HB: Module 11 (Chapter 13)

parathyroid gland

Small endocrine glands located on the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone.

hormone

A chemical messenger molecule secreted by an endocrine gland or cell into the bloodstream that has effects on specific target cells throughout the body.

insulin

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that enhances the uptake of glucose by cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels

posterior pituitary

From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) released?

cortisol

Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, also called hydrocortisone.

glucagon

Hormone formed by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. ______ raises the glucose level of blood by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen.

target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

They are released near blood vessels (a capillary bed) in the hypothalamus, travel a short distance, and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary

How do releasing hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium levels.

calcitonin

Hormone released by the thyroid glands that promotes a decrease in blood calcium levels

adrenal gland

Hormone-producing glands located atop the kidneys. Each consists of medulla and cortex areas.

A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein.

If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events?

ADH

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

hypothalmus

The structure that controls hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________.

receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane Submit

When considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________.

When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.

Which statement would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger?

thyroid and parathyroid

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

thyroxine

hormone containing four iodine molecules that is secreted by the thyroid gland. ________ and a closely related three-iodine hormone (triiodothyronine) accelerate cellular metabolism in most body tissues.

norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation

Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT

thyroid gland

An endocrine gland, located in the neck, that produces the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.

the nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones

How are hormones related to the interaction of the nervous system and muscular system?

parathormone levels in the body would increase

If the level of calcium in the blood falls below the homeostatic level, which of the following would be true?

dwarfism

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

pituitary gland

Neuro-endocrine gland located just below the hypothalamus of the brain. Together, the anterior and posterior lobes of the __________ secrete eight hormones.

epinephrine

Primary hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, also called adrenaline.

hypothalamus

Region of the brain forming the floor of the third ventricle. The _________ helps regulate the body's internal environment by secreting releasing factors that affect the secretion of the hormones of the anterior pituitary.

it is a neuroendocrine organ

The adrenal medulla shares this trait in common with both the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary glands.

it is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development

The most accurate statement about FSH is ________.

it is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation

The most accurate statement about LH is ________.

estrogen and progesterone

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

false

True or false. The adrenal gland secretes hormones that slow down the heart rate and lower blood glucose levels.

insulin

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

hormone-receptor complex

When a hormone binds to a receptor, the resulting molecule is called a(n) ________.

uterus

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

steroid

Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule?

glucose and insulin increases and glucagon decreases

You just ate about half your birthday cake. Which of the following is happening in your body?

steroid; nonsteroid

__________ hormones enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors, whereas __________ hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and never enter the target cells.

target cell

cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone

neurosecretory cell

specialized neurons that produce chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream and affect distant target tissues