growth and development

Age is more than an accumulation of years. The aging process affects people in different ways. A student nurse has been asked to prepare a chart comparing terms related to older adulthood. The student nurse has to provide a handout for a clinical postconference on gerontology and ageism. Based on this information, what is the best explanation of ageism? 1. Study of characteristics and changes that cause balance in a population 2. Labeling and discrimination against elderly adults 3. Prejudice based on chronologic age 4. Study of medical problems and care associated with older adults Select one: A. 2, 3 B. 3, 4 C. 1, 4 D. 1, 2

A. 2, 3

A nurse is assessing a teenage client who had an accident in a car race. The client's father reveals that the client has also started drinking and using drugs. The nurse can best categorize the client in which developmental phase? Select one: A. Psychosocial development B. Cognitive development C. Middle adolescence D. Late adolescence

A. Psychosocial development

A nurse is taking care of a teenager who complains about involuntary discharge of semen while sleeping. The nurse observes that the client is confused and does not know about the pubertal changes that are taking place in his body. Based on this information, what is the highest priority area that should be reviewed with the client? Select one: A. Provide information about sex and sexuality. B. Educate the client about the changes that occur during adolescence. C. Review about sexually transmitted infections. D. Convince him that involuntary discharge of semen during sleeping needs the immediate attention of the primary care provider.

B. Educate the client about the changes that occur during adolescence.

Many challenges face the older adult client. A client tells the nurse of concerns about finances since retirement. The client shares difficulties that are being experienced because of limited financial resources. Based on these data and the challenges for older people, what data would be most accurate for incorporation of a discussion about finances for the client? Select one: A. Older adults own their homes and the value has increased to assist in moving to new neighborhoods. B. Most older adults have to adjust to a fixed income. C. Most older adults find commuting expenses for preventive healthcare increase. D. Most older adults spend more money on clothing.

B. Most older adults have to adjust to a fixed income.

A 50-year-old client is apprehensive about older adulthood. The client wants to know about the various ways that will help him live a healthier and a happier life in older adulthood. The nurse should inform the client about which healthcare goal to help him achieve a healthy and a happy living in older adulthood? Select one: A. Review past resolutions and decisions. B. Select optimal function of age. C. Retain control over major aspects of life. D. Take part in social activities.

B. Select optimal function of age.

The nurse is educating the family regarding normal behavior for their 2-year-old daughter. Why is it important for the nurse to understand normal behavior in a child? Select one: A. To suggest the type of schooling required for the child B. To distinguish between normal and abnormal behavior C. To encourage peer cooperation, interaction, and sharing D. To promote bonding between the child and family

B. To distinguish between normal and abnormal behavi

Play is important to child development. Children learn about the world through play. The parents of a preschooler tell the nurse that the child frequently plays with other children side by side with the same type of toys but rarely interacts with the other children's toys. Based on the data collected by the nurse, the nurse would most likely contribute this finding to what type of play by the preschooler? Select one: A. Interactive play B. Solitary play C. Parallel play D. Cooperative play

C. Parallel play

Play is important to child development. Children learn about the world through play. The parents of a preschooler tell the nurse that the child frequently plays with other children side by side with the same type of toys but rarely interacts with the other children's toys. Based on the data collected by the nurse, the nurse would most likely contribute this finding to what type of play by the preschooler? Select one: A. Solitary play B. Cooperative play C. Parallel play D. Interactive play

C. Parallel play

A nurse is addressing a group of schoolteachers on the importance of sex education for children. What should the nurse emphasize as the highest primary source of sex education information for adolescents? Select one: A. Counselors B. Teachers C. Parents D. Peers

C. Parents

During a routine checkup, a 33-year-old unmarried client reveals that she is anxious to start a family and have a baby. What challenge should the nurse discuss with the client about this concern? 1. Career goals and motherhood will not conflict with a planned adoption. 2. There should not be undue pressure to find the right father for an impending baby just because life is moving along. 3. Adoption and artificial insemination are options for single women. 4. A baby outside a committed relationship involves the responsibilities and challenges of single parenthood. Select one: A. 1, 3 B. 1, 2 C. 2, 3 D. 3, 4

D. 3, 4

A student nurse is preparing a report about the stages of development in early adulthood. Based on integrating concepts on the theories of early adulthood, which is the correct sequence that the student nurse should review of the stages of development? 1. Reappraising commitments 2. Establishing adult relationships 3. Starting a family 4. Choosing a career Select one: A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 3, 2, 4, 1 C. 2, 3, 1, 4 D. 4, 2, 3, 1

D. 4, 2, 3, 1

Based on the fact that most children are able to perform certain tasks at about the same age, what would be the best food for the nurse to tell the mother to introduce first to the infant? Select one: A. Finely minced meat B. Eggs C. Citrus fruits D. Iron-fortified cereal

D. Iron-fortified cereal

Many challenges face the older adult client. A client tells the nurse of concerns about finances since retirement. The client shares difficulties that are being experienced because of limited financial resources. Based on these data and the challenges for older people, what data would be most accurate for incorporation of a discussion about finances for the client? Select one: A. Most older adults find commuting expenses for preventive healthcare increase. B. Older adults own their homes and the value has increased to assist in moving to new neighborhoods. C. Most older adults spend more money on clothing. D. Most older adults have to adjust to a fixed income

D. Most older adults have to adjust to a fixed income

A client approaching older adulthood talks to a nurse regarding overdependence on other people. The client also expresses the wish to achieve more independence during old age. Which key element can the nurse encourage to help the client attain more independence in older adulthood? Select one: A. Reviewing life B. Focus on adjustments Incorrect C. Financial stability D. Reminiscence

Financial stability is a key element that can help the client attain more independence in older adulthood. Reminiscence is a method of attaining psychosocial development as proposed by Erikson. It does not lead to independence in older adulthood. Reviewing life does not promote independence for clients in older adulthood. Focusing on necessary adjustments is a developmental task for older adulthood, but not the key element in helping the client attain more independence. The correct answer is: Financial stability

A nurse is discussing with a social activist issues related to the growing population of the elderly. What is the highest priority issue that the nurse should focus on to lower healthcare costs? Select one: A. Urban transportation B. Nutrition counseling C. Financial planning D. Fitness programs

Fitness programs designed for older adults should promote better health in an effort to lower healthcare costs. Financial planning needs to begin in early adulthood to promote self-sufficiency and independence in old age. Urban transportation systems must assist older adults in maintaining social contacts and provide easier access to preventive healthcare facilities. Better nutrition in younger years benefits people as they age. Nutrition should play a greater role in preventive healthcare, restoration of health, and maintenance of optimal health throughout the life span. The correct answer is: Fitness programs

Based on this information, what is the best explanation of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development during the early adult period? Select one: A. Spending time with a significant other or pursing solitary interests B. Climbing the corporate ladder and making a great deal of money C. Learning new activities or participating in known recreation for satisfaction D. Confronting choices about occupation, education, relationships, living environment, and independence

In early adulthood, people confront choices about their occupation, education, relationships, living environment, and independence. During middle adulthood, climbing the corporate ladder and making a great deal of money, spending time with a significant other, pursuing solitary interests and learning new activities, or participating in known recreation for satisfaction occurs. The correct answer is: Confronting choices about occupation, education, relationships, living environment, and independence

During the annual physical examination of an adolescent girl, the adolescent reveals to the nurse that she is interested in having an intimate relationship with her boyfriend but does not know much about sex. Ho w can the nurse help this client form a healthy sexual attitude? 1. Tell her that she should have no questions about sexual preferences. 2. Review pubertal changes that occur in the body. 3. Provide information about sex. 4. Review that sexual activity at younger ages is decreasing.

The correct answer is: 2, 3

A 70-year-old gentleman is considering marriage to a healthy neighbor. The client tells the nurse what he is considering and that he is stressed about whether they will be able to participate in sexual activities at their age. What is the nurse's most appropriate response? Select one: A. "Both of you may have to adapt to possible changes in sexuality." B. "Older men have erectile dysfunction while women maintain sexuality." C. "Older adults are not interested in sexual activity." D. "Sexual activity is probably too demanding for older adults."

