H&I exam 1 quiz ?

The client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is taught to take isophane insulin suspension NPH at 1700 each day. The client should be instructed that the greatest risk of hypoglycemia will occur at about what time?

0100, while sleeping The client with diabetes mellitus who is taking NPH insulin in the evening is most likely to become hypoglycemia shortly after midnight because this insulin peaks in 6 to 8 hours. The client should eat a bedtime snack to help prevent hypoglycemia while sleeping.

The nurse is administering the initial dose of a rapid-acting insulin to a client with type 1 diabetes. The nurse should assess the client for hypoglycemia within:

1 hour Rapid-acting insulin has an onset in 15 minutes, peaks at 1 hour, and lasts for 3 to 4 hours. Rapid-acting insulin is administered right before or right after a meal. The nurse should assess the client for hypoglycemia 1 hour following administration of the drug.

The nurse is preparing to suction a client via a tracheostomy tube. The nurse should plan to limit the suctioning time to a maximum of which time period?

10 seconds Hypoxemia can be caused by prolonged suctioning, which stimulates the pacemaker cells in the heart. A vasovagal response may occure, causing bradycardia. The nurse must preoxygenate the client before suctioning and limit the suctioning pass to 10 seconds. **Remember, during suctioning, the client's airway is blocked**

The nurse is instructing a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) how to do pursed-lip breathing. In which order from first to last should the nurse explain the steps to the client? All options must be used. 1. "Breathe in normally through your nose for two counts (while counting to yourself, one, two)." 2. "Relax your neck and should muscles." 3. "Pucker your lips as if you were going to whistle." 4. "Breathe out slowly through pursed lips for four counts (while counting to yourself, one, two, three, four)"

2, 1, 3, 4

The nurse is instructing the client on insulin administration. The client is performing a return demonstration for preparing the insulin. The client's morning dose of insulin is 10 units of regular and 22 units of NPH. The nurse checks the dose accuracy with the client. The nurse determines that the client has prepared the correct does when the syringe reads how many units?

32 units Clients commonly need to mix insulin, requiring careful mixing and calculation. The total dosage is 10 units plus 22 units, for a total of 32 units.

The nurse is teaching the client about home blood glucose monitoring. Which blood glucose measurement indicates hypoglycemia?

59 mg/dL Although some individual variation exists, when the blood glucose level decreases to <70 mg/dL, the client experiences or is at risk for hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia can occur in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is more common when the client is taking insulin. The nurse should instruct the client on the prevention, detection, and treatment of hypoglycemia.

The nurse performs an Allen's text on a client scheduled for an arterial blood gas draw from the radial artery. On release of pressure from the ulnar artery, color in the hand should return in ____ seconds, indicating that the radial artery can be used for obtaining a blood specimen.

6 to 7 seconds Failure to determine the presence of adequate collateral circulation could result in severe ischemic injury to the hand if damage to the radial artery occurs with arterial puncture. Upon release of pressure on the ulnar artery, pinkness should return within 6 to 7 seconds, indicating that the radial artery can be used for obtaining a blood specimen.

The nurse is caring for a client hospitalized with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which finding would the nurse expect to note on assessment of this client?

A hyperinflated chest noted on the chest x-ray Clinical manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include hypoxemia, hypercapnia, dyspnea on exertion and at rest, oxygen desaturation with exercise, and the use of accessory muscles of respiration. Chest x-rays reveal a hyperinflated chest and a flattened diaphragm if the disease is advanced. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) will demonstrate decreased vital capacity, not increased.

A new parent expresses concern to the nurse regarding sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). She asks the nurse how to position her new infant for sleep. In which position should the nurse tell the parent to place the infant?

