groundwater aeration zone of saturation zone of aeration water table aquifer natural recharge lateral recharge surface runoff watershed drought floodplain reservoir land subsidence sinkhole flood irrigation drip irrigation center-pivot sprinkler low-pres

aeration

Aeration involves perforating the soil with small holes to allow air, water and nutrients to penetrate the grass roots. This helps the roots grow deeply and produce a stronger, more vigorous lawn. The main reason for aerating is to alleviate soil compaction.

natural recharge

Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer.

watershed

Land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a major river

sewage treatment

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated wastewater (or treated effluent).

desalination

Soil salinity control relates to controlling the problem of soil salinity and reclaiming salinized agricultural land. The aim of soil salinity control is to prevent soil degradation by salination and reclaim already salty (saline) soils. Soil reclamation is also called soil improvement, rehabilitation, remediation, recuperation, or amelioration. The primary man-made cause of salinization is irrigation. River water or groundwater used in irrigation contains salts, which remain behind in the soil after the water has evaporated. The primary method of controlling soil salinity is to permit 10-20% of the irrigation water to leach the soil,that will be drained and discharged through an appropriate drainage system.

zone of saturation

The phreatic zone, or zone of saturation, is the area in an aquifer, below the water table, in which relatively all pores and fractures are saturated with water. The phreatic zone defines the lower edge of the vadose zone.

aquifer

a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.

fecal coliform bacteria

a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals.

oxygen sag curve

a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals.

land subsidence

a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the Earth's surface owing to subsurface movement of earth materials.

reservoir

a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

reverse osmosis

a process by which a solvent passes through a porous membrane in the direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure.

distillation

a process of separating the component or substances from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.

flood irrigation

an ancient method of irrigating crops. It was likely the first form of irrigation used by humans as they began cultivating crops and is still one of the most commonly used methods of irrigation used today.

floodplain

an area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding.

hypoxia

deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues.

nonpoint source

duh

sinkhole

duh

water table

e water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is where the pores and fractures of the ground are saturated with water.

cultural eutrophication

form of water pollution. Cultural eutrophication also occurs when excessive fertilizers run into lakes and rivers. This encourages the growth of algae (algal bloom) and other aquatic plants.

reverse osmosis

is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water.

turbidity

is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.

drought

lack of water

lateral recharge

lateral recharge. water that moves sideways from rivers, & streams to recharge aquifer. surface water.

center

pivot sprinkler-duh

low

pressure sprinklers

point

source pollution

septic tank

tank, typically underground, in which sewage is collected and allowed to decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of a leaching field.

drip irrigation

the slow, precise application of water and nutrients directly to the plant root zone. Also known as micro or trickle irrigation systems, drip irrigation systems help maintain the ideal moisture level, encouraging the formation of deeper roots and more abundant foliage.

groundwater

water in ground

surface runoff

water that runs off the surface,

zone of aeration

zone of aeration is the region between the earth's surface and the water table. The main components of this region are the soil and rocks. Their pores are at times partly filled with water and air, and aeration occurs when the air and water mix or come into close contact.