A. "Both of you may have to adapt to possible changes in sexuality."

A 70-year-old gentleman is considering marriage to a healthy neighbor. The client tells the nurse what he is considering and that he is stressed about whether they will be able to participate in sexual activities at their age. What is the nurse's most appropriate response? Select one: A. "Both of you may have to adapt to possible changes in sexuality." B. "Sexual activity is probably too demanding for older adults." C. "Older men have erectile dysfunction while women maintain sexuality." D. "Older adults are not interested in sexual activity." Feedback

A. "Both of you may have to adapt to possible changes in sexuality."

A nurse is discussing with a social activist issues related to the growing population of the elderly. What is the highest priority issue that the nurse should focus on to maximize the resources within the older adult population? 1. More flexible working and retirement schedules 2. Opportunities for volunteer work 3. Recognition of past contributions 4. Financial planning Select one: A. 1, 2, 3 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 1, 3, 4

A. 1, 2, 3

During the annual physical examination of an adolescent girl, the adolescent reveals to the nurse that she is interested in having an intimate relationship with her boyfriend, but does not know much about sex. Why is it important that the nurse assist in providing sex education to teenagers? 1. Adolescents will seek answers elsewhere. 2. Unwholesome attitudes may develop from information from peers. 3. Repetition of correct beliefs that they receive from older adolescents is critical. 4. Premature and unsafe sexual activities could occur. Select one: A. 1, 2, 4 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 1, 3, 4 D. 2, 3, 4

A. 1, 2, 4

Many age-related changes are based on general physical alterations. The human body is changing from the time of conception until death. Many implications of the challenges for future healthcare are related to changing demographics and physical changes of the older adult. Based on this information, an elderly client wants to know about the major physical changes related to the aging process. What physical changes should the nurse make the client aware of? 1. Change in visual and auditory acuity 2. Unsteady gait 3. Increase in tactile sensations 4. Stiff joints 5. Decreased sense of balance Select one: A. 1, 2, 4, 5 B. 2, 3, 4, 5 C. 1, 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 3, 4, 5

A. 1, 2, 4, 5

During the annual physical examination of an adolescent girl, the adolescent reveals to the nurse that she is interested in having an intimate relationship with her boyfriend, but does not know much about sex. Why does the nurse need to counsel this potentially sexually active adolescent? 1. Sexual activity at younger ages is increasing. 2. Young girls use birth control pills more when they are available. 3. Incidence of sexually transmitted infections is on the rise. 4. Condom use helps prevent sexually transmitted infections. Select one: A. 1, 3, 4 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 1, 2, 3

A. 1, 3, 4

When discussing the growth and development of an adolescent, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adolescent client. Based on Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which should the nurse identify as the major priority challenge faced by adolescents? Select one: A. Achieving their own identity B. Developing trust C. Helping others achieve their goals D. Achieving independence from parental dominance

A. Achieving their own identity

The student nurse is preparing a short oral report for postclinical discussion on adolescent stages of growth and development. Based on the information that adolescence can be divided into stages, what would be the best explanation of the main characteristics of middle adolescence stage? Select one: A. Fluctuations in self-assurance B. Desire for independence C. Grapple with career choices D. Grapple with everyday issues

A. Fluctuations in self-assurance

When discussing the growth and development of an adolescent, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adolescent client. Based on this information, what is the best explanation of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development during the adolescence period? Select one: A. The adolescent faces many different decisions during the teen years concerning the future and the adult world. B. The adolescent thinks in the abstract and develops skills to participate in complex problem solving. C. The adolescent develops many skills during the teen ages, which help adolescents make educational and career choices. D. Cognitive development is cumulative; that is, what is learned is based on what has been known before.

A. The adolescent faces many different decisions during the teen years concerning the future and the adult world.

A 4-year-old child is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of leukemia. The mother is very upset and tells the nurse that the child has not wet the bed in 18 months. She asks the nurse why all of a sudden the child is wetting the bed. What is the best explanation for this behavior by the nurse to the mother? Select one: A. "A child's behavior may go backward to an earlier stage of development during an acute illness." B. "Sometimes children get a little nervous when they are admitted to the hospital and might have one accident." C. "Don't worry about it; I will get the nursing assistant to change the bed right now." D. "The medications your child is receiving can cause incontinence and once the medication is discontinued it will no longer be an issue."

A. "A child's behavior may go backward to an earlier stage of development during an acute illness."

A nurse is explaining cognitive development in children to a client, with the help of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What would be the best explanation by the nurse about the preoperational level of cognitive development? Select one: A. Children from ages 2 to 7 years investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view. B. Up to age 2, children learn by touching, tasting and feeling. They learn to control body movement. C. After age 12 children can think in the abstract including complex problem solving. D. From ages 7 to 11 years, children internalize actions and can perform them in the mind.

A. Children from ages 2 to 7 years investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view.

The student nurse is preparing a short oral report for postclinical discussion on adolescent stages of growth and development. Based on the information that adolescence can be divided into stages, what would be the best explanation of the main characteristics of the pubescence stage? Select one: A. Desire for independence B. Grapple with career choices C. Fluctuations in self-assurance D. Grapple with everyday issues

A. Desire for independence

There are characteristics and a normal sequence of human growth and development. The nurse sees a 3-month-old child in the pediatrician's office. The mother asks the nurse what the normal level of cognitive development should be for a 3-month-old child. Based on this information, what would the nurse teach the client's mother as being the major level of cognitive development for a 3-month-old child? Select one: A. Smiles, babbles, follows lights and reacts to sounds B. Laughs, squeals, and looks at objects for several seconds, and reaches for and grasps objects C. Develops social smile, responds to pleasurable interactions, such as looking at the mother's face D. Develops a preferred sleeping position and cry to signal needs

At 3 months of age, the major level of development is laughing, squealing, looking at objects for several seconds and reaching for and grasping objects. At 6 weeks, the major level of development is smiling, babbling, following lights, and reacting to sounds. At 8 weeks, the major level of development is establishing a preferred sleeping position and crying to signal needs. At 2 to 3 months of age, the major level of development is to develop a social smile and respond to pleasurable interactions, such as looking at human faces. The correct answer is: Laughs, squeals, and looks at objects for several seconds, and reaches for and grasps objects

There are characteristics and a normal sequence of human growth and development. A cousin who is a nurse is watching the niece's children while the niece attends calling hours for their uncle. The youngest child continuously smiles, babbles, follows the light in the funeral home, and reacts to the noises in the environment. Based on this information, the nurse knows that this child is most likely approximately what age? Select one: A. 2 to 3 months B. 8 weeks C. 6 weeks D. 3 months

At 6 weeks, the major level of development is smiling, babbling, following lights, and reacting to sounds. At 8 weeks, the major level of development is establishing a preferred sleeping position and crying to signal needs. At 3 months of age, the major level of development is laughing, squealing, looking at objects for several seconds, and reaching for and grasping objects. At 2 to 3 months of age, the major level of development is to develop a social smile and respond to pleasurable interactions, such as looking at human faces. The correct answer is: 6 weeks

A mother tells the nurse that her child has been able to recognize a quart of milk whether it is in the milk container or poured into a plastic jug as the same amount. Based on this information that the nurse collected about the child's current cognitive development, this skill most likely is an example of what concrete operation characteristic of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select one: A. Reversibility B. Conservation of matter C. Complex problem solving D. Seriation

B. Conservation of matter

An 83-year-old client has recently lost her husband of 60 years. The client is very depressed and frustrated. The client has requested some spiritual counseling and consolation. Based on the data collected by the nurse, how can the nurse best help the client overcome the depression at this time? Select one: A. Tell the client to join the local community fitness center. B. Teach the client to explore local volunteer opportunities. C. Encourage the client to explore continuing education programs at the local school. D. Explore with the client her beliefs about religion and spirituality.

B. Teach the client to explore local volunteer opportunities.

A client is complaining that her 68-year-old mother has retired as a chemist and is no longer sticking to the day-to-day routines and would rather play bridge almost every day. Based on the data collected by the nurse, what is the best advice to the client at this time? Select one: A. Advise her to seriously consider sending her mother to an assisted living facility. B. Tell the client that her mother is choosing activities that can continue for many years of retirement. C. Explain to the client that it is important to make her mother maintain a routine for health reasons. D. Encourage the client to talk with her mother about family and social responsibilities.

B. Tell the client that her mother is choosing activities that can continue for many years of retirement.

A client is complaining that her 68-year-old mother has retired as a chemist and is no longer sticking to the day-to-day routines and would rather play bridge almost every day. Based on the data collected by the nurse, what is the best advice to the client at this time? Select one: A. Explain to the client that it is important to make her mother maintain a routine for health reasons. B. Tell the client that her mother is choosing activities that can continue for many years of retirement. C. Encourage the client to talk with her mother about family and social responsibilities. D. Advise her to seriously consider sending her mother to an assisted living facility.

