant topic, or the addition of twenty more students that exasperates the crowding in the cafeteria. synonyms: incense, infuriate Here was Alexander, galloping up through the trees, exasperated. Nina made a kind of exasperated snorting sound. "Don't bother," said Cedric in an exasperated voice as his friends bent down to help him. The stereotyping and bias was incredibly exasperating, not to mention disheartening. عصبانی کردن

exonerate

To exonerate someone is to declare him not guilty of criminal charges. This word is pretty much only used in reference to proceedings in a court of law. A word with a similar meaning that might be familiar is "acquit." When your next door neighbor was arrested for painting smiley faces on the front doors of all the houses on your block, evidence to exonerate him was discovered when the police found a young hooligan from the next street over with a basement full of paint canisters. The verb comes from the Latin exonerat-, meaning "freed from burden." A criminal charge is certainly a burden, and when you're exonerated, you're freed from that burden. pronounce not guilty of criminal charges synonyms: acquit, assoil, clear, discharge, exculpate مبرا از اتهامات

expurgate

To expurgate is to censor. Usually, people talk about expurgating bad words from something written or on TV. On TV, if you hear some words bleeped out, those words have been expurgated. In print, we can expurgate by using dashes ( — — ) or random characters like %&$#. Sometimes we can expurgate just by rewriting something so that the entire sentence with the naughty parts is gone, or by putting it into mild words. When it comes to things children read or watch, there's often the difficult question of what to expurgate and what to leave alone. synonyms: bowdlerise, bowdlerize, castrate, shorten Yossarian was busy expurgating all but romance words from the letters when the chaplain sat down in a chair between the beds and asked him how he was feeling. Dewey admits it, but he adds that except for an apparently somewhat expurgated version of his own conduct, Hickock's story supports Smith's. Her documentation of Sartre's amorous life prompted objections from his daughter that caused the book to be expurgated in some parts of the world. "To consent would be an admission that the expurgated parts are not indispensable," he wrote. سانسور و ممیزی

garner

To garner means to gather or earn. If you want to run for office without belonging to a political party, you must garner enough signatures — usually a few thousand — to get onto the ballot. The word garner comes from the Latin granarium which means "store-house," usually for grain. The current use of the word carries with it the sense of something being stored up. It's not only that you can gather enough yes-votes to overcome the opposition, there is the sense that all the things you have garnered have some weight of their own. In its other use, garner means "earn" or "merit." Think of movie stars garnering Oscar nominations for their excellent work. synonyms: collect, gather, pull together "I appreciate your concern, but this is just a piece of the story, not even the worst piece, and I am not telling it to garner sympathy." Jill would garner pledges from colleges and universities to train teachers and professors to better understand the needs of military children. By the time Fischer left for Nepal in the spring of 1996, he'd begun to garner more of the recognition that he thought was his due. Berkeley attracted the most promising young graduate students, hosted the most eminent visiting lecturers, pocketed the largest contributions from research foundations and garnered the lion's share of public interest and acclaim. جمع کردن و به دست آوردن

grovel

To grovel is to beg like a hungry dog. You don't have to be a canine though; you might grovel for a better grade (please don't). If you grovel you risk getting the opposite of what you want, because people (like teachers) don't like people down at their feet begging for something. But if you cheat on your date, you may have to grovel to get him or her back. Grovel also means to crawl around on your belly — you could grovel on gravel, but that might really hurt. The word comes from the Vikings; in Old Norse the word grufe means "prone" (lying flat) which is probably how Vikings liked to see the people they were conquering. You grovel when you want something but also when you're afraid. تمنا کردن

panache

To have panache is to have a stylish flair. You might wear your giant polka-dotted scarf with great panache. Panache comes from the Latin word pinnaculum, which means "small wing" or "tuft of feathers." When you decorate yourself with a flourish, have an elegant appearance, or do something with style, you are said to have panache. You might wear your beret with new-found panache. Your aunt Milly may throw a party with unmatched panache. Or your brother's ability to turn a phrase may show an uncommon panache. distinctive and stylish elegance synonyms: dash, elan, flair, style استایل شیک و خودنمایانه

hector (verb)

To hector is to boss around or verbally bully someone. An older brother might hector his little sister until she hands over part of her Halloween candy. When you bombard someone with words, nagging and badgering until you get what you want, you hector. A teacher might feel the need to hector a class that consistently forgets to hand in homework assignments, and a playground bully might hector another child to give him her lunch money. The verb hector comes from the character in Greek mythology — Hector — who rallied the Trojans to keep fighting. synonyms: ballyrag, boss around, browbeat, bully, bullyrag, push around, strong-arm Beneath the tight-trimmed beard his heavy jaw clenched hard, yet he did not hector her about titles. You've used your irreverent, hectoring funny and thought-provoking voice to create a space for real conversations about an important subject. Homer rarely spoke apart from his hectoring of the horses. Mrs. French, the bio teacher, is hectoring a kid who hasn't done his homework. بولی کردن، نق زدن و ستیز داشتن

hoodwink

To hoodwink someone means to trick or mislead them. Beware of fake ATMs that try to hoodwink you into giving over your bank card and your code, only to keep them both and steal all your money. An excellent, old-fashioned word is hoodwink, and you'll be happy you know it when you have to read Victorian novels in which characters are repeatedly hoodwinked. It is an Old English compound which meant "to blindfold" 600 years ago but quickly began to be used figuratively. Think about the expression, to pull the wool over someone's eyes, as having the same image and meaning. Has your big sister ever hoodwinked you into doing her chores for her? synonyms: beguile, juggle type of:cheat, chisel, rip off "Listen, Max. You think I'm trying to hoodwink you, don't you?" "Just look at his loot. Who knows how many other innocent people he's hoodwinked into buying that snake oil. I insist that he be put under arrest." A false message carried by an American courier hoodwinks the British. "I don't want you hoodwinked even if you don't care." گول زدن و فریفتن

impugn

To impugn means to call into question or attack as wrong. If your usually grumpy brother is suddenly nice and sweet, you'll impugn his motives if you're smart — he probably just wants something from you. The root of impugn is the Latin pugnare which means "to fight," so when you impugn, you are fighting or attacking, but by saying that something is false or wrong. If a candidate has a record that cannot be impugned, his or her opponent might go for a character attack. If you take pride in your work, you will be especially insulted if someone impugns your professionalism or integrity. type of: challenge People tend to get defensive when the integrity of their national sport is impugned. American government officials, the press, and the public expressed their disappointment with the delays, many impugning the agency's judgment and competence. The documentary impugns the criminal justice system's pursuit of Mr. Avery and Mr. Dassey at nearly every turn, pointing the finger at investigators, prosecutors and a defense lawyer who was assigned to Mr. Dassey. It avoids impugning the people with actual power, the magazine editors and the record company executives who shaped and policed and profited from her image. تهاجم بیجا و به اشتباع

ingratiate

To ingratiate is to make obvious efforts to gain someone's favor, in other words — to kiss up to someone. Ingratiate has not strayed much from its Latin roots, in gratiam, (in plus gratia meaning "favor") which means "in favor" or "for the favor of." To ingratiate is to gain the favor of someone by doing lots of favors to the point of being a nudge. Like the teacher's pet who answers every question, stays after class to clean the chalkboard, and brings the teacher an apple every day. When you ingratiate yourself to people, you risk annoying them — like a little dog nipping at their heels. gain favor with somebody by deliberate efforts مورد عنایت قرار دادن

inundate

To inundate means to quickly fill up or overwhelm, just like a flood. Your bathroom could be inundated with water if the pipes burst, and hopefully your inbox is inundated with nice emails on your birthday. Commonly used to refer to a deluge of water, inundate can also refer to an overflow of something less tangible, like information. Right before the holidays, toy stores are often inundated with eager parents scrambling to get the latest action figures and video games. Attempt to read the entire dictionary in one sitting and you'll inundate your mind with vocabulary. But you probably won't remember any of it tomorrow. to flood or overwhelm غرق شدن

inure

To inure is to get used to something difficult or unpleasant. If after spending an hour in your brother's room, you stop noticing the stinky-sock smell, you have become inured to the odor. Although the Latin roots of inure mean "in work," it may be easier to think of "in use" when you see inure. Got new shoes that give you blisters? When they are "in use" long enough, your feet will become inured to the spots that rub, and while you may have calluses, you will not be in pain. You can be inured to more abstract things too. When weathermen constantly play up the next big snowstorm or blizzard, you become inured to it and stop paying attention to them. synonyms: harden, indurate The guards seemed to be inuring the men to this strange routine in preparation for something terrible. He needed to expose Seabiscuit to a similarly unruly gate horse and inure him to the sight of it. "Yes," nods Ulrika, long since inured to his mocking, "Yes, it is." عادت کردن به چیز ناخوشایند

invoke

To invoke is to call up something such as a law, a higher power, or even a ghost. In court, you might invoke the Fifth Amendment (the right not to say something that will make you look bad) if you don't want to talk. You can invoke all kinds of people or ideas, alive or dead: "She invokes the spirit of good writing when she proofreads her work." In a time of need, you might invoke a higher power. You could invoke Martin Luther King when talking about equal rights. You might even invoke the spirit of your dead cat at a séance. Just make sure you don't evoke (to bring on a strong emotional reaction) your dead cat; that would just be weird. synonyms: appeal synonyms: arouse, bring up, call down, call forth, conjure, conjure up, evoke, put forward, raise, stir It was tall and nearly invisible, and it invoked such a gut-churning revulsion in Lee that he nearly woke in terror. Thus: John Keats, who never did any harm to anyone, is often invoked by grammarians. Why would these young men openly endorse and perpetuate the very stereotypes that are invoked to justify their second-class status, their exclusion from mainstream society? Churchill consciously marshaled, as the best orators will, not only the language of the past but its history to his cause- invoking Drake and Nelson as exemplars and, implicitly, allies in the struggle. استدعا کردن احضار روح استناد کردن به قانون

languish

To languish is to become pitiful or weak because you're sick, in love, or stuck somewhere. A prisoner might languish in jail, longing for her freedom. Languish, like languid, is from the Latin word languere which means "to be weak or faint." Your houseplants might languish in a dark dry corner. A Romantic poet might languish on a velvet couch with the back of her hand to her forehead. People in operas love to languish: The main character in La Traviata, Violetta, languishes from longing and eventually tuberculosis. synonyms: fade For most of those two years, Blake and a small group of prisoners languished in a makeshift North Korean prison camp, plagued with monotony and boredom. Even when people are charged with extremely serious crimes, such as murder, they may find themselves languishing in jail for years without meeting with an attorney, much less getting a trial. I am sure you don't want to languish in the dungeons of Limerick jail far from friends and family. Let him languish in pain, crying aloud for mercy, and let there be no surcease to this agony till he sing in dissolution. پژمرده و سست شدن

machinate

To machinate is to scheme or plan something. You might, for example, machinate a way to defeat the more popular candidate in an election for school president. You can use the verb machinate in two ways: to arrange or plan in a carefully detailed way, or to plot in an equally careful but somewhat sneaky or underhanded way. While a teacher might machinate to best organize and inspire her class, a movie villain also machinates in order to defeat the hero. Both meanings come from the same root, the noun machination, "plotting or intrigue," which is ultimately rooted in the Latin machina, "device or machine." synonyms: cabal, complot, conjure, conspire They're all handmade, whereas our elements were made using machinated fabrication so the mixing of different crafts was interesting to us: the digitally informed, and the materially informed. "I think this character is living a very unique experience, in that she is a human brain in an entirely machinate body," Johansson said on ABC's "Good Morning America" earlier this week. "It was more a signal of allowance and encouragement than something completely machinated by an image maker." It urges those who work in it to agglutinate and machinate. برنامه ریختن و نقشه کشیدن

mince

To mince is to chop into tiny bits. Your favorite soup recipe might include directions to mince four cloves of garlic. When you dice an onion into very small pieces, you mince it, and when you grind meat very fine to make sausage or mincemeat, you also mince. Another meaning of the verb is to soften, or to express something in a gentle way: "She doesn't mince her words." This word can also mean to walk in a dainty manner, like the way your 7-year-old niece might mince across the floor while pretending to be a fancy princess. The Old French root, mincier, means "make into small pieces," and it comes from the Latin word for "small," minutus. type of: chop, chop up synonyms: moderate, soften Salt and a penny's worth of minced parsley were added for flavor. "You want these onions chop, dice, or mince?" I watched her leave, hating her way of walking—a mince combined with a waddle. There were apple and mince and dried-berry pies, little spicecakes with maple sugar frosting, candied fruits and nuts, pitchers of sweet apple cider, and great mugs of steaming flip for the men. نگینی خورد کردن تلطیف کردن چیزی

mollify

To mollify is to calm someone down, talk them off the ledge, make amends, maybe even apologize. Mollify comes from the Latin mollificare to "make soft," and that's still at the heart of the word. When you mollify someone, you smooth things over, even if you're maybe still a little mad: "I was angry that the guy took my seat, but I was mollified when he offered me one closer to the band." Unlike the sharp sounds of antagonize, there are only soft sounds in this word that means to make someone feel soft and cuddly. Although dryer sheets might soften your clothes, they don't mollify them (unless your clothes were really mad at you before). synonyms: appease, assuage, conciliate, gentle, gruntle, lenify, pacify, placate Leo, for his part, is unfazed and mollifies her with compliments between fits of tinsel. Piliso was not mollified by this, and we sensed that something was wrong. Holmes apologized, claiming a dire need for money, and was so persuasive and abject that even Belknap felt mollified, although his distrust of Holmes persisted. Chamberlin was startled to see that Holmes's false warmth seemed to be mollifying the creditors. آرام کردن و فرونشاندن خشم

morph

To morph is to change from one shape to another. A cute bunny, for example, might morph into a killer dragon in a fairy tale or an animated film. Morph comes from the word metamorphosis, which is a Greek word meaning "a transforming." As a verb, it has only been around since the 1980s, when computers allowed animators to make things change shape in an apparently seamlessly way. With the right skills, you can morph a toaster into a highly intelligent robot that helps fight crime, offers dating advice to the protagonist of the film, and still makes an excellent piece of toast. To undergo dramatic change in a seamless and barely noticeable fashion Of course, I didn't play favorites while I was coaching, but she really made me proud, and it was through fencing that Faizah and I morphed from sisters to best friends. It morphed into the notion of "general intelligence" because of a hypothesis concerning the nature of human knowledge acquisition. Every other night he would become a different person, like he'd morph into someone crazy, but this one night my mother decided to finally fight back. By 1942, it would morph further into the Manhattan Project and ultimately culminate in the creation of the atomic bomb. تغییر بسیار زیاد ولی به صورت غیرملموس

persecute

To persecute is to make someone suffer or to keep them in bad circumstances. In some parts of the world governments or military groups persecute, or punish, people for religious beliefs, often sending them to prisons or work camps. You can use the verb persecute to talk about abusive acts against a person or group of people. Persecute is usually used to specify the harm done to a particular group, as when a person is persecuted for his affiliation with a religious group. Those born of a certain race or culture can be targets too. Adolf Hitler became notorious for his orders to persecute the Jewish people. cause to suffer "Jews were persecuted in the former Soviet Union" synonyms: oppress In many cases individuals are exploited by markets, and states employ their armies, police forces and bureaucracies to persecute individuals instead of defending them. In fact, many were caught on the wrong side in the power struggles and were persecuted in their turn, just as Du Hai's mother was. His poor, mad, brooding eyes glared in the moonlight, shone against the persecuted darkness of his scowling brow. Those who persecuted others, even beat or tortured them, were victims too, after all. آزار و اذیت کردن

perturb

To perturb is to bug or bother someone by confusing them or throwing them off balance. You can try, but it's almost impossible to perturb the guards outside Buckingham Palace. If you're having trouble getting used to the word perturb, you're in luck! It's similar in meaning to the verb "disturb." That's right, to perturb is to disturb, but in a way that suggests you're throwing it off its usual path or routine. The movie Born Free truly perturbed widespread views about animals—people suddenly started seeing them as individuals. If you stare at a person you don't know, it won't be long before you perturb them. synonyms: cark, disorder, disquiet, distract, trouble, unhinge آَشفتگی ذهنی

pontificate

To pontificate is to talk in a dogmatic and pompous manner. To pontificate properly, you need to be a know-it-all with very strong opinions and the urge to share them. Pontificate comes from the French word pontiff, another word for the Pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. As a verb (pronounced pon-TIF-i-kate), it meant "to perform the functions of the Pope or other high official in the Church." The noun pontificate (pronounced pon-TIF-i-kit) refers to the government of the Roman Catholic Church. Another word for this is the papacy. type of: speak, talk "What I figure, is, the thing to do," pontificated bar-bore Cliff, "is to escape in hunting season, when everybody's wearing orange anyway." "It is time," Helms pontificated in a 1960s TV editorial, "to face, honestly and sincerely, the purely scientific statistical evidence of natural racial distinctions in group intellect." Like a preacher, he pontificates his own peculiar brand of wisdom. Will none of you get yourselves on Twitter and start pontificating about the situation like a great berk? متعصبانه و مطنطن صحبت کردن

posit

To posit something is to assume or suggest that it is true. You can posit an idea or opinion. When you posit, you submit an idea or give an opinion. Scientists posit many ideas — called hypotheses — that they then try to prove or disprove through experimentation and research. In science, you hear about positing a lot, and the same is true in math and logic. When you say "If X, then Y" you're positing a proposition. Positing can also mean to put something somewhere firmly — this means to deposit, fix, or situate. synonyms: postulate To get around the problems of fossil distributions, they posited ancient "land bridges" wherever they were needed. The theory neatly solves the grandfather paradox by positing separate universes in which each possible outcome exists, thereby avoiding a paradox. Starvation was posited as the most probable cause of death. "Are you positing that the squirrel typed those words?" فرض بر درستی

presuppose

To presuppose is to take something as a given; presupposing is like assuming. When you suppose something is true, you assume it's true; to presuppose means something similar. The pre — which means "before" — is a reminder that what you're assuming is background or pretext for something else. Asking "Want soup?" presupposes someone is hungry. Asking a woman "When is the baby due?" presupposes that she's pregnant. Presupposing can be dangerous: if your presuppositions are incorrect, you could jump to the wrong conclusion. synonyms: suppose Again, all special studies presuppose certain fundamental types of things. It presupposed that somewhere or other, outside oneself, there was a "real" world where "real" things happened. Such a question, of course, presupposes that the previous era's music was good, and by Yagoda's uncontroversial reckoning, it was very good indeed. What this movie presupposes is: maybe he didn't? فرض کردن

