HCS 220 Test Bank Questions - Test #2

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The ventral nuclei of the thalamus relay information to and from the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex.

True

Trigeminal nerves control muscles of mastication.

True

Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal organs.

True

Olfactory nerves carry information about smell.

True

Retinal cells that enable people to see in low light conditions are the rods.

True

Proprioceptors provide information about which of the following? A) arm muscle stretch B) digestive tract stretch C) bladder volume D) lung stretch E) blood vessel stretch

The neural tissue of the body contains approximately ________ glial cells. `

100 billion

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another if A) its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted. B) the neurons are of different types. C) the levels of microglia are too low. D) there are too many astrocytes present. E) you are asleep.

A person is unable to detect electromagnetic waves, except visible light, because of which of the following reasons? A) No receptors of a type necessary to register the stimuli exist in the body. B) The stimulus might be outside the range of sensitivity of the available receptors. C) The stimulus might irritate or stimulate all the available receptors and make interpretation impossible. D) The CNS might be unable to process a given stimulus. E) All of the answers are correct.

A person who has difficulty swallowing is diagnosed as having esophageal achalasia, a condition that involves the ANS. What division and action would you expect to be the cause of this problem? A) parasympathetic, which causes excessive and irregular esophageal contraction B) sympathetic, which causes too-rapid peristaltic movement of the esophagus C) a defect in the sympathetic swallowing center that coordinates esophageal contraction D) defects in both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses, causing esophageal spasms E) None of the answers are correct.

Abstract intellectual functions are performed in (the) A) prefrontal cortex. B) parietal lobe. C) general interpretive center. D) Broca's area. E) premotor area.

At a vesicular synapse the neurons communicate by A) neurotransmitters. B) communicating junctions. C) terminal arborizations. D) nodes. E) internodes.

Axons extending from a peripheral ganglion to an effector are called A) postganglionic fibers. B) ganglionic fibers. C) preganglionic fibers. D) efferent fibers. E) afferent fibers.

Because a neuron loses its centrioles, A) it is rendered incapable of dividing. B) it cannot grow as quickly as neurons that retain their centrioles. C) it loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath. D) it is probably located in the PNS. E) All of the answers are correct.

Beta receptors A) are especially sensitive to epinephrine and relatively unresponsive to norepinephrine. B) respond by opening ion channels that hyperpolarize the plasmalemma in heart muscle cells. C) may produce inhibition only. D) cause constriction of blood vessels in skeletal muscles. E) may produce excitation only.

Conscious thought processes and all intellectual functions originate in (the) A) cerebral hemispheres. B) cerebellum. C) medulla oblongata. D) corpus callosum. E) None of the answers are correct.

Dual innervation refers to situations in which A) vital organs receive instructions from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. B) the atria and ventricles of the heart receive innervation from the same nerve. C) sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers cause the same effect. D) sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers have excitatory and inhibitory actions. E) All of the answers are correct.

If all of the glial cells of the nervous system were destroyed, which of the following would occur? A) Less than 20 percent of the cells of the nervous system would remain. B) Only the PNS would be adversely affected. C) The mass of the nervous system would be reduced by about 25 percent. D) The rate of neuronal replacement would decline significantly. E) The choroid plexus could not generate CSF.

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? A) near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS B) near the axon of a neuron in the CNS C) near the lining of the ventricles of the brain D) at a neuromuscular synapse E) None of the answers are correct.

Injured neurons can recover their functional capabilities if A) the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored. B) the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks. C) the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

Loss of sensation and motor control of the lower limbs is called A) paraplegia. B) quadriplegia. C) hemiplegia. D) aplegia. E) None of the answers are correct.

Most ganglia of the ANS are paired; however, the ________ are unpaired. A) collateral ganglia B) sympathetic chain ganglia C) suprarenal medullae D) otic ganglia E) pterygopalatine ganglia

Physical connections of the medulla include A) all fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord. B) direct links between the spinal cord and cerebellarl hemispheres. C) ascending tracts, but not descending tracts, from the brain. D) descending tracts, but not ascending tracts, to the brain. E) All of the answers are correct.