B. Tell the client that her mother is choosing activities that can continue for many years of retirement.

When discussing the growth and development of an infant with a client, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. The nurse is reviewing the major points of Erikson's theory with a client. What would be the best explanation of this theory to the client by the nurse? Select one: A. Each stage of development contains a psychosocial challenge or critical period during which the person must deal with a major life change. B. Cognitive development is cumulative; that is, what is learned is based on what has been known before. C. A child develops an understanding of object permanence, which is the knowledge that an object seen in a particular spot continues to exist and will return to view when it is uncovered. D. Children will investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view.

A. Each stage of development contains a psychosocial challenge or critical period during which the person must deal with a major life change.

While taking care of a teenager in the late adolescence stage, what client behavior will the nurse most likely observe during data collection for an annual physical examination? Select one: A. Seclusion and moodiness B. True attitude of maturity C. Introspection and fluctuations in self-assurance Incorrect D. Childish ways of appearing, thinking, and behaving

B. True attitude of maturity

Parents ask the nurse how they will know when their daughter has reached puberty. Which is the best response by the nurse? Select one: A. "Increased glandular activity causes an increase in sweat." B. "A noticeable growth spurt usually begins for girls between the ages of 10 and 14." C. "By age 14, many girls have the physical appearance of a young woman." D. "Your daughter will display significant mood swings."

C. "By age 14, many girls have the physical appearance of a young woman."

Many age-related changes are based on general physical alterations. The human body is changing from the time of conception until death. Many implications of the challenges for future healthcare are related to changing demographics and physical changes of the older adult. Based on this information, the nurse should review with the older adult client what major physical changes are related to the normal aging process? Select all that apply Select one or more: A. Increased emotional and physical losses B. Decreased capacity for recovery from injury or illness C. Decreased functioning of organs D. Decreased reaction time

A. Increased emotional and physical losses B. Decreased capacity for recovery from injury or illness C. Decreased functioning of organs D. Decreased reaction time

What should the nurse suggest to the client to help his son overcome peer pressure? Select all that apply Select one or more: A. Provide positive reinforcement of appropriate practices. B. Give information about the hazards of risk taking. C. Model safe habits and practices. D. Promote a safe home environment where the son receives appropriate responses.

A. Provide positive reinforcement of appropriate practices. B. Give information about the hazards of risk taking. C. Model safe habits and practices.

An 80-year-old client at the assisted living facility asks the nurse for advice on maintaining what independence is possible so the client does not have to move to a skilled nursing facility. Based on this information, what does the nurse have to consider as the highest psychosocial considerations of maintaining independence for the client? Select one: A. Sustain optimal health, social responsibilities, and financial stability. B. Maintain mental stability and satisfactory relationships with family members. C. Move out of the assisted living facility to live alone. D. Encourage volunteerism activities with the younger people who visit.

A. Sustain optimal health, social responsibilities, and financial stability.

A 55-year-old middle-aged professor is contemplating retirement from teaching because of a wonderful buyout offer being presented to potential candidates by the university. The client shares this information with the nurse who is collecting data and vital signs as a follow-up visit to the primary care provider for hypertension. What suggestions should the nurse provide to the client at this time? 1. Encourage development of hobbies and interests in the community. 2. Make sure to explore possibilities for part-time work. 3. Spend money on an extended vacation before retirement. 4. Maintain current home and buy a condo in a warmer winter climate. Select one: A. 2, 3 B. 3, 4 C. 1, 2 D. 1, 3

C. 1, 2

A teenage client who has lived on a college campus in the late teen and early adult years has been surrounded by similar aged and like-minded individuals. As the client has moved away from college and left the family of origin, the client tells the nurse of being lonely. The client asks the nurse about relationships at this time in life. What should the nurse tell the client about relationships? 1. Encourage relationships that include coworkers 2. Encourage male and female housemates 3. Discourage homosexual relationships 4. Discourage religious orders Select one: A. 1, 3 B. 2, 3 C. 1, 2 D. 3, 4

C. 1, 2

An older adult client tells the nurse that it is very important to remain independent for as long as possible. Based on this information, the nurse needs to collect data in what areas of independence? 1. Health 2. Financial stability 3. Social resources 4. Transportation Select one: A. 1, 2, 4 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 1, 2, 3 D. 1, 3, 4

C. 1, 2, 3

During the annual physical examination of an adolescent girl, the adolescent reveals to the nurse that she is interested in having an intimate relationship with her boyfriend, but does not know much about sex. Why does the nurse need to counsel this potentially sexually active adolescent? 1. Sexual activity at younger ages is increasing. 2. Young girls use birth control pills more when they are available. 3. Incidence of sexually transmitted infections is on the rise. 4. Condom use helps prevent sexually transmitted infections. Select one: A. 1, 2, 4 B. 2, 3, 4 C. 1, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3

C. 1, 3, 4

Age is more than an accumulation of years. The aging process affects people in different ways. To fully adapt to aging and thrive in this new stage, older adults must confront many lifestyle changes. A student nurse has been asked to prepare a postclinical report on lifestyle changes in the older and aging population. What lifestyle changes should the student nurse incorporate into the report? 1. Increased income 2. Change in residence 3. Change in parenting roles 4. Adaptation to possible changes in sexuality 5. More time for meditation and contemplation of life Select one: A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 3, 4, 5 C. 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 1, 2, 4, 5

C. 2, 3, 4, 5

A client with a 3-year-old son wants to know the impact of her child failing to meet a challenge in the developmental process. Based on the data collected the nurse knows that what would occur if Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is applied? Select one: A. Failure to look at things from the child's point of view B. Failure to investigate and explore the environment C. Difficulty achieving the next level of development D. Inability to participate in cooperative and interactive play

C. Difficulty achieving the next level of development

A gentleman that is being assessed for high blood pressure tells the nurse that he is worried about his teenage son who has started using drugs and alcohol and does not listen to him. Why do adolescents take risks with their health and relationships? Select all that apply. Select one or more: A. Peer pressure B. Prove to peers that they are maturing C. Exert their independence D. Define their identity

C. Exert their independence

The father of a 15-year-old boy is worried because he wants to discipline his son in an age-appropriate manner. While the boy is being assessed for diabetes, the father reveals this concern to the nurse. How should the nurse best help the client? Select one: A. Place stress on ensuring that the teenager is following family rules. B. Explain the importance of good grades for adolescents. C. Explain the importance of adult respect toward adolescents. D. Discuss the challenges for families with children who are diabetics

C. Explain the importance of adult respect toward adolescents.

According to Erikson's theory, at each stage of development, a significant person or group exerts a lasting influence on the ongoing development of the child. The student nurse is preparing a short report for a postclinical conference during the pediatric rotation. The student nurse is doing a case study report on the assigned child and family the nurse care for during the clinical experience. The family consists of an infant, school-age child, teenager, mother, and father. Which individual exerts the most lasting influence on the ongoing development of the adolescent? Select one: A. Mother B. Father C. Peer group D. School-age child

C. Peer group

A client tells the nurse that she has noticed an increase in weight and fat deposits during the past year. The nurse reviews the client's chart and recognizes that the client is most likely going through puberty. Which nursing action is most appropriate at this time? Select one: A. Encourage increased exercise to control weight gain. B. Share information on what foods can be eaten on a low-fat diet to prevent fat deposits. C. Provide reassurance that these are normal changes. D. Review dietary measures to assist in controlling the weight gain.

C. Provide reassurance that these are normal changes.

The nurse is collecting data about a baby in the well-baby clinic. The nurse reads in the electronic medical record that proximodistal direction movements are present. What is the best interaction for this description in the record? Select one: A. Lift head before sitting. B. Make sounds before being able to walk. C. Roll over before grasping objects. D. Sit before walking.

C. Roll over before grasping objects.

A 50-year-old client is apprehensive about older adulthood. The client wants to know about the various ways that will help him live a healthier and a happier life in older adulthood. The nurse should inform the client about which healthcare goal to help him achieve a healthy and a happy living in older adulthood? Select one: A. Take part in social activities. B. Retain control over major aspects of life. C. Select optimal function of age. D. Review past resolutions and decisions.