promulgate

To promulgate is to officially put a law into effect. Your state may announce a plan to promulgate a new traffic law on January 1st.. Laws aren't the only things you can promulgate. The word promulgate comes from the Latin word promulgatus, meaning "make publicly known." Someone can promulgate values, belief systems, and philosophies — it just means they're promoted or made public. For example, you might write an article to promulgate the benefits of eating only organic foods. synonyms: exclaim, proclaim She promulgated this philosophy with disastrous effects to two southern belles whom she took under her wing in order to renovate their backward minds. The charter does not speak about the eradication of classes and private property, or public ownership of the means of production, or promulgate any of the tenets of scientific socialism. Only when the fascist Italian government promulgated racial laws did Levi grow seriously conscious of his Jewish identity. But Mr. Nelson expressed doubts about the review requirement, and strong objection to the way the rules were promulgated, without public discussion among documentarians at large. اعلام کردن

proscribe

To proscribe something is to forbid or prohibit it, as a school principal might proscribe the use of cell phones in class. Proscribe sounds similar to the word prescribe, but be careful: these words are essentially opposite in meaning. While proscribe means forbid, prescribe is used when a doctor recommends a medicine or remedy. Of course, if you want an excuse for not following your doctor's orders, you could say you were confused about the meaning of these two words — but that would be lying, which is proscribed by most people's value systems. And it would also be bad for your health. synonyms: disallow, forbid, interdict, nix, prohibit, veto Technological advance required the freest possible pursuit of knowledge, so Holland became the leading publisher and bookseller in Europe, translating works written in other languages and permitting the publication of works proscribed elsewhere. Malcolm spoke like a man who was free, like a black man above the laws that proscribed our imagination. Soon he was proscribing parts of salutations and signatures and leaving the text untouched. It was the only sign in the West Area cafeteria; no other group needed their seating proscribed in the same fashion. ممنوع ساختن

proselytize

To proselytize is to try to persuade someone to switch to your religious beliefs or your way of living. If you are going to proselytize, try not to be too pushy! The word proselytize can specifically refer to religious evangelism, as in: "Proselytizing is a fundamental component of Mormonism." Proselytize, however, can also be used for any situation when people are trying to convince others to try something or to join something. TV ads proselytize about the pleasures of life with mouthwash, friends proselytize about how great their favorite video games are, and parents proselytize about the benefits of eating vegetables. synonyms: proselytise Doubly convinced by Mendel's experimental data, and by his own evidence, Bateson set about proselytizing. "To proselytize means to preach a certain way of thinking, in this case the cause of the Survivalists," I answer, mentally calculating distance and time. "You look like a man who wants to live. Please tell the sheriff that ain't no amount of proselytizing is going to keep that undead horde from overrunning us." Evelyn zealously began distributing their publication The Watchtower, and began to proselytize me as well, urging me to convert my commitment to the struggle to a commitment to God. دعوت به دین و آیین جدید

renege

To renege is to go back on your word or fail to keep a promise. Not quite lying, reneging is more a sin of omission — failing to do what you said you would. The Latin negāre means "to deny," so by reneging on your word, you are denying someone whatever you promised them. In card games, you are said to renege if you play against the rules. To renege may be wrong, but it's not necessarily a punishable offense (unless you put that promise legally binding in writing). Still, it certainly doesn't make you look good! fail to fulfill a promise or obligation synonyms: go back on, renege on, renegue on بدقولی کردن بدعهدی

rile

To rile someone is to annoy or bother them. For example, a friend might rile you by constantly texting when you're trying to have a conversation with her. You can also rile water, meaning you make it muddy by stirring it up. The verb rile is derived from roil, and they basically mean the same thing. However, rile is more commonly used to mean "annoy" and roil mostly describes stirred liquid. If you rile up your sister, what you say makes gets her worked up, ready to argue with you. When a kid splashes around in the tub, the water is roiled — but if it gets all over the floor, his parents will be riled. synonyms: annoy, bother, chafe, devil, get at, get to, gravel, irritate, nark, nettle, rag, vex "No, ma'am," I said, but I felt something inside me rile up. For once, my short-tempered answer did not rile her. Hall, ordinarily extremely slow to rile, flew into a rage when he learned of Woodall's refusal to cooperate. She was trying to rile him up, so she wouldn't be the only one riled. اذیت کردن و کرم ریختن

squander

To squander means to spend extravagantly, thoughtlessly, or wastefully. If you need to save for college, don't squander your income on nightly sushi dinners. Squander used to mean scatter, and the way we use it now implies throwing something (like money) all over the place. You can squander time as well as money. If you have a big deadline but you are chatting away or looking at social networking sites, you are squandering your time. If you have an opportunity to play for a major league baseball team but show up late to tryouts and criticize the coach, you have probably squandered your chance. اسراف و ولخرجی

startle

To startle is to jump, like when you're surprised. If you're sneaking through a dark room and step on a sleeping dog's tail — you might startle the dog. If she barks, that dog startles you right back! A startle is a quick, sharp movement, like a little jump that happens when you're surprised or suddenly scared. If you sneak up on your mom and say "Boo!" you'll startle her and she might jump up in her seat (before she yells at you to quit it). Alarm clocks and barking dogs often startle people. The original meaning of startle, around 1300, was "to run back and forth," from the Old English word styrtan, "to leap up." synonyms: ball over, blow out of the water, floor, shock, take aback A moment later she sat up, startled, gasping. "It's really not my business, but," Julian begins, his voice startling me, "you seem, well, very attached to Prince Maven." King Pellinore's enthusiasm evaporated at the rebuke, and he startled the petrified children by bursting into tears. The nurse glanced at him with startled, horrified eyes; then quickly looked away. پریدن از سر گرخیدن و تعجب

tarnish

To tarnish is to become dull or discolored. Silver tends to tarnish easily, which is why your mother is always having you polish the family silver. As a noun, a tarnish is the dull layer of corrosion that sometimes forms on metal items, usually the result of the metal reacting to oxygen in the air. Metals are most likely to tarnish, but so can anything that once felt sparkly and bright but has lost its luster — even you. If the new kid just beat you in chess, your reputation as the best chess player in your class has started to tarnish. Better not lose again! make dirty or spotty, as by exposure to air; also used metaphorically "The silver was tarnished by the long exposure to the air" synonyms: defile, maculate, stain, sully لکه دار کردن

thrive

To thrive is to do well or flourish. If your new cookie delivery business thrives, you'll be rolling in dough — not literally, of course. The verb thrive means to flourish or grow vigorously, and it can be applied to something like a business or to something or someone's actual health. Plants can thrive in a greenhouse, and children can thrive if they eat well and exercise. Thriving can also be used more figuratively — "The women thrived on gossip; they loved knowing who was dating or divorcing whom." synonyms: flourish, fly high, prosper They found Atlanta a thriving intellectual center for the Negro. "Oh, that one. He might not even get a name at the next Ceremony. They're already talking about keeping him here another year. He's not doing well. They call it failure to thrive." Easily talented enough to thrive on the collegiate and national levels. The Dream thrives on generalization, on limiting the number of possible questions, on privileging immediate answers. رونق گرفتن و موفق شدن

tout

To tout means to praise, boast, or brag about. If you like to tout your skill as a skier, you tell people you can go down expert-level hills. Sometimes parents will get into bragging wars about their children, each touting the accomplishments of his or her child. Sometimes the word means more of "to claim." The company touted the lotion as a solution to wrinkles. Broccoli has been touted as the cancer-fighting vegetable. In England, a tout is a person who gives advice about gambling. If you're looking to play some money on the ponies, go see the tout who hangs out at Jackie's bar for a tip. شوعاف و تبلیغ فراوان

undermine

To undermine literally means to dig a hole underneath something, making it likely to collapse. But we more often use the word to describe sabotage or the act of weakening someone else's efforts. Originally spelled with a 'y' instead of an 'i', undermine has Germanic roots and means "to weaken, hinder, or impair." Accidentally undermine the foundation of a house by digging a tunnel to China beneath it and you might be forgiven. Undermine your teacher's authority by speaking out of turn and throwing spitballs and odds are you'll get in trouble. synonyms: counteract, countermine, sabotage, subvert, weaken "To discredit someone means to undermine them," she says. Whereas black success stories undermined the logic of Jim Crow, they actually reinforce the system of mass incarceration. The truth, however, is this: far from undermining the current system of control, the new caste system depends, in no small part, on black exceptionalism. "That's a vicious lie! Someone's trying to undermine the reputation of the Keepers!" cried Carlos. زیر سوال بردن

underscore

To underscore is to draw special attention to a fact, idea, or situation. When you're involved in a debate, it's wise to underscore the points that best support your argument. Literally, underscore means "to underline," or draw a line beneath a word to emphasize it. In common speech, to underscore something is to call attention to it. If a worker sustained an injury on the job, for instance, the event would underscore the need for workplace safety. Underscore is also used to mean "emphasize." During a job interview, you want to underscore any experience that relates to the job you are applying for. give extra weight to (a communication) synonyms: emphasise, emphasize, underline تاکید موکد

underwrite

To underwrite is to insure or promise to be financially responsible in case of loss or damage. An insurance agent can underwrite your renter's insurance policy, which protects you if there's a fire or robbery, for example. Insurance companies can underwrite, estimating the value of a life or property, and so can large banks — when a bank underwrites a loan, it means they carefully check the borrower's credit history. The word underwrite comes from the Old English underwritan, "write at the foot of," and originally is exactly what underwriters did, signing their names at the bottom of an assessment of risk, promising to pay in case of disaster in exchange for a set amount of money. guarantee financial support of synonyms: subvent, subvention حمایت مالی

vanquish

To vanquish is to be the complete and total winner, to overpower and overcome, whether in a contest, a race, or a war. It generally suggests a total trouncing, to the point of humiliation — or worse — for the loser. Sometimes words for the same thing are effective in different ways because they offer different levels of meaning. For example, in a game, you can simply win, or you can vanquish your opponent. The former is enough, but the latter makes that defeat sound so much worse, like a total rout. Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche once stated, "Against war it may be said that it makes the victor stupid and the vanquished revengeful." synonyms: beat, beat out, crush, shell, trounce beat, circumvent, outfox, outsmart, outwit, overreach 'Then let us lay him in a boat with his weapons, and the weapons of his vanquished foes,' said Aragorn. Instead, in the by-now familiar hegemonic pattern, they tried to force the rulers of the vanquished state to become their vassals. Somehow, though, the video of Tin Man vanquishing the competition appeared the very next day under the title "Robots Behaving Badly." Oxygen was a more efficient way to produce energy, and it vanquished competitor organisms. پیروز شدن و مغلوب ساختن

vaunt

To vaunt is to brag and boast and flaunt and go on and on about how great something is. It's over-the-top showing off, and when you exaggerate your greatness, you vaunt to the point of no longer seeming so great. From the Latin vānitāre — which comes from vānus, meaning "vain" or "empty" — vaunt is a verb for taking praise too far or talking something up too much. Even if it's earned or deserved bragging, vaunting about something gets old and loses it impact. Other times, vaunt, as a noun, is a sure sign that a hard sell is going on — someone is talking big but can't deliver. synonyms: blow, bluster, boast, brag, gas, gasconade, shoot a line, swash, tout Much of the vaunted material wealth that shields us from disease and famine was accumulated at the expense of laboratory monkeys, dairy cows and conveyor-belt chickens. Men muttered in small cabals or threatened one another by the fireside, cutting each other with their eyes and hissing, vaunting superiority in their familiarity with the Unseen. Gray-faced and fiftyish, she must be the apotheosis of "servant leadership" or, in more secular terms, the vaunted "feminine" style of management. He vaunts aloud that "his blacks" in South Africa are well fed and materially better off under the chains of apartheid than their liberated brothers and sisters in the rest of Africa. شوعاف کردن

vie

To vie for something means to compete for it. Two teams may vie for the gold medal, but one will have to go home with silver. Vie may be spelled the same as the French word, vie, but they are pronounced differently, vī and vē respectively, and are not related in meaning or history. English vie comes from the Latin verb meaning "to invite" as in to invite a challenge. Be careful of the spelling which includes an ie to y shift. "He intends to vie for the top prize," but "He is vying for the top prize." synonyms: compete, contend When the war between the British and separatists began, both sides vied to win the Haudenosaunee as allies. And old Laertes cried aloud: "Ah, what a day for me, dear gods! to see my son and grandson vie in courage!" Money and favors were bartered as everyone vied for a time that suited them. During her stay two young men vied for her attentions, each ignorant of the other's interest. رقابت کردن برای بردن چیزی

wallow

To wallow is to roll about in something, as a pig wallows in mud or a billionaire wallows in money. Wallow can be used to describe a physical action or an emotional state. If you cry "Woe is me!" one too many times, you might be accused of wallowing in self-pity. Because of its association with the much-maligned pig, wallow often has a negative, insulting tone. So, rather than wallowing in that pile of money once you've won the lottery, try bathing or wading in it instead. synonyms: welter I stared at my plate, a half-eaten pancake wallowing in a pool of maple syrup. I sometimes do this too, wallowing among the pages of colored paper, surrounded by the fuggy scent of boys. Rats were everywhere, climbing up his waste bucket and wallowing in his urine pail, waking him at night by skittering over his face. Instead he lay there wallowing now in the seas and the old man pulled the skiff up onto him. پلکوندن خود در چیزی یا کاری غرق چیزی شدن

transmute

Transmute is a verb meaning to change in appearance or form. For example, magical creatures can transmute into other beings. When you're fighting a wizard, don't be surprised if he transmutes into a terrifying dragon. More realistically, you, too, can transmute your appearance — by dying your hair, piercing your nose, or changing your style of dress. Transmute often describes physical change — like when alchemists tried to transmute lead into gold — but it can also be used more figuratively to describe anything that's transformed. For example, you might transmute your sketchy memories of growing up in Boston into the Great American Novel. synonyms: transform, transubstantiate As the train trundled through the darkening fens, Bateson read a copy of de Vries's paper—and was instantly transmuted by Mendel's idea of discrete units of heredity. There's no need to wave a magic wand over the noun soap and transmute it into an adjective just because of what it's doing in this phrase. He saw, not the silver in the alien hand of a merchant in the town; he saw the silver transmuted into something worth even more than itself—clothes upon the body of his son. If you cut an atom, you transmute the elements. تغییر شکل و ماهیت

treacherous

Treacherous means either not trusted or dangerous. A treacherous road might be icy or otherwise likely to cause a car accident. A treacherous friend will betray you. Treachery refers to harmful acts you might do to someone who trusts you. It can also refer to being disloyal to your native country, but the word treason is more common in this sense. Treachery is from Middle English trecherie, from Old French, from trichier "to trick or cheat." The English word trick is from trikier, a slightly different spelling that was used in some dialects of Old French. tending to betray "the fiercest and most treacherous of foes" "treacherous intrigues" synonyms: perfidious, punic dangerously unstable and unpredictable "treacherous winding roads" synonyms: unreliable, dangerous, unsafe مستعد خیانت غیر قابل پیشبینی و اتکا

tribulation

Tribulation is suffering or trouble, usually resulting from oppression. The tribulations of a coal miner include a dangerous work environment, lung disease from black dust and a cramped, dark work space. When you encounter the word tribulation, it will usually be in the company of the word trial as in, "She suffered many trials and tribulations as an early feminist." The two words, while not identical, emphasize each other as they essentially mean testing and suffering. Tribulation comes from the Latin verb tribulare "to oppress, afflict." synonyms: trial, visitation Milo made a deft grimace of tribulation and turned away. Meme swallowed her blush, absorbed her tribulation, and even managed a natural smile as she asked him the favor of leaving it on the railing because her hands were dirty from the garden. She wondered why there were only two kinds of weather: hardship in the morning, and tribulation at night. The bombs were a symphonic accompaniment, a reminder of tribulations overcome. موقعیت سخت و عذاب آور

truncate

Truncated is an adjective that means "cut short," like a truncated picnic, caused by the sudden downpour.. The word comes from the root truncate, which is of Latin origin, and means "cut off." When an object is truncated, its end or point is cut off, like a truncated arrow that is safe for kids to play with. Truncated can also refer to something that ends earlier than planned — everyone was angry at the truncated concert until they learned that the singer had broken his leg when he fell on stage. cut short in duration "an unsatisfactory truncated conversation" synonyms: abbreviated, shortened بریدن و کوتاه کردن

turgid

Turgid describes something that's swollen, typically by fluids, like a turgid water balloon that's way too big to resist dropping on your friend's head. Turgid comes from the Latin word turgidus, meaning "swollen, inflated." Turgid can be used in a figurative sense to describe things that are overblown. That might remind you of some people's egos! If a famous singer wants to showcase his incredible vocal range and his love of yodeling in a single song, the result may well be turgid, something so swollen with notes and styles that it seems ready to burst. synonyms: bombastic, declamatory, large, orotund, tumid Not that many things are turgid, when you think about it." Was this the only true history of the times, a mood blared by trumpets, trombones, saxophones and drums, a song with turgid, inadequate words? I looked at her, in house shoes, her breasts turgid, her belly heavy and high. And the prose in the memoranda of other officers was always turgid, stilted, or ambiguous. پر زرق و برق و تر و تمیز

uneven , spotty

Uneven is the opposite of uniform and predictable. If the road is uneven, it's bumpy and rough, and you'll have to dodge the potholes. If your performance as Hamlet is uneven, your "To be or not to be" might be brilliant, but you mumble through "Get thee to a nunnery!" If the economic recovery is uneven, it's not the same in every sector — maybe manufacturing and exports are picking up steam but the housing market is still lagging. If your soccer team of skinny 12-year-olds is up against a team of beefy 16-year-old giants, it's an uneven match and likely to be ugly. synonyms: scratchy, spotty All around them, uneven ground stretched into darkness under a low ceiling of stone. I still went to the gym every day, but I didn't touch the uneven bars. There was something about his rough exterior—his bushy long hair and uneven beard—combined with his generous and charming nature that attracted the attention of some women. She bobbed up and down on her uneven legs, which worked well enough on the flat surface of the clifftop, but once she entered the forest, her problem became clear. وصله ناجور

unimpeachable

Unimpeachable describes someone or something that is totally, completely, without any doubt, innocent and good, like an unimpeachable role model who avoids bad influences and sketchy situations. Impeach means "to accuse, or charge with a crime." It is a verb usually reserved for when high-ranking officials like presidents do something wrong. So, when you add the prefix un- and the suffix -able, the result is an adjective that means "not able to be accused," in other words, beyond doubt or question. If you run for public office and your past is unimpeachable, your opponents will have nothing to use against you in their advertisements. Synonyms: unquestionable I answered them coolly, overly briefly, the unimpeachable crown prince of the situation. Morrison raised his eyebrows to indicate the unimpeachable logic of this statement. A gifted raconteur and an indefatigable drinker, Causey was a pilot of unimpeachable courage. Most of "Nameless forest," a new piece by the choreographer Dean Moss that opened at the Kitchen on Thursday night, was unimpeachable. غیر قابل استیضاح بدون چون و چرا

