GRE part 3

fortuitous

(adj.) accidental, occurring by a happy chance از سر اقبال، اتفاقی شانسی

congenial

(adj.) getting on well with others; agreeable, pleasant هم خو، هم سلیقه، تفاهم داشتن، جور A congenial person is easy to get along with. If you're trying to decide which of your friends to take on a road trip, choose the most congenial one. Congenial means sharing the same temperament, or agreeing with your temperament. You can talk about a congenial person, place, or environment. Maybe you enjoy the congenial atmosphere of the library. Or perhaps for you the disco is more congenial. As you might expect for such a vaguely approving word, there are many synonyms: agreeable, pleasant, delectable, delightful, enjoyable, and so on.

myriad

(adj.) in very great numbers; (n.) a very great number بیشمار

contingent

(adj.) likely but not certain to happen, possible; dependent on uncertain events or conditions; happening by chance; (n.) a representative group forming part of a larger body محتمل الوقوع تصادفی محتمل The adjective contingent can be used to describe something that can occur only when something else happens first. Making money is contingent on finding a good-paying job. When an event or situation is contingent, it means that it depends on some other event or fact. For example, sometimes buying a new house has to be contingent upon someone else buying your old house first. That way you don't end up owning two houses! As a noun, contingent means either "a group of soldiers that joins a larger force," like a contingent of British troops sent to assist American soldiers, or "a group of people with something in common," like the contingent of folks dressed as Batman at Comic-Con.

hostile

(adj.) unfriendly; unfavorable; warlike, aggressive دشمنانه خصومت آمیز

Heresy

(n.) an opinion different from accepted belief; the denial of an idea that is generally held sacred کفر ارتداد بدعتکاری A heresy is a belief that doesn't agree with the official tenets of a particular religion; heresy is the maintaining of such contrary beliefs. Heresy can be used figuratively: to disagree with the school committee's decisions is considered pure heresy by the faculty. You'll often come across this word in a religious context — the Latin root haeresis, "school of thought or sect," was used by Christian writers to mean "unorthodox sect or belief." This comes from the Greek hairesis, "a taking or choosing," from hairein, "to choose." A person who chooses to believe in heresies is called a heretic.

concede

(v.) to admit as true; to yield, submit اقرار کردن

Contend

(v.) to fight, struggle; to compete; to argue ستیزه کردن ادعا کردن

miser

A miser is someone who hoards his or her own wealth and doesn't share or spend any of it. If you remember the old saying "You can't take it with you!" — then you won't end up acting stingy like a miser. The most famous fictional miser is probably Scrooge in Dickens's A Christmas Carol. The image of his shivering with cold while he counts his coins illustrates the misery often associated with misers. To be a miser, your impulse to hoard means you won't even indulge yourself by spending money for fear of depleting your stash. آدم خسیس

roundabout

A roundabout is an intersection that uses a circular junction instead of stoplights or stop signs to manage traffic flow. Instead of every car stopping, they enter the roundabout slowly, and traffic moves almost continuously. In the UK, an amusement park ride that moves in a circle, like a carousel, is also a roundabout, but in North America this noun almost always means what's sometimes called a "traffic circle" or a "rotary." As an adjective, roundabout describes things that aren't straightforward, but are indirect or unclear: "After his roundabout confession, I'm not even sure he realizes what he did wrong." کسی که کار رو ازمسیر اشتباه انجام میده

prolific

Abundantly productive پرکار، حاصلخیز، بارور Someone or something that is prolific is fruitful or highly productive. A prolific songwriter can churn out five hit tunes before breakfast. A prolific writer cranks out two novels a year, and a prolific rabbit has baby bunnies every few months. The word comes from combining the medieval Latin prolificus ("offspring") with a form of facere ("to make or do"). It can also connote something taking root and growing, like prolific poison ivy that takes over the yard.

attic

An attic is an unfinished room at the very top of a house, just below the roof. It's often the setting for creepy stories because it's a room people don't go in very often. A finished attic is extra space you can use for a playroom, bedroom, or storage area. In fiction, it's a great place to stash crazy people. In Charlotte Bronte's book Jane Eyre, there's a madwoman in the attic. Some attics don't even have floors that can be walked on, though — they're just empty space at the top of a house. An attic was originally called an attic storey, from the architectural term Attic order. اتاق کوچک زیر شیروانی