C. Select optimal function of age.

Play is important to child development. Children learn about the world through play.The parents of a young girl tell the nurse that the child frequently plays alone with her own toys in the same area as other children, but never interacts with the other children. The parents are worried that something is wrong developmentally with the child. Based on the data collected by the nurse, the nurse best explanation to the parents would be that this is best described as what type of normal play by the child? Select one: A. Interactive play B. Parallel play C. Solitary play D. Cooperative play

C. Solitary play

An 85-year-old client is not ready to accept the physical limitations associated with aging. The client is very upset about having to move to an assisted living center because of the limitations. What should the nurse consider in providing guidance to the client according to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development? Select one: A. Strive to find a new balance of involvement with self and individuals in the living center. B. Feel comfortable with life changes to maintain dignity. C. Try to achieve ego integrity and not despair with life. D. Avoid getting out of unsatisfactory life patterns.

C. Try to achieve ego integrity and not despair with life.

A 23-year-old recent college graduate is confused about the next steps to take in life. During a visit to the primary care office for an influenza immunization, the client asks the nurse what to do next in life. Based on the information from this young adult, what should the nurse encourage as the best avenue for the client at this time? Select one: A. Establishing adult relationships B. Starting a family C. Choosing a occupation D. Reappraising commitments

Considering the client's age, the nurse should encourage the client to select an occupation that will help the client move forward in life. The client can focus on establishing adult relationships, starting a family, and reappraising commitments after committing to an occupation. The correct answer is: Choosing a occupation

During the annual physical examination of an adolescent girl, the adolescent reveals to the nurse that she is interested in having an intimate relationship with her boyfriend but does not know much about sex. How can the nurse help this client form a healthy sexual attitude? 1. Tell her that she should have no questions about sexual preferences. 2. Review pubertal changes that occur in the body. 3. Provide information about sex. 4. Review that sexual activity at younger ages is decreasing. Select one: A. 3, 4 B. 1, 4 C. 1, 2 D. 2, 3

D. 2, 3

According to Erikson's theory, at each stage of development, a significant person or group exerts a lasting influence on the ongoing development of the child. The student nurse is preparing a short report for a postclinical conference during the pediatric rotation. The student nurse is doing a case study report on the assigned child and family for which she cared during the clinical experience. The family consists of an infant, school-aged child, teenager, mother, and father. What individuals in this family exert the most lasting influence on the ongoing development of the infant? 1. School-aged child 2. Teenager 3. Mother 4. Father Select one: A. 2, 4 B. 2, 3 C. 1, 2 D. 3, 4

D. 3, 4

A nurse is explaining cognitive development in children to a client, with the help of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What would be the best explanation by the nurse about the formal operations level of cognitive development? Select one: A. Up to age 2, children learn by touching, tasting, and feeling. They learn to control body movement. B. Children from ages 2 to 7 years investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view. C. From ages 7 to 11 years, children internalize actions and can perform them in the mind. D. After age 12, children can think in the abstract including complex problem solving.

D. After age 12, children can think in the abstract including complex problem solving.

The nurse is collecting data from a 4-year-old client and mother. What are the normal cognitive and motor development expectations that should be observed by a nurse in a 4- year-old child? Select one: A. Children develop the ability to say "no." B. Children can eat and brush without assistance from an adult. C. Children engage in parallel play. D. Children can state their full name and age.

D. Children can state their full name and age.

A teenage boy, while being assessed for fever, reveals to the nurse that he is interested in having an intimate relationship, but is afraid of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). How can the nurse best help this client? Select one: A. Advise the client to get sex education from his parents. B. Advise the client to avoid intimate relationships. C. Educate the client on the various forms of birth control. D. Educate the client to use condoms.

D. Educate the client to use condoms.

A nurse is discussing feeding practices with the mother of a 3-month-old infant. The mother describes propping the bottle on a blanket in the crib. Which is the highest priority consequence of this practice that the nurse should monitor when caring for the infant? Select one: A. Oral thrush B. Ulcers in mouth C. Tongue infection D. Erosion of tooth enamel

D. Erosion of tooth enamel

A nurse is discussing feeding practices with the mother of a 3-month-old infant. The mother describes propping the bottle on a blanket in the crib. Which is the highest priority consequence of this practice that the nurse should monitor when caring for the infant? Select one: A. Tongue infection B. Oral thrush C. Ulcers in mouth D. Erosion of tooth enamel

D. Erosion of tooth enamel

A client approaching older adulthood talks to a nurse regarding overdependence on other people. The client also expresses the wish to achieve more independence during old age. Which key element can the nurse encourage to help the client attain more independence in older adulthood? Select one: A. Reminiscence B. Focus on adjustments C. Reviewing life D. Financial stability

D. Financial stability

The student nurse is preparing a short oral report for postclinical discussion on adolescent stages of growth and development. Based on the information that adolescence can be divided into stages, what would be the best explanation of the main characteristics of late adolescence stage? Select one: A. Desire for independence B. Teeters between childish and mature ways of appearing and behaving C. Fluctuations in self-assurance D. Grapple with everyday issues

D. Grapple with everyday issues

The nurse is collecting data from the parents of a 2-year-old child. While attempting to get information from the parents, the child starts to cry, scream, and lash out every time the nurse tries to pick up the child from the mother's arms. Based on this observation, what conclusion would best be considered by the nursing about this 2-year-old child? Select one: A. The nurse recognizes that the child is being very manipulative and should immediately be taken away from the parents to be further assessed by a nurse practitioner. B. The nurse recognizes that the child is exhibiting development regression. C. The nurse needs to contact the primary care provider for further psychological assessment of the child and family members. D. The nurse recognizes that the child is displaying normal toddler development

D. The nurse recognizes that the child is displaying normal toddler development

A nurse is helping a father understand expected behaviors of his 8-year-old son. The nurse is teaching the father that, by this age, the boy is in the concrete operations stage of development. What are the most common characteristics that the nurse can tell the father that are displayed by children at this level according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select one: A. They have the ability to solve complex problems. B. They have the ability to investigate and explore the environment. C. They have the ability to learn by touching. D. They have the ability to understand quantities, such as weight and volume.

D. They have the ability to understand quantities, such as weight and volume.

An 85-year-old client is not ready to accept the physical limitations associated with aging. The client is very upset about having to move to an assisted living center because of the limitations. What should the nurse consider in providing guidance to the client according to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development? Select one: A. Avoid getting out of unsatisfactory life patterns. B. Strive to find a new balance of involvement with self and individuals in the living center. C. Feel comfortable with life changes to maintain dignity. D. Try to achieve ego integrity and not despair with life.

D. Try to achieve ego integrity and not despair with life.

A client tells the nurse that her 14-year-old daughter does not eat proper food and seems to be fond of eating at local fast food restaurants with her peers. Based on this information, what should the nurse tell the client about how eating disorders occur in adolescent girls? Select one: A. Eating pattern of bulimia develops by eating minimal amounts of food. B. Eating pattern of anorexia develops by pattern of binge eating followed by induced vomiting. C. Fret continually about being thin D. Very concerned about their appearance

D. Very concerned about their appearance

The nurse is collecting data from the parents of a 2-year-old child. While attempting to get information from the parents, the child starts to cry, scream, and lash out every time the nurse tries to pick up the child from the mother's arms. Based on this observation, what conclusion would best be considered by the nursing about this 2-year-old child? Select one: A. The nurse recognizes that the child is being very manipulative and should immediately be taken away from the parents to be further assessed by a nurse practitioner. B. The nurse needs to contact the primary care provider for further psychological assessment of the child and family members. C. The nurse recognizes that the child is displaying normal toddler development. D. The nurse recognizes that the child is exhibiting development regression.

C. The nurse recognizes that the child is displaying normal toddler development.

When documenting the medical history of a young client with a mouth ulcer, the nurse finds that the client is homosexual and is scared of revealing this to his family. Which is the most appropriate nursing intervention when assessing this client? Select one: A. The nurse should avoid physical contact with the client. B. The nurse should immediately inform the client's family. C. The nurse should inquire about the symptoms. D. The nurse should provide extra attention to the client.

