H. Bio all HW questions

Uranium-235, with a half-life of 713,000,000 years, decays to lead-207. If a rock sample is determined to have one-quarter of the uranium-235 content it had when it formed, the age of the rock sample can be estimated to be approximately ______ years old. 178 million 713 million 28.5 billion 1.4 billion

1.4 billion

According to this evolutionary tree, approximately how many years ago did humans and orangutans share a common ancestor? 1 million years ago 20 million years ago 12 million years ago 7 million years ago

12 million years ago

The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago. 6,000 1.0 billion 3.5 billion 4.0 million

3.5 billion

15) The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) ______ bond. A) ionic B) polar C) hydrogen D) covalent

A

29) As water freezes, ______. A) its molecules move farther apart B) it cools the surrounding environment C) its hydrogen bonds break apart D) it loses its polarity

A

8) An uncharged atom of gold has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic mass of 197. This atom has ______ protons, ______ neutrons, and ______ electrons. A) 79... 118... 79 B) 118... 79... 118 C) 118... 276... 118 D) 79... 34... 79

A

24) In meiosis, how does prophase I differ from prophase II? A) During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells. B) During prophase I chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell; during prophase II the chromosomes line up in double file in the middle of the cell. C) During prophase I the chromosomes coil up; the chromosomes are not coiled up during prophase II. D) In prophase I the sister chromatids are attached; in prophase II the sister chromatids are separated.

A) During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells.

What is one way in which energy flow differs from chemical cycling? A) Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled. B) Energy can enter but cannot leave an ecosystem; chemical elements can leave but cannot enter an ecosystem. C) Energy flows from lower to higher trophic levels; chemicals cycle from higher to lower trophic levels. D) Energy can both enter and leave an ecosystem; chemical elements always remain within a single ecosystem.

A) Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled.

Which of the following form tubes and are alive when mature? A) Food-conducting cells B) parenchyma cells C) collenchyma cells D) water-conducting cells

A) Food-conducting cells

26) ______ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. A) H2O B) Chlorophyll a C) CO2 D) C6H12O6

A) H2O

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a hypothesis? A) My car's battery is dead. B) If I recharge the battery, then my car will start. C) My car is too old to function properly. D) What is wrong with my car?

A) My car's battery is dead.

11) Which of the following is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) O2 B) CO2 C) C6H12O6 D) ADP

A) O2

In a population that is following a logistic growth pattern, what shape does the population's growth curve most closely resemble? A) S B) J C) ∪ D) ∧

A) S

13) Which of these events occurs during anaphase? A) Sister chromatids separate. B) Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. C) The nuclear envelope reappears. D) The nuclear envelope breaks up.

A) Sister chromatids separate.

26) The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called ______. A) bonding B) cohesion C) polarity D) adhesion

B

30) Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the ______, the water is the ______, and the sweetened water is the ______. A) solution... solvent... solute B) solute... solvent... solution C) solvent... solute... solution D) solution... solute... solvent

B

33) The lower the pH of a solution, the ______. A) greater the number of oxygen atoms B) more acidic the solution C) less toxic the solution D) higher the OH— concentration

B

34) Relative to a pH of 6, a pH of 4 has a ______. A) 200 times higher H+ concentration B) 100 times higher H+ concentration C) 20 times higher H+ concentration D) 100 times lower H+ concentration

B

37) People have long speculated about whether life exists on Mars. Scientists have evidence that on Mars, ______. A) microbial life exists B) liquid water has existed in the past C) the only water present has always been frozen in the polar ice caps D) water is found only in the form of water vapor

B

5) All atoms of an element have the same number of ______. A) protons plus neutrons B) protons C) electrons D) neutrons

B

9) The way Earth moves about the sun is most like ______. A) a neutron and electron moving around a proton B) an electron moving around the nucleus of an atom C) a proton moving about an electron D) a neutron moving about a proton

B

Several years ago I was crossing the border from Canada to the United States and I had a bag of Washington State apples with me. The customs officer at the border would not let me take the apples with me into the United States (and I really hated the idea of getting rid of a bag of perfectly good apples). Why did the customs officer refuse to allow me to cross the border with my apples? A) There may have been a species that was not native to the United States hitching a ride on my apples. B) Economics: If I couldn't bring the apples in with me, I would have to buy my apples from a store in the United States. C) Apples grown in the United States for export may be contaminated with DDT. D) Washington State apples are considered an endangered fruit.

A) There may have been a species that was not native to the United States hitching a ride on my apples.

7) Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ______. A) chemical energy into kinetic energy B) chemical energy into potential energy C) kinetic energy into potential energy D) kinetic energy into chemical energy

A) chemical energy into kinetic energy

34) A ______ describes a site of crossing over. A) chiasma B) histone C) synapse D) centromere

A) chiasma

Which of the following cell types provide support in growing parts of a plant? A) collenchyma cells B) water-conducting cells C) sclerenchyma cells D) parenchyma cells

A) collenchyma cells

On average, what percentage of the energy in one trophic level becomes incorporated into the next higher trophic level? A) 50% B) 10% C) 90% D) 30%

B) 10%

9) Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ______ calories. A) 1,000 B) 10,000 C) 0.1 D) 100

B) 10,000

10) You have a 2-kg bottle of liquid water at 0°C. About how many Calories are needed to heat up the water to 100°C? A) 100 Calories B) 200 Calories C) 2,000 Calories D) 10,000 Calories

B) 200 Calories

8) Humans convert approximately ______ of the energy stored in food to useful work. A) 22% B) 34% C) 55% D) 99.9%

B) 34%

21) What chromosomes belong to a normal human female? A) 22 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes B) 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes C) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome D) 46 autosomes and two X chromosomes

B) 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes

16) Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes. A) 36 B) 46 C) 2 D) 23

B) 46

9) Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis? A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 B) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C) 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

B) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

What fraction of Earth's surface has been altered by human use? A) 50% B) 75% C) 95% D) 25%

B) 75%

11) What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? A) C6H12O6 B) ATP C) DNA D) fat

B) ATP

13) The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ______. A) ATP and NADH B) ATP and NADPH C) RuBP and O2 D) ATP and NADP+

B) ATP and NADPH

A) ADP can perform cellular work when it binds to an additional phosphate group B) ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group C) ATP can be converted to ADP by adding a phosphate group D) energy is released from ATP during the process of cellular respiration

B) ATP can perform cellular work when it releases a phosphate group

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Humans, mosquitoes, and Plasmodium together would be considered a(n) ______. A) community B) population and community C) population D) ecosystem

A) community

What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of different species? A) community B) population C) ecosystem D) organism

A) community

19) Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? A) cytoplasm B) ER C) within the fluid just inside the inner mitochondrial membrane D) between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

A) cytoplasm

6) In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane? A) cytoplasm B) phospholipid bilayer C) nucleoid D) chloroplast

A) cytoplasm

Which of the following is not a result of global warming? A) decreasing sea levels. B) changes in the breeding seasons of some species. C) shifts in the ranges of some species. D) melting permafrost.

A) decreasing sea levels.

6) Which of the following is a measure of randomness in a system? A) entropy B) kinetic energy C) potential energy D) chemical energy

A) entropy

Examine the figure below. Which part of Earth receives the greatest intensity of solar radiation? A) equator B) Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn C) all parts of Earth receive the same intensity of solar rAdiation. D) North and South Poles

A) equator

36) What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions? A) ethyl alcohol B) pyruvic acid C) lactic acid D) creatine

A) ethyl alcohol

The branch of biology that explains both the diversity and the unity of life is ______. A) evolution B) microbiology C) taxonomy D) genetics

A) evolution

30) When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ______. A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration B) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher water concentration C) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration D) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane

A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration

The red-cockaded woodpecker, an endangered species, is dependent upon ______ for maintenance of its source habitat. A) fire B) corn snakes C) floods D) thick vegetation at least 15 feet in height

A) fire

36) A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is a ______. A) gene B) protein C) nucleic acid D) enzyme

A) gene

9) Which of the following are isomers? A) glucose and fructose B) glucose and sucrose C) sucrose and glucose D) lactose and maltose

A) glucose and fructose

39) Examine the following figure. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm? A) glycolysis B) citric acid cycle C) glycolysis and citric acid cycle D) citric acid cycle and electron transport

A) glycolysis

20) Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration? A) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport B) citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport C) citric acid cycle, electron transport, glycolysis D) electron transport, glycolysis, citric acid cycle

A) glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

Gametophytes are ______; sporophytes are ______. A) haploid... diploid B) the dominant stage of the conifer life cycle... the less obvious stage of the conifer life cycle C) an adaptation to an aquatic existence... an adaptation to a terrestrial existence D) male... female

A) haploid... diploid

10) When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______. A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water B) have hydrophilic fatty acid tails that are attracted to water and hydrophobic phosphate groups that avoid water C) have hydrophilic heads that are attracted to their hydrophobic tails D) are both fluid and mosaic

A) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

2) Humans are both A) heterotrophs and consumers. B) heterotrophs and autotrophs. C) producers and consumers. D) autotrophs and producers.

A) heterotrophs and consumers.

The effect of deforestation has been to ______. A) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere B) increase the rate of carbon dioxide production through cellular respiration C) decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere D) increase the rate at which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic material

A) increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

31) A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution is ______. A) isotonic to its environment B) hypertonic to its environment C) hypotonic to its environment D) metabolically inactive

A) isotonic to its environment

24) Which one of the following is most similar to the mechanism of an enzyme inhibitor? A) keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot B) driving the wrong way on a one-way street C) forgetting to put a cap back on a pen D) changing the tires on a car

A) keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot

2) An object at rest has no ______ energy, but it may have ______ energy resulting from its location or structure. A) kinetic... potential B) kinetic... conserved C) potential... kinetic D) stored... potential

A) kinetic... potential

Relative to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are usually ______. A) larger and more complex B) smaller and simpler C) larger and equally complex D) smaller and more complex

A) larger and more complex

41) Which of the techniques reveal internal cellular detail? A) light micrograph and transmission electron micrograph B) light micrograph and scanning electron micrograph C) transmission electron micrograph and scanning electron micrograph D) all three micrographs

A) light micrograph and transmission electron micrograph

If a population's growth rate decreases as the population size approaches carrying capacity, the population's growth follows a(n) ______ model. A) logistic B) hypergeometric C) geometric D) exponential

A) logistic

20) Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______. A) mRNA B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) DNA D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A) mRNA

1) A difference between marathon runners and sprinters is ______. A) marathon runners have more slow-twitch fibers in their leg muscles B) marathon runners have more fast-twitch muscle fibers in their leg muscles C) sprinters have a high proportion of muscle fibers that require oxygen to make ATP D) sprinters perform better in activities that require slow, steady muscle activity

A) marathon runners have more slow-twitch fibers in their leg muscles

Aquatic organisms ______. A) may experience problems with water balance B) have a waxy coating to prevent water loss C) never find light to be in short supply D) typically have a plentiful supply of nitrogen

A) may experience problems with water balance

42) The following figure shows that ______. A) meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells B) fertilization results in four haploid daughter cells C) the human 2n number is 4 D) meiosis forms diploid gametes

A) meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells

31) Vacuoles are ______. A) membranous sacs B) manufactured by ribosomes C) composed of microtubules D) found only in plant cells

A) membranous sacs

27) Electron transport takes place in the ______. A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) cytoplasm D) ribosomes

A) mitochondria

30) One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______. A) mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not B) mitosis produces more daughter cells than meiosis C) mitosis produces haploid cells, but meiosis produces diploid cells D) mitosis requires only one parent cell, but meiosis requires two parent cells

A) mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

37) How many chromosomes can a gamete possess as a result of nondisjunction? A) n + 1 or n - 1 B) 2n + 1 or 2n - 1 C) 2n - 1 only D) 2n + 1 or n - 1

A) n + 1 or n - 1

Plants can utilize the ______ form of nitrogen. A) nitrate B) N2 C) thiol D) amino

A) nitrate

Which of the following best describes the conversion that occurs during nitrogen fixation? A) nitrogen to ammonium B) nitrogen to ammonium or nitrate C) nitrate to ammonium D) ammonium to nitrate

A) nitrogen to ammonium

Which of the following describes the sites of leaf attachment in a stem? A) nodes B) joints C) internodes D) cotyledons

A) nodes

3) The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______. A) nucleus B) centriole C) Golgi apparatus D) nucleolus

A) nucleus

Which of the following is a producer? A) oak tree B) earthworm C) sun D) cat

A) oak tree

32) CAM plants conserve water by ______. A) opening their stomata only at night B) incorporating CO2 into RuBP C) keeping their stomata closed at night D) running the Calvin cycle at night

A) opening their stomata only at night

What level of ecology is concerned with the adaptations of individuals? A) organismal B) population C) community D) ecosystem

A) organismal

10) An aerobic process requires ______. A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) ATP D) carbohydrates

A) oxygen

11) The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______. A) phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane B) phospholipids but not proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane C) most proteins but not phospholipids to drift about in the plane of the membrane D) carbohydrates to drift into and out of the membrane structure

A) phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

3) Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells? A) pili B) cell wall C) flagella D) DNA

A) pili

4) A rock on the top of a mountain contains ______ energy. A) potential B) no C) kinetic D) conserved

A) potential

Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. 45) Molecules that come from the food we eat provide energy for the amazing work that goes on inside of our cells. This energy, stored inside of our food, is a form of ______. A) potential energy called chemical energy B) potential energy called entropy C) kinetic energy called heat D) electrical energy called heat

A) potential energy called chemical energy

Organisms that consume producers are ______. A) primary consumers B) decomposers C) producers D) detritivores

A) primary consumers

The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called ______. A) primary productivity B) chemical cycle C) trophic structure D) energy flow

A) primary productivity

11) Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the outside air. Cellular respiration ______. A) produces ATP B) produces oxygen C) produces glucose D) uses carbon dioxide

A) produces ATP

11) The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is ______. A) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase B) telophase, prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase C) anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase D) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

A) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

12) The extracellular matrix of animal cells ______. A) protect and support cells B) provide avenues for the exchange of DNA C) are warehouses for the storage of extra lipids and carbohydrates D) are primarily sites of dead matter and waste materials

A) protect and support cells

8) Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane? A) regulate the traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell B) protein synthesis C) lipid synthesis D) all of the above

A) regulate the traffic of chemicals into and out of the cell

13) Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely ______. A) result in cell death B) force the cell to rely on lipids for energy C) force the cell to rely on ADP for energy D) have no effect on the cell

A) result in cell death

The major abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is ______. A) rock B) the atmosphere C) the oceans D) dead organic matter

A) rock

5) Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water? A) roots B) interior cells C) stomata D) leaves

A) roots

In the food chain grass → antelope → human → lion, the human is a(n) ______. A) secondary consumer B) tertiary consumer C) primary consumer D) producer

A) secondary consumer

In a scientific experiment, the control group ______. A) serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group B) is subjected to the factor whose effect is being tested C) allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple variables D) is required for the validity of discovery science

A) serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group

40) Relaying a message from a receptor protein to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called ______. A) signal transduction B) inhibition C) self-recognition D) selective permeability

A) signal transduction

5) Plants use photosynthesis to A) store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy. B) store as well as harvest chemical energy. C) harvest energy, and they use cellular respiration to store chemical energy. D) obtain carbon dioxide.

A) store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy.

21) Which component of the following reaction is the substrate? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose A) sucrose B) sucrase C) glucose D) fructose

A) sucrose

35) Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ______. A) surrounded by two membranes B) green C) manufactured by the nucleolus D) able to synthesize lipids

A) surrounded by two membranes

16) Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis. A) telophase B) prophase C) metaphase D) anaphase

A) telophase

38) Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? A) the cristae of a mitochondrion B) the outer membrane of a chloroplast C) the grana of a chloroplast D) the endoplasmic reticulum

A) the cristae of a mitochondrion

28) Osmosis can be defined as ______. A) the diffusion of water B) the diffusion of nonpolar molecules C) active transport D) the diffusion of a solute

A) the diffusion of water

14) During telophase ______. A) the events of prophase are reversed B) chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell C) sister chromatids separate D) the nuclear envelope breaks up

A) the events of prophase are reversed

30) In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of ______. A) the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane B) the citric acid cycle C) fermentation D) the electron transport chain

A) the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

34) A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that ______. A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise B) the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise C) the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function D) the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvic acid

A) the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria because ______. A) the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance B) farmers do not use enough antibiotics in animal feed C) the antibiotics create resistance genes in bacteria D) none of the above

A) the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance

What is biology? A) the scientific study of life B) the scientific study of the environment C) the scientific study of DNA D) the scientific study of ecosystems

A) the scientific study of life

8) The ultimate source of the energy in food is ______. A) the sun B) producers C) ATP D) consumers

A) the sun

What are hyphae? A) threadlike filaments that make up fungal bodies B) symbiotic associations between plant roots and fungi C) fungal spores D) fungal reproductive structures

A) threadlike filaments that make up fungal bodies

29) In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the ______. A) thylakoid membrane B) outer chloroplast membrane C) endomembrane D) inner chloroplast membrane

A) thylakoid membrane

With regard to the environment as a whole, when is the worst time to apply pesticide to your lawn? A) when it is raining, or is about to rain B) when it is cold, or is about to get cold C) at the same time you apply fertilizer D) at night

A) when it is raining, or is about to rain

The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon

AGU

Which of the following statements is true? Only a fraction of plant species have been tested as potential medicine sources. Humans depend on plants for food, wood, and medicines. Rainforests regenerate slowly and cannot sustain slash-and-burn clearing. ALL OF THE ABOVE

ALL OF THE ABOVE

32) Which of the following is the best description of the events of anaphase I? A) Half of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole along with half of the chromosomes inherited from the father. B) Sister chromatids separate and the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. C) Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles. D) All of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole of the cell, and all of the chromosomes inherited from the father go to the other pole.

C) Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles.

5) You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped? A) It was returned to the bicycle. B) It was converted back to chemical energy. C) It was released as heat. D) It was used to chemically break down the tires.

C) It was released as heat.

In an ideal, unlimited environment, what shape does a population's growth curve most closely resemble? A) ∪ B) ∧ C) J D) S

C) J

1) A(n) ______ is an example of an organism that can sometimes reproduce asexually. A) cat B) human C) Komodo dragon D) mouse

C) Komodo dragon

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 47) Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? A) Mitochondria have cell walls. B) The plasma membrane of a mitochondrion, forming the surface of this organelle, is the site of many important steps of cellular respiration. C) Mitochondria have their own DNA. D) Mitochondria rely upon proteins as their source of energy.

C) Mitochondria have their own DNA

The atmosphere is approximately 80% ______ gas. A) CH4 B) H2O C) N2 D) CO2

C) N2

17) The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ______. A) CO2 B) O2 C) NAD+ D) H2O

C) NAD+

40) If an herbicide blocked the Calvin cycle before the generation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), which of the following statements would be true? A) The plant would still be able to make sugar, just a lot less. B) No oxygen would be released by the plant. C) No sugar would be made by the plant. D) Only RuBP would be recycled.

C) No sugar would be made by the plant.

16) Which of the following statements is true? A) Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis. B) Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation. C) Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons. D) Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.

C) Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

40) How does RNA differ from DNA? A) RNA is double-stranded; DNA is single-stranded. B) RNA is a polymer of amino acids; DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. C) RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine. D) In RNA G pairs with T; in DNA G pairs with C.

C) RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine

What is one important difference between savannas and temperate grasslands? A) Savannas have very fertile soil B) Savannas only rarely experience fires C) Savannas have trees D) Savannas are inhabited by grazing mammals

C) Savannas have trees

18) Which of the following will help prevent cancer and increase survival? A) Eat a low-fiber, low-fat diet. B) Limit exercise. C) Seek early detection of tumors. D) Smoke only cigarettes.

