HCS 212 Chapter 13 : The Nervous System: Neural Tissue

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called A) internodes. B) nodes. C) gray matter. D) white matter. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) nodes.

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon A) properties of the soma of the neuron. B) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath. C) the number of cell dendrites. D) the type of neurotransmitter present. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath.

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include A) providing sensory information to the CNS only. B) making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs. C) carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems only. D) carrying information up and down the spinal cord. E) providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems.

E) providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems.

A group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS that has a descrete boundary is called a A) soma. B) ganglion. C) nucleus. D) column. E) center.

C) nucleus.

Action potentials result from A) closing of ion channels. B) abrupt changing of the transmembrane potential. C) opening of calcium gates. D) neurons transporting neurotransmitters. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) abrupt changing of the transmembrane potential.

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following? A) Excitatory or inhibitory responses. B) Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell. C) The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft. D) Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) Excitatory or inhibitory responses.

If all of the glial cells of the nervous system were destroyed, which of the following would occur? A) Less than 20 percent of the cells of the nervous system would remain. B) Only the PNS would be adversely affected. C) The mass of the nervous system would be reduced by about 25 percent. D) The rate of neuronal replacement would decline significantly. E) The choroid plexus could not generate CSF.

A) Less than 20 percent of the cells of the nervous system would remain.

The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) A) central and peripheral nervous systems. B) dorsal and ventral nervous systems. C) appendicular and axial nervous systems. D) autonomic and somatic nervous systems. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) central and peripheral nervous systems.

Because a neuron loses its centrioles, A) it is rendered incapable of dividing. B) it cannot grow as quickly as neurons that retain their centrioles. C) it loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath. D) it is probably located in the PNS. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) it is rendered incapable of dividing.

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another if A) its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted. B) the neurons are of different types. C) the levels of microglia are too low. D) there are too many astrocytes present. E) you are asleep.

A) its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted.

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? A) near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS B) near the axon of a neuron in the CNS C) near the lining of the ventricles of the brain D) at a neuromuscular synapse E) None of the answers are correct.

A) near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS

Which of the following is gray matter? A) neural cortex B) columns C) tracts D) ganglia E) nerves

A) neural cortex

At a vesicular synapse the neurons communicate by A) neurotransmitters. B) communicating junctions. C) terminal arborizations. D) nodes. E) internodes.

A) neurotransmitters.

Axons extending from a peripheral ganglion to an effector are called A) postganglionic fibers. B) ganglionic fibers. C) preganglionic fibers. D) efferent fibers. E) afferent fibers.

A) postganglionic fibers.

The functional classifications of neurons includes ________, which carry information toward the CNS. A) sensory neurons B) interneurons C) motor neurons D) axoplasmic neurons E) All of the answers are correct.

A) sensory neurons

Injured neurons can recover their functional capabilities if A) the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored. B) the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks. C) the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored.

What is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell axon (3) arrival of nerve impulse at synaptic knob in presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors A) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 C) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 E) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3

B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4

Movement of nutrients, wastes, and organelles between the cell body and axon terminals is called A) axonal transport. B) axoplasmic transport. C) osmosis. D) diffusion. E) neurofibular contraction.

B) axoplasmic transport.

Nerve impulse transmission between cells of the CNS without any delay can be attributed to A) the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells. B) communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells. C) the activity of Schwann cells. D) the number of neurons in the chain. E) drinking an energy drink.

B) communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells.

When a neural pathway splits to involve many areas of the nervous system, the type of processing is known as A) parallel. B) diverging. C) converging. D) serial. E) reverberating.

B) diverging.

Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? A) astrocytes B) ependymal cells C) microglia D) oligodendrocytes E) satellite cells

B) ependymal cells

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration, A) the axon proximal to the injury degenerates. B) macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons. C) Schwann cells completely degenerate. D) no trace is left of the path taken by a previous axon. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons.

An inhibitory response A) makes an action potential more likely. B) makes an action potential less likely. C) directly causes an action potential. D) causes ACh release. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) makes an action potential less likely.

Myelin is (a) A) cell body. B) mostly lipid. C) special cell that protects neurons. D) special area of the brain. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) mostly lipid.

The surface of the brain is called the A) higher center. B) neural cortex. C) neuronal nuclei. D) white matter. E) basal nuclei.

B) neural cortex.

The outermost covering of a myelinated axon is called (the) A) axolemma. B) neurolemma. C) sarcolemma. D) internode. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) neurolemma.

Areas of gray matter in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called A) spinal nerves. B) nuclei. C) cranial nerves. D) columns. E) reverberating neurons.

B) nuclei.

In the case of most neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminal bouton immediately triggers A) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasmalemma. B) release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane. C) generation of an action potential in the axon. D) long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane. E) an action potential.

B) release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane.

Microglia are (the) A) most numerous neuroglial cell. B) smallest neuroglial cell. C) not a neuroglial cell. D) least numerous neuroglial cell. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) smallest neuroglial cell.

Receptors may be classified as A) effectors and muscles. B) somatic and visceral. C) glands and muscles. D) voluntary and involuntary. E) subconscious and conscious.

B) somatic and visceral.

Neurotransmitters are A) produced on command. B) stored in synaptic vesicles. C) never recycled. D) released only at nonvesicular synapses. E) produced by astrocytes.

B) stored in synaptic vesicles.