C. The nurse should inquire about the symptoms. Correct

Age is more than an accumulation of years. The aging process affects people in different ways. A student nurse has been asked to prepare a chart comparing terms related to older adulthood. The student nurse has to provide a handout for a clinical postconference on gerontology and ageism. Based on this information, what is the best explanation of demographics to be considered in the handout on gerontology and ageism? Select one: A. Prejudice based on chronologic age B. Study of medical problems and care associated with older adults C. Study of characteristics and changes that cause balance in a population D. Labeling and discrimination against elderly adults

Demographics are the study of characteristics and changes that cause balance in the population. Ageism is the labeling and discrimination against elderly adults, prejudice based on chronologic age. Gerontology is the study of the medical problems and care associated with older adults. The correct answer is: Study of characteristics and changes that cause balance in a population

A student nurse is reviewing counseling techniques and has come to the nurse instructor for some assistance with the preparation of a report. During the conference, the student nurse asks the nurse instructor about factors that could have a major influence on decisions made by adults in each period of development. What should the nurse instructor's guidance to the student nurse include in the discussion? Select one: A. Upbringing in the family of origin B. Medical history C. Financial status D. Previous experiences

Erikson focuses on the psychosocial challenges that individuals face in the various life stages. People must meet and master these challenges before moving successfully to the next stage. Transition between each phase is determined by the choices made. These could include, but are not determined solely by, the adult's financial status, upbringing, or medical history. The correct answer is: Previous experiences

According to Erikson, developmental challenges are influenced by a variety of issues confronting the individual. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adult client. Based on this information, what expectations should the nurse review with the client that will greatly influence romantic relationships and their forms? 1. Individual characteristics 2. Cultural patterns 3. Societal expectations Select one: A. 1, 2 B. 2, 3 C. 1, 3 D. 1, 2, 3

Establishing intimacy is a key challenge for young adults. Cultural patterns and societal expectations greatly influence romantic relationships and their forms. Individual characteristics are considered, but they are not a major factor. The correct answer is: 2, 3

A nurse is reviewing the data collection of a middle-aged client. When reviewing the status of a middle-aged client's psychosocial development, which activity is the highest priority for the nurse to explore further with the client? Select one: A. How the client balances the needs of others B. Selection of a life partner C. How the client has established a sense of self D. Review of the client's life choices

Generativity versus stagnation is the challenge of middle adulthood. The tasks of generativity occur when middle adults decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations, such as how the client balances the needs of others. Selection of a life pattern is the developmental task for young adults. Reviewing one's life course is the task of older adults. Adolescents establish a sense of self. The correct answer is: How the client balances the needs of others

A nurse is reviewing the data collection of a middle-aged client. When reviewing the status of a middle-aged client's psychosocial development, which activity is the highest priority for the nurse to explore further with the client? Select one: A. Selection of a life partner B. Review of the client's life choices C. How the client has established a sense of self D. How the client balances the needs of others

Generativity versus stagnation is the challenge of middle adulthood. The tasks of generativity occur when middle adults decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations, such as how the client balances the needs of others. Selection of a life pattern is the developmental task for young adults. Reviewing one's life course is the task of older adults. Adolescents establish a sense of self. The correct answer is: How the client balances the needs of others

Age is more than an accumulation of years. The aging process affects people in different ways. To fully adapt to aging and thrive in this new stage, older adults must confront many lifestyle changes. A student nurse has been asked to prepare a postclinical report on lifestyle changes in the older and aging population. What lifestyle changes should the student nurse incorporate into the report? 1. Adaptation to prospect of death 2. Decrease in self-esteem and independence 3. Reevaluation of self-worth 4. Development of coping mechanisms to deal with accumulated changes 5. Adaptation to loss of spouse or partner, friends, and family members Select one: A. 1, 3, 4, 5 B. 2, 3, 4, 5 C. 1, 2, 4, 5 D. 1, 2, 3, 4

Lifestyle changes in the older and aging population include adaptation to prospect of death, maintenance of self-esteem and independence, re-evaluation of self-worth, development of coping mechanisms to deal with accumulated changes, and adaptation to loss of spouse or partner, friends, and family members. The correct answer is: 1, 3, 4, 5

Play is important to child development. Children learn about the world through play. Infant and toddler play is usually an interaction among children, the family, and simple toys. The nurse asks the mother of a toddler how long the child plays with one toy or with the family dog. The nurse is collecting this information during an admission interview. What answer by the mother would best be considered a normal finding to the nurse of the attention span of a toddler? Select one: A. 5 to 10 minutes B. 10 to 15 minutes C. 20 to 25 minutes D. 15 to 20 minutes

The attention span of most infants and toddlers lasts about 5 to 10 minutes not 10 to 25 minutes. The correct answer is: 5 to 10 minutes

A teenage female client, when being assessed by the nurse for a minor injury, is curious to know what can be identified as the greatest challenges she will face in early adulthood. What would be the best response by the nurse at this time? Select one: A. Completing education and choosing an occupation B. Enhancing relationships with people C. Dealing with family issues D. Living alone and managing life independently

The client is still a teenager, so she should be guided to complete her education and choose an occupation. An ideal time for the client to focus on enhancement of relationships, dealing with family issues, and managing life independently is during middle adulthood. The correct answer is: Completing education and choosing an occupation

When discussing the growth and development of an adult, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adult client. Based on this information, what is the best example of psychosocial development during the middle adult period? Select one: A. Working in a people-oriented occupation or in a quieter occupation B. Entering a serious relationship or remaining single C. Developing the intellectual self by working on advance degrees and reading extensively D. Establishing life goals and values

In middle adulthood, individuals develop the intellectual self by working on advanced degrees and reading extensively. In early adulthood, individuals enter a serious relationship or remain single; work in a people-oriented occupation or in a quieter occupation; and establish life goals and values. The correct answer is: Developing the intellectual self by working on advance degrees and reading extensively

When discussing the growth and development of an adult, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adult client. Based on this information, what is the best example of psychosocial development during the middle adult period? Select one: A. Working in a people-oriented occupation or in a quieter occupation B. Establishing life goals and values C. Entering a serious relationship or remaining single D. Developing the intellectual self by working on advance degrees and reading extensively

In middle adulthood, individuals develop the intellectual self by working on advanced degrees and reading extensively. In early adulthood, individuals enter a serious relationship or remain single; work in a people-oriented occupation or in a quieter occupation; and establish life goals and values. The correct answer is: Developing the intellectual self by working on advance degrees and reading extensively

An elderly client has come to a healthcare center to get training in developmental tasks related to older adulthood. The nurse, at times, faces adamant and noncooperative behavior from a client. How according to the Erikson's theory, should the nurse encourage a client to learn developmental tasks related to older adulthood? Select one: A. Adapt to social changes associated with age. B. Adapt to physical changes associated with age. C. Indulge in recollections or past experiences and events. D. Be regretful about past decisions and resolutions.

Indulging in reminiscence, reflecting on the past events and decisions, and being comfortable with them are proposed by Erikson. The nurse should encourage the client to adjust to the inevitable physical and social changes, but this is not part of Erikson's theory. Knowledge regarding the normal aging process helps the client to understand and adapt to these changes. The correct answer is: Indulge in recollections or past experiences and events.

A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adult client. Based on this information, which is the best explanation by the nurse of intimacy? Select one: A. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals choose to establish relationships B. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals choose to remain detached from others C. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals focus on individual pursuits and interests D. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations

Intimacy versus isolation is the challenge of young adults. Individuals choose to establish relationships with others (intimacy) or to remain detached (isolation) from others. Generativity versus stagnation is the challenge of middle adulthood. The tasks of generativity occur when middle adults decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations. Adults who focus on individual pursuits and interests are considered to be in the phase of stagnation. The correct answer is: Occurs in young adulthood when individuals choose to establish relationships

A mother has just delivered her first baby and asks the nurse about routines at home. Based on this question, what information should the nurse teach the new mother about establishing routines with an infant? Select one: A. Routines establish trust along with learning to expect. B. Routines contribute to a baby's ability to thrive. C. Routines promote bonding between mother and infant. D. Routines help the child adjust to toilet training

It is important to develop routines for an infant to help them establish trust along with learning what to expect. Skin-to-skin touch contributes to a baby's ability to thrive, and it helps promote bonding between the mother and infant. Developing routines does not help the child adjust to toilet training. The correct answer is: Routines establish trust along with learning to expect.

The nurse observes that an 88-year-old woman at an assisted living facility fondly shares stories about her military service during World War II. After completion of the data collection from the client, what is the most important intervention that the nurse should perform? Select one: A. Refer the client for a geriatric psychiatric evaluation. B. Listen and ask the client questions about World War II. C. Involve the client in the facility's social activities. D. Distract the client and change the subject of the conversation.