C) Seek early detection of tumors.

34) Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is true regarding the behavior of a chlorophyll molecule as it absorbs a photon? A) An electron goes from the excited state to the ground state. B) Light is released. C) The energy of a photon raises an electron to the excited state. D) ATP is broken down.

C) The energy of a photon raises an electron to the excited state.

While shopping, you settle on two types of cookies. The nutritional label for the chocolate mint cookies lists 5 grams of saturated fat, 0 grams of trans fat, 22 grams of carbohydrates, and 11 grams of protein per serving. The nutritional label for the peanut butter cookies lists 0 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of trans fat, 26 grams of carbohydrates, and 4 grams of protein per serving. 45) Which cookies are less healthy? A) The chocolate mint cookies because they contain more saturated fat. B) The chocolate mint cookies because they contain more total grams of protein and carbohydrates. C) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more trans fat. D) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more grams of carbohydrates.

C) The peanut butter cookies because they contain more trans fat.

You arrive back in the United States after having visited a foreign country located on another continent. The customs agent stops the person in front of you and confiscates the fruit basket this person is bringing home. Being the knowledgeable person you are, you calmly explain to your enraged fellow traveler that the reason for the detainment is that the fruit basket may be ______. A) contaminated with CFCs that will damage the ozone layer above North America B) contaminated with sufficient DDT to cause serious harm to anyone who eats the fruit C) carrying a non-native species that could damage North American ecosystems D) carrying endangered fruit

C) carrying a non-native species that could damage North American ecosystems

15) The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ______. A) nucleoli B) nucleoplasm C) chromatin D) ribosomes

C) chromatin

Long, snowy winters as well as evergreen trees such as pine and fir are found in ______. A) temperate broadleaf forest B) chaparral C) coniferous forest D) temperate grasslands

C) coniferous forest

The primary goal of conservation biology is to ______. A) maximize the land set aside for wildlife B) integrate human culture back into nature C) counter the loss of biodiversity D) catalog species

C) counter the loss of biodiversity

41) The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life is most likely to be seen in ______. A) populations that live in cold climates B) populations that live in wet climates C) cultures that keep dairy herds D) Native Americans

C) cultures that keep dairy herds

8) If you provided your shade-tolerant plants with their preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, which of the following would you expect to occur? A) increased plant growth B) increased amounts of oxygen released by the plants C) decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants D) increased growth of the plants' leaves

C) decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants

16) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ______. A) increasing the temperature of the substrates B) contributing electrons to the reaction C) decreasing activation energy D) changing the pH of the substrates

C) decreasing activation energy

29) If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______. A) shrivel B) divide into two cells C) digest itself D) need to manufacture more lysosomes

C) digest itself

28) Lysosomes are responsible for ______. A) lipid synthesis B) cellular respiration C) digestion of organic matter inside the cell D) protein synthesis

C) digestion of organic matter inside the cell

11) In the following equation, lactose is a ______. galactose + glucose → lactose + water A) nucleic acid B) fatty acid C) disaccharide D) dipeptide

C) disaccharide

Which of the following actions would increase your carbon footprint? A) reusing or recycling items B) walking instead of driving C) eating more beef and less chicken D) eating more vegetables and less meat

C) eating more beef and less chicken

14) During redox reactions, ______. A) the loss of electrons from one substance is called reduction B) a substance that gains electrons is said to be oxidized C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance D) protons from one molecule replace the electrons lost from another molecule

C) electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance

Species found in only one place on Earth are called ______ species. A) hot spot B) keystone C) endemic D) exotic

C) endemic

37) When a person cries, tears are exported from cells through the process of A) facilitated diffusion. B) active transport. C) endocytosis. D) exocytosis.

C) endocytosis

Which of these biomes is one of the most biologically productive of all biomes? A) open oceans B) temperate grasslands C) estuaries D) coniferous forests

C) estuaries

In an ideal, unlimited environment, a population's growth follows a(n) ______ model. A) hypergeometric B) geometric C) exponential D) logistic

C) exponential

Most of the temperate grassland in North America has been converted to ______. A) suburbs B) cities C) farmland D) national parks

C) farmland

16) Cellulose is an example of ______. A) a polypeptide B) a steroid C) fiber D) fat

C) fiber

12) Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration? A) glucose → lactic acid + energy B) energy + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water C) glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy D) none of the above

C) glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

21) Saturated fats are saturated with ______. A) carbon B) nitrogen C) hydrogen D) oxygen

C) hydrogen

31) What is the name given to the reaction that breaks peptide bonds? A) dehydration reaction B) hydrogenation C) hydrolysis D) denaturation

C) hydrolysis

32) A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ______. A) in a marine environment B) within the cells of another organism C) in fresh water D) in ice

C) in fresh water

25) The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ______. A) in the stroma B) on the cristae C) in the thylakoid membrane D) in the cytosol

C) in the thylakoid membrane

25) Which of the following is a health effect of a diet high in saturated fats? A) increased blood flow B) decreased risk of atherosclerosis C) increased risk of heart attack D) decreased risk of stroke

C) increased risk of heart attack

What name is given to the region where sea meets land? A) pelagic realm B) benthic realm C) intertidal zone D) aphotic zone

C) intertidal zone

24) Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______. A) steroid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification B) lipid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification C) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification D) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and protein synthesis

C) lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification

Biomass is the total amount of ______ an ecosystem. A) organic matter tied up in the consumers of B) organic matter tied up in the producers of C) living organic material in D) chemical elements recycled by the detritivores of

C) living organic material in

In the oceans, global warming has ______. A) benefited corals B) decreased the amount of oxygen available C) made the water more acidic D) made the water more basic

C) made the water more acidic

24) A fat that is hydrogenated is ______. A) more unsaturated B) easier to digest C) more solid D) less likely to cause strokes

C) more solid

Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms? a) carbon dioxide and nitrogen B) water and carbon dioxide C) nitrogen and phosphorus D) water and oxygen

C) nitrogen and phosphorus

The ecological footprint of the United States ______. A) Is lower than the global average B) is about the same as the global average C) shows that Americans consume a disproportionate amount of food and fuel D) shows that its population size is increasing slowly

C) shows that Americans consume a disproportionate amount of food and fuel

Which of the following organisms are not ultimately dependent on sunlight for energy? A) marine species that live in the aphotic zone B) predators C) species that live in hydrothermal vent habitats D) bacteria that feed on dead organic matter

C) species that live in hydrothermal vent habitats

7) What are grana? A) thick fluids inside chloroplasts B) convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane C) stacks of membranous sacs D) pigments found in chloroplasts

C) stacks of membranous sacs

12) Table sugar is ______. A) glucose, a monosaccharide B) glucose, a disaccharide C) sucrose, a monosaccharide D) sucrose, a dissaccharide

C) sucrose, a monosaccharide

A location in a plant where sugar is stored or consumed is a _____. A) sugar bank B) phloem pool C) sugar sink D) sugar source

C) sugar sink

Modern conservation science increasingly aims at ______. A) maintenance of genetic diversity within species B) countering pollution C) sustaining entire ecosystems D) protection of federally listed endangered species

C) sustaining entire ecosystems

Examine the figure below. Globally, the largest amount of water moves from ______. A) the atmosphere to land by precipitation B) land to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration C) the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation D) land to the oceans by surface and groundwater runoff

C) the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation

In order to assess the species diversity of a community, you would need to know the number of different species present as well as ______. A) the fraction of these species that are plants B) the number of trophic levels in the community C) the relative abundance of the different species D) the intensity of interspecific competition in the community

C) the relative abundance of the different species

3) Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called ______ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ______. A) chlorophyll... thylakoid B) thylakoids... grana C) thylakoids... stroma D) grana... thylakoid

C) thylakoids... stroma

25) What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus? A) transport proteins B) central vacuole C) transport vesicles D) nucleolus

C) transport vesicles

43) The karyotype below shows ______. A) trisomy 21, a cause of Klinefelter syndrome B) abnormal sex chromosomes C) trisomy 21, a cause of Down syndrome D) Turner syndrome

C) trisomy 21, a cause of Down syndrome

Which of the following is a stem modification for storage? A) rhizome B) petiole C) tuber D) runner

C) tuber

8) The cell cycle results in the production of ______. A) four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information B) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information C) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information D) four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information

C) two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

27) Upon completion of telophase I and cytokinesis, there is(are) ______ cell(s). A) four haploid B) two diploid C) two haploid D) one diploid

C) two haploid

22) By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds? A) steroid B) triglyceride C) unsaturated D) saturated

C) unsaturated

6) The waste products of cellular respiration include ______. A) water only B) carbon dioxide only C) water and carbon dioxide D) water and glucose

C) water and carbon dioxide

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand?

CAGGTA

An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Active muscle cells require an extraordinary amount of ATP to permit strenuous exercise for prolonged periods. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. 43) When oxygen delivery becomes insufficient to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which ______. A) ATP is generated less efficiently by harvesting the heat energy in a cell B) ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product C) lactic acid is broken down to produce smaller amounts of ATP D) carbon dioxide is joined with water to generate much smaller amounts of ATP

B) ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

7) Which of the following occurs during interphase? A) Chromatin becomes tightly coiled. B) Chromosome duplication. C) Sister chromatids separate. D) The mitotic spindle forms.

B) Chromosome duplication

______ are seedless vascular plants. A) Bryophytes B) Ferns C) Gymnosperms D) Angiosperms

B) Ferns

13) ______ store the information necessary to produce proteins. A) Lysosomes B) Genes C) Ribosomes D) Carbohydrates

B) Genes

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a prediction? A) My car's battery is dead. B) If I recharge the battery, then my car will start. C) My car is too old to function properly. D) What is wrong with my car?

B) If I recharge the battery, then my car will start.

______ are the dominant herbivores of savanna ecosystems. A) Buffalo B) Insects C) Antelopes D) Zebras

B) Insects

15) During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules. Which of the following is a true statement about this process? A) The electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another. B) Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water. C) The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one electron acceptor to another. D) Glucose is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water

B) Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water.

This graph represents three different populations. Use it to answer the following questions. Which population is growing at the fastest rate? A) Population C B) Population A C) Population B

B) Population A

This graph represents three different populations. Use it to answer the following questions. If all populations occupy different areas that are approximately the same size, which population will have the lowest density after three years? A) Population B B) Population C C) Population A

B) Population C

Approximately what percentage of the visible light that reaches Earth's producers is converted to chemical energy? A) 10% B) 1% C) 0.1% D) 0.01%

C) 0.1%

Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. 47) The amount of dietary Calories in one hard-boiled egg could raise the temperature of ______. A) 75 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius B) 750 grams of water by 1 degree Celsius C) 1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius D) 7,500 grams of water by 50 degrees Celsius

C) 1,000 grams of water by 75 degrees Celsius

33) For a species with four pairs of chromosomes, ________ chromosome combinations are possible. A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 20

C) 16

37) Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago. A) 500,000 B) 10 million C) 2.7 billion D) 3.5 billion

C) 2.7 billion

38) How many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrome have? A) 2n + 1 B) n + 1 C) 2n - 1 D) n - 1

C) 2n - 1

The human genome consists of about ______ chemical letters. A) 300,000 B) 1 million C) 3 billion D) 300 billion

C) 3 billion

29) Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ______ ATP from one glucose. A) 2 B) 6 C) 38 D) The number generated depends on whether the end product of aerobic respiration is lactic acid or ethyl alcohol.

C) 38

20) What chromosomes belong to a normal human male? A) 22 autosomes and two Y chromosomes B) 44 autosomes and two Y chromosomes C) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome D) 46 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome

C) 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater streams and, during the first year of their life, the young salmon migrate up to 1,000 km to the ocean. They spend varying amounts of time in the ocean (ranging up to five years), where they feed and grow, rapidly acquiring more than 95% of their biomass during this period. During the summer of their maturing year, they begin the long journey back to their home streams where they spawn. Although it is still uncertain how salmon navigate back to their spawning grounds, current hypotheses suggest that they have a highly developed sense of smell. At the spawning grounds, females use their tails to form a hollow cavity where they lay up to 8,000 eggs. The male fertilizes the eggs, and both adults typically die soon thereafter. At different times in their lives, salmon can be found in all of the following except ______. A) the pelagic realm B) a chaparral C) a freshwater biome D) an estuary

B) a chaparral

3) The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ______. A) interconversion B) conservation of energy C) conservation of heat D) entropy

B) conservation of energy

5) One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells. A) have DNA, which is lacking in B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in C) have a plasma membrane, which is lacking in D) have a nucleoid region, which is lacking in

B) have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

Cellular respiration converts the energy of fuel molecules to a form of energy that a cell can use to perform work. In an average day, most adult humans need to consume about 2,000 Calories to maintain their health. However, the exact amount of dietary Calories a person needs depends upon many factors, including the person's age, physical activity, size, and health. Foods that we consume vary greatly in their nutritional content and quality. A large hard-boiled egg, for example, has about 75 dietary Calories and contains about 70% of our recommended daily intake of cholesterol. 46) If a person eats one hard-boiled egg and digests the egg fully, cellular respiration will convert most of this energy into ______. A) ATP B) heat C) carbon dioxide D) sugars

B) heat

26) During metaphase I, ______. A) crossing over occurs B) homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell C) the nuclear envelope breaks up D) sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles

B) homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

18) Sometimes when I have my morning coffee, which I drink black with no sugar, I notice a thin film floating on top of the coffee. Since I have just read Chapter 3 of the text, I now realize the nature of this substance and so I run to my friend screaming, "Look at this ______ in my coffee!" A) hydrophilic substance B) hydrophobic substance C) glucose D) nucleotide

B) hydrophobic substance

Ecology is the study of ______. A) life B) interactions between organisms and their environments C) human effects on the environment D) interactions between humans and other species

B) interactions between organisms and their environments

Competition among individuals of the same species is ______ competition. A) interspecific B) intraspecific C) extraspecific D) endospecific

B) intraspecific

The present rate of species loss ______. A) is about the same as it has been during the last 100,000 years B) is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years C) suggests that about 25% of all plant and animal species may be extinct by the end of the century D) is slower than in recent years because of conservation efforts

B) is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years

32) Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ______. A) is isotonic to the protozoan B) is hypotonic to the protozoan C) is hypertonic to the protozoan D) contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan

B) is hypotonic to the protozoan

Landscape ecology ______. A) deals with the study of the ranges of different species B) is the application of ecological principles to the study of land-use patterns C) focuses primarily on how to restore human-altered ecological systems D) deals primarily with ecosystems in urban settings

B) is the application of ecological principles to the study of land-use patterns

31) C4 plants conserve water by ______. A) shuttling CO2 from the Calvin cycle to the water-splitting photosystem B) keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry C) growing very deep roots D) running the Calvin cycle at night

B) keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry

A regional assemblage of interacting ecosystems is a ______. A) movement corridor B) landscape C) biome D) hot spot

B) landscape

33) Refer to the accompanying figure. Plant cells that contain the organelle responsible for photosynthesis are concentrated in cells of the ______. A) roots B) leaves C) stomata D) grana

B) leaves

23) Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells. A) brain B) liver C) intestinal D) muscle

B) liver

30) Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme. A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum

B) lysosomes

41) This diagram of the human life cycle shows that ______. A) meiosis produces a diploid zygote B) meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells C) fertilization produces a haploid zygote D) a diploid zygote undergoes meiosis to produce an adult human

B) meiosis produces haploid sperm and egg cells

Which of the following is a behavioral response to environmental variability? A) acclimation B) migrating to a different location C) endothermy D) "flagging" by trees

B) migrating to a different location

5) In the following reaction, galactose is a ______. galactose + glucose → lactose + water A) polysaccharide B) monomer C) polymer D) protein

B) monomer

Which of these is a characteristic of Type I survivorship? A) low survivorship for the very young B) most individuals survive to older age intervals C) survivorship is constant over the lifespan D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

B) most individuals survive to older age intervals

Taxonomy is the ______. A) study of cells B) naming and classifying of species C) study of organisms and their interaction with the environment D) study of genes

B) naming and classifying of species

Which of the following choices matches this figure? A) In some species of lizards and rodents, survivorship is constant over the life span. B) During "mating frenzies," male and female squid aggregate and release hundreds of eggs and sperm into the water column. The fertilized eggs are often quickly preyed on by fish. C) Dolphins produce only single offspring at a time and provide parental care for many months. D) The century plant grows for many years and reproduces and releases hundreds of seeds just once before it withers and dies. Because of the dry desert environment in which it lives, many of the seeds do not survive or are eaten.

C) Dolphins produce only single offspring at a time and provide parental care for many months.

17) Which one of the following is true? A) Enzymes are the products in a chemical reaction. B) Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction. C) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions. D) An enzyme's function requires inhibitors.

C) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions

37) One of the compounds that is a direct output of the Calvin cycle is ______. A) C6H12O6 B) NADPH C) G3P D) ATP

C) G3P

Amanda's parents realized that her body was not developing properly about the time she was 12 years old. She was shorter than most of her friends and was not going through changes normally associated with female puberty. They took her to a doctor who initially diagnosed Amanda with Turner Syndrome because of her physical features. He ordered a karyotype that confirmed his diagnosis. Amanda was born with only one X chromosome. Although there is no specific cure, the doctor was able to treat her and correct some of the problems associated with the condition. For example, she received growth hormone to improve her growth and estrogen to help her develop the physical changes of puberty. 44) Amanda's abnormal number of sex chromosomes resulted from ______. A) crossing over B) nondisjunction C) independent assortment of chromosomes D) random fertilization

B) nondisjunction

What are the two main processes that ecosystems depend upon? A) speciation and evolution B) nutrient recycling and energy flow C) decomposition and nutrient recycling D) sunlight and photosynthesis

B) nutrient recycling and energy flow

41) The figure below shows that ______. A) amino acids can move directly into the electron transport chain B) our cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP C) our cells can produce ATP only from glucose D) our cells can produce ATP from sugars and glycerol, but not fatty acids

B) our cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

18) The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______. A) ATP B) oxygen C) lactic acid D) NAD+

B) oxygen

In an aquatic ecosystem, what name is given to the region where photosynthesis can occur? A) pelagic zone B) photic zone C) benthic zone D) aphotic zone

B) photic zone

40) As shown in the following figure, plant cell cytokinesis differs from animal cell cytokinesis because ______. A) plant cells produce more daughter cells B) plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not C) animal cells produce more daughter cells D) animal cells form a cell plate and plant cells do not

B) plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not

18) What is one reason why plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids? A) to reflect more energy B) to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot C) to give them different colors D) because plants cannot make enough chlorophyll a for all of their energy needs

B) to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot

27) Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ______ and moves a substance ______ its concentration gradient. A) energy... down B) transport proteins... down C) energy and transport proteins... against D) transport proteins... against

B) transport proteins... down

A study of the human ecological footprint shows that ______. A) A human population size will soon crash B) we have already overshot the planet's capacity to sustain us C) Earth can sustain the current population, but not much more D) Earth can sustain a population about double the current population

B) we have already overshot the planet's capacity to sustain us

4) ______ is a hydroxyl group. A) —NH2 B) —OH C) —COOH D) —H

B) —OH

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______.