unruly

Unruly means lacking in restraint or not submitting to authority. Spitballs, shouting kids, a shouting teacher — these are all signs of an unruly classroom. Often, one unruly student is all it takes. It's easy to see how un- ("not") and ruly ("rule") create a word that is all about not following rules. When someone is unruly, they've thrown the rules out of the window. An unruly person refuses to obey authority, while an unruly piece of hair might refuse to stay inside a clip. And if a cat herder had trouble corralling kittens for a parade, there would be unruly kittens everywhere! synonyms: boisterous, rambunctious, robustious, rumbustious synonyms: disobedient فرد پر سر و صدا و چموش

apocryphal

Urban legends — stories about phantom hitchhikers, deep-fried rats, and spider eggs in bubblegum — are classic examples of apocryphal tales. They're told as if they're true, but no one can ever verify their origins or authenticity. Today, any dubious or unverifiable story may be dismissed as apocryphal. Originally, however, apocryphal was reserved for religious writings that were not included in the Torah or the New Testament of the Bible because the divinity of the texts was not certain. These texts are known as the Apocrypha and are included in the Septuagint (a Greek version of the Hebrew Bible) and the Vulgate (a Latin Bible edited in the 4th century). being of questionable authenticity Synonyms: questionable زیر سوال بدن درستی و اصالت

urbane

Urbane people are sophisticated, polished, cultured, refined. Spend enough time in an urban setting--going to concerts and museums, spending time in crowds--and you'll be urbane too. Both urbane and urban derive from the Latin urbanus, "city," but while urban has connotations of gritty living and crime, urbane assumes that everyone sees the city from the roof deck of their penthouse apartment, drinking champagne and exchanging bon mots with friends. Add a Cole Porter soundtrack and the image is complete. showing a high degree of refinement and the assurance that comes from wide social experience مودبانه

cordial

Use cordial to describe a relationship that is friendly and sincere but not overly close. A cordial greeting is perfectly pleasant but doesn't involve lots of hugging or excessive emotion. You might have cordial relationships with most of the kids in your close, but only confide in your closest friends. In Middle English, this adjective meant "of the heart," borrowed from medieval Latin cordiālis, from Latin cor, "heart." This core sense of "heart" can be seen in the synonyms heartfelt and hearty. The noun cordial originally referred to a medicine or drink that stimulates the heart, but its current sense is "a liqueur." synonyms: affable, amiable, genial He was extremely cordial and reciprocated these sentiments. Walt Disney sent Kroc a cordial reply and forwarded his proposal to an executive in charge of the theme park's concessions. Welcome or not, I found it necessary to attach myself to someone before I should begin to address cordial remarks to the passers-by. They saluted with their swords, their faces smiling and cordial. صمیمی و گرم

euphoria

Use euphoria to describe a feeling of great happiness and well-being, but know that euphoria often more than that--it's unusually, crazy happy, over the top. Euphoria can even be classified as a mental illness. The earliest use of euphoria was to describe the relief provided by a medical procedure. The word was borrowed from New Latin, from the Greek word meaning "ability to bear easily, fertility," from euphoros "healthy," from the prefix eu- "good, well" plus pherein "to bear." شادی و رضایت فراوان

indigenous

Use indigenous to describe a plant, animal or person that is native or original to an area. Though Switzerland is known for its chocolates, chocolate, which comes from the cocoa plant, is indigenous to South America. Indigenous, aboriginal, and native all mean the same thing. Aboriginal, however, is commonly used in connection with Australia, and native with North America. The most neutral of the three terms, indigenous comes from the Latin word, indigena meaning "a native." An indigenous ceremony or religion is one traditionally used by a certain group of people. originating where it is found "the Ainu are indigenous to the northernmost islands of Japan" synonyms: autochthonal, autochthonic, autochthonous, endemic بومیان

lascivious (adj)

Use lascivious to describe a person's behavior that is driven by thoughts of sex. If someone gives you a lascivious smile, they've got only one thing in mind. Latin-based lascivious and the Old English word lust both share the same Indo-European root las- "to be eager, wanton." The much older word lust originally meant "desire, pleasure" and over time developed to mean sexual desire. Lascivious, on the other hand, entered the English language in the early 15th century complete with the meaning "lewd, driven by sexual desire." synonyms: lewd, libidinous, lustful And by the same token she is hated by the twisted and lascivious sisterhood of married spinsters whose husbands respect the home but don't like it very much. The last technique moved his prudish father to fire off a letter complaining about the "lascivious photographs." Rishi looked at her, an eyebrow raised, smiling in what he hoped was a dashingly lascivious manner. And by the same token she is hated by the twisted and lascivious sisterhood of married spinsters whose husbands respect the home but don't like it very much. هول

lucrative

Use lucrative to refer to a business or investment that makes money. While your parents might want you to pursue a lucrative career, you're committed to your plan of becoming a professional mime. This adjective is from the Latin word lucrum, meaning "profit." In Latin, lucrum also meant "greed," a negative sense preserved in the English phrase filthy lucre, or "shameful profit or gain." But the word lucrative doesn't carry a similar sense of shame — if your lawn-mowing job proves lucrative over the summer, you might be able to buy yourself a used car. producing a sizeable profit synonyms: moneymaking, remunerative profitable سودده

nuance

Use nuance to refer to a very small difference in color, meaning, or feeling. What makes singers brilliant is not how loud they can sing a note, but how many nuances they can evoke through their approach. Pronounced "NOO-ahns," this noun was borrowed from French in the 18th century and derives ultimately from Latin nūbēs "a cloud." Think of clouds--subtle gradations in color to understand this word. When you say a work of art was nuanced, it means there was a lot to it, but incorporated subtly. a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude "without understanding the finer nuances you can't enjoy the humor" synonyms: nicety, refinement, shade, subtlety تفاوت خیلی جزئی

quixotic

Use quixotic for someone or something that is romantic and unrealistic, or possessed by almost impossible hopes. Your quixotic task is easy to understand, if difficult to achieve: establish world peace. What a wonderful word quixotic is! While it is most often used to mean equally impractical and idealistic, it also has the sense of romantic nobility. Its source is from the great Spanish novel "Don Quixote," whose title character is given to unrealistic schemes and great chivalry. In the middle of a recession and high unemployment, it would be quixotic to imagine that you could quit your job and find another easily. synonyms: romantic, wild-eyed "It sometimes seems as if curbing entropy is our quixotic purpose in the universe," James Gleick wrote. A quixotic hero dreams the impossible dream. realtor. The man made a sweeping, quixotic bow, nearly falling from the horse. He describes Kelling, in fact, as his intellectual mentor, and so his first step as police chief was as seemingly quixotic as Gunn's. آرمان گرایی و رویاپردازی غیر واقع بینانه

specious / spurious

Use specious to describe an argument that seems to be good, correct, or logical, but is not so. We live on the earth, therefore the earth must be the center of the universe has been proven to be a specious theory of the solar system. Specious is pronounced "SPEE-shuhs." Something that is specious is attractive in a deceptive way, and if you follow the word's etymology, you'll see why. In Middle English, this adjective meant "attractive," from Latin speciōsus "showy, beautiful," from speciēs "appearance, kind, sort." Latin speciēs is also the source of English species. در ظاهر درست ولی باطنا غلط

aberrant

Use the adjective aberrant to describe unusual conduct. Sitting in a bathtub and singing show tunes all day long might be considered aberrant behavior. For conduct that departs from the norm, aberrant is at hand to describe it if you want to set a formal, or even scientific tone to the discussion. You can put the accent on either the first syllable (AB-er-ent) or the second (uh-BER-ent); both pronunciations are acceptable. The Latin root aberrare means "to go astray," from the prefix ab- "off, away" plus errare "to wander." Other descendants of errare in English, like error and errant, have that double -r- and also refer to something that's either not wanted or not expected. markedly different from an accepted norm "aberrant behavior" synonyms: deviant, deviate, abnormal, unnatural نابه جا و خارج از نرم

analogous

Use the adjective analogous to describe something that is similar to something else and can be compared to another. Analogous things can be compared to each other, so a near synonym is the adjective comparable. Analogous is a term used in biology to refer to body parts that have a similar function but differ in structure, such as the wings of a bird and the wings of an airplane. Analogous is from Latin analogus, from Greek analogos, meaning "according to a proper ratio or proportion." synonyms: correspondent, similar German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. It may be analogous, in some respects, to the panic once experienced by poor and working-class whites faced with desegregation—the fear of a sudden demotion in the nation's racial hierarchy. His hometown was a wealthy but somewhat peripheral place, analogous in its pleasant remoteness to modern Sydney or Cape Town. The entire journey apparently was thought of as analogous to that of Elijah, who ascended to Heaven in a fiery chariot. متشابه

arduous

Use the adjective arduous to describe an activity that takes a lot of effort. Writing all those college essays and filling out the applications is an arduous process! Arduous was first used in English to mean "steep" or "difficult to climb." If you're an outdoorsman, hiking up a mountain is a lot of fun, but if you're a couch potato, it's an arduous trek. Today, the word can be used figuratively for something that is difficult or takes a lot of work. If you spend an arduous week studying for your final exams, you'll do well because you've worked really hard! characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort "worked their arduous way up the mining valley" synonyms: backbreaking, grueling, gruelling, hard, heavy, laborious, operose, punishing, toilsome انرژی بر و خسته کننده

convivial

Use the adjective convivial to describe your friend who is "the life of the party." The Latin word convivium means "a feast," and when convivial was first coined in the 1660s, its meaning related to the excess of food and drink during such celebrations. You can also see convivial in convivere, meaning "to carouse together." Just when it seemed all convivial could ever do was describe people who overindulge, a new shade of meaning emerged: loving to be around people. After all, a big part of feasting is being with people you care about. synonyms: good-time By the '70s, the creative ambience and radical politics in Boulder were so convivial that Ginsberg agreed to found the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics with another New York poet, Anne Waldman. What I'm referring to is afternoon tea, that convivial tradition of scones, sandwiches and pastries that bridges the hangry gap between lunch and dinner. Singing with enough feeling to shift the position of the moon, Riley set the mood for what was a bright and convivial if a tad overlong evening. The company is searching for a more convivial second space to nurture new work. فضای شاد و سرزنده

derisive

Use the adjective derisive to describe something or someone that mocks, expresses contempt, or ridicules. You may sometimes catch your kids making derisive comments — especially if you ask them to do chores instead of whatever they think is more important. Derisive comes from the Latin word deridere, meaning "to ridicule," and is from the roots de-, which means "down," and ridere, which means "to laugh." The adjective derisory comes from the same Latin word, but it has a different sense. If you say something derisive, you show contempt or ridicule, as in a derisive glare at your noisy neighbors. If you say something is derisory, you mean it invites or deserves ridicule or contempt, especially if it is laughably small, such as a derisory diamond chip in an engagement ring. synonyms: gibelike, jeering, mocking, taunting استهزا آمیز و مسخرگی

disingenuous

Use the adjective disingenuous to describe behavior that's not totally honest or sincere. It's disingenuous when people pretend to know less about something than they really do. Disingenuous combines dis-, meaning "not," with ingenuous (from the Latin gen-, meaning "born") which was originally used to distinguish free-born Romans from slaves, and later came to mean honest or straightforward. So disingenuous means dishonest. Ingenuous is less common now than disingenuous, but we still use it for someone who is sincere to the point of naiveté. A good synonym is insincere. synonyms: artful These ideologies are at best naïve; at worst they serve as disingenuous window-dressing for crude nationalism and bigotry. To these families, it all seemed so disingenuous, the thinly veiled plea for mercy and, most of all, the idea that Reggie was taking responsibility, "willing to man up." It was far from an ideal solution—there was something obviously disingenuous about scientists telling scientists to restrict their scientific work—but it would at least act as a temporary stay order. I also thought that whole "can't kill" thing was a tad disingenuous...also a bit too little too late, right? رفتار غیرصادقانه و ریاگونه

elaborate

Use the adjective elaborate when you want to describe how something is very detailed or especially complicated, like a devilish prank planned out weeks in advance. The adjective elaborate is used to describe when something is planned with a lot of attention to detail or when something is intricate or detailed itself. The word comes from the Latin elaborare, which means "to produce by labor" but it has come to mean a lot of labor, especially work that is very complicated and precise. To imagine this word, think of a painting with lots of flourishes or a story with many sub-plots and characters that all fit together in extensive ways. پیچیده مبسوط با جزئیات

exacting

Use the adjective exacting to describe something or someone very precise or strict in its requirements. If your teacher has exacting standards about spelling and punctuation, you better carefully check your final paper. An exacting person expects things to be, well, exact. For this reason, demanding is a good synonym. Friends who are exacting might let you have it if you show up a minute or two late. Some exacting people are extremely selective about what they eat, rejecting anything that doesn't meet their complicated standards of nutrition and taste. requiring precise accuracy "an exacting job" synonyms: exigent, demanding دقت فراوان

exalt

Use the adjective exalted to describe something or someone that is raised in rank, value, or power. The exalted queen enjoyed regular processions in her honor and gifts sent from foreign lands. Exalted goes back to Latin exaltare, combining ex ("up") and altus ("high"). You may not have an exalted position at school — maybe you're even one of the peons who isn't going to have a full-page spread dedicated to their achievements in the yearbook — but you'll always have an exalted role in your family, where your quiet humor and up-for-everything attitude brings your siblings together.

exorbitant

Use the adjective exorbitant when you want to describe something that is really just too much! You'll often hear people griping about exorbitant bank fees or exorbitant interest rates. The adjective exorbitant was originally a legal term to describe a case that was outside the bounds of the law. It comes from the Latin roots — the prefix ex, meaning "out of," and orbita, meaning "wheel track." You can see how the word now has come to be described as something that has gone way off the beaten track, especially in terms of price and value. synonyms :extortionate, extravagant, outrageous, steep, unconscionable, usurious Smugglers exploit refugees by charging exorbitant fees to smuggle them across European borders, hiding them in trucks and containers, where they are at high risk of abuse, injury, sickness, detection, and even death. She reasoned, perhaps, that he did not want to pay the exorbitant rents that everyone was charging now that the world's fair was under way. Walking down River Street, they stopped at every window and planned exorbitant purchases when they made their first million dollars. Haymitch is our only hope, but nothing is forthcoming, either from lack of money -everything will cost an exorbitant amount -or because he's dissatisfied with our performance. خیلی خیلی زیاد

hoary

Use the adjective hoary to describe something that is old and worn out — like the hoary jokes your great uncle Albert clings to. The word hoary can also be used to describe something that is white or gray with age. Santa is usually depicted with a hoary beard and hoary hair, although sometimes mall Santas have to fake this with wigs and artificial beards. Hoary can also mean covered with fine white hairs or with down — "The hoary leaves felt like velvet to the touch." synonyms: rusty Jerome proclaimed in a hoary voice, shaking his fist in the air. "Woe, woe, woe!" cries Hrothgar, hoary with winters, peeking in, wide-eyed, from his bedroom in back. My lord, you rule wide country, rolling and rich with clover, galingale and all the grains: red wheat and hoary barley. He lifted his heavy eyes and saw leaning over him a huge willow-tree, old and hoary. کهن و قدیمی

inimitable

Use the adjective inimitable to describe someone or something that is so special or unique, it is impossible to duplicate, like that superstar tennis player with the inimitable serve no other player can copy. To correctly pronounce inimitable, accent the second syllable: "ih-NIH-muh-tuh-bul" Inimitable comes from imitabilis, meaning "imitable," or "that which can be imitated." Comedians, for example, find the way certain celebrities talk to be quite imitable. But add the prefix in-, meaning "not," and you get "not imitated." Use this word to describe things that are truly one-of-a-kind and just can't be copied. Synonyms: irreproducible, unreproducible "What I meant quite literally," she says/grinds, "is that the inimitable Grandma Sweetwine, dead and gone, was in the car, sitting next to me, plain as day." And the way her mouth curled up on the right side all the time, like she was preparing to smirk, like she'd mastered the right half of the Mona Lisa's inimitable smile . The sound of King's guitar, no matter how often imitated—and, on the surface, as with Louis Armstrong's trumpet, it sounded obvious, all that single-note shimmering—remains one of the inimitable sounds in American music. خاص و غیر قابل جایگزینی

jejune

Use the adjective jejune to describe something that is uninteresting or insignificant. Many people claim to find celebrity gossip jejune, but ask them about a recent movie star scandal and chances are they know all about it. Jejune can also describe something that's immature or simplistic. All that actress could say about her latest movie was that it was "Super fun"? That's a pretty jejune comment. Basically jejune means lacking substance. It originally comes from the Latin word jejunus, which means "fasting," so when something is jejune, it's figuratively empty — devoid of intellectual nourishment. synonyms: insipid "Just tell your favorite brother what the word 'jejune' means." "He just yelled. He didn't hit. I just happen to think his games are jejune." Porter, who was ill, fled after singing 35 minutes, and the usually brilliant Mehldau offered a jejune solo survey of classic '60s rock hits. So why, 20 years on, do I find my justification for this form of biography a little jejune and a lot plain cocky? بی مزه و لوس و بی محتوا و مقوا

mellifluous

Use the adjective mellifluous to describe something that sounds sweet and smooth, like the honeyed voice of a late-night radio DJ. You might think that that mell in mellifluous has something to do with mellow. Actually, it's related to Melissa. In Greek mythology, Melissa was a nymph who discovered that you could eat the smooth, sweet stuff that bees make. Honeybees were named after her, and their tasty product was called meli. Mellifluous means to "flow as if with honey." synonyms: dulcet, honeyed, mellisonant, sweet The engines crooned mellifluously as McWatt throttled back to loiter and allow the rest of the planes in his flight to catch up. "Will your parents allow me to interview you directly?" he asked in a mellifluous voice. He chuckled mellifluously with resonant disdain and authority. "Try some serves," he said in his mellifluous American accent. قند و نبات شیرین و عسل

opaque

Use the adjective opaque either for something that doesn't allow light to pass through (like a heavy curtain) or for something difficult to understand (like bureaucratic gobbledygook). Opaque is from a Latin word meaning "dark," and that was its original sense in English, but it now means literally "not transparent" or metaphorically "hard to understand; unclear": "Some of his sentences are really opaque." It used to be spelled opake, which made the pronunciation clearer, but we then borrowed the more opaque French spelling. Come to think of it, English spelling is often pretty opaque, which makes it hard for learners of the language to master. not clearly understood or expressed synonyms: unintelligible, incomprehensible, uncomprehensible غیرشفاف درک نشده

ossified

Use the adjective ossified to describe someone who's become stuck in his ways. You might feel that your uncle has become an ossified suburban soccer dad, set in his unbending view of the world and comfortable lifestyle. When your habits or views have solidified into inflexible patterns — especially if those views are conservative — you can describe yourself as ossified. It's not a compliment to call someone ossified, since it implies an inability to change or bend or even to consider another person's viewpoint. The root is ossify, "to turn into bone," from the Latin word for "bone," os. synonyms: fossilised, fossilized First surprise flitted over his features, then it ossified to hostility. Part of the problem was an attempt to live in Hollywood: "That luxury, ossified Los Angeles world isn't good for the soul." But as the weeks passed, I found that painful emotions, long ossified and remote, began overtaking me in humiliating ways. And certainly, there can't be a chance in the world that this ossified form of communication might actually influence voters. متحجرانه