Back rather than on the stomach SIDS is the unexpected death of an apparantly healthy infant younger than 1 year for whom an investigation of the death and a thorough autopsy fail to show an adequate cause of death. Several theories are proposed regarding the cause, but the exact cause is unknown. Nurses should encourage parents to place the infant on the back (supine) for sleep. Infants in the prone position (on the stomach) may be unable to move their heads to the side, increasing the risk of suffocation. The infant may have the ability to turn to a prone position from the side-lying position.

the nurse instructs a client to use the pursed-lip method of breathing and the client asks the nurse about the purpose of this type of breathing. The nurse responds, knowing that the primary purpose of pursed-lip breathing is to promote which outcome?

Promotes carbon dioxide elimination Pursed-lip breathing facilitates maximal expiration for clients with obstructive lung disease and promotes carbon dioxide elimination. This type of breathing allows better expiration by increasing airway pressure that keeps air passages open during exhalation.

When evaluating teaching a client how to administer insulin, which action indicates that additional teacing is necessary?

Client waits 30 minutes to eat breakfast after injecting rapid-acting insulin The nurse instructs the client not to wait any longer than 5 to 15 minutes to eat after injecting rapid-acting insulin, which has an onset action of 5 minutes and a duration of 1 hour. The client is using proper technique for mixing the insulins, rotating sites, and using the -100 syringe.

A 10-year-old child with asthma is treated for acute exacerbation in the emergency department. The nurse caring for the child should monitor for which sign, knowing that it indicates a worsening of the condition?

Decreased wheezing Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Decreased wheezing in a child with asthma may be interpreted incorrectly as a positive sign when it may actually signal an inability to move air. A 'silent chest' is an ominous sign during an asthma episode. With treatment, increased wheezing actually may signal that the child's condition is improving. Warm, dry skin indicates an improvement in the child's condition because the child is normally diaphoretic during exacerbation. The normal pulse rate in a 10-year-old is 70-110 beats/minute. The normal respiratory rate in a 10-year old is 16-20 breaths/minute.

The mother of an 8-year-old child being treated for right lower lobe pneumonia at home calls the clinic nurse. The mother tells the nurse that the child complains of discomfort on the right side and that ibuprofen is not effective. Which instruction should the nurse provide to the mother?

Encourage the child to lie on the right side Pneumonia is an inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma or alveoli, or both, caused by a virus, mycoplasmal agents, bacteria, or aspiration of foreign substances. Splinting of the affected side by lying on that side may decrease discomfort. It would be inappropriate to advise the mother to increase the dose or frequency of the ibuprofen. Lying on the left side would not be helpful in alleviating discomfort.

The nurse is caring for a client who has been placed on droplet precautions. Which protective gear is required to take care of this client? Select all the apply.

Gloves, gown, surgical mask, and eye protection/glasses are worn to protect healthcare workers and to help prevent the spread of infection when clients are placed in droplet isolation. Because droplets are too heavy to be airborne, a respirator is not required when caring for a client in droplet precaution.

The client with respiratory failure is receiving mechanical ventilation and continues to produce arterial blood gas results indicating respiratory acidosis. Which change in the ventilator setting should the nurse expect to correct this problem?

Increase in ventilator rate from 6 to 10 breaths/minute The blood gas component responsible for respiratory acidosis is carbon dioxide, thus increasing the ventilator rate will blow off more carbon dioxide and decrease or correct the acidosis.

A nurse is caring for a patient who states, "I take aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) quite a few times, throughout the day, everyday, to help me with my aches and pains." The nurse educates the client, knowing that the client is at risk for which acid-base disorder?

Metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis is defined as a total concentration of buffer base that is lower than normal, with a relative increase in the hydrogen ion concentration. This results from loss of buffer bases or retention of too many acids without sufficient bases, and occurs in conditions such as kidney disease; diabetic ketoacidosis; high fat diet; insufficient metabolism of carbohydrates; malnutrition; ingestion of toxin, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin); malnutrition; or severe diarrhea. Intestinal secretions are high in bicarbonate and may be lost through enteric drainage tubes, an ileostomy, or diarrhea. The remaining options are incorrect interpretations and are not associated with the client with an ileostomy.