Bacteria

Herbivory is an example of a _____ interaction. A) 0/+ B) +/+ C) -/- D) +/-

D) +/-

Refer to the following figure. If there were an additional trophic level that consisted of organisms that prey on snakes, about how much energy would be available to organisms at that trophic level? A) 90% B) 100 kcal C) 10 kcal D) 1 kcal

D) 1 kcal

If there are 500 oak trees in a forest covering 50 square kilometers then the population density is A) 50 trees per square kilometer B) 5 trees per square kilometer C) 100 trees per square kilometer D) 10 trees per square kilometer

D) 10 trees per square kilometer

25) In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six molecules of glucose? A) 1 B) 38 C) 6 D) 12

D) 12

When did male fur seals reach carrying capacity? A) 1950 B) 1915 C) 1930 D) 1940

D) 1940

2) A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ______ covalent bond(s). A) none; carbon only participates in ionic bonds B) 1 C) 2 D) 4

D) 4

Which of the following products used by humans sometimes comes from plants? A) Fuel B) Clothing C) Food D) All of the above

D) All of the above

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 45) What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts? A) Mitochondria can sometimes divide to produce chloroplasts. B) Only mitochondria have their own DNA. C) Some mitochondria have chloroplasts inside of them. D) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.

D) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.

Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells? A) Bacteria only B) Eukarya only C) Archaea and Eukarya D) Bacteria and Archaea

D) Bacteria and Archaea

30) The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ______ to make ______. A) light energy and CO2... sugar B) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar and O2 C) light energy, CO2, and water... sugar and O2 D) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

D) CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

38) Which of the following is true with regard to a DNA molecule? A) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of guanine, and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of cytosine. B) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine. C) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of uracil. D) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

D) The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

According to the logistic growth model, what happens to a population when the size of the population reaches carrying capacity? A) The growth rate remains unchanged. B) The population crashes. C) The population begins to decrease in size. D) The growth rate is zero.

D) The growth rate is zero.

9) Which of the following occurs during prophase? A) Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell. B) The nuclear envelope forms. C) Sister chromatids separate. D) The mitotic spindle begins to form.

D) The mitotic spindle begins to form.

29) A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is true? A) The solution in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the solution in the balloon. B) The solution in the balloon is isotonic; the solution in the beaker is hypertonic. C) When placed in the beaker, the balloon will lose water by osmosis. D) The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

D) The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

Why are most food chains limited to three to five trophic levels? A) The nutritional quality of existing biomass decreases with increasing trophic level. B) Most ecosystems have insufficient space to support the increased number of organisms that more trophic levels would require. C) The higher the trophic level, the larger the organism; the larger the organism, the less likely it will be prey. D) There is insufficient energy to support more trophic levels.

D) There is insufficient energy to support more trophic levels.

Which of the following best describes the opening and closing of the stomata in most plants? A) They are closed except for brief periods of time during the day. B) They are open at night and closed during the day. C) They are open almost all of the time. D) They are open during the day and closed at night.

D) They are open during the day and closed at night

40) Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the best explanation? A) Tobacco smokers tend to get pregnant when they are younger. B) Tobacco interferes with the functioning of the flagella propelling sperm. C) Tobacco interferes with the transfer of oxygen to the uterus, thereby forcing the zygote to implant in a fallopian tube. D) Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

D) Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

An unexpected freeze that kills a population of chipmunks is an example of ______. A) a density-dependent factor B) a natal effect C) an intrinsic factor D) a density-independent factor

D) a density-independent factor

Bears eat berries, humans, and large fish; large fish eat smaller fish and insects; humans eat bears, large fish, and berries; Venus flytraps eat insects. The scenario described here is an example of ______. A) a food chain B) an ecosystem C) parasitism D) a food web

D) a food web

What will be the approximate shape of the age-structure diagram of a rapidly increasing population? A) a rectangle B) an inverted pyramid C) an hourglass D) a pyramid

D) a pyramid

What is a gene? A) a type of eukaryotic cell B) an organelle that houses DNA C) a type of prokaryotic cell D) a unit of inheritance

D) a unit of inheritance

Type I survivorship curves are typical of species that exhibit ______. A) many offspring and good parental care B) an intermediate number of offspring and an intermediate level of parental care C) many offspring and poor parental care D) few offspring and good parental care

D) few offspring and good parental care

Which of these factors operates in a density-dependent manner? A) flood B) blizzard C) volcanic eruption D) food supply

D) food supply

4) What is the function of stomata? A) water absorption B) Calvin cycle C) location of photosystems D) gas exchange

D) gas exchange

28) ATP synthase plays a role in ______. A) pulling electrons down the electron transport chain B) glycolysis C) pumping hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane D) generating ATP

D) generating ATP

Which of the following hormones promotes seed germination? A) abscisic acid B) auxin C) ethylene D) gibberellin

D) gibberellin

33) Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown? A) the citric acid cycle B) the electron transport chain C) conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid D) glycolysis

D) glycolysis

20) The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ______. A) less energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments B) redder the color C) more photons it contains D) greater the energy

D) greater the energy

The single greatest threat to biodiversity comes from ______. A) invasive species B) overexploitation C) pollution D) habitat destruction and fragmentation

D) habitat destruction and fragmentation

Opportunistic species typically ______. A) exhibit a Type I survivorship curve B) are very long-living C) reach sexual maturity slowly D) have a large number of offspring

D) have a large number of offspring

Species that exhibit an equilibrial life history typically ______. A) exhibit a Type III survivorship curve B) exhibit a Type II survivorship curve C) have a large number of offspring D) have long lives

D) have long lives

15) A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______. A) have less genetic material than it started with B) not have completed anaphase C) have its chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell D) have two nuclei

D) have two nuclei

Sustainable development ______. A) will require global, multinational cooperation B) will require making difficult decisions regarding the environment and lifestyle C) must be achieved if the human species is to survive D) involves all of the above

D) involves all of the above

15) The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ______. A) summation B) cellular synthesis C) replication D) metabolism

D) metabolism

42) Which of the following organelles connect(s) to the nuclear envelope? A) the Golgi apparatus B) lysosomes C) mitochondria D) the endoplasmic reticulum

D) the endoplasmic reticulum

31) Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Which is it? A) the events of meiosis I B) crossing over C) independent assortment D) the events of meiosis II

D) the events of meiosis II

33) If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? A) expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water C) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

40) The figure below shows... A) the synthesis of ADP B) the breakdown of ATP to perform cellular work C) the removal of a phosphate group from ADP D) the synthesis of ATP through the addition of a phosphate group

D) the synthesis of ATP through the addition of a phosphate group

Permafrost, or permanently frozen subsoil, characterizes _____. A) coniferous forest B) chaparral C) temperate deciduous forest D) tundra

D) tundra

As a result of a severe disturbance, a community will ______. A) not be repopulated B) be replaced by a community that is completely different from the previous community C) not recover for thousands of years D) undergo succession

D) undergo succession

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population? The postbottleneck population has less of a chance of going extinct than did the prebottleneck population. The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck population. The bottleneck subjected the population to stabilizing selection. The postbottleneck population exhibits more genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.

The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.

Which of the following is NOT true? The first organisms to colonize land were animals. For most of biological history, life was confined to aquatic habitats. The great diversification of animals occurred during the Cambrian explosion. The evolution of multicellularity took place after the origin of the eukaryotes.

The first organisms to colonize land were animals.

Which of these is a genetically modified organism? the first organism in which a particular mutation has appeared an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means a cloned organism carrying two different alleles an organism that gestated in an artificial womb

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

Which of these is a genetically modified organism? the first organism in which a particular mutation has appeared a cloned organism carrying 2 different alleles an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means an organism that gestated in an artificial womb

an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means

Which of the following best defines the term transgenic organism?

an organism containing a gene from another species

Which of the following best defines the term transgenic organism? an organism that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele an organism containing a gene from another species an organism containing genes from three or more species an organism in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy

an organism containing a gene from another species

The wing of a penguin is ______ the wing of a butterfly. homologous to structurally identical to analogous to superior to

analogous to

Molecular systematics might examine all of the following types of data except ______. anatomical features amino acid sequences DNA sequences proteins

anatomical features

Nearly all food plants are as ______. ferns bryophytes angiosperms gymnosperms

angiosperms

The legless, segmented body of the animal below suggests that it is a(n) ______. roundworm snake annelid arthropod

annelid

In angiosperms, the male gametophyte develops within ______. archegonia anthers male cones filaments

anthers

Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils? a. 100% b. 0% c. 50% d. 25%

b. 0%

A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs? a. 30% b. 3% c. 6% d. 1.5%

b. 3%

Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. How can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? a. The man's mother carries an allele for red-green color blindness, and the expression of the trait skipped a generation. b. He can't (unless there is a mutation). c. The man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. d. The woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind.

b. He can't (unless there is a mutation).

What is the ultimate source of all diversity? a. natural selection b. mutation c. sexual recombination d. meiosis

b. Mutation

Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______. a. RNA... DNA b. RNA... a polypeptide c. DNA... a polypeptide d. DNA... RNA

b. RNA . . . a polypeptide

What is the key to the recognition of codominance? a. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. b. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. c. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. d. The alleles affect more than one trait.

b. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.

What is the key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? a. All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. b. The trait varies along a continuum in the population. c. Pleiotropy occurs. d. A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait.

b. The trait varies along a continuum in the population.

Pic-The figure below shows the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell. The transfer of information from DNA into an RNA molecule is known as ______. a. polypeptide b. transcription c. translation d. DNA replication

b. Transcription

Who discovered the structure of DNA? a. Hershey and Chase b. Watson and Crick c. Pauling d. Franklin

b. Watson and Crick

What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes? a. the lack of RNA-digesting enzymes in the cytoplasm b. a cap and tail c. the removal of exons d. RNA splicing

b. a cap and tail

The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______. a. tailing, capping, splicing b. initiation, elongation, termination c. splicing, capping, tailing d. elongation, initiation, termination

b. initiation, elongation, termination

Linked genes are usually a. found on the Y chromosome. b. located close together on a chromosome. c. codominant. d. found on the X chromosome.

b. located close together on a chromosome.

What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? a. allele b. locus c. genotype d. chromaddress

b. locus

Transcription is the ______. a.modification of a strand of RNA prior to the manufacture of a protein b. manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA c. manufacture of two new DNA double helices that are identical to an old DNA double helix d. manufacture of a protein based on information carried by RNA

b. manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ______ to reproduce. a. tRNA b. reverse transcriptase c. DNA polymerase d. RNA polymerase

b. reverse transcriptase

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______. a. DNA double helix with the sequence AAGCTC for one strand and TTCGAG for the complementary strand b. single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG c. single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG d. RNA double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand

b. single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______. a. the production of a shorter RNA molecule b. the production of a longer RNA molecule c. the creation of a virus d. a strand of mRNA that lacks its cap and tail

b. the production of a longer RNA molecule

What kind of prokaryotes are these? bacilli cocci ciliates spirochetes

bacilli

Restriction enzymes are obtained from ______. archaea eukaryotes viruses bacteria

bacteria

The biological species concept cannot be applied to ______. animals that use asexual and sexual reproduction bacteria that only reproduce asexually complex plants that have flowers fungi that live on land

bacteria that only reproduce asexually

What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies only mate with males who emit light in a particular pattern? behavioral isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation habitat isolation

behavioral isolation

Under the biological species concept, what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species? being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring a very similar appearance relating to the environment in the same way having 99% of their genes in common

being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Prokaryotes reproduce by means of ______. binary fission budding mitosis meiosis

binary fission

Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States. As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the distribution of species are part of the field of ______. biogeography geology morphology paleontology

biogeography

Which of the following is a component of the fossil record? the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and bats the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and Asia molecular sequences bones of extinct whales

bones of extinct whales

Gametophytes reproduce ______. by fission by producing sperm and eggs by alternation of generations by budding

by producing sperm and eggs

Recombinant offspring were produced by the mating shown in the accompanying art. What is the recombination frequency of purple round and red long offspring? a. 21% b. 381 c. 11% d. 21 + 21

c. 11%

Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? a. 2:1 b. 3:1 c. 1:1 d. 1:2:1

c. 1:1

Round seeds () are dominant to wrinkled seeds (), and yellow seeds () are dominant to green seeds (). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? a. 1:2:1 b. 3:1 c. 1:1:1:1 d. 9:3:3:1

c. 1:1:1:1

In humans, free earlobes () are dominant to attached earlobes () and the presence of freckles () is dominant to the absence of freckles (). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? a. 0% b. 100% c. 25% d. 50%

c. 25%

Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? a. 0% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25%

c. 50%

Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? a. Aa × Aa b. AA × Aa c. AA × aa d. Aa × aa

c. AA × aa

Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? a. All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia. b. Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia. c. All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. d. Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.

c. All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.

An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles? a. incomplete dominance b. pleiotropy c. codominance d. LN is dominant

c. Codominance

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______. a. caps b. promoters c. exons d. introns

c. Exons

______ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. a. Codominant b. Pleiotropic c. Linked d. Recessive

c. Linked

An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ______. a. linkage b. Mendel's principle of segregation c. Mendel's law of independent assortment d. the chromosomal theory of inheritance

c. Mendel's law of independent assortment

The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ______ RNA. a. ribosomal b. nuclear c. messenger d. transfer

c. Messenger

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message? a. four b. two c. one d. three

c. One

What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? a. holotype b. morphology c. phenotype d. genotype

c. Phenotype

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______. a. initiator b. start codon c. promoter d. processor

c. Promoter

Where is translation accomplished? a. lysosomes b. nucleoli c. ribosomes d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

c. Ribosomes

What is the basis of Mendel's laws? a.the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only b. the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase c. the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis d. the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis

c. The behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis

A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why? a. The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele. b. All of the offspring are homozygous yellow. c. The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele. d. The alleles are codominant.

c. The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.

The backbone of DNA consists of ______. a. a repeating sugar-nucleotide-sugar-nucleotide pattern b. paired nucleotides c. a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern d. nitrogenous bases

c. a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______. a. bacterial cells arose earlier than eukaryotic cells b. DNA replication is error-free c. all life shares a common ancestry d. the genetic code arose relatively late in the history of life on Earth

c. all life shares a common ancestry

This pedigree supports the fact that widow's peak is due to a dominant allele, because if it were due to a recessive allele and both parents show the recessive phenotype, then ______. a. all of the daughters and none of the sons would have a widow's peak b. none of the daughters would have a widow's peak c. all of the offspring would have a widow's peak d. none of the sons would have a widow's peak

c. all of the offspring would have a widow's peak

Peptide bonds form between ______. a. a tRNA and the amino acid it is carrying b. an mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon c. amino acids d. an mRNA transcript and the small ribosomal subunit

c. amino acids

An individual who is homozygous ______. a. expresses the dominant trait b. expresses the recessive trait c. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene d. carries two different alleles for a gene

c. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______. a. expresses the dominant trait b. is homozygous dominant for that trait c. is homozygous recessive for that trait d. is heterozygous for that trait

c. is homozygous recessive for that trait

What is the best explanation for a BbCc × bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio? a. incomplete dominance b. polygenic inheritance c. linked genes d. codominance

c. linked genes

DNA replication a. is a slow process that results in virtually no errors. b. requires DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. c. requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins. d. is a very fast process that results in numerous errors.

c. requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzyme and other proteins

A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______. a. result in a polypeptide that is one amino acid shorter than the one produced prior to the mutation b. have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene c. result in a shortened polypeptide chain d. change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins

c. result in a shortened polypeptide chain

The best definition of a true-breeding plant is one that ______. a.self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring b. produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized c. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent d.cannot be cross-fertilized

c. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent

Pic-Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______. a. threonine b. arginine c. serine d. alanine

c. serine

Rays are a type of ______. jawless fish tunicate bony fish cartilaginous fish

cartilaginous fish

Which of the following is not a requirement of natural selection? catastrophic events overproduction of offspring differential reproductive success genetic variation

catastrophic events

Many proto-oncogenes regulate ______. cell growth cell suicide cell repair cell division

cell division

At one point, you were just an undifferentiated, single cell. You are now made of many cells; some of these cells function as liver cells, some as muscle cells, some as red blood cells, while others play different roles. What name is given to the process that is responsible for this? regeneration carcinogenesis gene expression cellular differentiation

cellular differentiation

Genetic drift is the result of ______. natural selection chance environmental variation a large gene pool

chance

You discover a prokaryote that can make its own food in the absence of light. Nutritionally, you would classify this prokaryote as a ______. photoheterotroph chemoheterotroph chemoautotroph photoautotroph

chemoautotroph

Which anthropoids are most closely related to humans? orangutans chimpanzees gibbons gorillas

chimpanzees

The arthropod skeleton is composed of ______. cellulose peptidoglycan chitin glycogen

chitin

Endosymbiosis explains the origin of the ______ of eukaryotes. endomembrane system chloroplasts and mitochondria membrane-bound organelles nuclear envelope

chloroplasts and mitochondria

What name is given to the food-trapping cells of sponges? flame cells phagocytes choanocytes amoebocytes

choanocytes

The lancelet is a(n) _____. chordate annelid tunicate flatworm

chordate

An ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants define a ______. ingroup clade outgroup genus

clade

Which of the following taxonomic levels is most inclusive? class family order genus

class

To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______.

cloned and sequenced

To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes, chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ______. cloned and sequenced centrifuged and electrophoresed restricted fingerprinted

cloned and sequenced

The common ancestor of all animals is likely to have been a(n) ______. colonial, flagellated protist colonial, flagellated bacterium sponge colonial, ciliated protist

colonial, flagellated protist

Homology is evidence of ______. biogeography common ancestry natural selection convergent evolution

common ancestry

Homology is evidence of ______. convergent evolution paedomorphosis common ancestry punctuated evolution

common ancestry

The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______. genetic drift common ancestry analogy convergent evolution

common ancestry

The short tandem repeat analysis ______.

compares repetitive DNA sequences from different individuals

A true coelom is ______. completely lined with tissue derived from ectoderm formed when a zygote develops into a blastula completely lined with tissue derived from endoderm completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm

completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm

Analogous structures are evidence of ______. divergent evolution convergent evolution common ancestry stabilizing selection

convergent evolution

Nearly all ______ are aquatic. roundworms flatworms crustaceans arachnids

crustaceans

The ______ helps plants retain water. hypha cuticle lignin mycorrhiza

cuticle

An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair? a. 75% b. 50% c. 25% d. 0%

d. 0%

The parents of a child with unusual disease symptoms take the child to a doctor for help. The doctor suspects that the condition might have a genetic basis. She recommends that the child be taken to a specialty clinic where physicians and staff members are trained to diagnose genetic diseases and counsel parents. Ultimately, the child is diagnosed with a rare recessively inherited disease. The parents are tested for the gene, and both are found to be heterozygous. The parents want to have another child but are afraid this child will also be affected. What would genetic counselors say is the probability that the second child will have the disease? a. 1/8 b. 1/16 c. 1/2 d. 1/4

d. 1/4

A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? a. 67% b. 25% c. 33% d. 50%

d. 50%

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia? a. 100% b. 75% c. 0% d. 50%

d. 50%

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? a. DI b. dd c. DD d. Dd

d. Dd

What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? a. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. b. The alleles affect more than one trait. c. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. d. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

d. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______. a. studies of disease-causing bacteria b. bacteriophage studies c. base rule studies d. X-ray crystallography studies

d. X-ray crystallography studies

The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ______. a. a single nucleotide in the middle of an intron b. deletion of a triplet near the middle of the gene c. a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence d. a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence

d. a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence

Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? a. pedigree analysis b. testcross c. dihybrid cross d. amniocentesis

d. amniocentesis

During translation, what is the correct order of events that occur as an amino acid is added? a. translocation, codon recognition, termination b. peptide bond formation, translocation, codon recognition c. initiation, codon recognition, termination d. codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

d. codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______. a.two alleles segregate into each gamete b. gametes are diploid c. more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele d. gametes have one copy of each allele

d. gametes have one copy of each allele

Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ______, and the allele for purple flowers is ______. a. homozygotes... recessive b. homozygotes... dominant c. heterozygotes... recessive d. heterozygotes... dominant

d. heterozygotes... dominant

Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ______. a. not affected by our genes b. determined only by our genes c. determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people d. influenced by both genes and the environment

d. influenced by both genes and the environment

An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ______. a. will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis b. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis c. has cystic fibrosis d. is a carrier

d. is a carrier

Pic-Consider the following figure. It indicates that a single amino acid substitution ______. a.is a silent mutation b. always involves adenine and uracil c. causes a nonsense mutation d. may alter a protein so that it no longer functions properly

d. may alter a protein so that it no longer functions properly

Plant viruses ______. a. benefit plants, rather than causing disease b. do not exist-viruses only attack animals c. cause diseases that can be easily cured d. often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material

d. often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material

While working with cultured mouse cells, a researcher unknowingly treated the cells with a mutagen that causes the deletion or insertion of individual nucleotides in DNA. Subsequently, she isolated and cultured a single cell from this group. She noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein and that this affected their survival The mutation that resulted from her accident was probably ______. a. an error in translation b. a loss in regulation of gene expression c. an amino acid substitution d. one that changed the triplet grouping of the genetic message

d. one that changed the triplet grouping of the genetic message

Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that ..... a.thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases. b. thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA. c. thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA. d. thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures.

d. thymine and cytosine are single ring structure, whereas adenine and guanine are double ring structure

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______.

desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the ______. plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (perhaps the cell of a plant or animal) desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium bacterial chromosome is genetically engineered and the plasmid is used to help the bacterium replicate

desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is taken up by the bacterium

A photoautotrophic unicellular organism with a shell made of silica is most likely a(n) ______. dinoflagellate foram apicomplexan diatom

diatom

Which risk factors are associated with cancer of the colon and rectum? dietary fat UV radiation tobacco viruses

dietary fat

STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have

different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.

STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have different CODIS DNA sequences different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome. different restriction fragments different alleles for many genes in the genome.

different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.

Humans are chordates. Which animal group is most closely related to chordates? echinoderms annelids arthropods molluscs

echinoderms

You discover a unicellular organism that moves by what appear to be pseudopodia. You conclude that this organism is ______. either a type of amoeba or a type of slime mold a type of alga a type of bacterium either a type of ciliate, or a type of amoeba, or a type of flagellate, or a type of apicomplexan

either a type of amoeba or a type of slime mold

Inward folds of the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell produced the _____ of eukaryotic cells. nuclear envelope and DNA. endomembrane system chloroplasts mitochondria

endomembrane system

Which of the following would likely be the most difficult to kill were you to can your own food? endospores megaspores sporophylls microspores

endospores

Almost every element of bird anatomy is modified for what? eating seeds enhancement of flight laying eggs singing unique songs

enhancement of flight

You are examining the fossil record and notice that through time a series of fossils exhibits very little change. During the period of time you are studying, this fossil lineage can be described as exhibiting ______. punctuation genetic drift gradualism equilibrium

equilibrium

Which of these human characteristics evolved first? language enlarged brain erect posture loss of body hair

erect posture

Which of the following include the two classes of poisons produced by pathogenic bacteria? chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs exotoxins and endotoxins bacilli and cocci protozoans and fungi

exotoxins and endotoxins

A period of mass extinction is often followed by ______. equilibrium explosive diversification nonbranching evolution global cooling

explosive diversification

Under ideal conditions, prokaryotes are capable of reproducing at a(n) ______ rate. infinite arithmetic exponential hypergeometric

exponential

Of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same ______ are the most closely related. phylum domain family order

family

Examine the two animals in the photographs in the following figure. Use all of the clues in this figure. These two organisms belong to ______. <img src="Imported_Resources/ch1314hw/f188g1_r.jpg alt= align=middle height=248 width=435/ /fontbr/font face=Palatino /font font face=Palatinothe same genus/font font face=Palatinodifferent orders/font font face=Palatinodifferent families/font font face=Palatinothe same species/font

font face=Palatinothe same genus/font

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole? founder effect directional selection diversifying selection bottleneck effect

founder effect

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does 2pq represent? frequency of the dominant allele frequency of heterozygotes frequency of the homozygous dominants frequency of the recessive allele

frequency of heterozygotes

In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what does p2 represent? frequency of heterozygotes frequency of the recessive allele frequency of the homozygous dominants frequency of the dominant allele

frequency of the homozygous dominants

Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations. intestinal somatic gametic immune

gametic

Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______.

gel electrophoresis

Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces DNA fragments that can be separated by ______. recombinant DNA enzymes plasmids gel electrophoresis

gel electrophoresis

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of ______.

gene cloning

The process of making multiple copies of a gene by inserting it into a host genome and culturing the host is an example of ______. industrial genetic engineering gene amplification gene cloning gene pharming

gene cloning

The process by which genotype becomes expressed as phenotype is ______. transcription recombination gene expression phenogenesis

gene expression

When most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining populations are widely separated, we expect to see that ______. artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution gene flow between populations is reduced microevolution no longer occurs the founder effect becomes increasingly important

gene flow between populations is reduced

The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time make up that population's ______. polymorphic pool genotype heterozygosity gene pool

gene pool

Speciation requires ______. genetic isolation long periods of time geographic isolation periods of rapid evolutionary change

genetic isolation

What name is given to a region of DNA that varies from person to person?

genetic marker

What name is given to a region of DNA that varies from person to person? restriction fragment genetic probe monoDNA genetic marker

genetic marker

The modern synthesis was a fusion of ______. genetics and evolutionary biology population ecology and genetics molecular biology and comparative anatomy the fossil record and genetics

genetics and evolutionary biology

A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome is called a ______.

genomic library

A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome is called a ______. phenotypic library genomic library gene repository clone collection

genomic library

The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called ______. genomics recombinant DNA proteomics genetic engineering

genomics

Sympatric speciation specifically excludes ______. temporal isolation post-zygotic barriers behavioral isolation geographic isolation

geographic isolation

Which of the following are most closely related to plants? cellular slime molds green algae brown algae red algae

green algae

Swim bladders ______. are present in both bony and cartilaginous fishes help bony fish maintain buoyancy contain the gills are required for fish to exchange gases with the surrounding water

help bony fish maintain buoyancy

The "master control genes" that regulate other genes, which determine what body parts will develop in which locations, are called ______. oncogenes homeotic genes enhancers operons

homeotic genes

The wing of a bald eagle is ______ the wing of a penguin. unrelated to analogous to homologous to convergent with

homologous to

Which of the following is likely to be the result of polygenic inheritance? human height ABO blood type freckles an extra finger

human height

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______. SCID humulin RFLP HGH

humulin

Of the following, which is the earliest step in the formation of fossil fuels? fungi and bacteria converting the remains of organisms to inorganic nutrients subjecting organic matter to extreme pressure incomplete decomposition of organic matter subjecting organic matter to extreme heat

incomplete decomposition of organic matter

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______. requires a small population is a type of natural selection involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population can only occur on an oceanic island colony

involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid?

isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

Of these steps, which occurs first in the production of a recombinant plasmid? recombination cloning construction of a genomic library isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

isolation of a plasmid from a bacterium

A(n) ______ is an example of a chordate that is not a vertebrate. bird fish lancelet echinoderm

lancelet

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ______. length pH G:T ratio A:C ratio

length

Which group of fishes includes a lineage that migrated out of fresh water and adapted to life on land? lobe-finned fishes cartilaginous fishes jawless fishes ray-finned fishes

lobe-finned fishes

More people die of ______ cancer than of any other cancer. skin breast pancreatic lung

lung

What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years? marine snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains bird fossils at the top of mountains in Argentina dinosaur bones in the Amazon basin impressions of ocean waves at the top of a mountain

marine snail fossils high up in the Andes mountains

Which of the following prokaryotes aid digestion in cattle, deer, and other animals that obtain nutrition from cellulose? methanogens cocci halophiles dinoflagellates

methanogens

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, which organelles evolved from small prokaryotes that established residence within other, larger prokaryotes? mitochondria and chloroplasts Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum vacuoles and lysosomes centrioles and ribosomes

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Annelids are most closely related to ______. echinoderms chordates molluscs arthropods

molluscs

The platypus is a_______ bird marsupial eutherian monotreme

monotreme

The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is ______. sexual recombination gene flow mutation random fertilization

mutation

Variation among pre-cells was due to ______. genetic drift the bottleneck effect mutation natural selection

mutation

Which one of the following can create new alleles? sexual reproduction mutation genetic drift natural selection

mutation

Which of these is most likely to cause the development of a six-legged frog? mutation of homeotic genes artificial selection dietary supplementation conversion of a proto-oncogene to an oncogene

mutation of homeotic genes

Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease first identified in 1998 as a cause of massive amphibian deaths. In some severely impacted populations, a few individuals have survived, perhaps because of some natural resistance. If these resistant individuals continue to survive and prosper, new resistant populations might emerge. This would be an example of ______. sexual selection genetic drift the founder effect natural selection

natural selection

In The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that the mechanism of descent with modification was _____. artificial selection natural selection uniformitarianism inheritance of acquired characteristics

natural selection

Introns are ______. DNA sequences to which activators bind noncoding DNA sequences expressed DNA sequences the product of RNA splicing

noncoding DNA sequences

In human gene therapy

normal versions of genes are transferred to patients who carry a mutated allele.

In human gene therapy, genetically engineered alleles, usually from other species, replace mutated alleles. normal versions of genes are transferred to patients who carry a mutated allele. harmless bacteria make important proteins for humans that cannot produce these proteins on their own. bacterial plasmids are used to transfer genes to human patients.

normal versions of genes are transferred to patients who carry a mutated allele.

A(n) ______ is an example of a mollusc that does not have a shell. squid snail oyster octopus

octopus

Molecular biologists have perfected DNA fingerprinting so that it is possible to use the technique to provide evidence to solve crimes and even identify a child's parents. Recently, a U.S. immigrant asked the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services for permission to have her young daughter who was living with grandparents in their homeland join her.Her request was denied because there was an apparent mix-up with the child's birth certificate and it could not be used as proof of maternity. Proof is required in cases such as this. The mother requested DNA fingerprinting to make her case. Samples of DNA were taken from the mother (Mom) and daughter (D1) as well as from another daughter (D2) and a son (S) living in the United States with her. Tandem repeat analysis was run on the four samples, and the results are shown here You can use this DNA fingerprinting information to make a judgment about maternity because ______.

of the position of the bands in the gel

While on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by a book by Charles Lyell that suggested that Earth was ______ and sculpted by geologic processes that ______ today. young... continue old... continue old... no longer occur young... no longer occur

old... continue

What name is given to a gene that causes cancer? cancogene oncogene pathogene homeotic gene

oncogene

In an operon, the ______ acts as an on/off switch. promoter operator activator repressor

operator

In bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions, along with their DNA control sequences? exon promoter operon activator

operon

In prokaryotes, the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the ______. master control gene homeobox operon signal transduction pathway

operon

Which of the following are the most abundant cell type found in most plants? ollenchyma cells food-conducting cells sclerenchyma cells parenchyma cells

parenchyma cells

All organisms that photosynthesize fit into which nutritional category? photoautotrophs photoheterotrophs chemoautotrophs chemoheterotrophs

photoautotrophs

During his trip on the Beagle, Darwin found that ______. fossils found on a particular continent were clearly not related to the plants and animals living on that continent today plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents plants and animals were similar on every continent and in every type of region plants and animals living in temperate regions were most similar to each other, regardless of the continent on which they were found

plants and animals living on a continent seemed more closely related to each other than to plants and animals living in similar regions on other continents

Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell? humulin PCR plasmids GM

plasmids

The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______.

play a role in all of the choices listed here

The Human Genome Project has the potential to ______. lead to treatments for inherited diseases increase our understanding of the historical relationships among species lead to treatments for contagious diseases play a role in all of the choices listed here

play a role in all of the choices listed here

In late 2006, bee workers in the United States started to notice a disturbing phenomenon: the sudden disappearance of honeybees from commercial hives. This mysterious condition was called "colony collapse disorder," and it has caused a drastic reduction in commercial honeybee populations all over the country. It is estimated that one-third of our food supply relies on bees and is in danger. Crops that rely most heavily on honeybees include apples, almonds, blueberries, and pumpkins. If colony collapse disorder cannot be cured or treated effectively, farmers may have to turn to other insects, perhaps other bee species or even moths. Without honeybees, which process in the life cycle of plants such as apples, almonds, blueberries, and pumpkins is most affected? secondary growth seed dispersal seed germination pollination

pollination

The smallest biological unit that can evolve is the ______. phylum population individual species

population

Biological species consist of groups of ______. families genera domains populations

populations

Inheritance of certain genes increases the risk of getting certain cancers; thus, it can be said that ______. these cancers are inherited as a dominant trait (for these individuals) lifestyle will have little impact on cancer risk mutations that occur in somatic cells can be passed from parent to offspring predisposition to these cancers is inherited

predisposition to these cancers is inherited

PIC-The following figure provides you with an overview of recombinant technology. The end result is a transgenic bacterium with a human gene that codes for marketable quantities of a human gene product. However, molecular biologists frequently have problems with the product. One problem might be ______.

production of a human protein that is unable to function properly

In the soil, some ______ convert nitrogen to a form that can be used by plants. protists prokaryotes protozoans animals

prokaryotes

Bacterial RNA polymerase binds to the ______. regulatory gene proto-oncogene promoter operator

promoter

The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____. gene therapy gene cloning genomics proteomics

proteomics

Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants are classified in a "catch-all" category called ______. bacteria archaea seaweeds protists

protists

Flagellates, amoebas, apicomplexans, and ciliates are all what type of protist? seaweeds slime molds protozoans dinoflagellates

protozoans

A pattern of evolution in which most change in appearance takes place during a relatively short period of time fits the ______ model of speciation. punctuated gradual punctuated equilibrium gradual homeostatic

punctuated equilibrium

What type of symmetry does this organism exhibit? binomial asymmetrical radial bilateral

radial

When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ______. mechanical isolation reduced hybrid viability hybrid sterility reduced hybrid fertility

reduced hybrid viability

What does evolutionary fitness measure? physical health population size relative reproductive success longevity

relative reproductive success

Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator? promoter repressor RNA polymerase lactose

repressor

To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______.

restriction enzymes

To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______. gel electrophoresis DNA ligase restriction enzymes PCR

restriction enzymes

Natural selection ______. does not affect allelic frequencies prepares organisms for future changes in the environment results in evolutionary adaptation is a very rare phenomenon

results in evolutionary adaptation

Molecular biologists have perfected DNA fingerprinting so that it is possible to use the technique to provide evidence to solve crimes and even identify a child's parents. Recently, a U.S. immigrant asked the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services for permission to have her young daughter who was living with grandparents in their homeland join her.Her request was denied because there was an apparent mix-up with the child's birth certificate and it could not be used as proof of maternity. Proof is required in cases such as this. The mother requested DNA fingerprinting to make her case. Samples of DNA were taken from the mother (Mom) and daughter (D1) as well as from another daughter (D2) and a son (S) living in the United States with her. Tandem repeat analysis was run on the four samples, and the results are shown here. The results indicate that ______.

she is the mother of daughter D1

In eukaryotic cells, repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ______. regulators operators silencers enhancers

silencers

"Sticky ends" are ______.

single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

"Sticky ends" are ______. telomeres the site on chromosomes where the centromere is found regions of double-stranded DNA that can be cut by a restriction enzyme single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

single-stranded ends of fragments of double-stranded DNA

Unique features of vertebrates include the presence of a(n) ______. skull and backbone notochord pharyngeal slit endoskeleton

skull and backbone

A characteristic of arthropods that has allowed for their great success is the presence of ______. specialized segments an endoskeleton a brain bilateral symmetry

specialized segments

The idea that life regularly arises from nonliving matter is referred to as ______. speciation spontaneous generation endosymbiosis biogenesis

spontaneous generation

Which of the following is most likely to decrease genetic variation? diversifying selection stabilizing selection directional selection mutation

stabilizing selection

Spherical bacteria that occur in clusters are ______. spirilla streptococci bacilli staphylococci

staphylococci

A vaccine works by ______.

stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses

A vaccine works by ______. preventing translation of mRNA molecules that code for disease-causing proteins inhibiting bacterial reproduction killing cells infected with a virus stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses

stimulating the immune system to develop lasting defenses

The science of naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called ______. taxonomy biogeography zoography phylogeny

taxonomy

The following figure shows that gel electrophoresis can be used to separate repetitive DNA sequences. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments because ______.

the DNA fragments have different lengths

The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____.

the Y chromosome

The possibility that Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan spread an unusual chromosome to nearly 16 million men living today resulted from studies of _____. the X chromosome proteomics cDNA the Y chromosome

the Y chromosome

Which of the following would be an example of paedomorphosis? two species evolving a similar appearance starfish regenerating severed limbs the ability to reproduce evolving in caterpillars rapid evolution in a small, isolated population

the ability to reproduce evolving in caterpillars

A characteristic that is shared by snakes and birds is ______. the presence of only a single ovary in females being endothermic the amniotic egg being ectothermic

the amniotic egg

A feature that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is ______. the amniotic egg parental care of eggs metamorphosis ectothermy

the amniotic egg

What global climatic change gave gymnosperms an advantage over ferns? Increased fluctuations in global climate the climate becoming hotter and wetter the climate becoming cooler and drier the climate becoming hotter and drier

the climate becoming cooler and drier

Which of the following are homologous? wings of a butterfly and wings of a sparrow the mouth of a mosquito and the beak of a hummingbird the forelimb of a dog and the hindlimb of a cat the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

The Permian mass extinction is associated with the diversification of mammals. an asteroid impact. the formation of Pangaea. global warming.

the formation of Pangaea.

Features unique to mammals include ______. the presence of hair being endotherms having no egg-laying members extended parental care of the young

the presence of hair

What would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes within E. coli? the presence of lactose the absence of lac operon repressor protein the presence of lac operon activator protein the binding of lactose to the lac operon activator

the presence of lactose

Which of the following is a population? all of the termites that have ever lived the termites infesting your house the termites infesting your house along with the microorganisms living in their guts all organisms living in your house

the termites infesting your house

What technique is most commonly used to sequence entire genomes?

the whole-genome shotgun method

What technique is most commonly used to sequence entire genomes? the nucleic acid probe method the whole-genome shotgun method the genetic marker method the plasmid method

the whole-genome shotgun method

Why are bryophytes considered incompletely liberated from their ancestral aquatic habitat? Their embryos do not develop within gametangia. They lack a cuticle. Their sperm are flagellated. The gametophyte generation is dominant.

their sperm are flagellated

The state of human gene therapy today is that

there have been a small number of successes, including with the disease SCID.

The state of human gene therapy today is that the work that has been completed so far is purely theoretical, but some treatments are in development. human gene therapy is used routinely in the treatment of certain rare cancers. human gene therapy is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including diabetes, cancer, and bone marrow diseases. there have been a small number of successes, including with the disease SCID.

there have been a small number of successes, including with the disease SCID.