Indulgence

An indulgence is doing something that you enjoy even if it has negative consequences. Buying yourself something that you don't need, be it a cookie, video game, or diamond necklace, is an indulgence. If you allow yourself to eat more chocolate cake or watch more TV than is really good for you, those are your little indulgences. If you spend your life savings on a trip to Tahiti, that's a huge indulgence. If someone says to you, "Grant me this indulgence," prepare for a long-winded story that tries to convince you of something. Long, long ago the Catholic Church sold something called "indulgences": pardons for sins. زیاده روی کردن افراط

brash

Brash sounds like what it means: harsh, loud, and maybe a little rude. Sometimes that's good, like when you have a serious rash on your face and give Aunt Nell a brash warning before she showers you with kisses. There's nothing warm and fuzzy about brash. New Yorkers are sometimes thought of as the poster children for brash behavior: they can be bold and brazen. Pushy even. You might find brashness offensive, or maybe you think it's refreshingly direct. If you're a cab driver, a tough exterior might be useful, but being brash probably won't advance your career if you work in a hotel, where you're supposed to be polite and welcoming. عجول گستاخ

protracted

Extended in time; prolonged طولانی ممتد

ambivalent

If you can't decide how you feel about something, declare yourself ambivalent about it. Ambivalent means "having mixed feelings about something." A Swiss psychologist named Eugen Bleuler coined the German word Ambivalenz in the early twentieth century, and it was soon imported into English. Bleuler combined the Latin prefix ambi-, meaning "both," with valentia, "strength." So etymologically speaking, if you're ambivalent you're being pulled by two equally strong things — but in practice, ambivalence often arises from caring very little either way. You might feel ambivalent about your lunch options if you have to choose between a murky stew and flavorless tofu. دو دل مردد

intuition

If you know the definition of this noun by quick insight without relying on reason, you know what intuition means! Intuition is a noun whose definition means that someone uses quick understanding to interpret but without using reasoning or perception, a snap judgment. The definition of the word comes from the Latin roots in- meaning "at" or "on" and tueri meaning "look at, watch over." A relative of intuition is tuition, and even though we don't use this particular meaning anymore, it used to refer to having guardianship or custody. If we use our intuition it means that we don't always make the correct interpretation, and in fact, the Australian writer Christina Stead wrote, "Intuition is not infallible; it only seems to be the truth." فراست، بصیرت

hindsight

People who are able to look back on the past and understand what happened have hindsight. If you go skating on a frozen lake and it cracks, in hindsight you'd know you should've paid attention to the giant "danger" sign. Hindsight is like looking behind you to see what just happened (behind sight, get it?). Another way of describing retrospection, hindsight is a useful skill that can be cultivated. Hindsight often refers to a lesson learned from something going wrong. Billy Wilder, the American movie director, once commented wistfully, "Hindsight is always twenty-twenty." It's much easier to see clearly after something happened than before. آینده نگری، واپس نگری، قهقرابینی

become pointed

Pointed things have a sharp end, like a cat's pointed teeth or the pointed tip of your #2 pencil . A pointed comment, on the other hand, is deliberately direct. انتقادی شدن

steadfast

Someone who is firm and determined in a belief or a position can be called steadfast in that view, like your mom when she thinks you really shouldn't wear that outfit. The word steadfast traces back to the Old English word stedefæst, a combination of stede, meaning "place," and fæst, meaning "firmly fixed." Picture a steadfast person standing firmly in place, not wavering or budging an inch, and you'll have a good sense of what this word means. Someone can be steadfast in a belief, an effort, a plan, or even a refusal. Whatever it is, it means that the person will calmly hold firm to the chosen position and follow through with determination. ثابت قدم استوار

unseemly

Something that is inappropriate or unacceptable behavior is unseemly. It's a gentler, somewhat nicer word for "inappropriate" than its synonyms, the "in" words: "indecent, indecorous, indelicate, inelegant, inept" — well, you get the idea. not suitable, inappropriate or improper ناشایست

polemical

The adjective polemical describes something related to an argument or controversy. To keep the peace, avoid discussing politics at Thanksgiving, which usually deteriorates into a polemical argument with Uncle Bob. Better stick to football or apple versus pumpkin pie. Argumentative جدلی مجادله آمیز

