Hallmarks of cancer

7. Genomic Instability and Mutation

-acquisition of hallmarks largely dependent of genome cuter anions -mutants have a selective advantage -defects in proteins involved in genome repair found in many cancers BRCA

8. Tumor Promoting inflammation

-although inflammation is the immune systems attempt to fight the tumor it can assist tumor genesis by supplying -accelerated by growth factor and proangiogeneic factors

3. Resisting Cell Death

-apoptosis, natural barrier to cancer

6. activating invasion and metastasis

-local invasion -enters nearby blood and lymphatic vessels

1.Sustaining proliferation signalling

-most fundamental trait of cancer -chronic ongoing proliferation -make new signaling receptors -induce normal cells to release signaling factors -become signaling factor independent -PI3-Kinase, MARK; AK+: RAS

10. Evading immune destruction

-multiple complex factors

4. enabling replication immortality

-normal cells have 2 barriers to endless proliferation -1) senescence (deterioration) -2)Death-if senescence breaks they die -cancer cells have extend telomere length

2. Evading growth supressors

-normal cells have checkpoints that tell them to stop ( negatively regulate cell proliferation) -tumor supressor proteins -cancer cells often have mutations in these genes ex RB -prevents progression from G-S P53- holds cells in S phase -P53 (guardian of the genome)

5. Inducing Andeogenesis

-normal tissues need blood vessels to provide o2 nutrients co2 and waste -inducer VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)

9. Reprogramming Energy Metabolism

-under aerobic conditions normal cells break down glucose for ATP via mitochondria (o2 dependent) anaerobic-glycolysis (less efficent ATP production) -cancer cells favor glycolysis independent of o2-niosynthetic intermiediates

list the 10 hallmarks of cancer

1.sustaining proliferative signalling 2.evading growth suppressors 3.Resisting cell Death 4. Enabling replicative immortality 5.inducing andeogenesis 6.Activating invasion and metastasis 7.Genomic instability and Mutation 8.Tumor Promoting inflammation 9.Reprogramming Energy Metabolism 10.Evading Immune Destruction

how many traits do all cancers share

6-10