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______.

thymine . . . cytosine

In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called ligers. Male ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral differences. Applying the biological species concept, the production of ligers reveals that ______. a new species called ligers is forming lions are probably a subspecies of tigers tigers and lions are actually the same species tigers and lions are separate species

tigers and lions are separate species

Transgenic animals are currently used ______.

to produce potentially useful proteins

Transgenic animals are currently used ______. as vectors for use in cloning human DNA as food to produce potentially useful proteins all of the above

to produce potentially useful proteins

Data suggest that the normal version of BRCA1 functions as a(n) ______. oncogene silencer proto-oncogene tumor-suppressor gene

tumor-suppressor gene

RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead of ______, which is only found in DNA.

uracil . . . thymine

Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid?

using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments

Of the following, which is the last step in the production of a recombinant DNA plasmid? using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments allowing the reproduction of the bacterium bearing the recombinant plasmid transduction cloning

using DNA ligase to join DNA fragments

Examine the figure below. Secondary growth involves cell division in the ______. A) primary xylem, primary phloem, and cork cambium B) secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and cork cambium C) vascular cambium and cork cambium D) vascular cambium and apical meristem

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Under what abiotic conditions can monomers spontaneously form polymers? in the presence of oxygen gas when ribozymes are present to catalyze the reaction when water evaporates from a hot surface by biogenesis

when water evaporates from a hot surface

All chordates have ______. a post-anal tail and a single opening for the mouth and anus a dorsal, hollow nerve cord and a notochord pharyngeal slits and a cranium a cranium and vertebrae

a dorsal, hollow nerve cord and a notochord

Natural selection results in ______. an increase in the size of a population a population that is better adapted to a future environment a population that is adapted to its current environment increased genetic variation

a population that is adapted to its current environment

In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called ligers. Male ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral differences. The production of sterile male ligers is an example of ______. sympatric speciation a postzygotic barrier the founder effect a prezygotic barrier

a postzygotic barrier

The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when two species mate but produce sterile hybrids is referred to as ______. behavioral isolation a postzygotic barrier temporal isolation mechanical isolation

a postzygotic barrier

A reproductive barrier that prevents species from mating is an example of ______. zygote mortality a postzygotic barrier a prezygotic barrier reduced hybrid viability

a prezygotic barrier

In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called ligers. Male ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral differences. The natural differences in the ranges of wild tigers and lions is an example of ______. the impact of mutations a postzygotic barrier a prezygotic barrier sympatric speciation

a prezygotic barrier

Natural selection can be defined as ______. the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment the evolution of a population of organisms a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

"Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ______.

a restriction enzyme

"Sticky ends" are produced as a result of the action of ______. a clone DNA ligase humulin a restriction enzyme

a restriction enzyme

Insects, such as the grasshopper shown below, have ______. a two-part body: head and abdomen a three-part body: head, thorax, and abdomen eight legs no wings

a three-part body: head, thorax, and abdomen

What characteristic is unique to echinoderms? a water vascular system larvae with bilateral symmetry a lack of segmentation suction-cup-like feet

a water vascular system

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine a. 30% b. 20% c. 60% d. 40%

a. 30%

A true-breeding plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a true-breeding plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross? a. 3:1 b. 9:3:3:1 c. 1:2:1 d. 2:1

a. 3:1

The recombination frequency between gene and gene is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene and gene is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene and gene is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map? a. DBC b. CDB c. BCD d. More information is needed.

a. DBC

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers a. nucleotide b. amino acid c. fatty acid d. carbohydrate

a. Nucleotide

The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is "one gene-one ______." a. polypeptide b. protein c. enzyme d. RNA

a. Polypeptide

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? a. RNA polymerase b. RNA ligase c. RNase d. RNA helicase

a. RNA polymerase

Widow's peak, a pointed hairline on the forehead, is a genetic trait caused by a dominant allele. It can be traced back through a family's history using pedigree analysis. The pedigree shown here shows three generations of a family. Notice that some individuals (shown in gray) have a widow's peak (W = dominant allele and w = recessive allele Mary has the genotype ______. a. Ww b. WW c. ww d. more information is needed.

a. Ww

Alleles are described as ______. a. alternate versions of a gene b. alternate phenotypes c.environmental factors that affect gene expression d. homologous chromosomes

a. alternate versions of a gene

After replication, ______. a.each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand b. each new DNA double helix consists of two old strands c. one new DNA double helix consists of two old strands and the other new DNA double helix consists of two new strands d. each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands

a. each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic. a. height b. cystic fibrosis c. blood type d. sickle-cell disease

a. height

A mating between a true-breeding purple-flowered pea plant and a true-breeding white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ______. a. hybrid b. purebred variety c. F2 generation d. P generation

a. hybrid

An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? a. incomplete dominance b. wavy hair is dominant to both straight and curly hair c. pleiotropy d. codominance

a. incomplete dominance

Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______. a. pleiotropy b. codominance c. a recessive disorder d.incomplete dominance

a. pleiotropy

A(n) ______ is to bacteria as a ______ is to animal cells. a. prophage... provirus b. phage... prophage c. retrovirus... virus d. RNA virus... DNA virus

a. prophage . . . provirus

In the accompanying art you see a table with the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross. The numbers do not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ______. a. some of the alleles were linked b. of polygenic inheritance c. of errors in mitosis d. some of the alleles were sex-linked

a. some of the alleles were linked

Pic-If you were asked to study the pattern of bacterial growth (increase in numbers over time) during an infection, you would find that numbers of bacteria increase exponentially up to a certain point. Assume that you have been asked to interpret the growth of bacteriophages. You infect the host bacteria and measure the increase of phages over a defined period of time. You plot the results and get the graph shown here. Once viruses are detected, the number of viruses increases rapidly. This is because __________. a. the viruses lyse the hosts to release mature viruses all at once b. the host cell speeds the release process c. lysogeny produces large numbers of bacteriophages d. DNA viruses reproduce more rapidly than RNA viruses

a. the viruses lyse the hosts to release mature viruses all at once

What was the first stage of the process that led to the abiotic origin of life? abiotic synthesis of polymers origin of self-replicating molecules abiotic formation of pre-cells abiotic synthesis of monomers, such as amino acids and nucleotides

abiotic synthesis of monomers, such as amino acids and nucleotides

Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include ______. the potential for interfering in evolution the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases the safety of GM foods all of the above

all of the above

Possible uses of reproductive cloning include ______. the production of genetically identical animals for experimentation the production of organs in pigs for transplant into humans restocking populations of endangered animals all of the above.

all of the above.

Which of these is a type of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression? inactivation of tRNA alteration of proteins alteration of DNA nucleotide sequences binding of transcription factors to enhancers

alteration of proteins

The biological species concept cannot be applied to fossils. Which alternate approach to identifying species would be most useful for classifying fossil organisms? an approach based on molecular biology an approach based on genetic history an approach based on measurable physical traits an approach based on use of ecological resources

an approach based on measurable physical traits

Food poisoning from Salmonella occurs because of extremophile conditions. an endotoxin found in the outer membrane of Salmonella bacteria. an exotoxin secreted by the bacteria. easy transmission between people living in close contact.

an endotoxin found in the outer membrane of Salmonella bacteria.

Exploring in the tropics, you discover a nonvascular plant that produces pollen. What type of plant have you discovered? an angiosperm an entirely new type that you will get to name a bryophyte a fern

an entirely new type that you will get to name

Feathers in birds appear to have first evolved for insulation but later conveyed a new advantage in helping create light aerodynamic surfaces. This switch in function is an example of ______. punctuated equilibrium paedomorphosis convergent evolution an exaptation

an exaptation

Some fish have bony fins. If the body of water they are in dries out, these fins can be used to help the fish "walk" to another body of water. In this context, bony fins are an example of ______. punctuated evolution paedomorphosis neoteny an exaptation

an exaptation

If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7, what is the frequency of the alternate allele? 0.30 0.21 0.42 0.09

0.30

Eukaryotes arose about ______ years after the first prokaryotes. 4.0 billion 1.5 billion 3.0 million 3.5 billion

1.5

Based on fossil evidence, eukaryotes evolved about _____ years ago. 500,000 2.1 billion 3.5 billion 1.5 billion

2.1

Please refer to the following art to answer the following question(s). Refer to the figure above. This photo represents ______ community(ies). A) 1 B) 0 C) 2 D) You cannot tell from the photo.

A) 1

32) Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of ______ ATP per glucose. A) 2 B) 4 C) 10 D) 38

A) 2

23) Which of the following is lowest in unsaturated fats? A) beef B) salmon C) corn oil D) canola oil

A) beef

27) Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company? A) the Golgi apparatus B) mitochondria C) chloroplasts D) the nucleolus

A) the Golgi apparatus

Where did humans first appear? Europe South America Asia Africa

Africa

The prokaryotic group that tends to inhabit extreme environments belongs to the ______. Protista Archaea Monera Bacteria

Archaea

Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to eukaryotes? Protista Bacteria Bacteria and Archaea are equally closely related Archaea

Archaea

Water moves from land to the atmosphere through _____. A) evaporation and precipitation B) transpiration and evaporation C) precipitation only D) transpiration only

B) transpiration and evaporation

13) Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7; therefore, it has ______ electrons in its outermost electron shell. A) 10 B) 18 C) 5 D) 2

C

Movement corridors are ______. A) only found along stream sides B) beneficial because they allow for dispersal, but not harmful C) harmful because they allow for the spread of disease and beneficial because they allow for dispersal D) always created by humans

C) harmful because they allow for the spread of disease and beneficial because they allow for dispersal

3) The following molecule is best described as a ______. CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2

C) hydrocarbon

Which of the following is a multicellular mass that nourishes the embryo until it becomes a self-supporting seedling? A) a seed coat B) a cotyledon C) the endosperm D) a fruit

C) the endosperm

6) What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? A) stroma B) cristae C) thylakoids D) vesicles

C) thylakoids

The current geological era is the ______. Cambrian Paleozoic Cenozoic Mesozoic

Cenozoic

Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds) were extinct by the end of the ______. Cretaceous Eocene Silurian Permian

Cretaceous

35) Crossing over during prophase I results in ______. A) nondisjunction B) reciprocal translocation C) duplication D) genetic recombination

D) genetic recombination

13) For good health, it is important to include ______ in our diets. A) fructose B) monosaccharides C) disaccharides D) polysaccharides

D) polysaccharides

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together?

DNA ligase

______ are responsible for toxic red tides. Red algae Plasmodial slime molds Dinoflagellates Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

What is a difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated. Adult stem cells are easier to grow in culture. It is easier to enucleate embryonic stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells raises fewer ethical issues than the use of adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated; adult stem cells are partially differentiated.

Which one of the following is the only domain that contains eukaryotes? Archaea Eukarya Plantae Animalia

Eukarya

The scientific field that studies complete sets of genes is called ______.

Genomics

The first hominid to spread beyond Africa was ______. Homo neanderthalensis "Lucy" Homo erectus Australopithecus afarensis

Homo erectus

Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans?

Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor

Which of these statements can be logically inferred from the amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans? Humans are unique and different from all other life forms. Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. Humans are a more complex life form than chimpanzees. Humans evolved from chimpanzees.

Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

The world's first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was ______.

Humulin

______ are the most diverse group of arthropods. Insects Arachnids Millipedes Crustaceans

Insects

Which of the following statements about the voyage of the Beagle is true? It ended with the sinking of the ship off of the coast of Australia, almost four years into its journey. It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals. It lasted almost two years. Its purpose was to identify the fastest route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

It turned into a tremendous opportunity for Darwin to collect fossils, plants, and animals.

The first basic idea of evolutionary adaptation can be traced back to _____. Darwin Aristotle ancient Greeks about 2,500 years ago Lamarck

Lamarck

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their ______.

Length

______ are the mammalian group that lay eggs. Eutherians Tunicates Monotremes Marsupials

Monotremes

How do New World monkeys differ from Old World monkeys? New World monkeys have nails; Old World monkeys have claws. Old World monkeys are arboreal. New World monkeys have a prehensile tail. New World monkeys have enhanced depth perception.

New World monkeys have a prehensile tail.

Which of these can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell?

Plasmids

The study of the full protein sets that genomes encode is _____.

Proteomics

Why is RNA thought to have been the first genetic material? RNA is structurally simpler than DNA. RNA is capable of self-replication; DNA is not. Primitive organisms, such as some viruses, have RNA as their genetic material. RNA has been found on meteorites; DNA has not

RNA is capable of self-replication; DNA is not.

Repressors act by blocking the binding of _____ to the operator. the operon RNA polymerase DNA polymerase promoters

RNA polymerase

Which animals have a cylindrical body that is tapered at both ends? Annelids Cnidarians Roundworms Platyhelminthes

Roundworms

How do sponges differ from all other animals? Sponges lack true tissues. Sponges exhibit radial symmetry. Sponges are autotrophs. Sponges lack a true body cavity.

Sponges lack true tissues.

Which one of the following will prevent significant genetic drift? The population size is large. There is mutation. There is genetic variation. Gene flow is absent.

The population size is large.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates? They all exhibit radial symmetry. They all have a notochord sometime during the life cycle. They all have an exoskeleton sometime during the life cycle. They all have vertebral columns.

They all have a notochord sometime during the life cycle.

Graphically, the graduated model of speciation can be described as appearing as a ______. Y vertical line with horizontal branches W horizontal line with vertical branches

Y

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association?

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis

You are attempting to link an individual to a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood. How can you use this drop of blood to make the association? You can use the sample to check for the presence of the Rhesus factor. You can use gel electrophoresis to determine the length of the DNA found in the sample. You can use the sample to determine the individual's ABO blood group. You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA available for restriction fragment analysis.

Which of these lifestyle choices will increase cancer risk? jogging quitting smoking a diet low in plant fiber spending more time in the sun

a diet low in plant fiber

Among vertebrates, the unique feature of lampreys and hagfish is the ______. absence of jaws absence of a backbone presence of a cartilaginous skeleton absence of a post-anal tail

absence of jaws

Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include ______.

all of the above

Which protozoan group consists solely of parasitic forms? apicomplexans ciliates amoebas flagellates

apicomplexans

The fossil record suggests that whales once had well-developed hind flippers. are descended from one branch of marine reptiles. are not closely related to dolphins and porpoises, despite a superficial similarity. are closely related to land mammals such as pigs, hippos, and cows.

are closely related to land mammals such as pigs, hippos, and cows.

Homeotic genes ______. are an example of convergent evolution are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms have very different sequences in plant cells as compared to animal cells regulate gene expression in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

are evidence of the common ancestry of eukaryotic organisms

Male tortoiseshell cats ______. do not have an X chromosome have orange and black patches of fur that reflect the pattern of X chromosome inactivation are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY are usually XYY individuals

are likely to be exceedingly rare and very likely to be sterile since normal male cats are XY

There are more species of ______ than of any other type of animal. molluscs nematodes chordates arthropods

arthropods

Which of these plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? RNA splicing gene operons attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter transcription factors

attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands? a. ionic b. hydrogen c. hydrophilic d. covalent

b. Hydrogen

Mad cow disease is caused by a. a retrovirus similar to HIV. b. infectious proteins called prions. c. small circular RNA molecules called viroids. d. an enveloped virus.

b. infectious proteins called prions.

How many nucleotides make up a codon? a. two b. three c. four d. five

b. three

Reproductive cloning involves a cell or nucleus that must be implanted in the egg of an organism that is capable of regenerating lost body parts come from an early stage of embryonic development be dedifferentiated reacquire the genes it lost during the course of development

be dedifferentiated

How many amino acids are common to all living systems? a. 100 b. 30 c. 20 d. 10

c. 20

How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death? a. by altering its DNA b. by altering the way a cell c. via a lysogenic cycle d. via a lytic cycle

c. via a lysogenic cycle

While examining a human cell that functions normally, you determine that it has 45 functional chromosomes and one chromosome that is almost completely inactive. You immediately decide that it is very likely that this cell ______. is lacking a chromosome came from a normal human female will become cancerous if one or two more genes are mutated is a gamete

came from a normal human female

Janice's genotype is _______. a. ww b. Ww c. WW d. WW or Ww

d. WW or Ww

The ______ is most commonly found in nature. a. recessive trait b. dominant trait c. parental d. wild-type trait

d. wild-type trait

The diagram below summarizes _____.

human gene therapy

The mobile stage of the cnidarian life cycle is the ______ stage. tadpole polyp instar medusa

medusa

Gene flow is accomplished by ______. mutation migration sexual recombination natural selection

migration

The first organisms to colonize land were protists and fungi plants and fungi animals bacteria

plants and fungi

RNAs that can act as enzymes are called ______. prokaryotes ATPs lysosomes ribozymes

ribozymes

Bacilli are ______ prokaryotes. comma-shaped spherical spiral rod-shaped

rod-shaped

Which of the following have thick secondary cell walls strengthened with ligin, and support plants like steel beams in a building? sclerenchyma cells water-conducting cells parenchyma cells collenchyma cells

sclerenchyma cells

Cells communicate with one another via ______. signal transduction pathways cascades of gene activation the diffusion of RNA transcripts through adhesion junctions RNA splicing

signal transduction pathways

Plate tectonics has been responsible for instances of all of the following except mass extinction. sympatric speciation. volcanic explosions. allopatric speciation.

sympatric speciation.

Birds are a widespread group of animals, with approximately 10,000 different species found throughout the world today. Because they are relatively easy to find and so visually appealing, they have been studied more thoroughly than many other groups of animals. They are also valuable biological indicators, because many species live in different habitats during different times of the year and cover long migration routes. According to the World Conservation Union, extinction threatens over 1,200 bird species today and at least 179 are critically endangered. Some of the most endangered species include the Tahiti monarch, with only 10 pairs remaining, and the Bali starling, with only 12 wild individuals left. In Hawaii, the last captive po'ouli died in 2005 and the last two known to be alive in the wild have not been seen in many months. Common birds are also disappearing. In North America, red-winged blackbird populations declined by at least 1 percent each year between 1980 and 1999. These examples can serve as a warning. Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation is the most serious problem and affects 86% of threatened birds. Unsustainable forestry and intensifying agriculture exacerbate this problem of habitat loss. All of this shows that conservation of habitats is critical if many of the world's bird species are going to be saved from extinction in the near future. Approximately what percent of bird species are threatened with extinction today? 25% 12% 5% 45%

12%

According to this evolutionary tree, the archaea and eukaryotes last shared a common ancestor ______. 1.75 billion years ago 1.0 billion years ago 2.5 billion years ago 3.5 billion years ago

2.5 billion years ago

Large amounts of oxygen gas appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago. 4.5 billion 2.7 billion 200 million 1.7 billion

2.7

The human genome contains approximately ______ genes.

21,000

The human genome contains approximately ______ genes. 1,000-2,000 50,000-60,000 2,000-3,000 21,000

21,000

At current rates of destruction, all of Earth's tropical forests will be gone within ______ years. 25 50 10 100

25

Land was first colonized about ______ years ago. 2.5 billion 1.7 billion 100 million 500 million

500 million

The presence of freckles is due to a dominant allele. Four percent of the individuals in a particular population lack freckles. Use the Hardy-Weinberg formula to calculate the percentage of individuals in this population who are homozygous dominant for freckles. 32% 64% 4% 80%

64%

Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA?

98%

Approximately what percentage of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA? 87% 67% 98% 77%

98%

Which of the following describes allopatric speciation? A tetraploid plant species evolves from a diploid ancestor. Both the tetraploid and diploid species are found in the same habitat. One population breeds in the fall; another population breeds in the spring. A male horse and a female donkey mate, producing a sterile hinny. A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.

A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. The two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.

44) Why do some plant species require shaded conditions while other plant species require bright sunlight? A) Different species of plants have different pigment molecules that utilize different wavelengths of light. B) Different species of plants have leaves that are shaped differently. C) Some species of plants are able to produce sugar without ever having been exposed to sunlight. D) Some species of plants are consumers and do not need sunlight.

A) Different species of plants have different pigment molecules that utilize different wavelengths of light.

You work for a company selling tropical rain forest plants commonly found in the understory of the forest. These plants are shade tolerant and can be grown indoors because they require low light. Your employer wants you to find out what is the best type of light to maximize growth of these understory plants. Using a full spectrum of natural light would cause these plants to die because they are a shade-tolerant plant species. From your biology class, you recall that the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis involve pigment molecules that absorb light of specific wavelengths. You also remember the experiments done by the German biologist Theodor Engelmann, in which he separated light using a prism into different wavelengths and then determined which wavelengths were best for promoting photosynthesis in the algae species he was examining. Your goal is to determine which wavelengths (colors) of light are best for promoting photosynthesis to enhance growth in your species of plant. To achieve this, you grew your plants under different wavelengths of light and measured their growth rates. The wavelengths were measured in nanometers (nm), and the growth rate was measured in millimeters per day (mm/day). The data you collected are as follows: 43) Which wavelength of light is the least useful to your plant's growth? A) 750 nm B) 650 nm C) 550 nm D) 500 nm

A) 750 nm

22) Which one of the following is true? A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape. B) Enzymes work generally on a broad range of substrates. C) Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions. D) Enzymes emerge changed from the reactions they catalyze.