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms طبقه بندی Taxonomy is all about organizing and classifying. To make it sound more scientific, you could refer to your project of reorganizing your spice rack according to smell as a taxonomy of spices. Taxonomy is a word used mainly in biology to talk about classifying living organisms, organizing them according to their similarities. If you've ever seen a chart with animals divided into species, genus, and family, you know what scientific taxonomy is. The word comes very straightforwardly from Greek words for "arrangement" — taxis — and "method" — nomia. So any special method for arranging or organizing things can be called taxonomy.

deride

The verb deride means to speak to someone with contempt or show a low opinion of someone or something. A bully might constantly deride other kids in his class — which might lead to many afternoons spent in the principal's office. To "ride" people is to get on their case or give them a hard time, and to deride is to do the same with insulting language or poor treatment. Deride comes from the Latin root dērīdēre, meaning "to ridicule, to scorn," and it's often used to express dislike or even hatred. Criticizing something with words is a common way to deride, and politicians often deride each other in their speeches during election campaigns. تمسخر کردن، به استهزا کشیدن

embellish

The word "bell" shows up in the middle of embellish, and bells are something that decorate, or embellish something, making it more attractive. If you embellish speech, though, it can get ugly if you add a lot of details that aren't true. Embellish often has the positive meaning of adding something to make it more handsome or beautifully decorated. But, while adding bells to something looks great at first, after a couple of hours of bells ringing in the ears, what was meant to embellish and beautify can get annoying. That's what can happen when you embellish by adding too many false or exaggerated details to a story. Embellishing with true, colorful details and vivid descriptions is what can really enhance the beauty of a story. زیبا کردن، شاخ و بر گ دادن

enumerate

To enumerate is to list or count off one by one. Before you ask for a raise, you'd better be able to enumerate all the reasons why you deserve more money. شمردن، برشمردن

Stare

To stare is to fix your eyes on a subject. As hard as it might be to resist looking at them for long periods of time, it's not polite to stare at celebrities. The noun stare is a certain kind of gaze — a long, intense one. The verb to stare is the act of staring, of locking one's eyes somewhere. When one stares at something, one looks at it for a long period of time, often with great intensity and without blinking. That's why one loses a staring contest when one blinks. Try not to stare at people when they're eating. It's rude! A stare is usually more intense and creepier than a gaze. خیره شدن

apathy

Use the noun apathy when someone isn't interested in the important things that are happening. You might feel apathy for the political process after watching candidates bicker tediously with one another. Although apathy is a lazy-sounding word indicating a lack of interest, action, or emotion, it has traveled through many languages to arrive in English. From the Greek apatheia, "freedom from suffering" or "impassibility," apathy has existed in English since the 17th century. Not just one person, but a whole segment of the population can be accused of inaction or emotional detachment: the expressions voter apathy, student apathy, and consumer apathy show just how unenthusiastic groups of people can be. بی حسی بی علاقگی

concoct

When you concoct something, you mix up different ingredients. If you want to become a mad scientist or a wizard, you'll have to learn how to concoct strange potions. If the word concoction makes you think of steaming caldrons or liquids bubbling in test tubes, you'll be amused to know that it comes from a Latin word for "digestion." Yum! On summer days, children sometimes concoct imaginative stews from grass, leaves and dirt. They may also concoct lies to explain why they tried feeding such concoctions to their little sister. درست کردن، پختن، ترکیب کردن

twist

When you twist something, you turn it in a different direction. You might twist off a bottle cap, or you might even twist the plot of a story you are writing. A kite's tail twists in the wind, curling around itself, and a baker twists a piece of dough into a pretzel shape. You can also twist out of someone's grasp (to escape your godmother's cheek pinching), or twist your ankle hurrying away. As a noun, twist means a bent and curved shape, like the twist of a curl or a twist of soft serve ice cream. In a book or movie plot, a twist is a shocking development. تابیدن، پیچ دار کردن