When working with older adults in healthcare practice, it is important to encourage reminiscence. Listening to older adults describe past joys and successes increases a person's satisfaction and self-esteem. Only when behavioral or significant memory problems have been noted is a geriatric psychiatric consult appropriate. Other social activities and conversation should be encouraged, but not to the point of demeaning the importance of life stories. The correct answer is: Listen and ask the client questions about World War II.

An 85-year-old client is not ready to accept the physical limitations associated with aging. The client is very upset about having to move to an assisted living center because of the limitations. What should the nurse consider in providing guidance to the client according to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development? Select one: A. Feel comfortable with life changes to maintain dignity. B. Avoid getting out of unsatisfactory life patterns. C. Strive to find a new balance of involvement with self and individuals in the living center. D. Try to achieve ego integrity and not despair with life.

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development achieving ego integrity versus despair is the developmental task for older adults. Feeling comfortable with change to attain the dignity that is part of aging; breaking out of unsatisfactory life patterns and obtaining a new balance of involvement with society and self are tasks of older adults, but the tasks are not part of Erikson's theory. The correct answer is: Try to achieve ego integrity and not despair with life.

An elderly client residing in an extended care facility is very depressed about the current phase of his life. How can the nurse, according to Erikson, best help the client achieve psychosocial development? Select one: A. Accomplish the developmental task of developing trust with caregivers. B. Encourage reminiscence. C. Achieve optimal successful transitions. D. Assist the client to focus on necessary adjustments

According to Erikson's theory, older adults should reflect on the past events and decisions of life by indulging in reminiscence. This way, older adults can achieve psychosocial development. Accomplishing developmental tasks and focusing on necessary adjustments are not suggested by Erikson. Accomplishing the developmental task of developing trust is also suggested by Erikson, but only in the early stages of life. Also, the fact that successful transitions result in wisdom and stability is not described by nor is not part of Erikson's theory. The correct answer is: Encourage reminiscence.

An elderly client residing in an extended care facility is very depressed about the current phase of his life. How can the nurse, according to Erikson, best help the client achieve psychosocial development? Select one: A. Encourage reminiscence. B. Achieve optimal successful transitions. C. Assist the client to focus on necessary adjustments. D. Accomplish the developmental task of developing trust with caregivers.

According to Erikson's theory, older adults should reflect on the past events and decisions of life by indulging in reminiscence. This way, older adults can achieve psychosocial development. Accomplishing developmental tasks and focusing on necessary adjustments are not suggested by Erikson. Accomplishing the developmental task of developing trust is also suggested by Erikson, but only in the early stages of life. Also, the fact that successful transitions result in wisdom and stability is not described by nor is not part of Erikson's theory. The correct answer is: Encourage reminiscence.

A client expresses anxiety regarding the 20-year-old daughter's ability to handle effectively the pressures of a career as a social worker. What factor is of highest priority in the daughter's ability to adapt to adverse circumstances in career that the nurse should address with the client at this time? Select one: A. The financial returns that she expects the career to offer B. Adjustments made by her throughout childhood and adolescence C. The support that she perceives from her peers D. The parent's involvement in choosing the career for her

Adaptability to adverse circumstances in a young adult's career goals depend on adjustments made throughout childhood and adolescence. Expected financial returns and peer support, although important factors, do not affect the ability to adapt to adverse circumstances in a person's career as much as do adjustments made earlier in life. The parent's involvement in choosing the person's career does not affect the ability to adapt to adverse circumstances. The correct answer is: Adjustments made by her throughout childhood and adolescence

A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adult client. Based on this information, which is the best explanation by the nurse of isolation? Select one: A. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals choose to remain detached from others B. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals choose to establish relationships C. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations D. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals focus on individual pursuits and interests

Adults who focus on individual pursuits and interests are considered to be in the phase of stagnation. Intimacy versus isolation is the challenge of young adults. Individuals choose to establish relationships with others (intimacy) or to remain detached (isolation) from others. Generativity versus stagnation is the challenge of middle adulthood. The tasks of generativity occur when middle adults decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations. The correct answer is: Occurs in young adulthood when individuals choose to remain detached from others

When discussing the growth and development of an adult, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adult client. Based on this information, which is the best explanation by the nurse of stagnation? Select one: A. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals choose to establish relationships B. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations C. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals choose to remain detached from others D. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals focus on individual pursuits and interests

Adults who focus on individual pursuits and interests are considered to be in the phase of stagnation. Intimacy versus isolation is the challenge of young adults. Individuals choose to establish relationships with others (intimacy) or to remain detached (isolation) from others. Generativity versus stagnation is the challenge of middle adulthood. The tasks of generativity occur when middle adults decided to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations. The correct answer is: Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals focus on individual pursuits and interests

Age is more than an accumulation of years. The aging process affects people in different ways. A student nurse has been asked to prepare a chart comparing terms related to older adulthood. The student nurse has to provide a handout for a clinical postconference on gerontology and ageism. Based on this information, what is the best explanation of ageism? 1. Study of characteristics and changes that cause balance in a population 2. Labeling and discrimination against elderly adults 3. Prejudice based on chronologic age 4. Study of medical problems and care associated with older adults Select one: A. 1, 4 B. 3, 4 C. 2, 3 D. 1, 2

Ageism is the labeling and discrimination against elderly adults and prejudice based on chronologic age. Demographics is the study of characteristics and changes that cause balance in the population. Gerontology is the study of the medical problems and care associated with older adults. The correct answer is: 2, 3

There are characteristics and a normal sequence of human growth and development. The nurse sees a 2-month-old child in the pediatrician's office. This is the first child for a new mother. One day after the child was born, the mother asks the nurse to describe what the expectations are for the child during the first 3 months. Based on the mother's question to the nurse, what would be the best explanation by the nurse about the major level of cognitive development for a 2-month-old child? Select one: A. Develop preferred sleeping position and cry to signal needs B. Laugh, squeal, look at objects for several seconds and reach for and grasp objects C. Smile, babble, follow lights, and react to sounds D. Develop social smile, respond to pleasurable interactions such as looking at the mother's face

At 8 weeks, the major level of development is establishing a preferred sleeping position and crying to signal needs. At 6 weeks, the major level of development is smiling, babbling, following lights, and reacting to sounds. At 3 months of age, the major level of development is laughing, squealing, looking at objects for several seconds, and reaching for and grasping objects. At 2 to 3 months of age, the major level of development is to develop a social smile and respond to pleasurable interactions, such as looking at human faces. The correct answer is: Develop preferred sleeping position and cry to signal needs

There are characteristics and a normal sequence of human growth and development. The nurse sees a 2-month-old child in the pediatrician's office. This is the first child for a new mother. One day after the child was born, the mother asks the nurse to describe what the expectations are for the child during the first 3 months. Based on the mother's question to the nurse, what would be the best explanation by the nurse about the major level of cognitive development for a 2-month-old child? Select one: A. Smile, babble, follow lights, and react to sounds B. Laugh, squeal, look at objects for several seconds and reach for and grasp objects C. Develop social smile, respond to pleasurable interactions such as looking at the mother's face D. Develop preferred sleeping position and cry to signal needs

At 8 weeks, the major level of development is establishing a preferred sleeping position and crying to signal needs. At 6 weeks, the major level of development is smiling, babbling, following lights, and reacting to sounds. At 3 months of age, the major level of development is laughing, squealing, looking at objects for several seconds, and reaching for and grasping objects. At 2 to 3 months of age, the major level of development is to develop a social smile and respond to pleasurable interactions, such as looking at human faces. The correct answer is: Develop preferred sleeping position and cry to signal needs

Parents of a son ask the nurse when they will know that their son has reached puberty. What is the best response by the nurse? Select one: A. "Emotional needs predominate the puberty period." B. "Puberty occurs when the person becomes able to reproduce sexually." C. "Puberty spans the ages between 11 and 20 years of age." D. "A rapid growth spurt occurs during puberty."

B. "Puberty occurs when the person becomes able to reproduce sexually."

During the annual physical examination, a teenage client tells the nurse that she is anxious as well as frustrated because of the acne on her face. Which is the best response for the nurse? Select one: A. "It could be serious; seek consultation when your primary care physician examines you." B. "This is one of the most common physical changes during adolescence." C. "Most adolescents get acne during adolescence, don't worry." D. "You must be eating fried foods or sweets in large quantities."

