growth and development
Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage
(Birth to 2 years) Infants construct their understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor abilities - Capable of overt actions - Not capable of mental thought - Psychological structures of this stage = sensorimotor action schemes - Intelligence is built upon basic reflexes
Infant fine motor development
1-2 mo: Grasp reflex 3 mo: actively holds rattle 4-6 mo: objects to mouth 7 mo: transfers objects 9 mo: crude pincer grasp 11 mo: refined pincer grasp; should be able to pick up really tiny objects with their fingers
stage toddler characteristics and nursing
1-3y, increased physical autonomy and psychosocial skills, teach safety
Piaget: Formal Operational
11-adulthood. Think abstractly, transfer knowledge, mentally process information, critical thinking
stage adolescence characteristics and nursing
12-18y, stress and physical growth increase, teach coping behaviors and conflict resolution.
stage young adulthood characteristics and nursing
18-40y, deveop lifestyle and relationships with SOs, accept and support lifestyle
stage infancy characteristics and nursing
1mo-1y, rapid physical growth, teach to control environment
stage preschool characteristics and nursing
3-6y, expanding world and slower physical growth, play and social activity important
stage middle adulthood characteristics and nursing
40-65y, life and career changes and kids leave home, plan for changes and focus on strength
stage school age characteristics and nursing
6-12y, peer group important and slower physical growth, hobbies and activities are important
stage older adult characteristics and nursing
65-74y, adapt to retirement and changes in physical health, assist to keep active and maintain peer connections
Piaget: Concrete Operational
7-11. Thinking logically, making inferences, viewing things from more than one perspective. Make classifications.
stage middle old characteristics and nursing
75-84y, decline in physical and dependence on others, assist to cope with loss and maintain safety
stage really fcking old characteristics and nursing
85+, increasing physical issues, encourage self care and independence
Once physiologic needs are met, nurses can concentrate on meeting self-actualization needs of patients. What are examples of self- actualization needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs? (Select all that apply.)
A nurse attains a master's degree in nursing by going to school in the evening. A student nurse takes a course in communication to improve her ability to relate to patients. A nurse subscribes to several nursing journals to stay abreast of developments in the
Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, arrange the following nursing diagnoses in order of highest priority to lowest priorty. A. Disturbed body image B. Sleep Deprivation C. Ineffective Relationship D. Decreased Cardiac Output E. Anxiety
D, E, C, A, B
A nurse is teaching a 7-year old diabetic child who is in Piaget's concrete operational stage about insulin injections. Based on Piaget's theory, what would be the nurse's best method of preparation for this child?
Demonstrate the procedure on a teddy bear.
Piaget Preoperational Stage
During this stage, young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe.
Which intervention performed by the nurse is most appropriate for assisting a client in meeting safety and security needs based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Providing the mother the phone number for the Poison Control Center
In conjunction with the client, the nurse has set the following client outcomes. Which client outcome reflects Maslow's level of self-esteem needs?
The client will verbalize feelings of increased confidence in performing a finger-stick blood sugar.
The nurse is implementing care for several clients. Which of the following clients is the nurse helping to reach the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of basic human needs?
The nurse provides privacy for the client and family during times of prayer.
Place the following nursing interventions in order of priority according to Maslow's hierarchy of basic needs.
The nurse teaches the client about foods high in fiber. The nurse teaches the daughter how to administer the client's insulin. The nurse assists the client in making a phone call to the client's daughter. The nurse positions the bed of the Muslim client who is bedfast toward Mecca.
A nurse is teaching parents of preschoolers about growth and development of their children. Which teaching point would the nurse include? 1. The pace of growth and development is specific for each person. 2. Growth and development occur at similar stages and rates for each age group. 3. Aspects of growth and development cannot be modified. 4. Growth and development do not follow regular predictable trends.
The pace of growth and development is specific and individualized for each person. Growth and development follow regular predictable trends, as noted by various developmental theorists. Growth and development do not occur at similar stages and rates for each age group. Aspects of growth and development can be modified.
Maslow Hierarchy
a method of classifying human needs and motivations into five categories in ascending order of importance: physiological (basic, food, h2o), safety (basic), social (belonging and love), esteem, and self-actualization
When performing neurological reflexes on the infant, which primitive reflex will be present longest?
babinski
Maslow proposed five levels of need and grouped them according to motivation. Which client need is of primary importance?
breathing easy
brain growth
by 12 months 2.5x birth brain. AF open 12-18 mo. spinal cord myelination to 2y- required for development. 0-2mo reflexes change to purposeful
gross motor development
cephalocaudal - head to toe.
2 factors that drive growth and development
genetics and environment
normal development and growth
growth and development are interrelated continuous, orderly, sequential process all humans follow same pattern of growth sequence is predictable - time, length and effects vary developmental stage has its own characteristics
basic principles of growth and development
growth: length, physical change, increase in size. development: complexity, function and skill progression
adolescent - 12 to 18
identity vs role confusion pt concerned with illness/ appearance need peer visitors/ roommates provide education and reassurance place in room either by themselves or with someone around their age not a baby or elderly person puberty increased sweating body organs mature rebellious support uniqueness
birth to 1 year
immense growth weight doubles by 5 months teeth, height increases by a foot kidney and liver mature increased physical control sensory function improves FAS leading cause of mental impairment
Preschool (3 to 6 years)
independence language well developed growth slow and steady skill development continues interact with others large motor, increased dexterity initiative vs guilt
toddler - 1 to 3 years
independent growth slows birth wt x 4, height 1/2 adult rapid gross motor elimination control language develops autonomy begins grows 3 inches/year
school age - 6 to 12 years
industry vs inferiority (Piaget) build self esteem boy and girl close in size fat changes to muscle permanent teeth body organs and systems mature fine motor skills many friends changes in sexuality
nursing process NANDA
ineffective breastfeeding risk for disproportionate growth imbalanced nutrition risk for impaired attachment delayed G&D risk for caregiver role strain
For a bottle-fed neonate, the first feeding usually consists of:
iron fortified formula
While caring for a pregnant adolescent, a nurse should develop a care plan that incorporates the adolescent's:
level of emotional maturity
Modifiable risk factors
prenatal: mother's nutrition, drugs, illness, stress environment: family, parental interaction, nutrition, living conditions, climate, injury/illness, socioeconomic
fine motor development
proximal-distal, simple to complex,
stage neonatal characteristics and nursing
reflexive behavior, birth-28days, teach how to care for infant
The nurse assists a postoperative client with ambulation. The nurse recognizes that assisting the client when performing this skill meets which of Maslow's basic human needs?
safety and security
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
normal development specifics
simple to complex, increasingly differentiated, certain stages are more critical, pace is uneven, rate is individual
factors related to growth and development
stress and coping, teaching and learning - different learning preferences
cultural considerations in G&D
traditional practices nutrition rules of social interaction amount of speech in home genetic traits
adult
young: body systems function well, psychosocial stressors middle: signs of aging, confront mortality older: more emotional stressors