vacant

You can use the adjective vacant to describe something that is empty — an apartment with no tenant or furniture, a job with no worker, or a person with no brainpower. Vacant has its roots in the Latin word meaning "empty" or "free." It can mean "unoccupied," such as that seat next to you on the train — even if you've put your coat there. A vacant look or stare, however, is one that shows no intelligence or the slightest spark of interest. One might find this vacant gaze in the eyes of a zombie or in the eyes of a teen who has spent the past five hours gaming. خالی اشغال نشده بلاتصدی

heretic

a person believing in or practicing religious heresy بدعت گذار، مرتد

sect

a subgroup of a major religious group فرقه مسلک

stopgap

a temporary solution کار راه بنداز ، راه حل موقتی A stopgap is a temporary solution to a problem, like a piece of cardboard taped over the broken window in your car. Until you can get it fixed, you need a stopgap. This sturdy English native dates to the early 16th century, and like its semantic cousin makeshift, it seems to have been cobbled together by the two closest words at hand. Both words actually originated from phrasal use of their components: stop a gap for the first, and make shift for the second. Not that they're jury-rigged in any way!

plastic

able to be molded, altered, or bent فرم پذیر ، شکل پذیر

anomaly

abnormality ناهنجاری

orthodox

adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion ضدتغییر متعصب

posthumously

after one's death پس از مرگ

pauper

an extremely poor person گدا بی نوا

fledgling

an inexperienced person, beginner; a young bird about to leave the nest; inexperienced, budding جوجه، تازه کار

diva

an opera singer ستاره موسیقی Technically, a diva is a big-time female opera star. Beverly Sills and Maria Callas were two of the world's most renowned divas. More commonly, though, we call anyone who thinks they're more fabulous than everyone else a diva.

anecdotal

based on personal accounts rather than facts or research شخصی، روایت شده Something anecdotal has to do with anecdotes — little stories. Anecdotal evidence is based on hearsay rather than hard facts. People like to share stories about things that happened to them, or that they heard about, to make a point. That kind of talk is anecdotal: based on small, personal accounts. Anecdotal stories are helpful when you're trying to give an example of something, but there's a downside to anecdotal information: since it's not based on facts, you never know if you can totally trust it. So it's best to go beyond the anecdotal and get more solid information.

arbitrary

based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system Random تصادفی

sycophantic

behaving or done in an obsequious way in order to gain advantage چاپلوس The adjective sycophantic is perfect for describing someone who uses flattery to get what they want. The sycophantic guy in your biology class might compliment the professor on her fabulous shoes as he hands in his lab report. Someone who's sycophantic goes overboard with compliments, usually to gain some kind of advantage. You see sycophantic behavior in Hollywood all the time, from red carpet interviews pouring flattery on movie stars to fawning autograph seekers. Sycophantic comes from the Greek word sykophantes, "one who shows the fig," a vulgar gesture of the time. The reference is to hypocritical Greeks behind the scenes who pretended to flatter while encouraging others to "show the fig."

preeminent

better than anyone else; outstanding; supreme برجسته، سرامد

incendiary

combustible, flammable, burning easily آتش افروز، آتشین

consummate

complete or perfect in the highest degree حرفه ای تمام و کمال

obscure

difficult to see, vague مبهم کردن، محو و تار و گمنام

downcast

disheartened; dejected; sad; directed downward دل افسردگی سربزیری ناراحت

cynical

doubtful or distrustful of the goodness or sincerity of human motives منفی باف بدبین

foray into

enter someone else's territory and take spoils تهاجم کردن به یغما بردن تاختن

bouts

episodes دوره فصل بازه

tantamount to

equivalent برار بودن When something is tantamount to another thing it is essentially its equivalent. For some animal activists, wearing fur is tantamount to murder. Tantamount often refers to an action or thing being compared to another greater action or quality, as in, "Missing your finals is tantamount to dropping out of college." While the two sides are essentially equal, you would not say, "Dropping out of school is tantamount to missing your finals." A related word is paramount, which means "the highest" or "primary."