A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.

The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is primarily due to ______. A) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth B) the loss of ozone that trapped cooling UV radiation in the atmosphere C) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of UV radiation from Earth D) CO2 and other greenhouse gases allowing more solar radiation to penetrate Earth's surface

A) CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth

______ is the maximum population size that a particular habitat can support. A) Carrying capacity B) Crash point C) Intrinsic rate of increase D) Intrinsic population size

A) Carrying capacity

4) Chromatin consists of ______. A) DNA and protein B) RNA and protein C) protein only D) DNA only

A) DNA and protein

______ convert nitrogen from a form that can be assimilated by plants to N2. A) Denitrifying bacteria B) Nitrifying bacteria C) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the root nodules of legumes D) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in the soil

A) Denitrifying bacteria

17) Which of the following is hydrophilic? A) cellulose B) testosterone C) butter D) cholesterol

A) cellulose

6) Sister chromatids are joined at the ______. A) centromere B) spindle C) centrosome D) centriole

A) centromere

30) Amino acids include a side group as well as ______. A) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group B) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group C) a central hydrogen, a nitrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group D) a central nitrogen, a carbon atom, an amino group, and a carbonyl group

A) a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group

41) Which of the following is most like a signal transduction pathway in a cell? A) a person answering the door to their home after someone rings the doorbell B) a person parking a car in a parking space C) catching fish using a fishing pole D) a physician removing a thorn from a person's foot

A) a person answering the door to their home after someone rings the doorbell

24) What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? A) acetyl CoA B) lactic acid C) ethyl alcohol D) citric acid

A) acetyl CoA

20) The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ______ site. A) active B) substrate C) enzymatic D) conformational

A) active

35) Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings? A) active transport B) facilitated diffusion C) diffusion D) osmosis

A) active transport

Which of these is a community? A) all of the organisms living in your home B) all of the Staphlococcus aureus (a species of bacteria) living on your skin C) all of the people living in your neighborhood D) all of the nut grass (considered a weed) in my backyard

A) all of the organisms living in your home

23) Sexual intercourse in humans ______. A) allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell B) produces a haploid individual C) produces an individual with 23 chromosomes D) combines two diploid gametes, producing a zygote

A) allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell

The Endangered Species Act aims to help protect species that ______. A) are in danger of extinction B) compete with invasive species C) have suffered significant habitat destruction D) are economically valuable

A) are in danger of extinction

22) A hormone that will be secreted from the cell is manufactured by ribosomes _____. A) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum B) attached to the Golgi apparatus C) attached to the plasma membrane D) inside the nucleus

A) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

15) If a plant appears blue to us, what wavelength of light is being reflected? A) blue B) green C) red D) yellow

A) blue

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s). An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Active muscle cells require an extraordinary amount of ATP to permit strenuous exercise for prolonged periods. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive. 42) Breathing faster when we exercise is necessary to expel ______. A) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism B) oxygen and bring in more carbon dioxide to support aerobic metabolism C) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support anaerobic metabolism D) oxygen and bring in more carbon dioxide to support anaerobic metabolism

A) carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism

19) Homologous chromosomes ______. A) carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics B) include only the autosomes C) are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent D) carry the same versions of all genes

A) carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

1) Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells? A) cell theory B) Hooke's rule C) evolutionary theory D) Mendel's law

A) cell theory

26) Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? A) electron transport chain B) citric acid cycle C) glycolysis D) Calvin cycle

B) citric acid cycle

A vector is an organism that transfers a pathogen to a host. In the case of malaria, the vector(s) is(are) ______. humans, Plasmodium, and Anopheles mosquitoes Anopheles mosquitoes only humans and Anopheles mosquitoes humans only

Anopheles mosquitoes only

If you study how two species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about _______. A) ecosystems ecology B) community ecology C) organismal ecology D) population ecology

B) community ecology

Populations of two coexisting species are both tertiary consumers in a community. What relationship may exist between these two organisms? A) commensalism B) competition C) predation D) mutualism

B) competition

22) Adjacent water molecules are connected by the ______. A) sharing of electrons between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule B) electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule C) sharing of electrons between adjacent oxygen molecules D) electrical attraction between the hydrogens of adjacent water molecules

B

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. The harsh winter that led to the death of many moose in 1996 is an example of ______. A) acclimation B) a density-independent factor C) a density-dependent factor D) a trigger for logistic growth

B) a density-independent factor

What is a population? A) a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area and all the abiotic factors that affect them B) a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area C) a group of organisms that occupy the same general area D) all of the organisms of a single species existing at a particular time

B) a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area

What are estuaries? A) regions where ocean meets land B) a transition area between a river and the ocean C) a type of freshwater biome D) areas near the start of a river

B) a transition area between a river and the ocean

Integrated pest management ______. A) advocates total eradication of pest species B) advocates mixed-species plantings and rotating crops C) favors overwhelming a pest with chemical pesticides D) aims to keep pest populations on an exponential growth curve

B) advocates mixed-species plantings and rotating crops

This diagram shows what process? A) Sperm life cycle B) Alteration of generations C) origin of plants from green algae D) angiosperm like cycle

B) alternation of generations

29) Proteins are polymers constructed from ______ monomers. A) hydrocarbon B) amino acid C) nucleotide D) fatty acid

B) amino acid

In most developed countries, overall population growth rates ______. A) are high, so the population is growing rapidly B) are near zero, so the population size is fairly stable C) are low, so the population is declining D) are high, so the population size is fairly stable

B) are near zero, so the population size is fairly stable

The temperate zones ______. A) are the zones closest to the equator B) are relatively wet C) are relatively dry D) have the coolest climates on Earth

B) are relatively wet

The intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population is called _____. A) coevolution B) biological control C) integrated pest management D) sustainable resource management

B) biological control

E. O. Wilson coined the term ______ for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms. A) bioremediation B) biophilia C) bioethics D) biophobia

B) biophilia

In most developing countries ______. A) birth rates equal death rates, so population size is fairly stable B) birth rates are much higher than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly C) birth rates are lower than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly D) birth rates are lower than death rates, so the population is declining

B) birth rates are much higher than death rates, so the population is growing rapidly

In the food chain grass → antelope → human → lion, the antelope is A) both a producer and a primary consumer. B) both an herbivore and a primary consumer. C) a secondary consumer only. D) both an herbivore and a secondary consumer.

B) both an herbivore and a primary consumer.

Which of the following correctly illustrates the sequence of the origin of modern groups of plants? A) bryophytes, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms B) bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms C) ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes D) gymnosperms, ferns, bryophytes, angiosperms

B) bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

34) Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ______. A) cell wall and contractile vacuole B) cell wall and central vacuole C) nucleus and cell wall D) nucleus and contractile vacuole

B) cell wall and central vacuole

22) Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? A) production of CO2 B) conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid C) a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule D) conversion of NADH to NAD+

B) conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

34) Destruction of a protein's shape is called ______. A) hydrolysis B) denaturation C) a dehydration reaction D) hydrogenation

B) denaturation

Water-storing plants and deeply-rooted shrubs are plants that characterize ______. A) chaparral B) deserts C) tropical forests D) savanna

B) deserts

Non-native species can have important effects on biological communities by ______. A) preying upon native species B) doing all of the above C) reducing biodiversity D) competing with native species for resources

B) doing all of the above

What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment? A) organism B) ecosystem C) population D) community

B) ecosystem

Which of the following best characterizes the monocots? A) embryo with one seed leaf, leaves with parallel veins, stems with a ring of vascular tissue, and flower parts in fives B) embryo with two seed leaves, leaf veins not parallel, stems with vascular bundles scattered, and flower parts in threes C) embryo with one seed leaf, leaves with parallel veins, stems with vascular bundles scattered, and flower parts in threes D) embryo with two seed leaves, leaf veins not parallel, stems with ring of vascular tissue, and flower parts in fives

B) embryo with one seed leaf, leaves with parallel veins, stems with vascular bundles scattered, and flower parts in three

23) Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are ______. A) enzyme substrates B) enzyme inhibitors C) induced fit factors D) enzyme products

B) enzyme inhibitors

Which of the following describes a chemical element that a plant must obtain from its environment in order to complete its life cycle? A) macronutrient B) essential element C) micronutrient D) mineral

B) essential element

The figure below shows population cycles of snowshoe hare and lynx. Recent field studies suggest that the most likely explanation for these cycles is ______. A) boom and bust cycles in lemming populations B) excessive predation of snowshoe hares C) periodic winter storms D) nearly unlimited food for hares during the summers

B) excessive predation of snowshoe hares

38) Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? A) endocytosis B) exocytosis C) phagocytosis D) passive transport

B) exocytosis

43) Examine the cells below. Cells with a higher concentration of ions than the surrounding medium tend to ______. A) stay about the same size and shape B) expand C) shrink D) divide

B) expand

Please refer to the following art to answer the following question(s). In the ecosystem shown above, a toxin that accumulates in body tissues would have the largest effect on ______. A) The toxin would affect all of these equally. B) fish that eat shrimp and other invertebrates C) herbivorous shrimp D) corals that obtain their food from photosynthesizing dinoflagellates

B) fish that eat shrimp and other invertebrates

Over time, the populations of most species ______. A) increase rapidly, crash, and never recover B) fluctuate C) continuously increase D) exhibit boom-and-bust cycles

B) fluctuate

25) How much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase I compared to a cell that has completed meiosis II? A) one-quarter as much B) four times as much C) one-half as much D) twice as much

B) four times as much

Most decomposers are _____. A) bacteria and plants B) fungi and prokaryotes C) animals D) plants and fungi

B) fungi and prokaryotes

16) The energy of wavelengths that appear ______ is least useful to photosynthesis. A) red B) green C) blue D) orange

B) green

Throughout most of human history, human population size _____. A) was at carrying capacity B) grew very slowly C) skyrocketed D) showed boom and bust cycles

B) grew very slowly

Most crop pests ______. A) have an equilibrial life history B) have an opportunistic life history C) exhibit type I survivorship D) consist of long-lived individuals

B) have an opportunistic life history

7) Plant cells ______. A) do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs B) have chloroplasts and mitochondria C) use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen D) do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs

B) have chloroplasts and mitochondria

Nitrogen shortage is a common nutritional problem for plants. In crops, a nitrogen deficiency can result in stunted growth as well as lower nutritional content. Farmers sometimes apply fertilizers containing nitrogen as well as other essential nutrients, such as phosphorus and potassium. Compost can also be used to fertilize soils. Compost consists of vegetable matter that adds nutrients to soil as it is decomposed by microorganisms, fungi, and animals. Certain plants, including legumes such as peas and beans, house nitrogen-fixing bacteria in swellings called root nodules. The bacteria have enzymes that help convert atmospheric N2 to ammonium ions that can be readily used by the plants. The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with other nutrients. When conditions are favorable, root nodule bacteria fix so much nitrogen that the nodules secrete excess ammonia. Which approach could an organic farmer use to deal with nitrogen deficiency? A) apply synthetic fertilizers that provide nitrogen B) plant legumes in alternate years and fertilize the soil with compost C) use genetically modified plants that require less nitrogen D) plant legumes in alternate years and use inorganic fertilizers such as mined limestone

B) plant legumes in alternate years and fertilize the soil with compost

26) Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus? A) digestion of organic matter inside the cell B) protein modification C) drug detoxification D) protein synthesis

B) protein modification

Besides the atmosphere, abiotic reservoirs of carbon dioxide include A) fossil fuels only. B) rocks and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans. C) fossil fuels and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans. D) rocks only.

B) rocks and dissolved carbon compounds in the oceans.

33) A protein's function is dependent on its ______. A) pH B) shape C) size D) weight

B) shape

37) Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ______. A) of sunlight to energy stored in organic compounds B) stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP C) stored in ATP to energy stored in food molecules D) stored in ATP to energy used to do work

B) stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP

19) Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose A) sucrose B) sucrase C) glucose D) fructose

B) sucrase

Which of these best describes Type II survivorship? A) high survivorship for the very young B) survivorship is constant over the lifespan C) most individuals survive to older age intervals D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

B) survivorship is constant over the lifespan

2) Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by _____. A) taking in oxygen and making wood B) taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates) C) synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose D) converting sugar to oxygen and water

B) taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)

10) Which of the following is a stage of mitosis? A) cytokinesis B) telophase C) interphase D) DNA synthesis

B) telophase

1) What is energy? A) the capacity to cause movement B) the capacity to cause change C) a measure of calories D) a measure of disorder

B) the capacity to cause change

23) The second stage of aerobic respiration is ______. A) ATP production B) the citric acid cycle C) lactic acid fermentation D) glycolysis

B) the citric acid cycle

35) Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ______. A) the mixture needs more sugar; yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol B) the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen C) the mixture needs more oxygen; yeast need oxygen to break down sugar to produce alcohol D) the mixture needs less sugar; high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration

B) the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

44) Examine the following figure. Imagine that cell signaling using a signal transduction pathway is like a person answering the door after hearing the doorbell ring. Which structure in this figure is like the button for the doorbell? A) epinephrine B) the receptor protein C) proteins of the signal transduction pathway D) the plasma membrane

B) the receptor protein

An example of a mutualism, or +/+ relationship, is ______. A) herbivory B) the relationship between corals and unicellular algae C) cryptic coloration in frogs D) the relationship between Virginia's warblers and orange-crowned warblers, which use some of the same resources

B) the relationship between corals and unicellular algae

14) The color that we see when looking at a pigmented object is ______. A) the wavelengths that are absorbed by the pigment B) the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object C) the wavelengths that have been raised to an excited state by the pigmented object D) the wavelengths that the pigmented object created after interacting with sunlight

B) the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object

23) Where are photosystems located? A) chlorophyll B) thylakoid membrane C) cristae D) stroma

B) thylakoid membrane

37) DNA nucleotides include ______. A) uracil, guanine, adenine, and cytosine B) thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine C) thymine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine D) thymine, guanine, adenine, and uracil

B) thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine

You work for a company selling tropical rain forest plants commonly found in the understory of the forest. These plants are shade tolerant and can be grown indoors because they require low light. Your employer wants you to find out what is the best type of light to maximize growth of these understory plants. Using a full spectrum of natural light would cause these plants to die because they are a shade-tolerant plant species. From your biology class, you recall that the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis involve pigment molecules that absorb light of specific wavelengths. You also remember the experiments done by the German biologist Theodor Engelmann, in which he separated light using a prism into different wavelengths and then determined which wavelengths were best for promoting photosynthesis in the algae species he was examining. Your goal is to determine which wavelengths (colors) of light are best for promoting photosynthesis to enhance growth in your species of plant. To achieve this, you grew your plants under different wavelengths of light and measured their growth rates. The wavelengths were measured in nanometers (nm), and the growth rate was measured in millimeters per day (mm/day). The data you collected are as follows: 41) Which wavelength is best for your plants' growth? A) 650 nm B) 550 nm C) 500 nm D) 400 nm

C) 500 nm

You work for a company selling tropical rain forest plants commonly found in the understory of the forest. These plants are shade tolerant and can be grown indoors because they require low light. Your employer wants you to find out what is the best type of light to maximize growth of these understory plants. Using a full spectrum of natural light would cause these plants to die because they are a shade-tolerant plant species. From your biology class, you recall that the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis involve pigment molecules that absorb light of specific wavelengths. You also remember the experiments done by the German biologist Theodor Engelmann, in which he separated light using a prism into different wavelengths and then determined which wavelengths were best for promoting photosynthesis in the algae species he was examining. Your goal is to determine which wavelengths (colors) of light are best for promoting photosynthesis to enhance growth in your species of plant. To achieve this, you grew your plants under different wavelengths of light and measured their growth rates. The wavelengths were measured in nanometers (nm), and the growth rate was measured in millimeters per day (mm/day). The data you collected are as follows: 42) Of the following, which wavelength is least useful to your plants? A) 650 nm B) 450 nm C) 550 nm D) 400 nm

C) 550 nm

9) What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? A) C6H12O6 B) glucose C) ATP D) fat

C) ATP

12) The Calvin cycle requires ______ and ______ from the light reactions in order to operate. A) glucose... carbon dioxide B) electrons... NADH C) ATP... NADPH D) RuBP... NADP+

C) ATP... NADPH

17) What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor? A) Benign tumors are composed of cancer cells; malignant tumors are not. B) Benign tumors are not the result of a failure of a cell cycle control system; malignant tumors are. C) Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do. D) Benign tumors do not form lumps; malignant tumors do form lumps.

C) Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

38) The first step of the Calvin cycle is the incorporation of ______ into ______. A) O2... G3P B) RuBP... O2 C) CO2... RuBP D) G3P... RuBP

C) CO2... RuBP

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago. 46) Which of the following is a characteristic of chloroplasts that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria? A) Chloroplasts have cell walls. B) Chloroplasts contain pigments. C) Chloroplasts have their own DNA. D) A single, highly folded plasma membrane surrounds chloroplasts.

C) Chloroplasts have their own DNA.

2) What type of microscope would be best for studying the detailed structure of the surface of a plasma membrane? A) light microscope B) transmission electron microscope C) scanning electron microscope D) both a light microscope and an electron microscope

C) scanning electron microscope

32) A pleated sheet is an example of protein ______ structure. A) tertiary B) quaternary C) secondary D) primary

C) secondary

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. What most likely happened when the wolves first arrived on the island? A) The moose population crashed because of the introduction of a predator. B) The wolf population was at its carrying capacity. C) The wolf population increased exponentially. D) The moose population increased exponentially.

C) The wolf population increased exponentially.

Amanda's parents realized that her body was not developing properly about the time she was 12 years old. She was shorter than most of her friends and was not going through changes normally associated with female puberty. They took her to a doctor who initially diagnosed Amanda with Turner Syndrome because of her physical features. He ordered a karyotype that confirmed his diagnosis. Amanda was born with only one X chromosome. Although there is no specific cure, the doctor was able to treat her and correct some of the problems associated with the condition. For example, she received growth hormone to improve her growth and estrogen to help her develop the physical changes of puberty. 45) With respect to her sex chromosomes, Amanda would be designated as ______. A) XX B) XOY C) XO D) XYY

C) XO

4) A horse eating some hay is an example of ______. A) an autotroph eating a producer B) an autotroph eating a consumer C) a consumer eating a producer D) a consumer eating a heterotroph

C) a consumer eating a producer

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. The virus introduced to the island in 1982 that reduced the wolf population is an example of ______. A) intraspecific competition B) a density-independent factor C) a density-dependent factor D) acclimation

C) a density-dependent factor

14) The nuclear envelope is composed of ______. A) chromatin B) DNA C) a double membrane D) carbohydrates

C) a double membrane

What is a population? A) a community as well as all the abiotic factors in a particular geographic area B) a group of organisms living in a particular geographic area C) a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area D) all of the organisms of a species existing at a particular time

C) a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area

Which of the following is abiotic? A) a protist B) a plant C) a rock D) a fungus

C) a rock

Which of the following constitute the shoot system of a plant? A) stems B) flowers C) all of the above D) leaves

C) all of the above

Which of these organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen gas to a form that can be utilized by plants? A) animals B) fungi C) bacteria D) protists

C) bacteria

The use of the Indian mongoose to control rat populations A) shows why integrated pest management usually fails. B) is an example of how coevolution makes biological control difficult. C) became a disaster when the mongoose turned out to be as invasive as its target. D) shows how effective biological control can be.