B. "This is one of the most common physical changes during adolescence."

A client arrives at a healthcare facility complaining that her daughter frequently sucks her thumb. The client wants to know about the adverse effect of thumb sucking. What would be the best response from the nurse to the client? Select one: A. "Thumb sucking in children may lead to thrush." B. "Thumb sucking in children may cause permanent damage to the child's mouth structure." C. "Thumb sucking in children may cause ulcers in the mouth." D. "Thumb sucking in children may lead to speech problems."

B. "Thumb sucking in children may cause permanent damage to the child's mouth structure."

An elderly client is confused and very stressed regarding the activities to be taken up after retirement. What suggestions can the nurse make about retirement activities that should bring joy and happiness to help the client in retirement? 1. Consulting 2. Volunteerism 3. Educational opportunities 4. Spending time at retirement daycare homes Select one: A. 1, 2, 4 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 1, 3, 4 D. 2, 3, 4

B. 1, 2, 3

A middle-aged female client has recently lost her spouse to pancreatic cancer. The client shares with the student nurse that she does not anticipate being able to achieve all the professional goals before retiring or dying. Based on this information, the student nurse is preparing a postclinical summary on the consequences of an adult's failure in resolving a midlife crisis. What topics should the student nurse plan to include in the report? 1. Brooding 2. Physical illness 3. Criminal tendencies 4. Chemical dependency Select one: A. 1, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 4 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3

B. 1, 2, 4

A nurse is attending to a group of boys at a school. The nurse is required to document the sexual development in boys on a regular basis. The nurse would anticipate which clients will have the highest incidence of experiencing nocturnal emissions? Select one: A. Clients who have reached adulthood B. Clients in the age group of 12 to 20 years C. Clients who are showing pubertal changes D. Clients with strong, muscular appearance

B. Clients in the age group of 12 to 20 years

A nurse educator is explaining cognitive development in children to a group of nursing students, with the help of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The nursing instructor asks the group of nursing students to identify the characteristics of cognition at the level of concrete operations. Based on this information, what would be the correct characteristics identified by the nursing students at the concrete operations level of Piaget's theory? 1. Reversibility 2. Seriation 3. Conservation of matter 4. Complex problem solving Select one: A. 1, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 1, 2, 4 D. 2, 3, 4

Cognition at the level of concrete operations exhibits the following characteristics: reversibility, seriation, and conservation of matter. Complex problem solving occurs at the formal operations level. The correct answer is: 1, 2, 3

When discussing the growth and development of an adult, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an adult client. Based on this information, which is the best explanation by the nurse of generativity? Select one: A. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations B. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals choose to remain detached from others C. Occurs in young adulthood when individuals focus on individual pursuits and interests D. Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals choose to establish relationships

Generativity versus stagnation is the challenge of middle adulthood. The tasks of generativity occur when middle adults decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations. Intimacy versus isolation is the challenge of young adults. Individuals choose to establish relationships with others (intimacy) or to remain detached (isolation) from others. Adults who focus on individual pursuits and interests are considered to be in the phase of stagnation. The correct answer is: Occurs in middle adulthood when individuals decide to pass on learning and share skills with younger generations

Age is more than an accumulation of years. The aging process affects people in different ways. To fully adapt to aging and thrive in this new stage, older adults must confront many lifestyle changes. A student nurse has been asked to prepare a postclinical report on lifestyle changes in the older and aging population. What lifestyle changes should the student nurse incorporate into the report? 1. Change in most body functions and abilities 2. General change in physiologic, psychological, and sociologic functions and roles 3. Adaptation to acute physical or emotional disorders 4. Change in employee or employer role 5. Greater amount of leisure time Select one: A. 1, 2, 4, 5 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 4, 5 D. 1, 3, 4, 5

Lifestyle changes in the older and aging population include general changes in physiologic, psychological, and sociological functions and roles; change in most body functions and abilities; adaptation to chronic physical or emotional disorders; change in employee or employer roles; and a greater amount of leisure time. The correct answer is: 1, 2, 4, 5

An 83-year-old client has recently lost her husband of 60 years. The client is very depressed and frustrated. The client has requested some counseling and consolation. Based on the data collected by the nurse, what areas are high stressors that the nurse needs to explore further? 1. Physical 2. Financial 3. Spirituality 4. Family dynamics Select one: A. 1, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 4 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3

Mental health problems may increase with age because physical and psychological stressors accumulate. Many stressors affect the aging population. Changes in physical, financial, and family dynamics are high stressors. The ability to adapt to change is important. Spirituality is a higher-level need that can be addressed after the high-stressor areas are under control. The correct answer is: 1, 2, 4

The nurse is collecting data about a baby in the well-baby clinic. The nurse reads in the electronic medical record that cephalocaudal direction movements are present. What are examples of cephalocaudal direction movements? 1. Lift head before sitting 2. Sit before walking 3. Roll over before grasping objects 4. Make sounds before being able to walk Select one: A. 3, 4 B. 1, 4 C. 1, 2 D. 2, 3

Movements such as lifting the head before sitting up and making sounds before being able to walk are in the cephalocaudal direction. Proximodistal means from the center to the outside. Following this, babies are likely to roll over before they grasp small objects. Growth and development also progress from simple to complex; following this principle, babies are more likely to sit before learning to walk. The correct answer is: 1, 4

A nurse is discussing with a social activist issues related to the growing population of the elderly. The nurse and the social activist are discussing topics for a planned seminar. Based on this information, what is the highest priority issue that should be discussed that will continue to be part of the individual's and society's concerns? Select one: A. Use and benefit of the Internet B. Healthcare training opportunities in the area of aging C. Legal and ethical issues of the process of dying and death D. Urban transportation systems

The legal and ethical issues of the process of dying and death will continue to be part of the individual's and society's concerns. Better healthcare professionals in the area of aging are necessary, with a special focus needed to address the physical changes in older men and women. Urban transportation systems must assist older adults in maintaining social contacts and provide easier access to preventive healthcare facilities. The use of the Internet can benefit the older population via offering various methods of maintaining contact with family and friends. The correct answer is: Legal and ethical issues of the process of dying and death

When discussing the growth and development of an infant with a client, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. The nurse is reviewing the major points of Erikson's theory with a client. What would be the best explanation of this theory to the client by the nurse? Select one: A. Cognitive development is cumulative; that is, what is learned is based on what has been known before. B. A child develops an understanding of object permanence, which is the knowledge that an object seen in a particular spot continues to exist and will return to view when it is uncovered. C. Children will investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view. D. Each stage of development contains a psychosocial challenge or critical period during which the person must deal with a major life change.

The main point of Erikson's theory on which the nurse should focus is that each stage of development contains a psychosocial challenge or critical period, during which the person must deal with a major life change. Piaget states that cognitive development is cumulative; that is, what is learned is based on what has been known before. During the sensorimotor period, according to Piaget, the child develops an understanding of object permanence, the knowledge that an object seen in a particular spot continues to exist and will return to view when uncovered. During the preoperational period, children investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view. The correct answer is: Each stage of development contains a psychosocial challenge or critical period during which the person must deal with a major life change.

A recently married 28-year-old client has come to the nurse for his physical assessment. During the assessment, he reveals to the nurse that he is worried about achieving a level of social and civic responsibility, because his current workload does not allow him to do so. What would be the best response by the nurse at this time? Select one: A. The nurse should discuss hobbies appropriate for his age. B. The nurse should recommend that the client ease his current workload. C. The nurse should teach the client how he can achieve social and civic responsibility. D. The nurse should indicate that many persons his age are considering building a family.

The nurse should advise the client to focus on starting a family instead of trying to achieve a level of social and civic responsibility, because the client is a recently married young adult. In general too, society still expects most adults to marry and to establish a family and home. The client can focus on developing hobbies and achieving social and civic responsibility during middle adulthood. The client need not reduce his current workload at such an early age. The correct answer is: The nurse should indicate that many persons his age are considering building a family.

During an assessment, a 40-year-old client who is a fireman discusses retirement concerns with the nurse and asks for suggestions. The client owns three homes and is single at the present time. Which is the highest priority suggestion for the nurse to give the client? Select one: A. Strongly advise the client to consider a new full-time career option. B. Tell the client it is critical to sell the houses as soon as possible. C. Explore possible outside interests from career with the client. D. Caution the client that 40 is too young to consider retirement plan

The nurse should encourage the client to develop interests outside the career to spend his time. Selling the three houses or totally retiring at age 40 can have an adverse effect on the client's savings after retirement. Considering the client's age, and embarking on a new career, the client needs to explore career paths that may require less stamina and energy than the physical demands associated with being a fireman. The correct answer is: Explore possible outside interests from career with the client.