idolatrous

excessively worshipping ستایش تکریم one object or person بت پرستانه پرستش گرانه

all along

from the beginning در تمام مسیر، از ابتدا

admonitory

giving or conveying a warning or reprimand توبیخ آمیز نصیحت آمیز هشداری Something that's admonitory is meant to correct or scold. If you're caught throwing paper airplanes in class, your teacher will probably give you an admonitory lecture. Use the adjective admonitory to describe something that's done in a warning or reproachful way. When kids are loud in the library, the librarian might shush them in an admonitory way. If your piano teacher always finds fault with your playing, she is consistently admonitory. The root of admonitory is the verb admonish, which means "to scold or reprimand." The Latin origin of both is admonere, "remind or suggest," but also "warn or urge."

worthy

having value, importance, or worth; good enough for شایسته مستحق چیزی بودنcon

coyly

in a shy and flirtatious manner محجوبانه، با ناز و کرشمه

construed

interpreted, understood استنباط شدن برداشت شدن تفسیر کردن

premieditated

is planned in advance از پیش تفکر شده برنامه ریزی شده Something premeditated is planned in advanced and has a purpose behind it. In other words, it's no accident. A premeditated crime involves careful planning and research before it happens. Premeditated comes from a combination of two Latin words: pre, meaning "before," and meditat, meaning "to ponder." If you ponder — or think about — something before you act, that makes it premeditated. If you watch a lot of TV crime dramas, you may be familiar with the term "premeditated murder." This means that the murderer didn't just lose his temper and kill someone in the moment — instead, he went after a specific person on purpose.

ineptitude

lack of skill or ability کمبود و ناتوانی

tactless

lacking or showing a lack of what is fitting and considerate in dealing with others بی تدبیر بی فراست بی نزاکت To be tactless is to either be rude (without manners) or inept (without finesse). Either way, it's awkward. Since people with tact are polite and respectful, tactless people are the opposite: rude and ill-mannered. Interrupting is tactless. Wearing a baseball hat in church is tactless. Not holding the door for someone is tactless. This word has to do with other graces besides social graces too. Being clumsy or lacking in judgment can also be called tactless, and an employee who constantly botches his job and never understands why is also tactless.

edifice

large building عمارت قصر edifice Edifice means a building, but it doesn't mean just any building. To merit being called an edifice, a building must be important. A mini temple can be an edifice, or a towering sky scraper. The meaning of edifice has expanded to include a system of ideas--when it is complicated enough to be considered to have walls and a roof, then it is an edifice. You could say that basic facts of addition and subtraction are the foundation on which the edifice of higher math rests.

shiftless

lazy; lacking ambition بی دست و پا، بی کفایت

whimsical

lightly acting in a fanciful or capricious manner; unpredictable دهن بین، وسواسی، از روی هوس، خیالباف

endearing

lovable especially in a childlike or naive way محبوب کننده، دوست داشتنی کننده، محبت آمیز Endearing describes something or someone extremely lovable, like a kitten or your friend's sense of humor. The adjective endearing was originally used in the 1500s to mean "enhancing the value of," and by the 1640s it also meant "making dear or precious." It can still be used both ways, although the second meaning of endearing is most common. Any time you talk about a person or thing that's adorable or extremely likable, you can describe it as endearing.

indecipherable

not able to be read or understood غیرقابل کشف، ناخوانا، رمزگشایی کردن

peripheral

on the edge, not important حاشیه ای جانبی

theatrical

overly dramatic, exaggerated in behavior

dabbler

person who never keeps doing one activity for long سرسری کار کردن، تفننی مثال Musical dabbler موزیسین تفننی

forlorn

sad and lonely تنها و غمگین

contempt

scorn, extreme dislike or disdain تحقیر اهانت خواری

ostentatious

showy, pretentious متظاهر خودنما کسی که پز میده Reach for the adjective ostentatious when you want a flashy way to say — well, "flashy" or "showy." No one wants to be described as ostentatious, a word whose cousins include pretentious, flamboyant, and gaudy. It originates from the Latin word ostentare, "to display," but in English it's often used for displays of the crass or vulgar sort. A rapper's diamond-encrusted teeth might be an ostentatious display of "bling," and someone wailing especially loudly at a funeral of a distant acquaintance might be making an ostentatious show of sorrow.