pyrrhic

Use the adjective pyrrhic to describe a victory that is won, but at too great a cost. In this use as an adjective, the word is often capitalized. The word pyrrhic comes from the Greek general, Pyrrhus, who defeated the Romans at the Battle of Asculum but lost so many troops that he couldn't defeat Rome itself. If you are the winner in an argument with your brother, but the fight ends up ruining your relationship with him, it's a Pyrrhic victory. An ancient Greek war dance is also called a pyrrhic. She deserved to hurl whatever was available, to keep us moving, to speak in counterpoint to the deadening strings of my pyrrhic feet. "A Battle Won" is pyrrhic through and through: "The things I do to prove I'm right/Break her heart just to watch her cry." The most touching pages of "Mad Enchantment" are those devoted to Georges Clemenceau, the French statesman who led his country to victory — ultimately pyrrhic — in the Great War. But those victories seem premature — if not pyrrhic — when the far more important defeat of a deadly virus is anything but assured. پیروزی با تلفات سنگین

rarefied

Use the adjective rarefied to describe things that are so stylish, smart, or moral that they seem elevated above the ordinary, like the rarefied conversation of brilliant scholars. To correctly pronounce rarefied, accent the first syllable: "RARE-uh-fied." In addition to high-minded conversation, the word rarefied can also describe the air in high elevations that has less oxygen, like the rarefied air that can be challenging to mountain climbers. Sometimes the quality of airlessness shades the other meaning of the word, implying that the rarefied world of elegant people isn't comfortable to everyone. synonyms: elevated, exalted, grand, high-flown, high-minded, idealistic, lofty, noble-minded, rarified, sublime Even Amaranta, lying in a wicker basket, observed with curiosity the absorbing work of her father and her brother in the small room where the air was rarefied by mercury vapors. At a modest high school in the Tidewater city of Portsmouth, not far from John Casteen's boyhood home, a guidance-office wall filled with college pennants does not include one from rarefied Virginia. McCoy feared that the rarefied air in the Enterprise was enervating the crew. There was always sunshine, always a tiny sticking in the throat from the rarefied air. ظریف کمیاب و هنرمندانه شیک

unscrupulous

Use the adjective unscrupulous to describe someone who behaves in a dishonest or unethical way. Unscrupulous behavior is the unfortunate resort of many ambitious people — it's the immoral stuff they do to make success more attainable. When you sell someone bad loans, when you hack into your competition's accounts, when you read your roommate's mail for signs of an opportunity with his girlfriend, you're being unscrupulous. without scruples or principles "unscrupulous politicos who would be happy to sell...their country in order to gain power" Synonyms: amoral, unprincipled بی مرامی و بی پروایی

sagacious

Use the formal adjective sagacious to describe someone who is wise and insightful like an advisor to the president or a Supreme Court justice. Someone like an inspirational leader or an expert in a field who seeks knowledge and has foresight can be described as sagacious. If you comment on something at a deeper level, you are making a sagacious observation. The word is a descendent of Latin sagus "prophetic" and is related to the Old English word seek. Synonyms include discerning, insightful and another formal word perspicacious. synonyms: perspicacious, sapient With a crew of four people, Shadyac approaches any number of sagacious individuals, the most famous of whom are probably Bishop Desmond Tutu, Dr. Noam Chomsky and Dr. Howard Zinn. Several roles at Circle in the Square followed — including, when he was just 29, the sagacious stage manager in Thornton Wilder's "Our Town." She is sagacious about his relations with colonialism, noting that he confessed to liking the idea that the Africans were innocent and lazy, while avoiding a colonial lifestyle. The water-bound humiliation that follows might sink a less confident writer, but Clifford delivers a sagacious nod to the charmed life. مرشد دانا و بصیر و آگاه

apathy

Use the noun apathy when someone isn't interested in the important things that are happening. You might feel apathy for the political process after watching candidates bicker tediously with one another. Although apathy is a lazy-sounding word indicating a lack of interest, action, or emotion, it has traveled through many languages to arrive in English. From the Greek apatheia, "freedom from suffering" or "impassibility," apathy has existed in English since the 17th century. Not just one person, but a whole segment of the population can be accused of inaction or emotional detachment: the expressions voter apathy, student apathy, and consumer apathy show just how unenthusiastic groups of people can be. Today she senses a profound apathy at the school. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American You are so bored you sink into a state of apathy close to a coma. The seconds ticked by; the game progressed with apathy now. Despite congressional apathy and obstruction, the suffragists remained steadfast. بی علاقگی

aphorism

Use the noun aphorism when you have something compact and astute to say, such as "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones." An aphorism is a statement or saying that is both efficiently presented and either witty or wise. While there are loads of trite and silly statements, a good aphorism is supposed to stand the test of time and remain true and elegant — a very difficult task! Friedrich Schlegel even wrote an aphorism about aphorisms: "An aphorism ought to be entirely isolated from the surrounding world like a little work of art and complete in itself like a hedgehog." synonyms: apophthegm, apothegm Actually, Carolina didn't talk much at all, but when she did open her mouth it seemed sentences never emerged, only aphorisms, called "dichos." "I sum it up in my newest aphorism," he said. He found the stricken rider distracting himself from his pain by firing off aphorisms from Ralph Waldo Emerson—"Old Waldo"—at the nurses. However off-the-wall, these aphorisms and anecdotes are more comprehensible than a dance by Ms. Hay. جملات قصار

raillery

Use the noun raillery to describe a kind of joking or gentle teasing. There will probably be a bit of raillery between elementary school students on a field trip bus, for example. If you engage in raillery, you make fun of someone — but lightheartedly, not in a way that would cause offense. The raillery between good friends or siblings might include laughter and teasing, or a joking banter back and forth. To rail is to complain, although its Middle French root, railler, means "to tease or joke," possibly from the Old Provençal word ralhar, "to scoff or to joke." synonyms: backchat, banter, give-and-take I saw their eyes bespeaking confusion at this raillery, sorrow to hear our liberator mocked thus, and anxiety at what His Lordship's uncertainty might mean. Whether he's holding a news conference or parrying tension-fraught raillery in the clubhouse or gazing at an adversary with a mixture of tamped-down sadness and anger, Wright's Darren anchors his surroundings with dramatic poise. French's evocation of place, a rural way of life and overall creepiness are superb, as is the dialogue, a festival of Irish raillery and repartee. Old pals, they knew each other's foibles and weaknesses all too well and exploited them in an ongoing raillery of inside jokes, ragging, and general good-natured BS. مزاح

temerity

Use the noun temerity to mean the quality of being unafraid of danger or punishment. If you have the temerity to jump off the bridge even after hearing about the risk of instant death, you truly are a nutcase. Someone who has the temerity to do something is usually considered to be bold in a foolish way. Near synonyms are audacity and recklessness. Temerity is from Middle English temeryte, from Latin temeritas, from temere "by chance, rashly." synonyms: audaciousness, audacity Instantly he was aghast at his own temerity. They swarmed across our emplacements and redoubts, observing us with the temerity of the conqueror. Oft doth reason, enthroned in the pillowed seraglio of the brain, hang back; whereas the flesh, which must walk abroad in the streets, finds its own temerity. He fell silent, trembling with anger and with fright at his own temerity. شجاعت از سر بی کلگی

burgeon

Use the verb burgeon to describe something that is growing, expanding, and flourishing. If you have a green thumb, in the spring your flower gardens may burgeon. If you don't have a green thumb, your collection of plastic plants may burgeon. Although burgeon means to grow and flourish, it doesn't necessarily have to apply only to plants. Your town can have burgeoning downtown development. Your tiny retirement account can burgeon into an excellent emergency fund if you invest even a small amount each month. You may have a burgeoning career as a villain if you overthrow a planet by using your mind-controlling ray gun on the populace. grow and flourish "The burgeoning administration" "The burgeoning population" type of: grow شروع به رشد کردن و جوانه زدن

espouse

Use the verb espouse to describe the actions of someone who lives according to specific beliefs, such as your friends who espouse environmentalism and as a result walk whenever possible instead of taking the car. You can see the word spouse in espouse, so you may be wondering what husbands and wives have to do with it. Originally espouse did mean "to marry," but its meaning has evolved to include other long-term commitments as well, such as support for a principle or a cause. Similar to marriage, if you espouse a belief system, the idea is that you've chosen to wed yourself to it. to adopt or support an idea or cause دفاع کردن از یک ایده و دلیل

coterminous

Use the word coterminous to describe things that are equal in scope. If an earthquake in Australia was coterminous with the earthquake in China, that means it caused the same amount of destruction. The adjective coterminous derives from the Latin word conterminus, meaning "bordering upon, having a common boundary." When something is coterminous, it has the same boundaries, or is of equal extent or length of time as something else. The expansion of the American Old West was coterminous with the expansion of the Great American Frontier. Your mayor's term in office might be conterminous with increased access to social services. synonyms: coextensive, conterminous "Jewishness" is an ill-defined concept, coterminous with neither "Judaism" nor "Jews". An aerial view, the flattened sidewalk is coterminous with the flat paper on which Lawrence painted, filling it edge to edge. The arc of these coterminous stories—the bombs and the caravan—is the product of an efficient propaganda engine. The fact that Mr Comey meanwhile kept quiet about a coterminous counter-espionage investigation into the Trump campaign appears to be a clear double standard. همسطح و هم ارز

gauche

Use the word gauche when you want to call something tacky, graceless, tactless, rude, boorish, or awkward and foolish. Have you just pointed out someone's misuse of this word? Oh dear, how gauche! Gauche was used for a long time to refer to things that were just so wrong, it almost hurt to talk about them, like publicly asking someone why they don't like you. That is so gauche, it could induce a cringe! Gauche is almost a gauche word, as it is comes from a French word meaning left (as opposed to right). It would be gauche to call left-handed people tacky! lacking social polish "too gauche to leave the room when the conversation became intimate" "their excellent manners always made me feel gauche" synonyms: graceless, unpolished inelegant ضعف در آداب اجتماعی

laudable

Use the word laudable to describe something that deserves praise or admiration, like your laudable efforts to start a recycling program at your school. When you break apart the word laudable, you can see the verb laud, meaning praise or acclaim, followed by the suffix -able, which is a tip-off that this word is an adjective. So laudable describes things that are worthy of praise, such as a laudable effort to end poverty, and it can also describe admirable ideas or beliefs, such as a laudable compassion for others. worthy of high praise "laudable motives of improving housing conditions" synonyms: applaudable, commendable, praiseworthy worthy قابل ستایش

sonorous

Used to describe sound or speech that is full, rich, and deep, sonorous is a great word for snoring, for bass voices, and for low notes on the tuba. Skip the first "o" and you'll see snore inside this word, which should give you a clue as to its deeply resonant character. Another way to remember sonorous is that son sounds like "sound," and that's what this word is all about. synonyms: heavy In a thick drawl, more ponderous than his low mass responses, the priest spoke the Latin phrases with a sonorous, dramatic discernment. She sounded like Master, that sonorous and authoritative tone. The narrator adds, in his sonorous tone, "No child remains lost in Levittown for very long." She often imagined him standing in the middle of a gathering of rapt villagers, talking in that sonorous voice about the great nation that Biafra would be. صدای پرطنین و عمیق

utmost

Utmost means "the greatest extent or amount." When you work as hard as you possibly can, you do your utmost to accomplish your goal. Whenever something is the most, it can be described as the utmost. If a message is of the utmost importance, it's as important as it possibly can be. Any time you want to really want to emphasize that you believe in something more than anything else or truly intend to do something, do your utmost to use the word utmost. synonyms: extreme, uttermost The mission was colossal in its scope, but it required both extreme precision and the utmost accuracy. The state did its utmost to harass me in ways they thought I would be powerless to resist. It is, of course, the responsibility of every butler to devote his utmost care in the devising of a staff plan. He said it with the utmost confidence, which made the shock on his face when I lunged at him that much sweeter. بیشترین حد ممکن و تمام قوا

vacillate

Vacillate means to waver back and forth, unable to decide. You might vacillate between ordering waffles and pancakes at your favorite diner — it's hard to pick just one when both are so tasty! Something that vacillates sways or fluctuates, often quite unsteadily. So use this verb to describe the staggering motions of a person who has had too much to drink, as well as the opinions of someone who can't make up her mind. Synonyms include vibrate, hesitate, and waver. A wise Ethiopian proverb advises, "Do not vacillate or you will be left in between doing something, having something, and being nothing." be undecided about something; waver between conflicting positions or courses of action synonyms: hover, oscillate, vibrate مردد و دودل بودن

verisimilitude

Verisimilitude means being believable, or having the appearance of being true. You can improve your play by using the sounds and smells of the beach as well as lots of sand to create verisimilitude. Verisimilitude comes from the Latin verisimilitudo "likeness to truth" and is used to describe stories. In it, you'll see the word similar, meaning it is similar to what's real. Art that aims for realism seeks verisimilitude. An actual synonym for verisimilitude is truthlikeness. Tell that to your friends, and they'll probably think that your story lacks verisimilitude. type of: color, colour, gloss, semblance, veneer The importance of these men and women is attested to by the long-running political drama The West Wing—widely praised for its verisimilitude. One of the nicest touches in the novel, in fact, is Hornby's use of real people as a kind of heightened set dressing, a source of verisimilitude. Mr. Millepied jumped at the chance not only to choreograph, but also to be a ballet consultant to ensure the film's verisimilitude. "Jones was aspiring to realism and verisimilitude and objected to the sanitisation of his novel," she said. مشخص شدن حقیقت

vitriol

Vitriol is harsh, nasty criticism. You may have deserved some blame when the cake didn't rise, but the head chef's stream of vitriol was unnecessary. Back in the day, vitriol was the name for sulfuric acid, which burns through just about anything. So think of vitriol as language so mean-spirited and bitter that it could eat through metal: "As a divorce lawyer, you were familiar with vitriol, but nothing prepared you for the time you wore a Red Sox cap at Yankee Stadium." synonyms: invective, vituperation The B-29, and what it portended, fed the Bird's vitriol. It's no good pretending Wagner wasn't accessory to this slide into xenophobic vitriol. At first Ben was appalled by the lack of respect for the man and by the man's ability to disregard the stockpiled vitriol stacked on him by his students. Seeing an extreme version of his vitriol broadcast in the news, though, we were appalled. سخن تند و زننده

voracious

Voracious is an adjective used to describe a wolflike appetite. It might be a craving for food or for something else, such as power, but the word usually denotes an unflattering greediness. Voracious comes from the Latin vorāre, "to devour." The word is usually associated with swallowing or devouring food in a ravenous manner, but it can be used of someone intensely involved in any activity. Pierre Salinger referred to President Kennedy as a "voracious reader," while Robert Bakker once likened the IRS to a "voracious, small-minded predator." devouring or craving food in great quantities "voracious sharks" synonyms: edacious, esurient, rapacious, ravening, ravenous, wolfish gluttonous given to excess in consumption of especially food or drink adjective excessively greedy and grasping "paying taxes to voracious governments" synonyms: rapacious, ravening گرسنگی و طمع ورزی

coalesce

Waiting for a plan to come together? You're waiting for it to coalesce. Coalesce is when different elements of something join together and become one. In coalesce, you see co-, which should tell you the word means "together." The other half of the word comes from alescere, a Latin verb meaning "to grow up." So if you are trying to start up a photography club at school, once you have an advisor, some interested students and support from the administration, things will be coalescing or growing together. Another way to remember that? An adolescent is one who is growing. A lot! Somewhere in the air of her scream they coalesced. The green stars coalesced around it, flashing and whirling, echoing her movements like a school of fish, which, I realized, is just what they were. Into this land a group of Indians coalesced sometime before 800 a.d. A gathering murmur, people in their yards talking across the fences, coalesced outside. ائتلاف برای رشد و پیشرفت

ascetic

Want to live an ascetic lifestyle? Then you better ditch the flat panel TV and fuzzy slippers. To be ascetic, you learn to live without; it's all about self-denial. Ascetic is derived from the Greek asketes, meaning "monk," or "hermit." Later that became asketikos, meaning "rigorously self-disciplined," which gives us the Modern English ascetic. Ascetic can be a noun: a person with incredible self-discipline and the ability to deprive herself, or an adjective that describes such a people or their lifestyle. practicing great self-denial ""Be systematically ascetic...do...something for no other reason than that you would rather not do it"- William James" synonyms: ascetical, austere, spartan abstemious ریاض کش و مرتاض

wanton

Wanton describes something excessive, uncontrolled and sometimes even cruel. The principal sees a food fight as a wanton act of vandalism done with wanton disregard for the rules, but the kids might just see it as fun. Wanton comes from the Old English wan- "lacking" and togen "to train, discipline," in other words, "lacking in discipline." Wanton extravagance is excessive and uncontrolled, whereas a wanton act of terrorism is random and intentionally cruel. Sometimes in older novels, you will see wanton used as a disapproving term to describe someone viewed as promiscuous, a usage that is considered old-fashioned today. without check or limitation; showing no moral restraints to one's anger, desire, or appetites As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods; they kill us for their sport. The Mess Night was bridled by stiffness and form only in the first hours; now the evening was moving quickly toward a more visceral, more wanton kind of tradition. He laughed quietly, his sunken, shrewd eyes sparkling perceptively with a cynical and wanton enjoyment. My mentality, uncontrollable and wanton as always, whispered to me a scheme so magnificent and daring that I shrank from the very thought of what I was hearing. رفتار گستاخانه و عیاشانه و افراطی

contrite

We are sorry to inform you that the adjective contrite means regretful, remorseful, or even guilty. Someone who feels remorse or guilt is contrite and in addition to feeling sorry, part of the definition includes wanting to atone for having done something wrong. The word comes from the Latin roots com- meaning "together" and terere which means "to rub." It's also related to the Latin word conterere and is defined as "to bruise." In the field of theology being contrite is "being remorseful for past sin and resolved to avoid future sin." feeling or expressing pain or sorrow for sins or offenses synonyms: remorseful, rueful, ruthful, penitent, repentant تاسف فراوان

inviolable

Wedding vows and vault combinations that can't be broken are considered inviolable. (Of course, divorce lawyers and bank robbers consider this a challenge.) The word can refer to a physical structure (a fortress, for instance) or something more conceptual (human rights or morals, perhaps). Inviolable has changed little from its Latin origin of inviolabilis, which combines the prefix in- (meaning "not") with the verb violare ("to violate"). Inviolable turns up in religious settings too, usually in reference to texts or rites. In that context, it means "sacred." No surprise: the antonym of inviolable is violable ("accessible or penetrable"). synonyms: impregnable, secure, strong, unassailable, unattackable Although they seemed to ignore what both of them knew and what each one knew that the other knew, from that night on they were yoked together in an inviolable complicity. Within Bengali families, individual names are sacred, inviolable. And yet the Declaration also said that "property is an inviolable and sacred right." This was my view, and I saw nonviolence in the Gandhian model not as an inviolable principle but as a tactic to be used as the situation demanded. مصون و آسیب ناپذیر