C) became a disaster when the mongoose turned out to be as invasive as its target.

Small areas that have a large number of endangered and threatened species are referred to as ______. A) endemic environments B) biologically magnified C) biodiversity hot spots D) biodiverse environments

C) biodiversity hot spots

The Sahara Desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same ______. A) abiota B) community C) biome D) biota

C) biome

13) Which of the following are produced during cellular respiration? A) ATP and water B) carbon dioxide and ATP C) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP D) oxygen and glucose

C) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

17) What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? A) RuBP B) chlorophyll a C) carotenoids D) chlorophyll b

C) carotenoids

Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently? A) gametangia B) cuticle C) seeds D) vascular tissue

C) seeds

18) An enzyme's function is dependent on its ______. A) pH B) temperature C) shape D) size

C) shape

19) A glycerol with three fatty acids attached is referred to as a ______. A) prostaglandin B) nucleic acid C) steroid D) fat

D) fat

Which of the following can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold? A) mountains B) clouds C) oceans D) glaciers

C) oceans

19) Where does protein synthesis take place? A) in the nucleolus B) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) on ribosomes D) in the nucleus

C) on ribosomes

Which type of ecosystem has low production but nonetheless contributes a large proportion of Earth's total net primary production? A) desert B) tropical rain forest C) open ocean D) coral reef

C) open ocean

Michigan's Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior and is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide. Ecologists estimate that the moose population has been on the island since around 1900. The wolf population, on the other hand, has only been there since the winter of 1949. The conditions had to be just right for the lake to freeze and the weather to be calm enough for the first wolves to make the passage over to the island. When the wolves arrived, they were greeted with a large moose population that had no predators. The moose population was at a dangerously high level, but was kept in check by the arrival of the wolves. This "harmonious" pattern continued for at least 20 years. In 1982, the wolf population suddenly crashed. The problem was a new canine virus. This virus surfaced around the world in 1978 and spread rapidly in about six months. Infected animals can survive, but they have to be treated immediately. Ecologists hypothesized that the virus arrived on the island carried on the shoe of a human traveler. The wolf population decreased from 50 to 14 individuals in a year. While the wolf population dropped, the moose population increased. However, the winter of 1996 was extremely harsh and the moose population experienced a major crash. More than 500 animals died during the winter months, reducing the population to less than 800 animals. During a one-year study, a graduate student attempted to count the wolves and moose on the island. He estimated that there were 950 moose and 120 wolves. How many organisms, populations, and species were included in this study? A) organisms = 2; populations = 2; species = 1,070 B) organisms = 2; populations = 1; species = 2 C) organisms = 1,070; populations = 2; species = 2 D) organisms = 1,070; populations = 1; species = 2

C) organisms = 1,070; populations = 2; species = 2

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Based on the relationship between Plasmodium spp. and humans, these organisms would be considered ______. A) carnivores B) hosts C) parasites D producers

C) parasites

What name is given to the open ocean? A) benthic realm B) photic zone C) pelagic realm D) intertidal zone

C) pelagic realm

19) What name is given to a discrete packet of light? A) phaser B) wavelength C) photon D) quantum

C) photon

1) Which of the following is an autotroph? A) human B) mushroom C) pine tree D) fish

C) pine tree

What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of the same species? A) community B) organism C) population D) ecosystem

C) population

The function of a mushroom is to _____. A) store nutrients B) produce seeds C) produce spores D) absorb food

C) produce spores

3) Photosynthetic organisms are ______. A) producers that make all of their organic matter from organic molecules that they take in B) consumers that obtain organic molecules from other living organisms C) producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules D) decomposers that obtain nutrients from the soil

C) producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

2) Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT A) growth of a multicellular organism. B) cell replacement. C) production of sperm and eggs. D) asexual reproduction.

C) production of sperm and eggs

39) The last stage of one complete turn of the Calvin cycle involves ______. A) G3P production B) oxidation of CO2 C) regeneration of RuBP D) sugar production

C) regeneration of RuBP

Animal life underwent its greatest diversification during the ______, which began about ______ million years ago. Permian... 290 Cambrian... 540 Carboniferous... 363 Mesozoic... 245

Cambrian... 540

______ include cells that can function either independently or as a single unit. Cellular slime molds Dinoflagellates Forams Seaweeds

Cellular slime molds

Characid fishes only found naturally only in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern? Convergent evolution is responsible for the distribution of characid fishes. Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents. These fishes arose in either Africa or South America and migrated across the South Atlantic Ocean to the other continent. Characid fishes arose in the South Atlantic Ocean and migrated to Africa and South America.

Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents.

______ are characterized by stinging cells used for defense and for capturing prey. Sponges Cnidarians Annelids Roundworms

Cnidarians

28) Which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) citric acid cycle B) glycolysis C) Calvin cycle D) electron transport chain

D) electron transport chain

21) When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ______ state. A) energetic B) quantum C) higher D) excited

D) excited

What accounts for the similarity between seaweeds and plants? Plants are the ancestors of seaweeds. Convergent evolution caused their similarity. Seaweeds are aquatic plants. Seaweeds are the ancestors of plants.

Convergent evolution caused their similarity.

32) A base ______. A) removes H2O molecules from a solution B) decreases the pH of a solution C) removes OH— ions from a solution D) removes H+ ions from a solution

D

Which of these convert organic matter to inorganic matter by breaking down dead organisms? A) detritivores B) producers C) primary consumers D) decomposers

D) decomposers

20) What name is given to the following reaction? glycerol + 3 fatty acids → triglyceride + 3 water molecules A) denaturation B) hydrolysis C) hydrogenation D) dehydration reaction

D) dehydration reaction

People utilize plants to meet many everyday needs, including food, fiber, and building materials. However, not many of the over 300,000 known species of plants are used by people. One species with a lot of future promise is the jatropha tree. This species is native to Central America and is now found throughout the tropics. Many people believe the jatropha could help alleviate poverty in many areas of the world, as the seeds produce an oil that can be used for cooking, lighting, or generating electricity. This oil can also be mixed with diesel fuel or petrol to produce a biofuel. Mature trees produce between 5 and 15 kg of seeds per year and can live more than 30 years. However, critics argue that planting the jatropha tree will take land needed for food production, which will in turn harm the poor. Which of the following statements concerning the jatropha tree is true? Currently, the most valuable part of the jatropha tree is the seed. Jatropha trees are found all over the world. Everyone believes planting jatropha trees will be beneficial. Humans use over half of the known species of plants for everyday uses.

Currently, the most valuable part of the jatropha tree is the seed.

A farmer decides he wants to grow certified organic corn and sets out to meet all USDA standards to do so. His crop grows well for the first three years; however, he notices during the fourth and fifth years that his plants are getting smaller and producing much less corn. He has not altered his farming practices and begins to wonder what is happening. He remembers someone mentioning planting peanuts every third year in place of their corn crop, which leads to much healthier corn. Why would a farmer want to change to a different crop, especially something like peanuts? A) Planting a legume like peanuts increases the available carbon in the soil. B) Planting a legume like peanuts increases water retention in the soil, allowing the following year's corn crop to thrive. C) Changing from corn to peanuts, a legume, allows the soil to "rest" for a year. D) Crop rotation with a legume like peanuts will increase nitrogen in the soil.

D) Crop rotation with a legume like peanuts will increase nitrogen in the soil.

28) Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does not occur in prophase II? A) Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell. B) Spindle formation occurs. C) Chromosomes have been duplicated. D) Crossing over occurs.

D) Crossing over occurs.

39) Examine the figure below. Nucleosomes are made of ______. A) RNA and protein B) DNA C) proteins D) DNA and histone proteins

D) DNA and histone proteins

26) ______ is a steroid. A) Butter B) Sucrose C) Amino acid D) Estrogen

D) Estrogen

21) The endomembrane system includes ______. A) ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

D) Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

27) Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions? A) C6H12O6 B) CO2 C) NADPH D) H2O

D) H2O

10) In photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ______ to ______. A) O2... CO2 B) C6H12O6... O2 C) H2O... C6H12O6 D) H2O... CO2

D) H2O... CO2

44) Why a poster of a sick child say "No Antibiotics Please"? A) His illness may be caused by an allergy to penicillin. B) Antibiotics should be taken only to promote growth. C) His illness is caused by bacteria. D) His illness is caused by a virus

D) His illness is caused by a virus.

______, a chemical that hardens cell walls and supports terrestrial plants, is found in all plants except _______. A) Lignin... ferns and bryophytes B) Calcium carbonate... ferns C) Cellulose... bryophytes D) Lignin... bryophytes

D) Lignin. .. bryophytes

While shopping, you settle on two types of cookies. The nutritional label for the chocolate mint cookies lists 5 grams of saturated fat, 0 grams of trans fat, 22 grams of carbohydrates, and 11 grams of protein per serving. The nutritional label for the peanut butter cookies lists 0 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of trans fat, 26 grams of carbohydrates, and 4 grams of protein per serving. 46) The manufacturer of the chocolate mint cookies changed the ingredients of its cookies. Each serving now has 1 gram of saturated fat (4 fewer grams), 4 grams of trans fat (4 more grams), 21 grams of carbohydrates (1 fewer gram), and 11 grams of protein (no change). Do you think that the manufacturer made these cookies healthier? A) No, because they now have less saturated fat. B) Yes, because they now have less saturated fat. C) Yes, because they now have fewer grams of carbohydrates. D) No, because they now have more grams of trans fat.

D) No, because they now have more grams of trans fat

The figure below shows the growth curves of two populations of Paramecium, P. aurelia and P. caudatum. From the data, we can conclude that ______. A) P. aurelia and P. caudatum have a mutualistic relationship B) the ecological niches of the two species are very different C) P. aurelia is a predator of P. caudatum D) P. aurelia is the superior competitor in this habitat

D) P. aurelia is the superior competitor in this habitat

9) ______ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. A) Steroids B) Fatty acids C) Mosaics D) Phospholipids

D) Phospholipids

39) If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence AGTACTG, what will be the sequence of the other strand? A) GACGTCA B) AGTACTG C) GTCATGA D) TCATGAC

D) TCATGAC T to A, G to C

36) A karyotype (a chromosome display) would be unable to determine ______. A) sex B) Down syndrome C) Turner syndrome D) eye color

D) eye color

Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater streams and, during the first year of their life, the young salmon migrate up to 1,000 km to the ocean. They spend varying amounts of time in the ocean (ranging up to five years), where they feed and grow, rapidly acquiring more than 95% of their biomass during this period. During the summer of their maturing year, they begin the long journey back to their home streams where they spawn. Although it is still uncertain how salmon navigate back to their spawning grounds, current hypotheses suggest that they have a highly developed sense of smell. At the spawning grounds, females use their tails to form a hollow cavity where they lay up to 8,000 eggs. The male fertilizes the eggs, and both adults typically die soon thereafter. The physiological response that allows salmon to survive in fresh water, then in salt water, and then fresh water again is an example of ______. A) a behavioral response B) evolution C) an anatomical response D) acclimation

D) acclimation

What term applies to the physical and physiological changes experienced by astronauts who spend months in space? A) adaptation B) accreditation C) cosmosation D) acclimation

D) acclimation

22) Which of the following is a way that a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon? A) heat B) fluorescence C) light D) all of the above

D) all of the above

36) Active transport ______. A) uses ATP as an energy source B) can move solutes against their concentration gradient C) can involve the transport of ions D) all of the above

D) all of the above

39) Microtubules are associated with ______. A) cilia B) flagella C) cell shape D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which of the following plant hormones affect(s) development in the plant body? A) auxin B) gibberellin C) cytokinin D) all of the above

D) all of the above

27) A friend of yours appears to have put on a lot of muscle very quickly. At the same time, you notice that your friend seems to have a lot of mood swings and appears depressed. It is reasonable for you to suspect that your friend has begun to take ______. A) amino acid supplements B) creatine C) protein powder D) an anabolic steroid

D) an anabolic steroid

18) Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes _______. A) make proteins inside the nucleus B) are found on the plasma membrane C) are attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D) are attached to the outside of the nucleus

D) are attached to the outside of the nucleus

Wetlands ______. A) include rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes B) are found in the intertidal zone C) are an example of a marine biome D) are important in improving water quality

D) are important in improving water quality

22) Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ______. A) homologous chromosomes B) nonhomologous chromosomes C) sex chromosomes D) autosomes

D) autosomes

34) In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will ______. A) undergo plasmolysis B) become flaccid C) burst D) become turgid

D) become turgid

What name is given to the seafloor? A) pelagic realm B) intertidal zone C) aphotic zone D) benthic realm

D) benthic realm

33) In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons. A) mitochondria B) chloroplasts C) lysosomes D) central vacuoles

D) central vacuoles

Which of these biomes is maintained by fire? A) temperate deciduous forest B) savanna and temperate grassland C) desert and chaparral D) chaparral and savanna

D) chaparral and savanna

Examples of invasive species include ______. A) kudzu and red-cockaded woodpeckers B) cod and Chilean sea bass C) snowshoe hares and kudzu D) cheatgrass and Burmese pythons

D) cheatgrass and Burmese pythons

24) What compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem? A) chlorophyll b B) carotenoids C) phycobilins D) chlorophyll a

D) chlorophyll a

36) Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondrion C) ribosome D) chloroplast

D) chloroplast

12) During metaphase ______. A) the nuclear envelope breaks up B) sister chromatids separate C) centromeres divide D) chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

D) chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

43) In a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protest, the hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ______. A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) flagella D) cilia

D) cilia

Temperature increases due to global warming have been greatest _____. A) in the tropics B) in deserts C) in the sea D) close to the poles

D) close to the poles

A movement corridor ______. A) is a natural component of the environment B) is a path used by migratory animals when they move to their winter habitats C) is the path most commonly used by an animal within its home range D) connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat for a species

D) connects otherwise isolated patches of quality habitat for a species

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a unicellular eukaryotic organism belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These eukaryotic organisms are transmitted from one person to another by the female Anopheles mosquito when it feeds on human blood. Within humans, the Plasmodium spp. destroy red blood cells and, without effective treatment, serious infections can lead to death. Currently, more than 400 million people are afflicted with malaria and between 1 to 3 million people die from it each year. Historically, a chemical compound called quinine has been used in developing effective drugs against malaria. In its natural environment, quinine is produced by certain trees native to South America. This chemical is synthesized in the outer layer of tree trunks and acts as an herbivore deterrent. Despite being used for many years, quinine-based drugs have not led to the eradication of malaria and currently there are mosquitoes that are resistant to the compound. Which of the following were likely important in the development of this resistance to quinine? A) biological magnification B) interspecific competition C) mutualism D) natural selection

D) natural selection

Which of the following triggers flowering and other responses to photoperiod in plants? A) day length B) intensity of sunlight C) temperature D) night length

D) night length

17) Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes? A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) endoplasmic reticulum D) nucleolus

D) nucleolus

35) Nucleic acids are polymers of ______ monomers. A) monosaccharide B) fatty acid C) DNA D) nucleotide

D) nucleotide

38) Examine the following figure. Which of the following reactants primarily come(s) from the air? A) water B) glucose C) carbon dioxide D) oxygen and carbon dioxide

D) oxygen and carbon dioxide

25) Diffusion is an example of ______. A) phagocytosis B) active transport C) endocytosis D) passive transport

D) passive transport

In what part of the ocean are phytoplankton found? A) intertidal zone B) aphotic zone C) benthic realm D) pelagic realm

D) pelagic realm

39) The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is ______. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) exocytosis D) phagocytosis

D) phagocytosis

12) Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a(n) ______. A) adenosine B) heat unit C) photon D) phosphate group

D) phosphate group

Examine the figure below. Phytoplankton live in the _____. A) benthic zone B) aphotic zone C) photic zone and aphotic zone D) photic zone

D) photic zone

7) You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it must be a ______ cell. A) prokaryotic B) animal C) bacterial D) plant

D) plant

26) Diffusion ______. A) is the result of the potential energy of atoms B) requires an input of cellular energy C) occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated D) proceeds until equilibrium is reached

D) proceeds until equilibrium is reached

31) Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to A) produce more ATP than is possible through aerobic respiration. B) produce ATP using the electron transport chain. C) regenerate NADH. D) produce ATP without O2

D) produce ATP without O2.

4) When using a light microscope to view a cell you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, you conclude that the cell must be a type of ______ cell. A) plant B) eukaryotic C) fungal D) prokaryotic

D) prokaryotic

14) Usually, enzymes are ______. A) fats B) steroids C) chemical reactions D) proteins

D) proteins

28) Enzymes are ______. A) amino acids B) monosaccharides C) phospholipids D) proteins

D) proteins

21) A product of glycolysis is ______. A) lactic acid B) ethyl alcohol C) O2 D) pyruvic acid

D) pyruvic acid

Small fishes that eat zooplankton are A) tertiary consumers B) primary consumers C) producers D) secondary consumers

D) secondary consumers

5) A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______. A) centromeres B) centrosomes C) genomes D) sister chromatids

D) sister chromatids

36) How many times must the Calvin cycle turn for the plant cell to be able to produce one molecule of glucose? A) one B) two C) three D) six

D) six

Which of these best describes Type III survivorship? A) most individuals survive to older age intervals B) high survivorship for the very young C) survivorship is constant over the lifespan D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

D) survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age

29) Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II ______ and in mitotic anaphase ______. A) the cells are diploid... the cells are haploid B) chromosomes line up double file in the middle of the cell... chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell C) crossing over occurs... crossing over does not occur D) the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate... the cells are diploid and sister chromatids separate

D) the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate... the cells are diploid and sister chromatids separate

35) Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following best describes the direct mechanism of ATP production during photosynthesis? A) use of the energy generated as hydrogen ions (H+) move up a proton gradient; this energy is used to make ATP B) use of the energy released as excited electrons are passed from one molecule to another in the electron transport system; the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP C) use of the energy stored in excited electrons; as the electrons move from the excited state to the ground state, the energy released is converted to the energy stored in the third phosphate bond in ATP D) use of the energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule

D) use of the energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule

With regard to nutrient pollution in aquatic ecosystems, when is the worst time to apply fertilizer to your lawn? A) when it is cold, or is about to get cold B) at night C) at the same time you apply pesticides D) when it is raining, or is about to rain

D) when it is raining, or is about to rain

Which enzyme is used to bind DNA fragments together? DNA ligase restriction enzyme DNA polymerase telomerase

DNA ligase

Which of these techniques could tell you how gene expression differs between individuals with and without cystic fibrosis? therapeutic cloning karyotyping reproductive cloning DNA microarray

DNA microarray

What is the first level of control of eukaryotic gene transcription? the binding and unbinding of transcription factors to enhancer sequences RNA splicing DNA packing and unpacking attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter

DNA packing and unpacking

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA? DNA that carries a translocation DNA that includes pieces from two different sources DNA that results from bacterial conjugation an alternate form of DNA that is the product of a mutation

DNA that includes pieces from two different sources

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA? DNA that results from bacterial conjugation DNA that carries a translocation DNA that includes pieces from two different sources an alternate form of DNA that is the product of a mutation

DNA that includes pieces from two different sources

Which of these exhibits radial symmetry? shoe box Ferris wheel butterfly spoon

Ferris wheel

Genetically modifying human ______ cells may directly affect future generations.

Gametic

Which of the following is an example of disruptive selection? The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same. There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog. There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.

Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened.