detractor

someone who belittles something else بدگو

naysayer

someone with an aggressively negative attitude مخالفان منتقدان A naysayer is a person who always says "No." Naysayers are negative and cynical — they aren't much fun to be around. If you respond to every invitation with, "No thanks — I wouldn't have fun anyway," and answer questions about how your day was with a list of complaints, you're a naysayer. It's your negative, pessimistic attitude that makes you a naysayer. In the 1600s a nay-say was a "refusal," from the now less common use of nay to mean "no."

eyesore

something that is unpleasant or offensive to view منظره زشت چشم گداز Something that's really unpleasant to look at is an eyesore. You could call your apartment building an eyesore if it's a huge, ugly concrete structure that looms over your street. Most eyesores are structures or buildings — an old, decrepit house that's sagging on one side and has a yard full of weeds is probably thought of as an eyesore by most of its neighbors. You might also describe a new hotel as an eyesore if it's painted a strange shade of pink that clashes with the buildings nearby. The word eyesore has been around since the 1500's, from the idea of "something so offensive to the eye that it hurts."

assert

state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully ادعا کردن اظهار کردن Asserting is all about standing up for what you believe. You might assert an opinion, your innocence, or even your authority over someone else. The verb assert can be used for both opinions and for oneself. When asked, you can politely assert your desire to go to the amusement park for your birthday. If no one listens to you, you can assert yourself and forcefully state that you really want to go to the amusement park for your birthday. If that fails, you should just take yourself to the amusement park for your birthday. And get better friends.

ostensible

stated or appearing to be true, but not necessarily so در ظاهر سوری When something is ostensible it appears to be the case but might not be. Your ostensible reason for visiting every bakery in town is that you're looking for a part-time job — but I think you really just want to eat cupcakes. Just because something is ostensible doesn't necessarily mean that it's not as it appears to be, only that there's a possibility of another reason. Your ostensible reason for calling your crush was to ask about homework; the real reason was that you were hoping they would ask you out. Ostensible derives from the Latin verb ostendere, meaning "to show or display."

parsimonious

stingy, miserly; meager, poor, small خسیس A parsimonious person is unwilling to spend a lot of money. You know those people who count up every penny when it's time to split a restaurant bill? You can call them parsimonious. Or cheap. Stingy is the most common and general synonym of parsimonious, but there are many other near synonyms, including thrifty, frugal, penurious, niggardly, penny-pinching, miserly, tight-fisted, tight. The adjective parsimonious was formed in English from the noun parsimony, "the quality of being careful in spending." It is a combination of the Latin verb parcere, "to spare," plus an Old French suffix -ous, "having the quality of."

Disfranchised

take away rights which belong to a citizen حق رای کسی را گرفتن The adjective disenfranchised describes a person or group of people who are stripped of their power, like disenfranchised post-Civil War African Americans who were deprived of their right to vote even after being freed from slavery. Being disenfranchised is no fun. The rules work against you, your rights are constantly violated, and you have little power to change your life for the better. The Old French word enfranchir means "to make free," and when you add the negative prefix dis-, disenfranchised means "made unfree." A disenfranchised population doesn't rest easy, and often they organize and fight back against their condition to demand their basic rights and freedom.

garrulous

talkative پرحرف

populace

the general public; the population توده مردم، عوام الناس

notoriety

the state of being known for some unfavorable act or quality بدنامی Notoriety is fame you get from doing something bad or being part of a misfortune or scandal. Just remember: Notoriety's not al-righty. Charles Manson earned notoriety for his grisly crimes. In our celebrity culture, it's hard not to think that seizing your 15 minutes of fame is worth the shame of earning it through stupidity, scandal, or evil. (See: people's motives for going on reality television.) We ordinary mortals can comfort ourselves with the knowledge that most people who become notorious fade from the public mind quickly.

proscribe

to forbid ممنوع کردن

skewered

to have been criticized or ridiculed sharply and effectively انتقاد کردن به سیخ کشیدن

compromised

to have been exposed to danger, suspicion, or disrepute. مصالحه کردن توافق

affront

to insult توهین کردن An affront is an action that causes offense. If someone blows smoke in your face after you've asked him to put out his cigarette, you would consider it an affront. Affronter was an old French word meaning "to confront" or "slap in the face." It's from the Latin, ad frontem, meaning "to the face." Sure, a slap in the face would still be considered an affront, but other non-physical actions would also count. Some would even call a misplaced apostrophe an affront to the English language. Don't confuse affront with effrontery, which means "presumptuousness."