enervating

What do standing out in the cold rain, a pile of homework, and an emotional breakdown all have in common? They're enervating: in other words, they completely drain you of physical and emotional energy. A little different from similar words like debilitating or enfeebling, which primarily suggest physical fatigue; the wonderful enervating implies all that plus the terrible erosion of your soul. Not surprisingly, enervate is derived from the Latin enervatus, meaning "to weaken." synonyms: debilitative, enfeebling, weakening And so she appeased Tochi, putting America down, talking only about the things she, too, disliked about America, exaggerating her non-American accent, until the conversation became an enervating charade. McCoy feared that the rarefied air in the Enterprise was enervating the crew. On the contrary: if something's enervating, it drains you of energy. Lillian spent a full, enervating day on the telephone notifying a staggering number of relatives on both sides of the family. انرژی بر از نظر احساسی و فیزیکی

protean

When Picasso is described as a protean genius, it means that not only was he brilliant, but he changed the way he worked many times. Protean means able to change shape. Proteus was a Greek god who could tell the future, but when he was asked a question he didn't want to answer, he would change shapes. With someone or something protean, you get all the power of shape-shifting, plus some of the menace of a god you cannot control. Synonyms: variable The sharp smell of iodine from the algae, and the lime smell of calcareous bodies and the smell of powerful protean, smell of sperm and ova fill the air. Mr. James, a singer-songwriter of protean instinct, receives due credit for the band's multiplicity. Top it off with his lovely holiday album from 2011, "A Dreamers Christmas," if you find yourself cheered by Zorn's consistently protean energies. The rest of the characters — sympathetic, skeptical, intimidating, and just plain evil — troop in one by one, their various personalities embodied in this extraordinary narrator's protean voice. تغییر شکل پذیر

junta

When a government is overthrown, the coalition or group that forms and takes control is called a junta. If the military has seized control, as so often happens, then the group is called a military junta. Junta is pronounced with an initial h sound, which gives you a clue to its origins. It's from the Spanish junta, for a military or political group ruling the country after it has been taken over. Spanish got junta from the Latin jungere, to join. Remember, all the players in the junta must join together to overthrow the government. a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power synonyms: military junta تسخیر نظامی

flippant

When a parent scolds a teenager for missing a curfew or blowing off a test and the teen snaps back, "Whatever," you could say the teen is being flippant. His reply was casual to the point of sarcasm and disrespect. When it first showed up in the English language around the 17th century, flippant meant glib and talkative. But over the years it has developed a more negative connotation. Today flippant is used to describe a blasé attitude or comment in a situation that calls for seriousness. Make a flippant comment about your friend's mother and the odds are good that they'll be offended. synonyms: light-minded She'd said it in an unkind, flippant way that made me think she really meant it. But Ron was careful not to be flippant about Voldemort over the next few days. I knew Gat wouldn't settle for a flippant answer. It was the flippant tone; she did not seem to recognize that it was Papa, that he was different, special گستاخی

forthright

When a person is being forthright, they're being direct, clear, or even straight-up. The opposite of forthright might be evasive, shifty, indirect, or circuitous. But we're not here to talk about those. We're here to talk about forthright. For the most part, people really appreciate it when others are forthright. It's so much easier to understand what someone wants when they just come out and say it. However, being direct and honest and saying what you really mean isn't easy for everyone. For some reason, a lot of us can be embarrassed to say what we want, and we spend our entire lives learning how to be forthright. A simple way to remember what forthright means is this: if you bring it "forth," it will be "right." synonyms: forthrightly, squarely I shouldn't be surprised that the leader of Candor is this forthright, but I wasn't expecting a public announcement. At all times, Philip was impeccably groomed, his shock of rich brown hair combed neatly, his demeanor serious and forthright. In my early correspondence, I was timid about asking such forthright questions because I didn't want him to think I was stupid for not already knowing. Mary Jackson was a soft-spoken individual, but she was also forthright and unambiguous. رک و صریح

countermand

When an officer in the military shouts, "Belay that order, Private!" that is a countermand. A countermand is an order that cancels or reverses an earlier command. Countermand is also used as a verb meaning "to cancel or revoke." Counter means "opposing" or "opposite," and mand is short for "mandate" or "command." Put them together and you've got countermand — an "opposing command." When you issue a countermand, you cancel the original command and usually replace it with a new one. Countermand is often used in a military context, but it can be applied more widely. If your parents tell you to take out the trash, you might countermand these orders by telling your little brother to do it instead. type of: bid, bidding, command, dictation The countermanding of Lola's casting decision, and the laughter in the boys it provoked, made for a shift in the balance of power. By general description, these songs are similar to her earlier work: slow and spacious, full of shuddering vocals, with beats that countermand one another or vanish as soon as you clamp your ears on them. "Belfast Blues" is full of impressive physical moments, when the flow of Geraldine Hughes's words is either emphasized or countermanded by the casually coiled force of her body. While my mother first told, then asked and ultimately begged them, "Please don't fight, please don't call names," she was countermanded by my father. فسخ کردن و برگرداندن حکم

Schadenfreude

When another person's bad luck secretly makes you feel good, that's Schadenfreude. Your brother's rejection from a college that also rejected you might give you a twinge of Schadenfreude. If you're fired from your difficult job, no one can blame you for a bit of Schadenfreude as you watch your replacement struggle with your old tasks. This German word perfectly captures that satisfied feeling everyone gets at times when someone else runs into misfortune. In German, Schadenfreude literally means "damage-joy," and it's always spelled with a capital S. The word came into English use in the 1920's, and you can spell it with a small s if you prefer. On the new album, he sings that he's been forced to watch his foes enjoy ceaseless feats of Schadenfreude. Schadenfreude is an ugly, base emotion and one we'd all be better off eschewing whenever possible. Online, parents swap tips for navigating the five-hour waits to meet Anna and Elsa at Disney World, which are not really tips at all, but muted cries of consolation and Schadenfreude. I'm also interested in thinking about politics as comedic, by which I don't mean delightful or funny in the easy Schadenfreude sense. خوشحالی از بابت شکست دیگران

catholic (adj)

When capitalized, Catholic refers to the Catholic Church. With a lower-case "c," catholic means "universal" and "inclusive." If you listen to anything from hip-hop to Baroque, you have catholic taste in music. When it entered the English language in the sixteenth century, catholic simply meant "general" or "common." Applied to the Western Church, it essentially meant "the Church universal," or the whole body of Christian believers, as opposed to separate congregations. After the Reformation, the Western Church called itself the Catholic Church to distinguish itself from communities of faith that were no longer obedient to Rome. This usage remains the most common, although you can still use catholic to mean general. Synonyms: broad-minded The words st. peter's catholic chaplaincy, university OF Nigeria seemed to twinkle as Amaka and I walked into the incense-scented church. But a strange and catholic selection of citizens tiptoed to the chapel door and peered in and went away—lawyers and laborers and clerks and bank tellers, most of them past middle age. This was gala fare, good-spirited from first to last and admirably catholic in taste. Its galleries are centered around a fabulously faux-Venetian courtyard overflowing with tropical and flowering plants, both a reflection of Gardner's catholic tastes and an image of feminine power. جهان شمول

epiphany

When inspiration hits you out of the blue, call it an epiphany. In the Christian tradition, Epiphany (ə-PIF-ə-nee) is a festival celebrating Christ's appearance to the Gentiles, observed every year on January 6. From the Christian sense we get an additional religious sense, "the appearance of a god or deity" and the more common modern usage, a noun meaning "a sudden revelation." There's nothing religious about most epiphanies these days — your "Eureka!" moment could come when you realize that you're in the wrong line of work and you need to quit your job to join the circus. The feeling—the epiphany—was a strange one, foreign and familiar at the same time. Your Friend, Tommy Jefferson Dear Diary, After our "toast for change," my students experienced an epiphany. "Well, your grades obviously aren't bad because you can't pick this stuff up or because you are stupid, you are just not working hard enough," my mother said, her voice rising into the epiphany. There are no scenes, no breakdowns, no epiphanies. جرقه زدن فکر روحیه بخش

excoriate

When it comes to "telling someone off," excoriate is reserved for the most severe cases. So, before you excoriate your little sister for borrowing your favorite jacket without permission, consider whether she truly deserves such harsh treatment. If you excoriate someone, you let that person know that you really, really disagree with them. This verb goes beyond mere criticism; it implies anger, a harsh and insulting tone, and even a scathing attack. Synonyms of excoriate include denounce, decry, and condemn. In a medical sense, excoriate means "to tear skin off by chafing." A bad rug burn can excoriate your skin. If someone excoriates you verbally, it might make you feel like you've been physically excoriated. synonyms: condemn, decry, objurgate, reprobate The welfare poor were excoriated for their laziness, their persistence in reproducing in unfavorable circumstances, their presumed addictions, and above all for their "dependency." Louie sat by, listening as his bride was excoriated for marrying him, trying in vain to get her to hang up. Unbroken In a recent Twitter rant, Helen Rosner, food writer for the New Yorker, excoriated a restaurant for its head-scratching wine list. انتقاد همراه با خشم و غضب به صورت شفاف

didactic

When people are didactic, they're teaching or instructing. This word is often used negatively for when someone is acting too much like a teacher. When you're didactic, you're trying to teach something. Just about everything teachers do is didactic: the same is true of coaches and mentors. Didactic is often used in a negative way. If you heard that a movie is overly didactic, that's probably not good. Most people want to see a story and be entertained when going to the movies, and if it feels like the movie is just telling you what to think, that's didactic in a bad way. synonyms:didactical, informative, instructive On the way to the base Colonel Meecham announced to his sons in a calm, didactic voice that they were both in critical need of a haircut. Always didactic, he went into a learned exposition of the diabolical properties of cinnabar, but Úrsula paid no attention to him, although she took the children off to pray. Then he continued with his discussion in the same didactic tone as before. But, Scott wrote, the movie "conducts its business with brisk, breezy irreverence. It's a didactic comedy, an earnest lesson in political economy dressed up as a farce." آموزشی و معلمی

trepidation

When plain old "fear" isn't enough to get across a deep feeling of dread about something on the horizon, use the more formal word trepidation. "It was with a certain trepidation that I attended an advance screening of Rob Zombie's Halloween in Hollywood last night," wrote a film reviewer. Some dictionaries note that trepidation carries connotations of apprehension about an upcoming threat. In most cases, though, you can get by with the simpler word fear — why use three syllables when you could make do with one? The word comes from the Latin verb trepidare, "to tremble." type of: apprehension, apprehensiveness, dread Then, with great trepidation, he began to sew up the rip. They tried to distract each other from their trepidation. He stared at it with no small amount of trepidation before lifting the top. Despite my trepidation about meeting the Nielsens, I can't help smiling رعشه از سر ترس

blinkered

When someone is blinkered, they're narrow-minded, or have a limited understanding. Your brother is blinkered by his belief that only boys should belong to his secret club. The adjective blinkered describes anyone who lacks the ability to include different viewpoints and experiences in their own understanding of the world. Your might think your grandfather wouldn't make a good president because, despite being a nice guy, he's blinkered by his old-fashioned opinions. This figurative meaning comes from the blinkers or "blinders" worn by horses that force them to focus only on the path in front of them. synonyms: narrow, narrow-minded His blinkered existence kept him focused on finding food and avoiding beatings. Wordless, blinkered, a nighttime thing, a dream thing. The message is nominal — in a world of blinkered conformists, outcasts are the normal ones. Now we need version 4.0, in which we must all be more pragmatic, more watchful, more engaged, less didactic, less blinkered, less wedded to theories that can't always work. تنگ نظری و کوته بینی

firebrand

When someone is known for being wildly devoted to a cause or idea, they're called a firebrand. A firebrand enjoys pushing buttons and stirring up passions. Firebrand isn't such a tough word to remember if you think of that person's "brand" being "fiery." Someone who enjoys heating up the debate around a subject or lighting a fire under other people is a firebrand. "Fire" is their "brand." Firebrands come in all shapes and sizes: conservative, liberal, militant, creative. Anyone who takes a strong, provocative stance and challenges people with heated rhetoric might be labeled a firebrand. All it takes is guts and a willingness to stir things up. synonyms: inciter, instigant, instigator, provoker She was the eldest child of the Reverend Jesse Jackson, the firebrand Baptist preacher and increasingly powerful political leader. You're talking about bringing this firebrand up here and letting him talk about race all through the trial.' Desperate, he drew his own sword, and it seemed to him that it flickered red, as if it was a firebrand. دردسرساز

presumptuous

When someone takes liberties, doing things too boldly, you can describe them with the adjective presumptuous. Presumptuous comes from the Latin verb praesumere which means to take for granted. It means taking for granted your access to someone or power to do something. It's a very satisfying and effective word because it belittles and criticizes at the same time. In Shakespeare's Henry VI, Northumberland calls Warwick "presumptuous and proud" for trying to get rid of the king. It's usually pronounced with all four syllables, pre-ZUMP-choo-us, although pre-ZUMP-chus is acceptable as well. synonyms: assuming, assumptive Molly holds her breath, her heart thumping, aware that she's being presumptuous, if not downright rude. We were maids and farmers, handymen and washer-women, and anything higher that we aspired to was farcical and presumptuous. "Tell him that we don't need his protection on Pleasant Avenue. Tell him it was presumptuous of him to think so." I climbed into the rickshaw with my mother in it, which displeased Amah, because this was presumptuous behavior on my part and also because Amah loved me better than her own. خودرای گستاخ

umbrage

When someone takes umbrage at something, they find it offensive, and it probably makes them angry. Umbrage comes from the same source as umbrella, the Latin umbra, "shade, shadow." The umbrella was invented to keep you in shade, and when you take umbrage at something, you're casting a shadow over the person or thing responsible for the offense. I take umbrage at the suggestion that I'm not a nice person: it's offensive and infuriating. After having devoted my life to helping animals, I might take umbrage at the notion that I've been doing it for publicity purposes: I resent the idea that it was for any other reason than my love of animals. synonyms: offence, offense Christine also took umbrage at the Soviets' excursion into the heavens. Narrator George Blagden beautifully captures the tenor of Nana's mordant wit, his lofty view of himself, and his frequent spates of umbrage at human presumption and sheer stupidity. It seems that the chef she spoke with took umbrage not just with the request for a special, non-menu item, but also that they not be charged full price for the meal. Mr. West took umbrage at the interviewer, Matt Lauer, for disturbing his responses with video footage. عصبانیت از رفتار زشت و زننده

evolve

When something evolves, it changes, or develops over time, like your taste in music and clothes, which evolve as you get older. Evolve comes from the Latin word ēvolvere, "to unroll," the perfect image to keep in mind when thinking of this verb. When something is unrolling or unraveling, it is doing so gradually, not all at once. Evolve describes a development that is taking its time to reach its final destination. Think change with a speed limit. Your taste in music evolved from the nursery rhymes you loved as a little kid to whatever you like today. Even places can evolve, like the old-fashioned coffee shops that evolved into Internet cafes as people began to bring their laptops with them. types: differentiate, specialise, specialize, speciate When the light we see today from M31 left for Earth, there were no humans on our planet, although our ancestors were evolving rapidly to our present form. Comrade E. M. S. Namboodiripad evolved his own theory about how he would do this. The search began as a project, quickly evolved into a challenge, and now was an obsession. Without this variation—without deep genetic diversity—an organism might ultimately lose its capacity to evolve. تغییر و تحول در گذر زمان

futile

When something fails to deliver a useful result, you can call it futile. Hopefully all the time you're spending studying vocabulary won't turn out to be futile! Futile comes from the Latin futilis, which originally meant "leaky." Although we use futile to talk about more than buckets, the image of a leaky vessel is a good illustration of the adjective. Pouring water into a leaky bucket is futile. Your exercise program will be futile if you don't stop chowing down on chocolate. Futile is fancier than its synonym useless. Other synonyms are fruitless or vain. The i can be either short (FYOO-t'l) or long (FYOO-tile). synonyms: ineffectual, otiose, unavailing To attempt to act in such a way that the prophecy would be made void was as futile as to set oneself against the decrees of fate. Yet she said nothing; she was weary of futile arguments with her sister. "It hurts too much. Please, Maxim. Let's forget all we said. A futile silly argument. I'm sorry, darling. I'm sorry. Please let everything be all right." Professing his innocence to her was futile, as professions of innocence were likely all she heard all day. بیهودی پوچ و بی فایده

inadvertent

When something happens by accident, it's inadvertent, or unintentional. The gas company assured you that the error in your bill was inadvertent and that they would fix it, but not before you blew off some steam. If you break down the adjective inadvertent you find the word vert, from the Latin vertere, meaning "to turn." Advertent comes to mean "turning the mind to," and as the prefix in- means "not," inadvertent means "not turning the mind to," or "not intending to." When your actions are inadvertent you're not paying attention to their consequences. Remember that inadvertent ends with -ent by remembering this sentence: "We inadvertently ripped the tent." synonyms: accidental, unintended شانسی و تصادفی

acme

When something is at the very peak of perfection, reach for this noun from Greek: acme. A brilliant violinist might reach the acme of her career, but eventually she might become unstrung. This noun referring to the highest point of something might sound comical because it has shown up so often in cartoons as the name of a company, such as the one that makes Wile E. Coyote's contraptions in the old Warner Brothers cartoons. But the word is actually a serious-minded import from Greek. Near synonyms for high points include zenith, summit, pinnacle, apex, and peak, but acme has a special nuance for an ultimate point of perfection. the highest point (of something) synonyms: apex, peak, vertex, zenith بالاترین حد (موفقیت)

incontrovertible

When something is incontrovertible, it is undeniably, absolutely, 100 percent, completely true. That rain is wet is an incontrovertible fact. If you look at incontrovertible, you see that -controver-, as in controversy, is hiding inside. Add in the prefix, and it's easy to see that incontrovertible means there is no controversy about something, or, in other words, it is unchangeable and true. Incontrovertible evidence or proof is what you are looking for if you suspect that someone is doing something wrong. synonyms: irrefutable, positive I saw no advantage in calling witnesses to tty' to disprove something that was incontrovertible. They all talked at once, their voices insistent and contradictory and impatient, making of unreality a possibility, then a probability, then an incontrovertible fact, as people will when their desires become words. This struggle eliminates everything that is unfit for life, and selects everything that is able to survive....These natural laws are incontrovertible; living creatures demonstrate them by their very survival. "What are the incontrovertible facts of this play?" she asks herself. کاملا درست و غیر قابل انکار