The nurse caring for a client with an ileostomy understands that the client is most at risk for developing which acid-base disorder?

Metabolic acidosis is defined as a total concentration of buffer base that is lower than normal, with a relative increase in the hydrogen ion concentration. This results from loss of buffer bases or retention of too many acids without sufficient bases, and occurs in conditions such as kidney disease; diabetic ketoacidosis; high fat diet; insufficient metabolism of carbohydrates; malnutrition; ingestion of toxin, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin); malnutrition; or severe diarrhea. Intestinal secretions are high in bicarbonate and may be lost through enteric drainage tubes, an ileostomy, or diarrhea. The remaining options are incorrect interpretations and are not associated with the client with an ileostomy.

The nurse is caring for an infant with bronchiolitis, and diagnostic tests have confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). On the basis of this finding which is the most appropriate nursing action?

Move the infant to a room with another child with RSV RSV is a highly communicable disorder and is not transmitted via the airborne route. The virus usually is transferred by the hands. Use of contact and standard precautions during care is necessary. Using good hand-washing technique and wearing gloves and gowns are also necessary. Masks are not required. An infant with RSV is isolated in a single room or placed in a room with another child with RSV. Enteric precautions are unnecessary.

The nurse is caring for a client with diabetic ketoacidosis and documents that the client is experiencing Kussmaul's respirations. On the basis of this documentation, which pattern did the nurse observe?

Respirations that are abnormally deep, regular, and increased in rate Kussmaul's respirations are abnormally deep, regularly, and increased in rate. Apnea is described as respirations that cease for several seconds. In bradypnea, respirations are regular but abnormally slow. In hyperpnea, respirations are labored and increased in depth and rate.

The nurse is caring for a client with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and documents that the client is experiencing Kussmaul's respirations. Which patens di the nurse observe?

Respirations that are increased in rate and abnormally deep Kussmaul's Respirations are abnormally deep and increased in rate. These occur as a result of the compensatory actions by the lungs. In bradypnea, respirations are regular but abnormally slow. Apnea is described as respirations that cease for several seconds.

The unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) reports to the nurse that a client seems very anxious, and vital sign measurement included a respiratory rate of 38 breaths/minute. Which acid-base imbalance should the nurse suspect?

Respiratory Alkalosis The client is most likely hyperventilating and blowing off carbon dioxide. This decrease in carbon dioxide will lead to an increase in pH and cause respiratory alkalosis. Eliminating carbon dioxide will lead to an alkalosis. Metabolic imbalances would be related to renal changes.

A client with lung cancer has received oxycodone 10mg orally for pain. When the student nurse assesses the client, which finding would the nurse instruct the student to report immediately?

Respiratory rate of 8 to 10 breaths/minute A decreased respiratory rate indicates respiratory depression, which also puts the client at risk for respiratory acidosis. All of the other findings are important and should be reported to the RN, but the respiratory care demands urgent attention.

The nurse is instructing a hospitalized client with a diagnosis of emphysema about measures that will enhance the effectiveness of breathing during dyspneic periods. Which position should the nurse instruct the client to assume?

Sitting up and leaning on an overbed table Positions that will assist the client with emphysema with breathing include sitting up and leaning on an overbed table, sitting up and resting the elbows on the knees, and standing and leaning against the wall.

The nurse notes that a client's arterial blood gas (ABG) results reveal a pH of 7.50 and a PaCo2 of 30 mm Hg. The nurse monitors the client for which clinical manifestations associated with these ABG results? Select all that apply. Tachycardia Bradypnea Confusion Hyperkalemia Lightheadedness Nausea

Tachycardia Confusion Lightheadedness Nausea Respiratory alkalosis is defined as a deficit of carbonic acid or a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration that results from the accumulation of base or from a loss of acid without a comparable loss of base in the body fluids. This occurs in conditions that cause overstimulation of the respiratory system. Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis include lethargy, lightheadedness, confusion, tachycardia, dysrhythmias related to hypokalemia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and numbness and tingling of the extremities. Hyperventilation (tachypnea) occurs. Bradypnea describes respirations that are regular but abnormally slow. Hyperkalemia is associated with acidosis.