jumble

to mix things together in a confused or messy way تکان خوردن، درهم آمیختن

unmoved by

unaffected, untouched تکان نمی دهد طرفو از لحاظ احساسی

immutable

unchangeable تغییرناپذیر

hapless

unfortunate بدبخت بیچاره نگون بخت

work up over

upset or very excited about something آشفته و عصبانی شدن

smitten with

very much in love with شیفته چیزی بودن Smitten means overwhelmed or struck by something, usually love. The way you light up every time the waiter comes over to your table, it's obvious you're smitten with him. Smitten is related to the verb smite, which comes from the Old English smitan, meaning "to hit, strike, beat." What do hitting and beating have to do with love, you may ask? Well, when some people fall in love they report feeling as though they've been "struck by lightning." Obviously those people have never actually been struck by lightning, because when you're struck by lightning you don't start saying things like, "Oh, you like the beach? Brad loves the beach!" and, "You have a cat? So does Brad!"

alert

watchful; wide awake هشیار بودن

renowned

well-known, famous, celebrated مشهور

Experimentalism

آزمون گرایی بر پایه تست و آزمایش

utmost propriety

بیشترین حد نزاکت Propriety is following what is socially acceptable in speech and behavior. If you are someone who cares about always doing the right and proper thing, your friends might accuse you of being obsessed with propriety and beg you to loosen up. In the Victorian Age, both sexes had well-defined roles and were expected to exercise self-restraint. Except for the men. Everyone looked the other way when they went out on benders. Their wives at home however, were so confined by the era's standards of propriety that if a woman so much as referred to the fact that she was pregnant, everyone would cover their mouths and gasp. She'd committed an impropriety.

exaltation

تجلیل ستایش پرستش If the Prize Patrol showed up at your door with a check for a million dollars, you'd probably be overcome with a feeling of exaltation or overwhelming happiness. Chances are slim, so don't bank on it. Exaltation comes from the Latin exaltare meaning to "raise aloft." When you're in a state of exaltation, your emotions are raised aloft and you're swept away in happiness. Exaltation is also the term for praising someone really highly or raising someone in rank, and for a group of larks, and in astrology, the place in a planet's orbit of maximum influence. Fly an exaltation of larks above the ceremony of your exaltation to Minister of Vocabulary.

account of

توضیح ادعا

constituent

رای دهنده موکل Constituent means part of a whole. The word comes up often in political contexts: constituents are the people politicians have been elected to represent. Elected officials should stay in touch with the needs of their constituents. To understand constituent, look at constitute, which means "to make up." The words share the Latin root constituentem, meaning "to compose," as in a part that makes up a larger whole. A politician's electorate is made of individual constituent voters. Although it's often used to refer to voters, you can also say that a car motor, for example, is made of constituent parts. Constituent can be a noun or adjective.

eager, inclined, disposed, prone

علاقه مند، تمایل داشتن

Deviating from

منحرف شدن گمراه شدن If something turns off course or is diverted, it deviates from the expected or the norm. Deviating from explicit recipe directions is never a good idea, unless you want inedible food or a kitchen fire. The verb deviate can refer to divergence from a predicted path or road ("the airplane's route deviated from the flight plan"), but it can also refer to a divergence from normal behavior or expectations. When women demanded the right to vote, their behavior was considered shocking and deviated from the expectations of the time.

finnesse

مهارت زبردستی زیرکی به کار بردن Having finesse means you can handle difficult situations with diplomacy and tact, like the finesse it takes to help two friends work out their differences — without taking sides or alienating either one. Finesse is having grace under pressure. It's handling the rantings of an angry customer with a smile and a calm tone. Someone who has finesse says the right thing at the right time — or knows when to say nothing at all. Finesse looks like fineness and in fact comes from the Middle French word that means exactly that — delicate in nature. People with finesse can handle anything — with a delicate approach that really works.

brusque

(adj.) abrupt, blunt, with no formalities If you ask a salesperson for help finding something and all you get in response is a brusque "Everything's out on the shelves," you'll probably take your business elsewhere. A brusque manner of speaking is unfriendly, rude, and very brief. کوتاه و توهین آمیز