ostensible

When something is ostensible it appears to be the case but might not be. Your ostensible reason for visiting every bakery in town is that you're looking for a part-time job — but I think you really just want to eat cupcakes. Just because something is ostensible doesn't necessarily mean that it's not as it appears to be, only that there's a possibility of another reason. Your ostensible reason for calling your crush was to ask about homework; the real reason was that you were hoping they would ask you out. Ostensible derives from the Latin verb ostendere, meaning "to show or display." synonyms: apparent, seeming For more than a decade, ConAgra executives allegedly spoke on the phone to, or met at motels with, their ostensible rivals to set catfish prices nationwide. In the following chapters we will see time and again how a dramatic increase in the collective power and ostensible success of our species went hand in hand with much individual suffering. The ostensible purpose of the Museum was to honor the Muses— the deities upon whom artistic creation depends. Fellini's films amount to a strange and spectacular autobiography, magnifying their ostensible subjects—such as the city, or the provinces—while sometimes also reimagining them according to mysterious and personal dictates. ظاهری و صوری

tantamount

When something is tantamount to another thing it is essentially its equivalent. For some animal activists, wearing fur is tantamount to murder.. Tantamount often refers to an action or thing being compared to another greater action or quality, as in, "Missing your finals is tantamount to dropping out of college." While the two sides are essentially equal, you would not say, "Dropping out of school is tantamount to missing your finals." A related word is paramount, which means "the highest" or "primary." synonyms: equivalent That is tantamount to letting a part of Himself die. Hence, our daily lives were so bound up with trivial objectives that to capitulate when challenged was tantamount to surrendering the right to life itself. "It's elementary grammar. The human specifically stated that entry was forbidden as long as he was alive. That's tantamount to an invitation when he's dead." Standard Oil's California Research and Development subsidiary read the handwriting on the wall: the decision was tantamount to cancellation مساوی و برابر دانستن

veritable

When something is veritable it is true, or at least feels that way. "The trees and lights turned the campus into a veritable wonderland" means that the campus seemed to be transformed into a true wonderland (if there is such a thing). Veritable comes from the Latin veritas which means true. But unlike true, it does not describe things like statements. It is often used to enhance the word that follows it. "A veritable cornucopia of food" is a lot of food of different varieties. If someone calls you "a veritable force of nature," they don't mean that you are actually a hurricane; they just mean that you have the unstoppable quality of a big old storm. As the interview continued, there emerged all the contours of the battle, the idea that Reggie's the victim of zealous prosecutors, a veritable witch hunt. When he found their floating shop in Coal Harbour, he told the Pococks that he planned to establish a veritable rowing navy. Acted in veritable defiance of law and common sense. صحیح و درست و راست

stultify

When something stultifies you, it drains you of your energy, enthusiasm, or pleasure. Listening to an hour-long graduation speech on a hot, humid day might stultify you. The word stultify is sometimes used in place of to "bore" or "exhaust." An uninspiring boss, too many rules, or a badly performed play can be stultifying. If you hang out in the hot sun all day, the stultifying heat might make you feel limp and listless. Even constant construction noise could stultify a person. To stultify a plan or person is to dampen enthusiasm in a big way. "What are these? Visual aids for civics or some other equally stultifying high school subject?" Although their poverty was traditional and stultifying, it was not unique. He sat mutely in a ponderous, stultifying melancholy, waiting expectantly for Corporal Whitcomb to walk back in. Okay—here's me using stultify in a sentence. انرژی بر و توان گیر

propitious

When the timing of something is propitious, it's likely to turn out well. A propitious time for taking a big test is when you've studied hard and had a good night's sleep. If you believe in astrology, you might check your horoscope to settle on a propitious day for your wedding. A propitious moment to ask your parents about that spring break trip to Cancun might be when you've just unveiled your straight-A report card. Synonyms: auspicious He introduces himself as Dr. Scheinberg and uses the word propitious. Dorothy was the kind of young person who filled the Negro race with hope that its future in America would be more propitious than its past. Unanimity, however, might be an agreement to disagree, to wait for a more propitious time to propose a solution. Guards announced marriages three or four times a year, usually on propitious dates, such as New Year's or Kim Jong Il's birthday. زمان کاملا مناسب برای موفقیت در کاری

apex

When there's no mountain left to climb and nothing but blue sky above, you know you've reached the highest peak — the apex. Apex can mean the highest point in a literal sense, like climbing to the apex of the Eiffel Tower for a fabulous view of Paris. It also can be used to mean the highest point in a figurative sense. An actor who wins an Oscar can say she's reached the apex of her career. If you're describing more than one high point, you could add an -es to form the plural apexes, but apices would also be correct. And if you're a botanist, you'd probably use apex to describe the tip of a flower or leaf. the highest point (of something) synonyms: acme, peak, vertex, zenith راس و نوک و اوج

antedate

When things antedate something else, they come before it, or happen earlier than it does. World War I antedates World War II. Another way to say antedate is precede or predate. It's common to find the word antedate when people talk about history, for obvious reasons. Papyrus antedates modern paper, and paper antedates the desktop computer, which antedates the smartphone and tablet. Your parents' birth antedates your own, and your great-grandparents' lives antedate both yours and your parents'. In Latin, the prefix ante means "before." synonyms: antecede, forego, forgo, precede, predate Yet war antedates the state, diplomacy and strategy by many millennia. The system is evidently an ancient one, long antedating the immunologic sensing of familiar or foreign forms of life by the antibodies on which we now depend so heavily for our separateness. These stones antedate even the long-ago, medieval world in which this "Macbeth" is set. This selection, which includes several cartoons that antedate the age of Trump, showcases several modes. تقدم زمانی

mediation

When two sides disagree, it's time for mediation — a process where someone uninvolved helps settle a dispute. You often hear about mediation in the world of labor unions. If the employer and the union can't agree, they might go to mediation — they'll let some impartial third party settle the issue. The goal of mediation is to reach an agreement or a settlement. The U.S. often tries to provide mediation between countries that have problems, like India and Pakistan. Mediation is sometimes like negotiation. Both sides will be expected to compromise, or they'll never be able to move forward. synonyms: intermediation Chief Buthelezi agreed to provisionally register for the elections in exchange for a promise to subject our differences over constitutional issues to international mediation. It was all mind and body, without the brash mediation of words. As the cases proceeded to trial, the judge asked both sides to try to reach an agreement through mediation. Karen Gievers explained that at mediation the parties agree that everything discussed at that time will be confidential. میانجی گری

equivocate

When you are unwilling to make a decision and almost intentionally go back and forth between two choices, you are equivocating. When politicians equivocate, they are often afraid of upsetting, and thus alienating, voters with their decisions. A key part of equivocate is the root vocate, which comes from the Latin vocare or "voice." When you give your voice to two opposing views in order to mislead or keep your options open, you're equivocating. Think of the expression, to talk out of both sides of your mouth. If you want to go to a party and your parents keep saying "maybe, it depends," tell them to stop equivocating and give you a straight answer. synonyms: beat around the bush, palter, prevaricate, tergiversate "Horatio, you speak like a philosopher who equivocates truth and falsehood," I said impatiently. She refused to equivocate on the issue of school desegregation, and in the Hispanic community she became an important, heroic voice. Like any sentient being, I'd been shocked and disgusted by the Weinstein revelations and saw no reason to equivocate about the reliability of his accusers or the severity of his punishment. Asked to account for his strange behavior, he mumbles and equivocates. طفره رفتن

ascendancy

When you assume ascendancy over someone else, you become more powerful than they are. Ascendancy is the state of being in a higher position. If you look at ascendancy, you see the word, ascend, which means to go up. Ascendancy is not so much about going up, but about being up. Another word for it is dominance, especially in the context of foreign or domestic relations. In school, if you question a teacher's ascendancy, you might be told to go to the principal's office. In this case, you're challenging the teacher's authority. the state that exists when one person or group has power over another synonyms: ascendance, ascendence, ascendency, control, dominance تحت سلطه گرفتن

ponderous (adj)

When you call Frankenstein ponderous, it's not because he likes to ponder the great questions of life. It's because he moves like a Mack truck, only slower and less gracefully. Ponderous also describes a person's manner, or their manner of speaking. If it does, this is a person you will want to avoid. They're solemn, speak slowly about things that are boring, and get to the punchline of a joke about seven years after anyone with half a brain has figured it out for themselves. Synonyms: heavy Then he took off with ponderous flight and circled and lowered, circled and lowered until the others danced in joy and hunger at his approach. This ponderous world spins on its axis in less than ten hours. Their once rounded bodies were angular and bony now, sharp small bones like the bones of birds, except for their ponderous bellies. Yossarian was alone in a ponderous, primeval lull in which everything green looked black and everything else was imbued with the color of pus. سنگین وزن و کند در عمل و کلام

concoct

When you concoct something, you mix up different ingredients. If you want to become a mad scientist or a wizard, you'll have to learn how to concoct strange potions. If the word concoction makes you think of steaming caldrons or liquids bubbling in test tubes, you'll be amused to know that it comes from a Latin word for "digestion." Yum! On summer days, children sometimes concoct imaginative stews from grass, leaves and dirt. They may also concoct lies to explain why they tried feeding such concoctions to their little sister. type of: amalgamate, commix, mingle, mix, unify In her new henna rinse and green gardening smock, Miz Sooky looks like an overgrown stamen in the heart of a fat white swamp flower, its scent impossibly concocted. I concocted a way for Rich to meet my mother and win her over. He concocted a scheme to abduct "this greatest of traitors" while he was leading raids in Virginia. That air of respectability was carefully concocted by her mother. ترکیبی زدن به شکل پررو

debunk

When you debunk something you show it to be false. Many magicians, including Houdini and Penn and Teller, have worked to debunk the idea that magic is anything other than a very clever illusion. To debunk something is to prove it wrong. The idea that music education is frivolous and should be the first item cut from the budget is something that music teachers work hard to debunk — in fact, they've done it by proving that students perform better in schools with strong music programs. The verb debunk was first used by an American writer, William Woodward, in 1923, to mean "take the bunk out of something." Bunk means "nonsense." synonyms: expose This "rule" was popular for half a century, until leading grammarians debunked it. The study also debunked the assumption that white drug dealers deal indoors, making their criminal activity more difficult to detect. Thankfully the rest of the world assumed that the Irish were crazy, a theory that the Irish themselves did nothing to debunk. Yet when language scholars try to debunk the spurious rules, the dichotomizing mindset imagines that they are trying to abolish all standards of good writing. تخریب کردن به خصوص با تمسخر

decry

When you dye your hair pink and orange, your mother decries your act as a horror and bursts into tears. She criticizes your choice of colors, stating that pink and purple would have looked better. You might decry learning French, declaring it as a waste of time. Yet many English words come from French. When the French conquered England in 1066, they brought with them their language as well as their social system. Because French was spoken mostly by the ruling class, many of the loan words are formal. Decry comes from the Old French descrier, "to cry out" or "announce." When you decry something, you simultaneously condemn it and discredit it, a formal act. synonyms: condemn, excoriate, objurgate, reprobate Animal-rights activists decry the suffering caused to lab animals in genetic engineering experiments, and to the farmyard animals that are engineered in complete disregard of their needs and desires. King himself would recognize and decry this fundamental flaw in the early civil rights movement. Articles appeared in newspapers and blogs decrying the moral decay of girls in general. The national news printed his mother's full statement decrying the violence that took her son's life, and demanding justice. مخالفت شدید

flush

When you empty something out with a liquid, you flush it. You might also be flush with cash, meaning you have a lot of it. Just don't flush that cash down the toilet! Your face can flush, and the sky can flush at sunset when it glows with shades of pink. You can also use flush as an adjective to mean "lined up" or "level," like when you hang a medicine cabinet in your bathroom, making sure it's flush against the wall. Yet another meaning of a flush is a peak or boom — a professional poker player might describe her period of winning game after game as a flush. having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value "a speculator flush with cash" synonyms: affluent, loaded, moneyed, wealthy, rich غنی و فراوانی

emulate

When you emulate someone, you imitate them, especially with the idea of matching their success. When someone is impressive because of their great skills, brains, strength, or accomplishments, others will emulate them. To emulate is to imitate and model yourself after someone. People emulate role models — people they want to be like. After Michael Jordan retired from the NBA, player after player tried to emulate Jordan's game and success. It's hard to be as good as someone like that, but having a hero to emulate can be helpful in many areas of life. type of: copy, imitate, simulate The Human Brain Project, founded in 2005, hopes to recreate a complete human brain inside a computer, with electronic circuits in the computer emulating neural networks in the brain. Gangsters — known as tsotsis — carrying flick-knives or switchblades were plentiful and prominent; in those days they emulated American movie stars and wore fedoras and double-breasted suits and wide, colorful ties. For a time years ago, there were groups who would emulate and imitate us. His talented roommate was obviously a person to be studied and emulated. رقابت همراه با تقلید

finagle

When you finagle, you get out of something using devious methods, like when you pretend you're sick to avoid taking a pop quiz. Finagle is a word with a usually negative connotation, as it means to get something by being dishonest or tricking someone. To get a student discount from a bookstore by pretending you're a student is to finagle the store clerk. Finagle might also mean to get your way by being clever, as when you convince your sister that what she really wants for her birthday is that video game you've been dreaming of for months. synonyms: manage, wangle Well, that combined with their kindness/goodness/purity of heart and garnished with my certitude that this glorious triad I somehow finagled my way into is definitely, definitely temporary. The operatic setting, in two acts, highlights all the finagling and petty jealousies in the story but seems unable to get at the deep underlying emotions. These are applicable wherever you are: a newly finagled home office, or your temporarily off-limits workplace. The only things Mr. Simmons wanted but was unable to finagle into Tantris were cryotherapy chambers, which expose the body to temperatures at least 200 degrees below zero Fahrenheit for a few minutes. گرفتن چیزی با تقلب و زرنگی

reverent

When you have great awe and respect for someone or something, and you show it by respectfully worshiping that person, thing, deity, or musical group, you are being reverent. Originally, the word reverent was used only in religious contexts, but now it works when people are just acting like they're in a religious setting (even if the object of their worship is a sports star or political pundit). People are occasionally reverent in regard to antique cars, supermodels, spelling bee champions and giant TV screens. Reverent is related to the verb revere, which is also about having or showing respect for someone or something. feeling or showing profound respect or veneration "maintained a reverent silence" Synonyms: respectful full of or exhibiting respect adoring, worshipful showing adoration awed, awful inspired by a feeling of fearful wonderment or reverence respectful, reverential, venerating با احترام فراوان

hobble

When you hobble, you walk awkwardly or unsteadily because you're in pain. You might wipe out on your bike and then hobble back home, pushing it in front of you. People who hobble, walking with a limp or a shuffle, have most often been injured in some way, though a disabled or elderly person might hobble too. You can call the walk itself a hobble as well: "I knew that football tackle hurt when I saw your hobble as you left the field." The root of hobble is Old English — it's related to the Dutch hobbelen, "rock from side to side." type of: hinder, impede And I'm hobbling by the 400 Wing when I remember—Rosa eats in Room 402. Then she put hobbles on his ankles, and sat him down on a bench on the far side of the counter, against the wall. Family members made enormous sacrifices and sometimes hobbled home with barely enough energy to eat supper. Shadow sat down, awkwardly, his movements hampered by the cuffs and the hobble. مانع حرکت شدن و پیشرفت

immure

When you immure someone or something, you put it behind a wall, as in a jail or some other kind of confining space. You may recognize the -mur- in immure as the root for "wall," as in mural, which is a painting on a wall, or intramural, literally "inside the walls," as, for instance, the walls of a school — intramural sports are played among teams from the same school. You don't need a jail to immure someone. Rapunzel was immured in her tower. At the end of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the lovers are immured in the tomb. synonyms: gaol, imprison, incarcerate, jail, jug, lag, put away, put behind bars, remand Mr. Shimell, the uneasy guest, wrestled with his uncomfortable role, immured and unreachable — or possibly, touched by this woman. Sadly, the current production at Pacific Resident Theatre is also immured in inaction. The two boys, sawn off above the elbow, appear immured in the plinth - suffering, as it were, for their mother's art. But it also sounds, marvelously, like a geographical location in which a character from a Paul Bowles novel might be immured. در حبس انداختن و زندانی کردن

cogent

When you make a cogent argument, it means your argument is clear and persuasive. In these days of 24-hour entertainment news and sound-bite sized explanations of complex government policy, it's hard to find a cogent argument amidst all the emotional outbursts. Cogent comes from a Latin word meaning to drive together, so cogent thinking is well-organized: it hangs together. If you try to convince your mayor to build a new park by saying that playgrounds are good, seeing the sky is nice, and raccoons are cool...well that's not a cogent argument; it's just random. But you could cogently argue that parks contribute to civic happiness by providing space for exercise, community, and encounters with nature. powerfully persuasive "a cogent argument" synonyms: telling, weighty متقاعدکننده

lampoon

When you make fun of something by imitating it in a humorous way, you're lampooning it. The writers at The Onion, Saturday Night Live and FunnyOrDie.com are all experts in the art of the lampoon. Lampoon can be both a verb and a noun. To lampoon is ridicule. A lampoon is a parody or satire. Imagine you were frustrated by having your allowance reduced, so you wrote a funny play portraying mom and dad as dictators extracting lots of unfair taxes from their people. That's lampooning. And it probably won't help your allowance situation. synonyms: satirise, satirize In his comic play The Clouds, Aristophanes, writing in 420 bc, lampooned rhetoric as the art of weak reasoning, "which by false arguments triumphs over the strong." This contemporary lithograph lampoons the panicked gentry who fled the city - and thus turned Handel's new oratorio, Theodora, into a box-office flop. The correct is sarcastic, lampooning the idea that only one kind of political opinion may be expressed. Colbert marked the occasion by lampooning others who host live election coverage, namely Fox News and CNN. شوخی کردن با کسی لمپنیزم

maunder

When you maunder, you talk in a rambling mutter. People being questioned by reporters should try to answer articulately — they shouldn't just maunder in response. The difference between a great speech and an interminably boring one is that a good speaker keeps it short (and often funny), but a bad one tends to maunder in a mumbling voice. A novelist who tends to have her characters maunder on endlessly needs a skilled editor. Although maunder sometimes also means "wander aimlessly," it doesn't come from the similar meander but probably from a root meaning "to beg." type of: cast, drift, ramble, range, roam, roll, rove, stray, swan, tramp, vagabond, wander We put up a small handwritten notice at the newspaper office and made sure that old Backy Medlin, the gin's most maundering gossip, knew what we were looking for. The whole show maunders on in fits and starts. Rose is an assertive 9-year-old, though given to existential maundering: "Why am I a little girl/Where am I a little girl/When am I a little girl/Which little girl am I." Surely, Joan of Arc, that maundering Maid of Orleans, falls solidly into the category of fascinating, exemplary misfit. به طور نامفهوم و گنگ و بی ربط حرف زدن

premeditate

When you premeditate, you are planning ahead. While most people associate this word with crime, let's hope you can think of a better reason to premeditate — like buying groceries before a storm. When you meditate, you think deeply. The prefix pre- means "before," so to premeditate means to think about a situation before you've jumped into it. If you've ever cooked a meal, you've premeditated the ingredients you need to get started. In a courtroom you'll hear about "premeditated murder," which means the accused killer planned out his crime and it wasn't a crime of passion. Premeditating can be a good thing, but not when it involves murder. type of: consider, debate, deliberate, moot, turn over And that is definitely premeditated first- degree murder as far as I'm concerned. Murder in the first degree—premeditated homicide—is the most serious charge tried in our criminal courts. It was a premeditated gesture, calculated to humiliate and terrorize her. I heard "guilty of murder" . . . "premeditated" . . . "extenuating circumstances." از پیش برنامه ریزی شده

squelch

When you squelch something, you're putting an end to it. You can squelch an idea or a rebellion. This word has several meanings, but it's usually a verb for crushing things. A mean remark could squelch your self-confidence, and a powerful military could squelch an invading country. Squelching can also mean to make a squelch-like sucking sound — or to slop, slosh, splash, and squish through the mud. There's also a type of electric circuit that cuts off when the signal is weak: that's a squelch circuit, which squelches the connection. synonyms: quell, quench 'That is a squelching tricky problem around here,' the BFG answered. No squelch, no snap of Morse code, no voices. The ground squelched under Fist's heavy feet, and his footprints filled with sludge. "Which child," she says to herself all day long, "exactly which child shall I choose for my next squelching?" پایان دادن و تمام کردن

vicissitude (name)

