HC Exam 1

Which of the following is the best example of a geon?

a 3-dimensional cylinder

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach?

"Children's memory for gender-consistent information"

Measures of performance such as reaction time that have been used to investigate internal processes have been criticized for being ...

Indirect

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research about using a cell phone and paying attention while driving?

María Luisa: "If the traffic is heavy, talking on a hands-free cell phone can distract your attention."

Impulses from the retina leave the eye via the:

Optic nerve

What is perception?

Perception uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses.

Which of the following statements about object recognition is correct?

Regions of the cortex beyond the visual cortex are active when we identify complex objects.

Suppose that you want to see whether the human brain responds differently when a person reads a pleasant word, rather than an unpleasant word. Which of the following neuroscience techniques would provide the most useful information about processing these two kinds of words?

The event-related potential technique

Which of the following statements best captures the scope of cognition?

We use cognition when we store, transform, and use knowledge.

If you were to study top-down processing as it applies to smell, which of the following topics would be most relevant?

Whether people recognize a lemon fragrance more readily when they see a photo of a lemon than when they see a photo of a rose.

____________ was interested in aspects of memory such as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomena.

William james

Suppose that a psychologist loans you an art book and says that the book includes some interesting ambiguous figure-ground pictures. You should expect to see

a picture in which a specific region is the central figure one moment, but this region becomes the background the next moment.

A woman has an injured visual cortex, as the result of an accident. She says that she cannot see a light, which is presented on her left side. However, she accurately points to the light's location. She is demonstrating

blindsight

Your textbook discussed in some detail a study by Rueckl and Oden (the "bears/beans" study) that manipulated both the features of a letter within a word and the context in which the word appeared. This study demonstrated that

both bottom-up and top-down processing operate.

The kind of processing that emphasizes how your sensory receptors register information from a stimulus is called

bottom-up processing.

An operational definition is most likely to

describe precisely how the researchers will measure a particular concept.

Interest in studying human cognitive processes developed because of ...

dissatisfaction with behaviorist approaches interest in information processing chomsky's ideas about language

Imagine that you are listening to a friend complaining about a course assignment, but you are simultaneously trying to read the newspaper. This is an example of

divided attention.

According to the discussion about the rise of cognitive psychology,

enthusiasm for behaviorism decreased because it was difficult to explain complex human behavior using only the terms and concepts from learning theory.

You have no difficulty distinguishing between the letters O and W, but it takes longer to distinguish between the letters O and Q. Which theory of object recognition does this support?

feature-analysis models

Bottom-up processing

focuses on the contribution of the stimulus to a process such as object recognition.

The information-processing approach

grew out of the early research in computer science and the communication sciences.

According to your textbook, the influence of cognitive psychology

has been significant both within psychology, and also outside in areas such as political science.

During the 1950s, many psychologist were becoming discouraged with behaviorism and cognitive psychology began to emerge. A major reason they were disappointed with behaviorism is that

it considered only psychological processes that are clearly observable.

Cognitive psychologists believe that behaviorists cannot explain human language because

language has a complex structure that cannot be explained in terms of stimuli and responses.

Compared to a good reader, a poor reader is likely to

make more regressions to earlier material

The single-cell recording technique might be used if a researcher wanted to

measures the nerve impulses from one neuron in the brain of a monkey.

You need saccadic eye movements when you are reading this sentence in order to

move your eye so that the next words are registered in the fovea.

The identification of a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli is known as

object recognition

There is evidence that the visual system is designed to serve two different functions. These functions are _____ and _____.

object recognition...guiding movement

On a selective-attention task,

people notice little about the message that they are supposed to ignore.

The feature-analysis model of object recognition argues that

recognition involves detecting specific characteristics of the stimulus.

The primary contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to current cognitive psychology was

research about factors that might influence human memory.

Suppose that a woman is taking the Stroop test, and the first item shows the word "red," printed in blue ink. According to your textbook, one reason that she will have trouble reporting the ink color (blue) for this item is that

she has had more experience in reading words than in identifying ink colors.

According to the discussion of template matching in visual recognition,

template models work well for pattern recognition in some computers, but not for most complex object recognition tasks in humans.

Gestalt psychology emphasizes

the basic human tendency to organize our perceptions.

Some cognitive neuroscientists study brain lesions to learn more about brain functions. However, an important problem with this technique is that

the brain damage may extend into several areas of the brain.

You are now reading a sentence on an examination. The actual stimulus (the words on the piece of paper) is called

the distal stimulus

Suppose that you are searching for a set of square-shaped, red earrings on a display that has four kinds of earrings: square blue, square red, round blue, and round red. If Treisman's research on attention applies to this task ...

the number of other square earrings and the number of other red earrings influence the time taken to find the square red earrings.

Imagine that you are searching your room for a textbook. Which portion of the cortex would be most active during this search?

the occipital lobe

Imagine that you have been on a strict diet for several weeks. No matter how hard you try, you can't avoid thinking about chocolate chip cookies and lemon meringue pie. You are having difficulty with ...

thought suppression

The research on individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder shows that they are more likely than other individuals

to think frequently about a topic they have been told to ignore.

Attention

uses both top-down and bottom-up processing

According to the word superiority effect,

we can recognize a letter faster and more accurately when it is part of a word, rather than standing alone.

Many researchers argue that face perception is "special"; we process faces in a different way than we process other visual stimuli. According to this perspective,

we recognize faces in terms of their entire shape, rather than in terms of their isolated features

According to gestalt psychologists ....

we tend to see well-organized patterns, rather than random-looking stimuli.

Suppose that you are looking for a dark-colored car in a row of parked cars. Eleven of them are light colored, and one is dark colored. The dark-colored car seems to "pop out". In this example ...

you are using bottom-up processing

According to your textbook, consciousness refers to

your awareness of the outside world and of your perceptions, images, and feelings.