Instruct patients who have received general anesthesia to turn, cough, and perform deep-breathing exercises frequently to prevent the onset of respiratory acidosis.

True

The cardinal sign of respiratory alkalosis is deep, rapid breathing, possibly exceeding 40 breaths/minute.

True

A nurse is teaching a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who jogs daily about the preferred sites for insulin absorption. What is the most appropriate site for a client who jogs?

abdomen If the client engages in an activity or exercise that focuses on one area of the body, that area may cause inconsistent absorption of insulin. A good regimen for a jogger is to inject the abdomen for 1 week and then rotate to the buttock. A jogger may have inconsistent absorption in the legs or arms with strenuous running. The iliac crest is not an appropriate site due to a lack of loose skin and subcutaneous tissues in that area.

A 79-year-old client is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. While obtaining the client's health history, the nurse learns that the client has osteoarthritis, follows a vegetarian diet, and is very concerned with cleanliness. Which client information would most likely be a predisposing factor for the diagnosis of pneumonia?

age The client's age is a predisposing factor for pneumonia; pneumonia is more common in elderly or debilitated clients. Other predisposing factors include smoking, upper respiratory tract infections, malnutrition, immunosuppression, and the presence of a chronic illness. Osteoarthritis, a nutritionally sound vegetarian diet, and frequent bathing are not predisposing factors for pneumonia.

The nurse is caring for a client with bacterial pneumonia. The effectiveness of the client's oxygen therapy can be best determined by the:

arterial blood gas values The cllient's ABG levels are the most sensitive indicator of the effectiveness of the client's oxygen therapy. Cyanosis is a late sign of decreased oxygenation and is not a reliable indicator. The client's respiratory rate and level of consciousness may be altered because of other problems not related to the client's oxygenation.

A client with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes is scheduled to receive regular insulin 10 units and NPH insulin 20 units every morning. When should the nurse schedule the administration of these medications?

both insulis 0.5 hours before breakfast Regular and NPH insulins are scheduled together one-half hour before breakfast. They do not need to be given separately or in different syringes.

The nurse should assess a client with hypothyroidism for:

decreased activity due to fatigue A major problem for the person with hypothyroidism is fatigue. Other signs and symptoms include lethargy, personality changes, generalized edema, impaired memory, slowed speech, cold intolerance, dry skin, muscle weakness, constipation, weight gain, and hair loss. Incomplete closure of the eyelids, hypermetabolism, and diarrhea are associated with hyperthyroidism.

A 34-year-old female is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. What should the nurse assess the client for? Select all that apply.

decreased energy and fatigue constipation mennorrhagia weight gain of 10 lbs.

Following a subtotal thyroidectomy, the nurse asks the client to speak immediately upon regaining consciousness. The nurse does this to monitor for signs of:

laryngeal nerve damage Laryngeal nerve damage is a potential complication of thyroid surgery because of the proximity of the thyroid gland to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Asking the client to speak helps assess for signs of laryngeal nerve damage. Persistent or worsening hoarseness and weak voice are signs of laryngeal nerve damage and should be reported to the healthcare provider immediately. Internal hemorrhage is detected by changes in vital signs. The client's level of consciousness can be partially assessed by asking her to speak, but that is not the primary reason for doing so in this situation. Upper airway obstruction is detected by color and respiratory rate and pattern.

The nurse administers theophylline to a client. When evaluating the effectiveness of this medication, the nurse should assess the client for:

less difficulty breathing Theophylline is a bronchodilator that is administered to relax airways and decrease dyspnea. Theophylline is not used to treat infections and does not decrease or thin secretions.

To reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, the nurse should instruct the client to:

maintain weight in normal limits The most important factor predisposing to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is obesity. Insulin resistance increases with obesity. Cigarette smoking is not a predisposing factor, but it is a risk factor that increases complications of diabetes mellitus. A high-cholesterol diet does not necessarily predispose to diabetes mellitus, but it may contribute to obesity and hyperlipidemia. Hypertension is not a predisposing factor, but it is a risk factor for developing complications of diabetes mellitus.

To improve the oxygenation of a client with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who is receiving mechanical ventilation, the nurse should place the client in which position?

prone Prone positioning is used to improve oxygenation in client's with ARDS who are receiving mechanical ventilation. This positioning allows for recruitment of collapsed alveolar units, improvement in ventilation, reduction in shunting, mobilization of secretions, and improvement in functional reserve capacity (FRC). When the client is supine, side-to-side repositioning should be done every 2 hours with the head of the bed elevated at least 30 degrees.

The client with diabetes mellitus says, "If I could just avoid what you call carbohydrates in my diet, I guess I would be okay." The nurse should base the response to this comment on the knowledge that diabetes affects metabolism of which nutrients?

proteins, fats, an dcarbohydrates Diabetes mellitus is a multi factorial, systemic disease associated with problems in the metabolism of all food types. The client's diet should contain appropriate amounts of all three nutrients plus adequate minerals and vitamins.

A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus has diabetic ketoacidosis. Which finding has the greatest effect on fluid loss?

rapid, deep respirations Due to the rapid, deep respirations, the client is losing fluid from vaporization from the lungs and skin (insensible fluid loss). Normally about 900 mL of fluid is lost per day through vaporization. Decreased serum potassium level has no effect on insensible fluid loss. Hypotension occurs due to polyuria and inadequate fluid intake. It may decrease the flow of blood to the skin, causing the skin to be warm and dry.

The nurse is completing a health assessment of a 42-year-old female with suspected Graves' disease. The nurse should assess this client for:

tachycardia Graves' disease, the most common type of thyrotoxicosis, is a state of hypermetabolism. The increased metabolic rate generates heat and produces tachycardia and fine muscle tremors. Anorexia is associated with hypothyroidism. Loss of weight, despite a good appetite and adequate caloric intake, is a common feature of hyperthyroidism. Cold skin is associated with hypothyroidism.

Which is an expected outcome of pursed-lip breathing for clients with emphysema?

to promote carbon dioxide elimination Pursed-lip breathing prolongs exhalation and prevents air trapping in the alveoli, thereby promoting carbon dioxide elimination. By prolonging exhalation and helping the client relax, pursed-lip breathing helps the client learn to control the rate and depth of respiration. Pursed-lip breathing does not promote the intake of oxygen, strengthen the diaphragm, or strengthen intercostal muscles.

An oxygen delivery system is prescribed for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to deliver a precise oxygen concentration. Which oxygen delivery system would the nurse anticipate to be prescribed?

venturi mask The Venturi mask delivers the most accurate oxygen concentration. It is the best oxygen delivery system for the client with chronic airflow limitation because it delivers a precise oxygen concentration. The face tent, aerosol mask, and tracheostomy collar are also high-flow oxygen delivery systems but most often are used to administer high humidity.

The nurse should teach the client with Graves' disease to prevent corneal irritation from mild exophthalmos by:

wearing dark-colored glasses Treatment of mild ophthalmopathy that may accompany thyrotoxicosis includes measures such as wearing sunglasses to protect the eyes from corneal irritation. Massaging the eyes will not help to protect the cornea. An ophthalmic anesthetic is used to examine and possibly treat a painful eye, not protect the cornea. Covering the eyes with moist gauze pads is not a satisfactory nursing measure to protect the eyes of a client with exophthalmos because treatment is not focused on moisture to the eye but rather on protecting the cornea and optic nerve.