When you talk of the vicissitudes of life, you're referring to the difficult times that we all go through: sickness, job loss, and other unwelcome episodes. No one can escape the vicissitudes of life. While vicissitude comes from the Latin vicis, which means "change" and technically can mean a change of any kind, you'll find that vicissitude is almost always used to talk about an unfortunate event or circumstance. Losing a pet, crashing the car, being called in for jury duty: these are examples of vicissitudes — chapters in one's life that one would rather avoid but must get through. Some lives have more vicissitudes than others, to be sure, but no life is without events that test and challenge us. type of: fluctuation, variation It thus remained dependent on the power of the State, exacting a double allegiance from the faithful and sharing the vicissitudes of political power. With the latest vicissitudes of Riccardo Muti dominating the local news over the last seven days, perhaps the vicissitudes of another famous musician, Franz Schubert, are just the distraction worried Chicagoans need right now. Much of his fiction, starting in 2009 with his first story collection, "Once the Shore," revolves around the experience of war and vicissitudes of flight. More than being interesting, it's so interested, in the vicissitudes of victimhood and survival, in quiet and restraint. برهه ای بد در زندگی، تغییر بد و ناخوشایند در زندگی

depletion

When you think about depletion, think about a resource being decreased. Depletion is usually not a good thing; we worry about the depletion of the ozone and the depletion of the soil. Have you ever run out of gas or money? Then you know what it's like to be in a state of depletion. Your bank account is in a state of depletion if you've been taking a lot of money out of it. The world's oil reserves are moving closer to depletion as oil runs out. In any type of depletion, something is running low or running out. A lobby got Big Oil its depletion allowance. Compounding the situation was the gradual depletion of the oil fields. It may well be that some of the findings about diminished reproduction are also linked with interference with biological oxidation, and consequent depletion of the all-important storage batteries of ATP. He tells a tale of despoliation, depletion, exhaustion and, in some cases, extinction. تخلیه ته کشیدن

destitute

When you think of the word destitute, which means poor or lacking other necessities of life, think of someone who is in desperate straits. A very, very tight budget is poor. Living on the streets is destitute. Destitute essentially means not having something. When you're destitute in the sense of being poor, you're technically "destitute of money." You can be destitute of other things as well. If all your friends have abandoned you, you're "destitute of friends." If you are applying for a job as a waitress but have never worked in a restaurant in any capacity, you're "destitute of experience." بسیار فقیر و محتاج

trite

When you want to indicate that something is silly or overused, you would call it trite. A love song with lyrics about holding hands in the sunshine? Totally trite. Trite has a Latin root, the past participle of terere, meaning "wear out." An old-fashioned or outdated definition of the word is "frayed or worn out by use," and you can see how the meaning for an object that is worn out can be applied to an idea that has been used to the point of being meaningless. The antonym of this word is original. repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse "the trite metaphor `hard as nails'" synonyms: banal, commonplace, hackneyed, old-hat, shopworn, stock, threadbare, timeworn, tired, well-worn پرتکرار و هموارگی

complicit

When you're complicit, you're guilty of being involved in some underhanded or illegal activity. If you see your brother steal the neighbor's cat and don't say anything, you're complicit in a catnapping! Whenever someone makes it easier for a crime or wrongdoing to be committed, they're complicit in it. A getaway driver may not have actually robbed a bank, but she's still complicit in the crime of robbery because she helped the robber. And you may not be responsible for taking the neighbor's cat, but if you suggested to your brother that nobody would notice if he did (and promised not to tell), you're completely complicit! synonyms: concerned, implicated The fact that black people during Jim Crow were often complicit with the system of control did not mean they supported racial oppression. "They either die fighting for what's right and leave you an unprotected baby," she says, "or they become complicit with what's wrong and keep you alive." "When boys became men, they were told the truth. Or a version of it, anyway. And then they were made complicit themselves." This so-called Indian business, as White discovered, was an elaborate criminal operation, in which various sectors of society were complicit. درگیر در اعمال مجرمانه

disheartened

When you're disheartened, you feel discouraged or let down. It's easy to become disheartened if the grades on your report card don't reflect the hard work and dedication you exerted. You might be disheartened to read about the high unemployment rate in the newspaper, or disheartened by the way your carefully constructed rocket ship cake flopped. When you feel your spirits sink or your courage fail, you're disheartened. The first recorded use of the word dishearten showed up in Shakespeare's play Henry V, where he invented it to mean the opposite of hearten, or "encourage." made less hopeful or enthusiastic "the disheartened instructor tried vainly to arouse their interest" synonyms: demoralised, demoralized, discouraged دلسرد شدن

indignant

When you're indignant, you're angry about an unfair situation. If you discovered that a teacher gave ten extra points on a test to all students who sat in the front row, you'd be indignant. Indignant is from Latin indignus "unworthy," and it refers to anger based on unworthy or unfair behavior rather than merely injury to one's own interests. You may be angry, even furious, if someone shoves you, but you are indignant if the shove is directed at someone weak or helpless. The related noun is indignation, and something that arouses indignation is an indignity. feeling anger over a perceived injustice عصبانیت از بی عدالتی

peevish

When you're peevish, you're easily irritated and grumpy. Everything seems to get under your skin. Know someone who always seems annoyed, grumpy, cranky, or irritated? That person is peevish. Some people are peevish in general, but most people can be peevish about certain subjects — we all have a pet peeve. Lots of people get peevish about language: like using the word like all the time as verbal filler. Being peevish is almost always considered a form of pettiness — it's not a good thing. When you're peevish, you're not really looking at the big picture. synonyms: cranky, fractious, irritable, nettlesome, peckish, pettish, petulant, scratchy, techy, testy, tetchy زودرنج

bridle

When you're riding a horse and scream "Whoa!" to make it stop, you're pulling on the reins, which are attached to a thing called the bridle, the buckled straps around a horse's head that help you control its movements. The word bridle comes from the Old English bridel meaning "rein, curb, restraint," which is precisely what the purpose of a bridle is — to help restrain a horse's movements when necessary. You can bridle a horse, which is the act of putting a bridle on it. If you yank too hard on the reins, your horse might bridle, or take offense to your aggressiveness, just like you might bridle if someone insulted you. synonyms: check, curb Without saddles or bridles, mounting them proved tricky. Like many other Americans, Katherine bridled at the reality of the Russians' metal moon orbiting overhead. So he lost both the sergeant and the bridle as well. I meet my sisters in front of Madoc's stables, where silver-shod faerie horses are penned up beside enormous toads ready to be saddled and bridled and reindeer with broad antlers hung with bells. رام کردن

anodyne

When your back is killing you from helping your friend move furniture into his new apartment, you need to take an anodyne, a painkiller. An anodyne doesn't have to be actual medicine. If the pure joy of helping your friend is soothing enough to make you forget your aching back, that counts as an anodyne too (though perhaps an unlikely one). Anodyne can also be used as an adjective to describe something that relieves pain, or is at least inoffensive. When you're stressed out or unhappy, try looking at anodyne pictures of kittens. Er, unless you had a bad experience with a cat once. synonyms: analgesic, pain pill, painkiller But now it entered Helen's mind to drop into the wine that they were drinking an anodyne, mild magic of forgetfulness. They exchanged a few anodyne words—"it certainly was not unpleasant," recalled Oppenheimer, who stayed only briefly and left first. It was one anodyne sentence that caught her attention now—not for what it said, but for what it blandly tried to conceal. It was their delight, their folly, their anodyne, their intellectual stimulant. داروی مسکن

celerity

While it looks a lot like celery, celerity means something that vegetables are not — fast moving. Gossip often travels with celerity, as do children trying to get to a big plate of cookies. When you see the word celerity, think accelerate, like a car when you step on the gas. Both words share the Latin root celer which means swift. You may want to study for exams with celerity, but using a slower, more methodical approach will often yield better results. synonyms: quickness, rapidity, rapidness, speediness At some length, I responded, "If you are asked, you may relate that most of our numbers shall swear fealty to whoever offers emancipation with the greatest celerity." All praised him for his celerity in sickening. Bono, Olakunde, and I removed our shirts immediately—garments thrown off so with such celerity, when once donned with such pride. سرعتی

whimsical

Whimsical means full of or characterized by whims, which are odd ideas that usually occur to you very suddenly. If you decide at the last minute to fly to Europe, you could say you went there on a whim. Whimsical can also mean tending toward odd or unpredictable behavior. Both whimsical and whim are derived from an earlier English word whim-wham, which is of unknown origin. Whim-wham had about the same meaning as whim, but could also refer to an odd object or piece of clothing. synonyms: capricious, impulsive "They were so joyful, so whimsical. So much motion, so much emotion." It was too whimsical a sighting for the archbishop to pronounce as authentic, but still. There was a whimsical candy-colored sculpture on the lawn that looked like a bunch of child's toys glued together without reason or order. My name, painted in Ana's whimsical lettering on a door. کشکی و خیاری

whit

Whit means a small tiny part of something. If you don't even have a whit of courage, you are most likely a chicken. Whit indicates a bit of something, and usually something abstract like a feeling or emotion. You might feel the last whit of your confidence depart when your teacher hands out the 32-page final exam. Don't confuse whit with wit, meaning mental sharpness or keen sense of humor. Let's hope you have more than a whit of wit in your personality! synonyms: iota, scintilla, shred, smidge, smidgen, smidgeon, smidgin, tittle Stella couldn't hold it back any longer—she burst into tears, not caring a whit who saw her. But with no one to play with, it hasn't done me a whit of good. There was in her heart, it seemed, a heavy and delicately balanced burden whose weight she did not want to assume by disturbing it one whit. But honestly, Hanako didn't care a whit what he cared a whit about—after all, this was not the time to be sensitive. خرده و ذره ای از چیزی

phlegmatic

Yes, phlegmatic has roots in that colorless, mucousy stuff called phlegm, but people who are phlegmatic aren't called that because they have lots of mucus. They are just a little dull in expressing feelings or showing emotion. It may be their training more than their natural behavior, but those palace guards who wear the red coats and big hats and show absolutely no expression on their faces are phlegmatic. Attempts to make them laugh, smile, or twist their faces in irritation won't work, because being phlegmatic is important to their role as stone-faced keepers of the palace. Phlegmatic people show less emotion on the outside — but who knows, they may be jumping up and down on the inside. synonyms: phlegmatical Nately stared at her covertly from his over-stuffed yellow armchair, marveling at the bored, phlegmatic strength with which she accepted the mass rejection. They are anything but a phlegmatic people, yet they are obdurate, they are pertinacious, they finish plastering joints. Her talkative enthusiasm meshes with his phlegmatic skepticism. Edna was heartbroken not to be chosen, Dean was phlegmatic and Heather decided she would rather continue as she was. بی احساسی

vet (verb)

You are a vet if you served in the Armed Forces, or if you went to veterinary school and now give medical care to animals. The noun vet is short for either veteran (of the Armed Forces) or veterinarian (animal doctor). As a verb, vet means "to carefully examine beforehand." For example, your boss might ask you to vet people's applications before calling them for interviews, just to make sure they have the right experience for the job. Medically speaking, when a doctor vets you — or an animal — medical care is given. type of: inspect The vet and Crenshaw prepared to change busses at the next stop, and upon leaving, the vet placed his hand upon my shoulder and looked at me with kindness, and, as always, he smiled. Aden was the only one going to school vet, and Johnny would get tired of Aden's showing off. On the small vidscreen a man dressed like a vet appeared. We've never spoken about that day at the vet's office either. به دقت بررسی و ارزیابی کردن کهنه سرباز

enthrall

You are enthralled when filled with delight and wonder at something, to the point where time seems to stand still. Creators of day time soap operas count on viewers being enthralled to make their money. There's a transporting quality to the act of being enthralled, as though you have been, quite literally, whisked away. This is not surprising, given the origin of the word, which comes from two Latin words, en, "to make" or "put in," and thrall, "to hold in mental or moral bondage." So the next time a movie or book (or daytime soap) enthralls you, remember you are indeed being kidnapped in some way. synonyms: beguiled, captivated, charmed, delighted, entranced I was puzzled and frightened by this transformation but at the same time enthralled by it. He was equally enthralled by Lawrence's innovative Journal Club, that weekly free-form exchange of scientific data and news for graduate students, physics faculty, and the occasional visiting eminences that Oppie called Lawrence's "other great invention." Despite the complexity of their quest—or perhaps because of it—their work enthralled the public. It enthralled him with its mystifying machinery; the rest of the world was still using candles and kerosene lamps. مجذوب و شیفته شده

savvy

You are known as someone with a lot of business savvy, but only because you've managed to keep your staggering debts a secret. Which is actually pretty savvy. Someone who is savvy is shrewd and perceptive. Most English words stem directly from other European languages, like French and Latin. Not savvy. It comes from the West Indies, a twist on the French savez vous? — "Do you know?" Savvy was first recorded in its adjective form in 1905. Synonyms for the noun form include acumen, discernment, grasp, perception, and sharpness. درک کردن و متوجه شدن

buttress

You can buttress an argument with solid facts or your financial portfolio with safe investments. You may find that giving compliments to everyone you meet buttresses your popularity. To buttress is to sustain or reinforce. A buttress is a structure that adds stability to a wall or building, and this innovation played a significant role in the evolution of architecture. Think of a medieval cathedral. It's an incredibly tall, open building filled with light from vast windows. Without buttresses supporting the walls and carrying the weight of the ceiling away from the building and down to the ground, this cathedral would be impossible. Picture this when you use buttress figuratively as a verb meaning to strengthen and support. type of: beef up, fortify, strengthen They acted as temporary flying buttresses until the stone arch was complete. Rulers financed educational institutions whose mandate was to spread traditional knowledge for the purpose of buttressing the existing order. When work resumed, the flying buttresses of the choir were completed and the centering was readied for the first stones of the vault. The buttressing of the vaults, too, is more fully understood than before. تکیه گاه و پشتیبان

maudlin

You can use maudlin to describe something that brings tears to your eyes, or makes you feel very emotional. Tearjerkers like "Forrest Gump" and "Titanic" can be described as maudlin. Maudlin was a form of the name Mary Magdalene, a character from the Bible represented in paintings as a weeping sinner asking forgiveness from Jesus. Maudlin is often paired with sentimental, or even schlocky, to describe cry-fests, as in "I can't watch another second of that overly-sentimental, maudlin soap opera. Turn that schlock off." synonyms: bathetic, drippy, hokey, kitschy, mawkish, mushy, sappy, schmaltzy, schmalzy, sentimental, slushy, soppy, soupy Her soliloquies mawkish, her sentiments maudlin, malaise dripped like a fever from her pores. This is mortifying and maudlin and, honestly, I hope you forget it as soon as you've read it. He enjoyed listening to Nately, whose maudlin, bittersweet lamentations mirrored much of his own romantic desolation and never failed to evoke in him resurgent tides of longing for his wife and children. Now I'm going to be maudlin for the next few days, remembering times gone by. اشک آور و احساس برانگیز

malodorous

You can use the adjective malodorous as a nicer way to say that something's stinky. Maybe you think your feet smell like roses, but if people move far away when your shoes come off, your rosy feet are probably malodorous. Mal- is used to form words for bad things, and in this case, mal-odor-ous means having a bad odor. Synonyms for malodorous include "smelly," "rank," and "funky" — but not funky in a "get on with your bad self" good way, just funky bad. If you walk into a malodorous room, you might start checking the bottoms of your shoes to see if you stepped in something, and if a plate of malodorous food is served, you might cover your nose and mouth. synonyms: ill-smelling, malodourous, stinky, unpleasant-smelling It was full of droppings, messy and malodorous. Delta warns that a personal stench "risks offense or annoyance to other passengers" while United bans anyone with a "malodorous condition." It hung like a malodorous cloud around the Holy See, and undermined any effort by the Pope to exercise spiritual and moral authority. The film is leavened by slapstick and studded with stunt sequences involving actors' dangling from high places; colliding with movie shoots; outrunning gangsters; and encountering every possible messy, malodorous or dangerous landing place. بوی بد و زننده

vehement

You can use the adjective vehement to describe an extremely strong, powerful, or intense emotion or force. The teenager argued for a much later curfew in a vehement speech to her parents; her parents responded with an equally vehement "No way!" Vehement is from Latin and was originally applied to intense natural phenomena: pain, heat, wind, etc. It is now more commonly used for intense emotions or beliefs. With the adverb form, people can be vehemently in favor of something, but the more common usage is for people to be vehemently opposed to something. Many people, for example, are vehemently opposed to politicians they didn't vote for, other people spoiling the endings of movies or books, or someone else taking the last piece of chocolate. The stress is on the first syllable (VEE-uh-ment). marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions; inclined to react violently; fervid "vehement dislike" synonyms: fierce, tearing, trigger-happy, violent احساسات شدید و با حرارت زیاد

cumbersome

You have to wrestle a bit with the longish word cumbersome; it's cumbersome, or kind of long and clumsy, to tumble out in a sentence. It's hard to use it gracefully. A "cumber" is something that slows you down, and though the words aren't related, "lumber" includes big pieces of heavy wood, which might slow down the person carrying them. Moving lumber is cumbersome, because it's a heavy and awkward job. Getting your laundry down the stairs or putting a Rottweiler in the bathtub can be cumbersome too. synonyms: cumbrous, unmanageable, unwieldy Large telescopes are cumbersome things, and much of their operational time is consumed with being maneuvered into position. He hefted the sheet, groaning at the cumbersome load. Similarly, Japan continues to use its horrendously cumbersome kanji writing system in preference to efficient alphabets or Japan's own efficient kana syllabary—because the prestige attached to kanji is so great. غیر قابل هندل کردن به خاطر ابعاد و سایز