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to A) carry nerve impulses. B) support the neurons. C) process information in the nervous system. D) transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) support the neurons.

A nerve impulse triggers events at a synapse or junction that A) usually connect the cell bodies of two neurons directly. B) transfer information either to another neuron or to an effector cell. C) continue to respond only if it is myelinated. D) are always inhibitory unless followed by similar impulses. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) transfer information either to another neuron or to an effector cell.

A neuron pool is A) a group of identical nerve cells. B) a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions. C) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions. D) the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve. E) a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses.

C) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions.

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse is called the A) soma. B) Nissl body. C) axon. D) dendrite. E) myelin.

C) axon.

Muscles, glands, and special cells that respond to neural stimuli are called A) receptors. B) reflexes. C) effectors. D) axons. E) dendrites.

C) effectors.

The process of reverberation involves A) a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits. B) a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction. C) extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons. D) several neuronal pools processing information at one time. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons.

Organized masses of axons and neuron cell bodies in both the CNS and the PNS A) are usually demyelinated. B) are called neuroglia. C) have distinct anatomical boundaries. D) compose the neural cortex. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) have distinct anatomical boundaries.

Demyelination A) is the addition of myelin to the axon. B) is the thickening of the myelin sheath. C) is the gradual reduction in myelin. D) only affects Schwann cells. E) only affects oligodendrocytes.

C) is the gradual reduction in myelin.

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon A) the size of the dendrites. B) the number of axons. C) the number of processes that project from the cell body. D) the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes. E) the overall size of the cell.

C) the number of processes that project from the cell body.

Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors are A) motor pathways. B) descending pathways. C) efferent pathways. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Nonvesicular synapses are unique because they have A) two interacting neurons. B) neurotransmitter release. C) a postsynaptic membrane. D) a communicating junction. E) receptor proteins.

D) a communicating junction.

Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is A) norepinephrine. B) epinephrine. C) glutamate. D) acetylcholine. E) GABA.

D) acetylcholine.

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system? A) anywhere in the CNS B) near or at a neuron cell body C) alongside an unmyelinated axon in the CNS D) along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not E) None of the answers are correct.

D) along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not

If the CNS was susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) satellite cells D) astrocytes E) ependymal cells

D) astrocytes

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the A) brain. B) spinal cord. C) nerves. D) brain and spinal cord. E) nerves and muscles.

D) brain and spinal cord.

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) A) nuclei. B) peripheral centers. C) roots. D) ganglia. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) ganglia.

Which of the following selections lists only types of glial cells? A) astrocytes and parenchymal cells B) apocrine and exocrine cells C) merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells D) microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells E) None of the answers are correct.

D) microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of A) ependymal cells. B) oligodendrocytes. C) satellite cells. D) microglia. E) interneurons.

D) microglia.

Cells responsible for information processing and transfer are A) astrocytes. B) neuroglia. C) Schwann cells. D) neurons. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) neurons.

Which type of cell can only be found in the central nervous system? A) neurons B) satellite cells C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes E) None of the answers are correct.

D) oligodendrocytes

Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? A) mitochondria B) free and fixed ribosomes C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) All of the answers are correct.

D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Generation of an action potential at an axon of a neuron may be caused by A) stimulation of any portion of the dendrites of the neuron. B) input from various presynaptic cells. C) a change in the number of Schwann cells surrounding the axon. D) stimulation of any portion of the dendrites of the neuron and/or input from various presynaptic cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) stimulation of any portion of the dendrites of the neuron and/or input from various presynaptic cells.

A communicating junction acts to facilitate A) the passage of neurotransmitters between cells. B) growth of Schwann cells. C) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane. D) the passage of ions between the cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) the passage of ions between the cells.

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers on the heart are innervated by A) sensoriganglionic fibers. B) preganglionic fibers. C) somatic motor fibers. D) visceral motor fibers. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) visceral motor fibers.

Areas of the nervous system that are dense in myelinated axons are referred to as A) arachnoid mater. B) gray matter. C) dura mater. D) white matter. E) pia matter.

D) white matter.

Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? A) controlling and adjusting the activities of the other systems B) receiving input from the senses C) stimulating muscles and glands to contract D) integrating and processing data E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include A) the somatic nervous system. B) the autonomic nervous system. C) the special sensory receptors. D) the visceral sensory receptors. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

The activity of the nervous system is dependent upon A) large amounts of energy. B) cellular connections. C) a proper extracellular environment. D) a proper intracellular environment. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Types of synapses include which of the following? A) axoaxonic B) axodendritic C) axosomatic D) neuroeffector synapses E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are under the control of the A) somatic nervous system. B) parasympathetic division. C) sympathetic division. D) central nervous system. E) autonomic nervous system.

E) autonomic nervous system.

The area that connects the cell body to the axon is called the A) neurofibril. B) Nissl body. C) axoplasm. D) initial segment. E) axon hillock.

E) axon hillock.

Pathways leading from the receptors to the CNS are called A) afferent pathways. B) efferent pathways. C) sensory pathways. D) motor pathways. E) both afferent and sensory pathways.

E) both afferent and sensory pathways.

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? A) neuromuscular synapse B) neuroglandular synapse C) neuroneural synapse D) neuroaxonic synapses E) both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

E) both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? A) visceral sensory neurons B) bipolar neurons C) interoceptors D) proprioceptors E) exteroceptors

E) exteroceptors