Birds are a widespread group of animals, with approximately 10,000 different species found throughout the world today. Because they are relatively easy to find and so visually appealing, they have been studied more thoroughly than many other groups of animals. They are also valuable biological indicators, because many species live in different habitats during different times of the year and cover long migration routes. According to the World Conservation Union, extinction threatens over 1,200 bird species today and at least 179 are critically endangered. Some of the most endangered species include the Tahiti monarch, with only 10 pairs remaining, and the Bali starling, with only 12 wild individuals left. In Hawaii, the last captive po'ouli died in 2005 and the last two known to be alive in the wild have not been seen in many months. Common birds are also disappearing. In North America, red-winged blackbird populations declined by at least 1 percent each year between 1980 and 1999. These examples can serve as a warning. Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation is the most serious problem and affects 86% of threatened birds. Unsustainable forestry and intensifying agriculture exacerbate this problem of habitat loss. All of this shows that conservation of habitats is critical if many of the world's bird species are going to be saved from extinction in the near future. What is a feature of birds that makes them valuable as biological indicators? Many migrate long distances. Birdwatching is a popular hobby. Many are brightly colored. There are over 10,000 different species of birds.

Many migrate long distances.

Whose experiments demonstrated that, given the conditions on the primitive Earth, biological monomers could arise spontaneously? Watson Margulis Miller and Urey Darwin

Miller and Urey

Which one of the following statements is true? Organisms evolve structures that they need. Natural selection works on variation already present in a population. Natural selection works on non-heritable traits. Individuals evolve through natural selection.

Natural selection works on variation already

Which of the following is a binomial? Rhizosolenia Nitzschia jouseae diatom sapiens

Nitzschia jouseae

The absence of ______ in the primitive atmosphere was essential to the origin of life on Earth. CH4 N2 O2 CO2

O2

Which of the following is an example of sexual selection? Female butterflies have a higher survival rate than male butterflies. Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails. Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics. Cheetahs experienced a population bottleneck.

Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails. Bacteria evolve

Which of the following has an organization that may be similar to an evolutionary stage between unicellularity and multicellularity? Amoeba Thiobacillus Volvox Plasmodium

Plasmodium

What distinguishes animals from other eukaryotes? They use photosynthesis. They are heterotrophs. They ingest food. They are multicellulars.

They ingest food.

______ is the discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. Systematics Taxonomy Biogeography Epistemology

Systematics

A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______.

TAAGC

A DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads -ATTCG will bind with another DNA fragment with a sticky end that reads ______. CGGAT- GCCTA- ATTGC- TAAGC-

TAAGC-

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection? There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog. The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same. Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened. There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same.

How is it that the cells in different body tissues are able to perform different functions? Different chromosomes have been inactivated in different cells. The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression. The mutations that have accumulated in the cells of the different tissues control functions. The cells contain different genes.

The cells exhibit different patterns of gene expression.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Gene flow in and out of the population occurs. The population is subject to natural selection. Genetic drift is occurring. The population is not evolving.

The population is not evolving.

Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA?

The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

Of these steps, which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA? Bacteria carrying recombinant plasmids are cloned. Human DNA fragments are mixed with the cut plasmids. The recombinant plasmids are mixed with bacteria. The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.

______ is an example of bioremediation. A dinoflagellate bloom causing massive fish kills The use of an autoclave to kill endospores Cyanobacteria converting atmospheric nitrogen to a form that plants can use The use of prokaryotes to treat sewage

The use of prokaryotes to treat sewage

Which of the following is an example of directional selection? There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. The birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive and the average weight of newborn humans are about the same. Garter snakes with different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened. There is an increase in the number of different breeds of dog.

There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

How can a single RNA transcript be translated into different polypeptides? The length of its tail can vary. Two different genes can produce the same RNA transcript, which will then be translated differently. There is more than one way to modify the coded polypeptide. There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

There is more than one way to splice an RNA transcript.

______ is(are) responsible for more cancers than any other carcinogen. Tobacco Asbestos X-rays UV radiation

Tobacco

Which of the following is a colonial form of green algae? Plasmodium Giardia Paramecium Volvox

Volvox

Flatworms are similar to cnidarians in that both ______. exhibit bilateral symmetry have pseudocoeloms have true tissues lack a gastrovascular cavity

have true tissues

When brought together in a zoo, two species are capable of mating and producing fertile offspring. Why may they still be considered two distinct species? In the wild, members of one species prey upon members of the other species. Zoos are not natural environments. The two species look very different. Wild populations of the two species have different geographic distributions.

Zoos are not natural environments.

Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most threatened amphibian species, to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild. If such captive breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the remaining survivors, the species will still be threatened because of ______. the founder effect artificial selection mutations a bottleneck effect

a bottleneck effect

Nucleic acid probes are used to ______.

find a specific nucleotide sequence

Nucleic acid probes are used to ______. isolate bacterial genes synthesize a DNA strand complementary to a sticky end find a specific nucleotide sequence destroy clones that do not carry the recombinant plasmid of interest

find a specific nucleotide sequence

The figure below shows a planarian. Bilateral symmetry and a highly branched gastrovascular cavity all suggest that the planarian is a(n) ______. annelid chordate mollusk flatworm

flatworm

Examine the figure below. Cladistic analysis indicates that crocodiles are more closely related to ______ than to ______. <img src="Imported_Resources/ch1314hw/f190g1_r.jpg alt= align=middle height=190 width=261/ /fontbr/font face=Palatino /font font face=Palatinosnakes... birds/font font face=Palatinobirds... alligators/font font face=Palatinobirds... lizards/font font face=Palatinolizards... birds/font

font face=Palatinobirds... lizards/font

Examine the evolutionary relationships represented in the following figure. Based upon this diagram, the two most closely related species are ______. <img src="Imported_Resources/ch1314hw/f189g1_r.jpg alt= align=middle height=253 width=326/ /fontbr/font face=Palatino /font font face=Palatinoleopards and striped skunks/font font face=Palatinoleopards and European otters/font font face=Palatinocoyotes and wolves/font font face=PalatinoEuropean otters and coyotes/font

font face=Palatinocoyotes and wolves/font

Examine the relationships between the elephants in the figure below. Which one of the following pairs is most closely related? <img src="Imported_Resources/ch1314hw/f144g1_r.jpg alt= align=middle height=309 width=450/ /fontbr/ font face=PalatinoiDeinotherium/i and iPlatybelodon/i/font font face=PalatinoiMammut/i and iStegodon/i/font font face=PalatinoiLoxodonta africana/i and iLoxodonta cyclotis/i/font font face=PalatinoiBarytherium/i and iStegodon/i/font

font face=PalatinoiLoxodonta africana/i and iLoxodonta cyclotis/i/font

Examine the evolutionary tree below. This tree tells us that the amnion is found in ______. <img src="Imported_Resources/ch1314hw/f145g1_r.jpg alt= align=middle height=343 width=480/ /fontbr/ font face=Palatinolungfishes and amphibians/font font face=Palatinomammals, lizards, and snakes only/font font face=Palatinomammals, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and birds/font font face=Palatinoamphibians only/font

font face=Palatinomammals, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and birds/font

The figure below shows what happens in insect populations when crops are sprayed with insecticides. This is an example of ______. <img src="Imported_Resources/ch1314hw/f147g1_r.jpg alt= align=middle height=355 width=186/ /fontbr/ font face=Palatinogenetic drift/font font face=Palatinofounder effect/font font face=Palatinogene flow/font font face=Palatinonatural selection/font

font face=Palatinonatural selection/font

The figure below shows the percent of selected DNA sequences that match between a chimpanzee and other primates. These data support the hypothesis that ______. <img src="Imported_Resources/ch1314hw/f146g1_r.jpg alt= align=middle height=313 width=276/ /fontbr/ font face=Palatinogorillas and orangutans are the most closely related/font font face=Palatinothe chimpanzee's closest surviving relative is humans/font font face=Palatinoorangutans are the primates least closely related to chimpanzees/font font face=PalatinoOld World monkeys and gibbons are the most closely related/font

font face=Palatinothe chimpanzee's closest surviving relative is humans/font

What does the term tetrapod mean? having four feet living on land living a double life egg-laying

having four feet

Birds are a widespread group of animals, with approximately 10,000 different species found throughout the world today. Because they are relatively easy to find and so visually appealing, they have been studied more thoroughly than many other groups of animals. They are also valuable biological indicators, because many species live in different habitats during different times of the year and cover long migration routes. According to the World Conservation Union, extinction threatens over 1,200 bird species today and at least 179 are critically endangered. Some of the most endangered species include the Tahiti monarch, with only 10 pairs remaining, and the Bali starling, with only 12 wild individuals left. In Hawaii, the last captive po'ouli died in 2005 and the last two known to be alive in the wild have not been seen in many months. Common birds are also disappearing. In North America, red-winged blackbird populations declined by at least 1 percent each year between 1980 and 1999. These examples can serve as a warning. Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation is the most serious problem and affects 86% of threatened birds. Unsustainable forestry and intensifying agriculture exacerbate this problem of habitat loss. All of this shows that conservation of habitats is critical if many of the world's bird species are going to be saved from extinction in the near future. What is the greatest threat to birds today? habitat loss pollution poaching the illegal pet trade

habitat loss

Research on flat-tailed horned lizards demonstrated that natural selection favored lizards that ______. buried themselves faster when startled searched for ants hidden under logs had longer horns on the rear of the skull ran faster when exposed to bright sunlight

had longer horns on the rear of the skull

How does taxonomy assist biologists? A) by providing easily remembered scientific names for organisms B) by categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller numbers of groups C) by reducing life to its smallest common denominator, the cell D) all of the above

A) by providing easily remembered scientific names for organisms

10) Complete the equation: monosaccharide + monosaccharide → ______ + water A) disaccharide B) polypeptide C) polysaccharide D) fat

A) disaccharide

Over a span of two decades, scientists measured changes in the beak size of a population of Galápagos ground finches. This ______. A) provided evidence of natural selection in action B) is an example of artificial selection C) is an example of overproduction D) led Darwin to his theory of evolution through natural selection

A) provided evidence of natural selection in action

A hypothesis is a(n) ______. A) tentative answer to a question B) guess C) observation D) theory

A) tentative answer to a question

Science is ______. A) the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature B) the search for truth C) an organized set of principles for how to ethically and morally behave D) all of the above

A) the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature

17) What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons? A) covalent B) hydrogen C) ionic D) polar

A

35) What name is given to substances that resist changes in pH? A) buffers B) sugars C) salts D) bases

A

4) An atom with a positive charge has ______. A) more protons than electrons B) more electrons than protons C) more neutrons than protons D) more protons than neutrons

A

6) An atom's ______ are found in its nucleus. A) neutrons and protons B) protons only C) neutrons and electrons D) electrons, protons, and neutrons

A

10) Isotopes of an element have the same number of ______ and different numbers of ______. A) protons... neutrons B) protons... electrons C) neutrons... protons D) electrons... protons

A

What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science? A) Discovery science "discovers" new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science does not. B) Discovery science is based on deductive reasoning, whereas hypothesis-driven science is based on inductive reasoning. C) Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature. D) Discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, whereas hypothesis-driven science involves tentative answers to specific questions.

A) Discovery science "discovers" new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science does not.

Which of the following is not a property of life? A) Populations of organisms rarely change over time. B) Living things exhibit complex but ordered organization. C) Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities. D) Organisms reproduce their own kind.

A) Populations of organisms rarely change over time.

How do hypotheses differ from theories? A) Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses. B) Theories must be testable; hypotheses do not need to be testable. C) Hypotheses are educated guesses, and theories are tentative explanations. D) Hypotheses are derived from experimentation, whereas theories are derived from observation.

A) Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses.

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Is it reasonable to conclude (i.e., is it supported by the data) that female collared lizards prefer more brightly colored male lizards over dull-colored males? A) Yes, this conclusion is supported by the data. B) No, this conclusion is not supported by the data. C) The data do not clearly indicate a preference one way or the other. D) None of the above choices are correct.

A) Yes, this conclusion is supported by the data.

Which of the following structures can perform all the activities required for life? A) DNA molecules B) cells C) organelles D) nuclei

B) cells

1) ______ is an example of an element. A) Water B) Carbon C) Glucose D) Salt

B

16) In the following reaction, what type of bond is holding the two atoms together? K + Cl → K+ + Cl- → KCl A) hydrophilic B) ionic C) hydrophobic D) covalent

B

18) Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. How many covalent bonds can sulfur form? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 0

B

2) The four most common elements found in living things are A) nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and carbon. B) carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. C) carbon, oxygen, potassium, and calcium. D) oxygen, calcium, hydrogen, and carbon.

B

24) What are the reactant(s) in the following chemical reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O A) CO2 and H2O B) C6H12O6, H2O, and O2 C) O2 only D) C6H12O6, H2O, O2, CO2, and H2O

B

27) Why (if you are careful) are you able to float a needle on the surface of water? A) Water has adhesive properties. B) The surface tension that is a result of water's cohesive properties makes this possible. C) The covalent bonds that hold a water molecule together are responsible for this ability. D) A single needle is less dense than water.

B

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for Heather. Her hair is plastered to her head, sweat clings to her arms, and her legs feel as if they had nothing left. Heather grabs a cup of ice water. The ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. Then a breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. Drops of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and Heather feels a stinging as the sweat flows into her eyes. 41) Sweat on Heather's forehead and arms formed drops because of the ______. A) high salt content of sweat B) cohesive nature of water C) ability of water to moderate heat D) high evaporative cooling effect of water

B

8) Carbohydrates typically include ______. A) an NH2 group B) C, H, and O atoms C) a hydrocarbon chain D) a PO4 group

B) C, H, and O atoms

A newly discovered multicellular organism obtains food by digesting dead organisms. Such an organism is most likely a member of the kingdom ______. A) Plantae B) Fungi C) Protista D) Animalia

B) Fungi

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Identify the experimental group of this case study. A) brightly colored female lizards B) brightly colored male lizards C) dull-colored female lizards D) dull-colored male lizards

B) brightly colored male lizards

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Dull-colored males were part of the ______. A) observation group B) control group C) experimental group D) predicted group

B) control group

Which of the following is not recycled but is lost from ecosystems? A) nitrogen B) energy C) magnesium D) carbon

B) energy

Humans are composed of ______ cells. A) bacterial B) eukaryotic C) plant D) prokaryotic

B) eukaryotic

15) Animals store carbohydrates as ______. A) cellulose B) glycogen C) starch D) maltose

B) glycogen

7) What name is given to the following reaction? sucrose + water → glucose + fructose A) glucogenesis B) hydrolysis C) denaturation D) dehydration reaction

B) hydrolysis

More than half of all known species are ______. A) plants B) insects C) bacteria D) vertebrates

B) insects

1) People with lactose intolerance do not have enough ______. A) lactose B) lactase C) glucose D) fructose

B) lactase

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found within the ______ A) archaea B) nucleus C) prokaryotic cell D) insulin.

B) nucleus

14) Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide? A) glucose B) starch C) maltose D) sucrose

B) starch

What does adaptation mean in a biological context? A) the way an individual's body adjusts to its environment B) the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time C) the ability of organisms to alter their appearance under changing environmental conditions D) all of the above

B) the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time

14) An atom with an electrical charge is a(n) ______. A) isotope B) molecule C) ion D) compound

C

19) The hydrogens and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by ______ bonds. A) electron B) hydrogen C) covalent D) osmotic

C

20) Why is water considered a polar molecule? A) The oxygen is found between the two hydrogens. B) The oxygen atom attracts the hydrogen atoms. C) The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge. D) Both hydrogens are at one end of the molecule, and oxygen is at the other end.

C

28) Sweating cools your body by ______. A) cohesion B) radiation C) evaporative cooling D) hydrogen bonding

C

3) Which of the following elements, essential to life, is a trace element? A) phosphorus B) carbon C) iodine D) calcium

C

31) Which of the following is an acid? A) NaOH B) NaCl C) HCl D) CH4

C

36) When a base is added to a buffered solution, the buffer will ______. A) donate OH- ions B) accept water molecules C) donate H+ ions D) form covalent bonds with the base

C

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for Heather. Her hair is plastered to her head, sweat clings to her arms, and her legs feel as if they had nothing left. Heather grabs a cup of ice water. The ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. Then a breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. Drops of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and Heather feels a stinging as the sweat flows into her eyes. 42) Which of the following is the most likely reason why the ice struck Heather's nose when she took a drink? A) Water can store large amounts of heat. B) Water can moderate temperatures through evaporative cooling. C) The density of water decreases when it freezes. D) Water has a cohesive nature.

C

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. Which of the following is the hypothesis of this case study? A) Male collared lizards exhibit color variation. B) Dull males are less likely to be eaten by predators. C) A function of male coloration is to attract females. D) Males prefer brightly colored females.

C) A function of male coloration is to attract females.

What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science? A) Discovery science "discovers" new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science does not. B) Discovery science is based on deductive reasoning, whereas hypothesis-driven science is based on inductive reasoning. C) Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature. D) Discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, whereas hypothesis-driven science involves tentative answers to specific questions.

C) Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature.

Humans are ______. A) producers B) producers and consumers C) consumers D) producers and decomposers

C) consumers

The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question. "Male collared lizards show considerable color variation." This is a(n) ______. A) hypothesis B) conclusion C) observation D) result

C) observation

Which of the following are the proper components of the scientific method? A) experiment, conclusion, application B) question, observation, experiment, analysis, prediction C) observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion D) observation, question, opinion, conclusion, hypothesis

C) observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion

11) How do radioactive isotopes differ from isotopes? A) Radioactive isotopes have more neutrons than do isotopes. B) Radioactive isotopes are stable; isotopes are unstable. C) Radioactive isotopes have fewer neutrons than do isotopes. D) Radioactive isotopes are unstable; isotopes are stable.

D

12) The second electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of ______ electron(s). A) 1 B) 2 C) 6 D) 8

D

21) Adjacent water molecules are joined by ______ bonds. A) covalent only B) ionic C) polar and covalent D) hydrogen

D

23) How many oxygen atoms are in the products of the following reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O A) 18 B) 6 C) 12 D) 24

D

25) Human body cells are approximately ______ water. A) 95—99% B) 25—35% C) 50—55% D) 70—95%

D

7) Beryllium's atomic mass is 9 and its atomic number is 4. How many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom? A) 9 B) 13 C) 4 D) 5

D P+N=M M-P=N Atomic Number = Protons, Mass+Protons+Neutrons

What are eukaryotic genes composed of? A) RNA B) organelles C) RNA and DNA D) DNA

D) DNA

Which of these would be a valid hypothesis? A) Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events. B) Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species. C) Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding. D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.

D) Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.

Which kingdom of Eukarya consists primarily of unicellular organisms? A) Plantae B) Bacteria C) Fungi D) Protista

D) Protista

In what way(s) is the science of biology influencing and changing our culture? A) by helping us understand the relevance of evolution to human health B) by revealing how mutations in genes can lead to disease C) by providing new tools for forensic investigations D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which of these is required for natural selection to occur? A) inheritance B) unequal reproductive success C) individual variation D) all of the above

D) all of the above

What accounts for the different breeds of domesticated dogs? A) overproduction B) natural selection C) competition D) artificial selection

D) artificial selection

Unequal reproductive success ______. A) can lead to a population being less well adapted to its environment B) increases variation C) does not affect the frequency of expression of traits in succeeding generations of a population D) can lead to natural selection

D) can lead to natural selection

6) What name is given to the following reaction? galactose + glucose → lactose + water A) hydrolysis B) hydrogenation C) glycolysis D) dehydration reaction

D) dehydration reaction

Which of these is most closely associated with Darwin? A) energy flow B) ecosystem structure C) the three domains of life D) natural selection

D) natural selection

Discovery science is primarily based on ______. A) hypothesis testing B) deduction C) experimentation D) observation

D) observation

What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell? A) genomes B) nuclei C) genes D) organelles

D) organelles

Members of the kingdom Plantae differ from members of the other kingdoms of Eukarya in that most members of the kingdom Plantae ______. A) are decomposers B) are unicellular C) are consumers D) produce their own food

D) produce their own food