veneer

You know how some furniture looks like solid oak or maple until it gets chipped and reveals itself to be nothing more than some cheap particle-board covered with a thin layer of fancy wood? That thin layer is called a veneer. A veneer can be anything that makes something look more elegant or attractive than it is. Originally it was a furniture word, but over time its meaning expanded. If someone smiles at you while making some passive-aggressive remark, like, "Gee, you actually look really nice today," you could say that her inner meanness is showing through her veneer of sweetness. There was little pretence now—no formal veneer of conversation. What was of worth was not me, but the veneer of constraints and observances that obscured me. To break through the smug veneer of those who use their brains to find amusing ways to kill us. Here and there, makeshift crosses and pictures of saints added a veneer of Catholicism to indigenous Andean belief. روکش ظریف و پوشاننده

denouement

You know that part of every movie after the big action scene, where things get explained, and the characters tie up loose ends? That's called the denouement, or the showing of how the plot eventually turns out. Denouement is a French word that literally means the action of untying, from a verb meaning to untie. The English word is pronounced like the French: day-noo-MON. The last syllable has a nasalized vowel instead of the n sound. You can use it outside the context of plays or novels, too: you might describe the denouement of an argument between two friends. type of: final result, outcome, result, resultant, termination Part of the macabre denouement of Huntington's is the late onset of the illness. The scene is a denouement, ugly and raw. Yes, his name is eventually revealed in a tragicomic denouement. Although the show's denouement may sound chaotic, it's actually quite ordered. پیچ داستانی و نتیجه اتفاقات

jocund

You know that teacher who always has a goofy smile on his face and a bad pun for the kids? He's got a jocund personality, meaning he's merry and cheerful. The word jocund came from the influence of two Latin words, jocundus, which means pleasant, and jocus, which is just what it sounds like: a joke. Usually the word is used to describe people, but not always. Say your family gets together every year for a big, merry barbecue — you could describe it as a jocund gathering, or a jocund weekend. It's a sort of old-fashioned word, though, so use it sparingly. synonyms: gay, jolly, jovial, merry, mirthful That last part is a bit of cheek for effect, deleted quickly by a green cursor, a taste of the jocund energy that informs this six-part limited series. The happy and jocund faces of children, whom you looked upon complacently a month or two ago, will laugh away, you are tolerably sure, the disposition to low spirits and pale brandy. Hither flock the jocund burgesses, and dance to the sound of harp and viol. On the Common, jocund morning, fresh green of turf and tree, sweet breath of the earth; sunshine, bird-song, youth, ... بشاش و خندان

forthcoming

You know when you go to a movie and they show the previews under the heading "coming soon?" They could just as well say forthcoming, because it means the same thing. Only who would want to see that stuffy movie? "Forthcoming with" means "providing"--if your neighbors are not forthcoming with candy on Halloween, you might have to egg their house. When parents complain that their teenagers are not forthcoming with information about their life at school, they should remember how much they valued their privacy when they were their kid's age. synonyms: extroverted, outgoing Haymitch is our only hope, but nothing is forthcoming, either from lack of money -everything will cost an exorbitant amount -or because he's dissatisfied with our performance. There was something unseemly about it, this unwillingness to be forthcoming, to state your origins plainly. When nothing was forthcoming from the mercenary, he looked around at the other men at the bar. But try as I might, no answers were forthcoming.. آدمی که همکاری میکنه و برونگراست اتفاق افتادن چیزی در آینده

stern

You know when you've done something really wrong, and the person who gets you in trouble has that unforgiving look on his face? The best word for that look is stern, meaning "strict" or "severe." Stern, strict, severe, harsh, unforgiving — they all more or less mean the same thing, which is very tough and exacting, with a little helping of seriousness thrown in for good measure. What does this have to do with the stern of a boat, also known as the rear area? Um, nothing? But it's good to know about that meaning too, since it could come in handy some day when you're giving directions on a ship. synonyms: austere, nonindulgent, strict A long, stern pause, then, "Yeah, well, that's sort of why I was calling. Feel like talking about it?" Deacon got a stern look on his face like he done talked with Jessup before. "That's not how it works here," I say, kinda stern, not really liking this much. "A very old-fashioned idea, to my mind," Jane and Michael heard the stern voice say. سفت و سخت و عبوس

affluent

You know you're driving through an affluent neighborhood when you see large houses, perfect landscaping, and expensive cars. Use affluent to describe wealthy people or areas. In Middle English, affluent meant "abundant, flowing," from Old French, from Latin affluēns, from affluere "to abound in," from the prefix ad- "to, at" plus fluere "to flow." The meaning of "abundant, flowing" is still seen in phrases such as "affluent prose." But mostly, when you use the word affluent, the thing understood to be flowing is cash. having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value "an affluent banker" synonyms: flush, loaded, moneyed, wealthy غنی و ثروتمند

acclaim (noun, verb)

You know you've hit it big when you earn acclaim, or enthusiastic approval. And when you have achieved "critical acclaim," even the grouchy critics approve of you. The word acclaim comes from the Latin word acclamare, which means to cry out. So it only makes sense that the verb acclaim means to offer enthusiastic praise or applause. "The book was critically acclaimed, but most of the students found it to be stupefyingly boring." synonyms: acclamation, eclat, plaudit, plaudits In the late 1990s, however, Cook County Hospital started a project that may one day earn the hospital as much acclaim as any of those earlier accomplishments. Her success in Scandinavia was accompanied by acclaim throughout the rest of Europe. The show was critically acclaimed, but didn't initially catch on with Broadway audiences. In the absence of public credit or acclaim, the small and secretive fraternity of flavor chemists praises one another's work. تحسین برانگیز

ferret

You may be familiar with ferrets, those adorable little mammals that look like cheap minks. Well, the verb to ferret means to act like a ferret: to dig for something until you find it. Ferrets are great at digging, so it's no surprise that we acknowledge their skills when we make the verb ferret, which almost always comes attached to the preposition "out." Woodward and Bernstein worked tirelessly to ferret out the names of the guys who raided the Watergate offices. When you're ready, I'm going to ask you to ferret out those two photos from that stack of photo boxes. search and discover through persistent investigation "She ferreted out the truth" synonyms: ferret out گشتن با دقت

askance

You may have trouble watching a gory horror movie, but you also won't be able to look away. Find a happy medium by looking askance, or subtly out of the corner of your eye. First used in the 1500's, no one is quite sure where the cockeyed, slanting adverb askance came from. Some people suspect that it evolved from the Latin a scancio, meaning "obliquely, slantingly," while others argue that it's just a variant of the word askew. How fitting for a word that describes a suspicious or distrusting manner of looking that we can't trace its etymology with any surety. with suspicion or disapproval نگاه از روی سوء ظن

subversive

You might want to call someone subversive if they are sneakily trying to undermine something, from the social structure of your high school to an entire system of government. You can use subversive as a noun or an adjective without changing it one whit. Note the prefix sub, meaning "underneath," with the remainder coming from the Latin vertere, "to turn." Think about a subversive as a sneaky kind of revolutionary who tries to turn the system from underneath. Art or literature is considered subversive if it attempts to undermine the dominant values and traditions of a society. in opposition to a civil authority or government synonyms: insurgent, seditious, disloyal براندازی و خرابکاری

amok

You think Mittens the kitten is gentle and sweet, and then one day she runs amok, ripping up Grandma's favorite armchair until its cottony guts are hanging out. Time to take Mittens to get her claws trimmed. Most of our words are rooted in Greek, Latin, or German, so it's refreshing to see a word that arose in a whole different language: amok's origins are in the Malay language of Indonesia. In the 1500s, a Portuguese writer and explorer named Duarte Barbosa described a murderous tribe on the island of Java as the "Amuco," and the word passed on into English. Amuco came from Amuk, a Malay word meaning "attacking furiously." frenzied as if possessed by a demon synonyms: amuck, berserk, demoniac, demoniacal, possessed, insane عصیان جنون و دیوانگی

extenuating

You'll be furious that your friend didn't bake the cupcakes she promised for your bake sale — until you learn the extenuating circumstances: her dog climbed onto her kitchen counter and ate all the cupcake batter. Extenuating means "making forgivable." The adjective extenuating is unusual because it's almost always used with the word circumstances; the phrase extenuating circumstances describes the specific reasons that excuse or justify someone's actions. The phrase became popular in the 1840s, and is even used in law to lessen punishment for crimes, but before that extenuating meant "lessening or making small." The Latin word for "thin," tenuis, combined with ex, means "to make thin", or to dilute a person's guilt because of a good excuse. making less guilty or more forgivable کم کردن گناه و بخشایش

eccentric

You're most likely to encounter the adjective eccentric in a description of an unusual or quirky person — like a scatterbrained aunt who leaves her life savings to her cat. From the Greek ekkentros, "out of the center," this word originally had to do with the orbits of planets that were observed to be slightly out of whack. Eventually it came to describe people who were a little kooky, both as an adjective and as a noun, too: an eccentric is an unconventional, odd person. Think of them as following a slightly different orbit from the rest of society. synonyms: bizarre, flakey, flaky, freakish, freaky, gonzo, off-the-wall, outlandish, outre As he aged, Mendeleyev became increasingly eccentric-he refused to acknowledge the existence of radiation or the electron or anything else much that was new-and difficult. She looked, in short, more like a rather eccentric and bloodthirsty follower of the stag-hounds than the headmistress of a nice school for children. Was that the first hint, or was it just Gene being Gene, eccentric and unconventional, trying to shock his disapproving in-laws? Even by the demanding standards of British intellectuals, the Haldanes were outstandingly eccentric. بسیار عجیب و غریب و غیرعادی

devolve

You've probably heard that organisms evolve over time. Well, life is complicated, and sometimes things devolve instead — to devolve is to get worse instead of better. The de- in devolve is a clue to its meaning. When things devolve, they deteriorate, degenerate, fall apart, go to the dogs, and generally end up worse. When a classroom gets loud and rowdy, a teacher might say the class has devolved. There is another, less negative, meaning of devolve. You can devolve responsibilities: for example, the U.S. government could devolve a certain responsibility to the states. The non-negative meaning of devolve is kind of like passing things on in a will. If I devolve something to you, you inherit it. تفویض اختیارات

cosmopolitan

Your Aunt Eleanor, who's lived in six different countries and speaks four languages fluently, might be described as cosmopolitan, or comfortable and familiar with different cultures and people. People who are cosmopolitan have an air of glamour surrounding them, a sense that they've seen a lot of the world and are sophisticated and at ease with all different kinds of people. Places can also be described as cosmopolitan, meaning "diverse," or bustling with lots of people of varying nationalities. Any way you use it, cosmopolitan implies a sophistication, which might explain why both a well-known alcoholic cocktail and a famous women's magazine are both named after the word cosmopolitan. synonyms: ecumenical, general, oecumenical, universal, world-wide, worldwide The Empire was a cosmopolitan society in which national or regional traits were soon absorbed into the common all-Roman pattern set by the capital, the city of Rome. For the rest of his life he was thoroughly cosmopolitan, travelling widely, living for twenty years in Weimar, and for six years near Rome, where he took holy orders. Kraków was not only a historic city but also a cosmopolitan and glittering cultural center, full of theaters and cafés, an opera house and nightclubs. "She is a Russian. Her husband realized all this money before the Revolution and invested it abroad. She is extremely rich. A cosmopolitan." بین فرهنگی و جهانی

demeanor

Your demeanor is defined as being either your facial appearance or your behavior. When playing poker, don't let your demeanor give away how good your cards are. Demeanor in English today has evolved from Middle English and Old French to refer to the way one manages or presents oneself, and this definition applies to conduct as well as facial expressions. The way you present yourself often affects how others make judgments about you and therefore, you might want your demeanor to reflect the situation you're in. So, if you're at a birthday party, your demeanor should be happy and smiling! synonyms: behavior, behaviour, conduct, demeanour, deportment As we gather up our bags to move on, Safaa looks uncertain, in contrast to her earlier demeanor. His charcoal-gray suit is immaculate, his hair is dark, he is clean-shaven, and his face, and his demeanor, are, in every sense, forgettable. He was listening, Nels knew; his tired demeanor shielded an active mind from view. With his gentle demeanor, Gandhi seemed the very personification of nonviolence, and he insisted that the campaign be run along identical lines to that of his father's in India. رفتار و سکنات

openhanded

Your openhanded uncle can't resist giving money to anyone who asks for it — openhanded means generous. People who are openhanded give freely and kindly, whether they're donating money, giving gifts, or offering help. While you can use the adjective openhanded for many kinds of generosity, it's used most often to refer specifically to money and a person's willingness to part with it. The word has been around since about 1600, and it can be spelled with a hyphen or as two words — open handed — as well as one. synonyms: big, bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, giving, handsome, liberal Seven years, then, my sojourn lasted there, and I amassed a fortune, going about among the openhanded Egyptians. And with so many rich people collecting contemporary art, and the public's interest in such art growing, museums often seek to devote more space to it to keep donors interested and openhanded. As a patron of charities, Mr. Koch ranked among the most openhanded donors of his era, disbursing more than $1 billion to cultural and medical nonprofit organizations. "Billy Graham's style was openhanded invitation," Robert P. Jones, of the Public Religion Research Institute, said. دست و دلباز و بخشنده

Zeitgeist (noun)

Zeitgeist is the spirit or essence of a particular time. In the 1920s, flappers and speakeasies contributed to that era's Zeitgeist. Zeitgeist is a word that comes straight from German — zeit means "time" and geist means spirit, and the "spirit of the time" is what's going on culturally, religiously, or intellectually during a certain period. type of: feel, feeling, flavor, flavour, look, smell, spirit, tone Is it purely a matter of Zeitgeist, or is there some sensible explanation? Now, with a black president at the helm for the first time, even Hampton succumbed to the Zeitgeist of the era. Today Zeitgeist, as the glue that holds period' styles together and accounts for their inner unity, is rarely invoked. Zeitgeist! that vintage-clothing dealers, who gathered last week at the Metropolitan Pavilion for their semiannual show in Manhattan, tend to be rather jaded about it. حس و حال و هوای یک دوره زمانی در تاریخ

lifeblood

an essential or life-giving force "water is the lifeblood of India" type of: force I told the president that the current conflict was draining South Africa's lifeblood and talks were the only solution. In 1884, at the age of twenty-seven, he moved to New York City, to be closer to the financial markets that pumped the lifeblood of the new industrial age. Its lifeblood is trafficking in arms, drugs, and people. For many lads, it's their lifeblood, and it shouldn't be restricted, withdrawn, or used manipulatively except under the most serious circumstances. نیروی پیشران

sobbing

convulsive gasp made while weeping synonyms: sob A woman nearby fell to her knees, sobbing. When his breathing quieted and he stopped sobbing, I lifted his face and looked into his eyes, as brown as a shady pond after rain. After a moment his cries stopped and were replaced by sobbing. The smell of singed flesh fills my nostrils, and I hear myself begging for mercy, then sobbing, then screaming. هق هق کردن

placating

intended to pacify by acceding to demands or granting concessions "placating (or placative) gestures" synonyms: appeasing, placative, placatory, conciliative, conciliatory Hazel held up her hand in a placating gesture. Rachel laid a placating hand on her husband's sleeve. They sit there until Henry finishes his drink, Alex listening to the placating murmur of Henry talking about different brands of gin, thankful that for once Henry seems happy to carry the conversation alone. "As to what I really do," he said with a placating smile, "I'm a fool because I should like to be in Heaven before I die." تسکین دادن و آرام کردن

tempered

moderated in effect معتدل

anomaly

n anomaly is an abnormality, a blip on the screen of life that doesn't fit with the rest of the pattern. If you are a breeder of black dogs and one puppy comes out pink, that puppy is an anomaly. The noun anomaly comes from the Greek word anomolia, meaning "uneven" or "irregular." When something is unusual compared to similar things around it, it's the anomaly. If you are an Olympian who comes from a family of bookish types who all find it strenuous to walk the dog, you are an anomaly. synonyms: anomalousness In France, Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, the scion of a ducal family, found that certain anomalies in the behavior of electrons disappeared when one regarded them as waves. Tenacious, unabashedly vocal about her opinions—"smart as all hell," as Berg described her—Mertz was an anomaly in the world of biochemists: the second woman to join Stanford's biochemistry department in nearly a decade. Then sprung the anomaly on him—Eskimo legend of a doorway into spirit world—invisible—somewhere near Lookout Ridge, would you believe, where we're heading for, fancy that. Although English music outwardly toed the religious line, it is important to stress its one great anomaly during the Reformation period. غیرنرمال

flare up

synonyms: ignite quickly and suddenly, especially after having died down "the fire flared up and died down once again" erupt or intensify suddenly synonyms: break open, burst out, erupt, flare, irrupt But then unexpectedly a flame of grievous and terrible yearning flares up. "Oh yes he does!" she said, flaring up at Harry. Yossarian muttered an unconscious prayer of thankfulness and then flared up at Orr savagely in a ranting fusion of resentment and relief. For a moment a feeling of triumph flares up inside me. مشتعل شدن از خشم برافروخته شدن

exiguity

the quality of being meager ""an exiguity of cloth that would only allow of miniature capes"-George Eliot" synonyms: leanness, meagerness, meagreness, poorness, scantiness, scantness The strong sonorous voice of the layman was in singular contrast with the exiguity of his thin, stunted frame. Thus it is observed that when such matters occur in other countries they become extinct spontaneously through lack of attention and exiguity of interest. He would rank with Wolfe; indeed, considering the exiguity of his means, his feat would surpass that of Wolfe. His jaw fell; there was a remarkable exiguity about the coat which was inexplicable. زار و ضعیف شدن

recrudescent

the revival of an unfortunate situation after a period of abatement "the patient presented with a case of recrudescent gastralgia" Synonyms: revived He hurried to his wife with the picture, and she called it "Mamise" with a recrudescent anguish of doubt. Before the ever recrudescent forces of neo-paganisim it is most useful, we contend, to reassert in plain, terse language the principles, the reasons that explain and justify our persistent attitude on the school problem. It was an effervescence of joyous life—the factory girl recrudescent—and Eileen's hand would lie lightly on Mrs. Maper's shoulder, feeling like a lid over a kettle about to boil. Despite my longing for human companionship I found it difficult to join in this strange recrudescent paganism with any ease or grace. عود کردن

unstinting

very generous "called for unstinting aid to Britain" synonyms: lavish, munificent, overgenerous, too-generous, unsparing, unstinted Even in second-tier glamour industries like publishing, advertising, and media, swarms of bright young people throw themselves at grunt jobs that pay poorly and demand unstinting devotion. Filling nearly every inch of wall space, the art is an unstinting ode to the sporty equestrian life espoused by the Polo brand. In the opening moments of this unstinting solo performance by Cillian Murphy, we enter the echo chamber of Magill's mind, where past and present fight for his attention on an endless taped soundtrack. Holiday's book is unstinting in its depiction of the hardships she faced. بسیار بخشنده