An elderly client is confused and very stressed regarding the activities to be taken up after retirement. What suggestions can the nurse make about retirement activities that should bring joy and happiness to help the client in retirement? 1. Consulting 2. Volunteerism 3. Educational opportunities 4. Spending time at retirement daycare homes Select one: A. 1, 2, 4 B. 1, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 3

The nurse should ensure that the activities taken up by older client should bring joy and happiness. Some examples of the retirement activities that the nurse could encourage are consulting, traveling, and spending time with family members; and volunteerism and educational opportunities. Spending time at retirement daycare homes does not encourage independence. The correct answer is: 1, 2, 3

A nurse is explaining cognitive development in children to a client, with the help of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. What would be the best explanation by the nurse about the formal operations level of cognitive development? Select one: A. From ages 7 to 11 years, children internalize actions and can perform them in the mind. B. After age 12, children can think in the abstract including complex problem solving. C. Up to age 2, children learn by touching, tasting and feeling. They learn to control body movement. D. From ages 2 to 7 years, children investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view.

The nurse should explain that there are four levels of cognitive development in Piaget's theory. At the formal operations level, after the age of 12, children can think in the abstract. Complex problem solving is included in this category. In the sensorimotor level, children up to age 2 years learn by touching, tasting, and feeling. They learn to control body movement. The preoperational level includes children between ages 2 and 7 years who investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view. At the concrete operations level, from ages 7 to 11 years, children internalize actions and can perform them in the mind. The correct answer is: After age 12, children can think in the abstract including complex problem solving.

A young homosexual adult explains to the nurse during an office visit that he has recently decided to inform his friends about his relationship and would like to know about the major challenges that he might face. Which should the nurse identify as the highest priority challenge for the client? Select one: A. Marriage with the partner B. Attaining sexual gratification C. Gathering social support D. Maintaining the relationship

The nurse should identify social support as the challenge that has to be faced by a homosexual client. Once this is obtained, it will be easy for the client to maintain the relationship. Marriage with the partner will depend on the laws of the state. Sexual gratification is not likely to pose a challenge to the client. The correct answer is: Gathering social support

A career woman working in a nonprofit organization tells the nurse that she is considering divorcing her husband. She wants a better life for herself and four children. Based on this information, which was provided during a visit to the primary care provider's office, what would be the best response for the nurse at this time? Select one: A. Suggest making attempts to arrive at compromises with her spouse. B. Recommend that the client focus on her career. C. Encourage the client to carefully review the possible risk of financial instability that could occur. D. Advise that the client talk with parents and in-laws about the situatio

The nurse should inform the client about the risks of financial instability after divorce. The nurse should not advise the client to seek advice from parents or in-laws; focus solely on career, or compromise with her spouse because these actions may not facilitate resolution of the client's current situation. The correct answer is: Encourage the client to carefully review the possible risk of financial instability that could occur.

An 80-year-old client at the assisted living facility asks the nurse for advice on maintaining what independence is possible so the client does not have to move to a skilled nursing facility. Based on this information, what does the nurse have to consider as the highest psychosocial considerations of maintaining independence for the client? Select one: A. Maintain mental stability and satisfactory relationships with family members. B. Encourage volunteerism activities with the younger people who visit. C. Move out of the assisted living facility to live alone. D. Sustain optimal health, social responsibilities, and financial stability

The nurse should inform the client that independence does not necessarily mean living alone. It means retaining control over major aspects of life. The three key elements of maintaining independence are health, financial stability, and social resources. Maintaining mental stability comes under psychosocial considerations, not maintaining independence. Volunteerism activities are unlikely to provide the client with a sense of independence. The correct answer is: Sustain optimal health, social responsibilities, and financial stability.

An 80-year-old client at the assisted living facility asks the nurse for advice on maintaining what independence is possible so the client does not have to move to a skilled nursing facility. Based on this information, what does the nurse have to consider as the highest psychosocial considerations of maintaining independence for the client? Select one: A. Move out of the assisted living facility to live alone. B. Maintain mental stability and satisfactory relationships with family members. C. Encourage volunteerism activities with the younger people who visit. D. Sustain optimal health, social responsibilities, and financial stability.

The nurse should inform the client that independence does not necessarily mean living alone. It means retaining control over major aspects of life. The three key elements of maintaining independence are health, financial stability, and social resources. Maintaining mental stability comes under psychosocial considerations, not maintaining independence. Volunteerism activities are unlikely to provide the client with a sense of independence. The correct answer is: Sustain optimal health, social responsibilities, and financial stability.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children from ages 2 to 7 are in the preoperational major level of cognitive development. The nurse is collecting data from parents of a 4-year-old child. Which would be an appropriate example given by the parents to the nurse of children in the preoperational stage? Select one: A. Understanding how differently shaped figures fit together into an idealistic world B. Wishing the dog would quit eating their blocks and now feeling responsible because the dog has ran away C. Showing parents that they can ride a bicycle all by themselves D. Comparing how fast a ball and a block fall from the same height

The preoperational stage occurs in children from ages 2 to 7; children investigate and explore the environment and look at things from their own point of view, such as wishing the dog would quit eating their blocks and now feeling responsible because the dog has ran away. A child in the concrete operations stage has developed the ability to have conservation of matter, such as comparing how fast a ball and a block fall from the same height. Understanding how different shape figures fit together into an idealistic world is an example of how a child thinks after the age of 12 in the formal operations stage. Learning how to ride a bicycle is an example of physical growth. The correct answer is: Wishing the dog would quit eating their blocks and now feeling responsible because the dog has ran away

When discussing the growth and development of an adult, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an older adult client. Based on this information, what is the best explanation of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development during the older adult period? Select one: A. Developmental tasks focus on reentering a serious relationship or remaining single after the death of a spouse. B. Developmental tasks relate to career achievements and finances. C. Developmental tasks focus on the reflection of events and decisions of a person's life. D. Developmental tasks focus on the physical changes associated with aging.

The psychosocial challenge for this developmental stage is ego integrity versus despair. Older adults can reflect on the events and decisions of their lives. Individuals achieve ego integrity when they sense that their lives have meaning and have been worthwhile despite possible physical changes. They are comfortable with past resolutions and do not regret past decisions. Developmental tasks related to career and finances occur during middle age. If older adults do not meet the physical challenges of aging, they are likely to feel that life is too short. Regrets and feelings of failure may envelop them. Individuals may have feelings of despair if they cannot accept that death is part of the normal life cycle. Serious relationships or remaining single is a major development task in early and middle adulthood. The correct answer is: Developmental tasks focus on the reflection of events and decisions of a person's life.

When discussing the growth and development of an adult, the nurse refers to various theories and phases of development. A nurse is discussing Erikson's theory of psychological development with an older adult client. Based on this information, what is the best explanation of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development during the older adult period? Select one: A. Developmental tasks relate to career achievements and finances. B. Developmental tasks focus on the physical changes associated with aging. C. Developmental tasks focus on the reflection of events and decisions of a person's life. D. Developmental tasks focus on reentering a serious relationship or remaining single after the death of a spouse.

The psychosocial challenge for this developmental stage is ego integrity versus despair. Older adults can reflect on the events and decisions of their lives. Individuals achieve ego integrity when they sense that their lives have meaning and have been worthwhile despite possible physical changes. They are comfortable with past resolutions and do not regret past decisions. Developmental tasks related to career and finances occur during middle age. If older adults do not meet the physical challenges of aging, they are likely to feel that life is too short. Regrets and feelings of failure may envelop them. Individuals may have feelings of despair if they cannot accept that death is part of the normal life cycle. Serious relationships or remaining single is a major development task in early and middle adulthood. The correct answer is: Developmental tasks focus on the reflection of events and decisions of a person's life.

An older adult client tells the nurse that it is very important to remain independent for as long as possible. Based on this information, the nurse needs to collect data in what areas of independence? 1. Health 2. Financial stability 3. Social resources 4. Transportation Select one: A. 1, 2, 3 B. 1, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 2, 4

The three key elements of maintaining independence are health, financial stability, and social resources. Transportation opportunities are part of these concerns, but are not a key factor in loss of independence. The correct answer is: 1, 2, 3