Sacral splanchnic nerves end in (the) A) hypogastric plexus. B) esophageal plexus. C) splanchnic plexus. D) pelvic plexus. E) None of the answers are correct.

Sensory receptors of the ear are A) mechanoreceptors. B) Merkel cells. C) baroreceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) photoreceptors.

Signs of sympathetic stimulation include A) an increase in cardiovascular and respiratory activity. B) a decrease in blood pressure. C) deactivation of the extrapyramidal system. D) a feeling of lethargy. E) decreased sweating.

Solar plexus is another name for (the) A) celiac plexus. B) hypogastric plexus. C) superior mesenteric plexus. D) esophageal plexus. E) None of the answers are correct.

Structurally, the blood-brain barrier exists because A) the endothelial cells lining the CNS are extensively interconnected by tight junctions. B) normal blood flow is at a pressure too high for the delicate brain tissue. C) only water-soluble compounds are permitted to enter by passive diffusion. D) the hypothalamus regulates the permeability of the blood vessels. E) None of the answers are correct.

The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) A) central and peripheral nervous systems. B) dorsal and ventral nervous systems. C) appendicular and axial nervous systems. D) autonomic and somatic nervous systems. E) None of the answers are correct.

The central sulcus separates which regions of the cerebrum? A) the sensory and motor areas B) the pyramidal cells and the frontal lobes C) the parietal and occipital lobes D) the temporal and insular lobes E) None of the answers are correct.

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following? A) Excitatory or inhibitory responses. B) Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell. C) The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft. D) Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules. E) None of the answers are correct.

The extensions of the dura mater that enters the longitudinal fissure is the A) falx cerebri. B) falx cerebelli. C) tentorium cerebelli. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

The functional classifications of neurons includes ________, which carry information toward the CNS. A) sensory neurons B) interneurons C) motor neurons D) axoplasmic neurons E) All of the answers are correct.

The hippocampus A) lies in proximity to the parahippocampal gyrus. B) lies in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. C) functions to control mood. D) is a tract of white matter that connects the fornix to the cingulate gyrus. E) All of the answers are correct.

The middle layer of the meninges is (the) A) arachnoid mater. B) pia mater. C) periosteum. D) dura mater. E) None of the answers are correct.

The narrow space just inside the dura mater that is seen in histological preparations is called the A) subdural space. B) supradural space. C) epidural space. D) subarachnoid space. E) peridural space.

The nerve most active during sexual activity is (the) A) pudendal nerve. B) lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. C) genitofemoral nerve. D) superior gluteal nerve. E) None of the answers are correct.

The parietal lobe is primarily used for A) sensory functions. B) motor functions. C) perception of visual stimuli. D) perception of auditory stimuli. E) None of the answers are correct.

The pia mater is the A) innermost of the meninges. B) outermost covering over the brain, but not the spinal cord. C) toughest and thickest of the meninges. D) menix that appears "webby" and contains cerebrospinal fluid. E) All of the answers are correct.

The substance that surrounds the brain and is very similar to blood plasma minus proteins is A) cerebrospinal fluid. B) arachnoid granulations. C) choroid. D) subarachnoid fluid. E) None of the answers are correct.

The thalamus A) forms the walls of the diencephalon around the third ventricle. B) is the initial processing center for most motor output to the spinal cord. C) contains centers that are involved with emotions and visceral processes. D) performs many voluntary functions. E) None of the answers are correct.

The trigeminal nerve A) has motor neurons that originate on the pons. B) is the smallest of the cranial nerves. C) transmits motor information only through its ophthalmic and maxillary branches. D) provides sensory information only from the mandibular region. E) None of the answers are correct.

Under which set of conditions would the diameter of a peripheral blood vessel be the greatest? A) decreased sympathetic stimulation B) increased sympathetic stimulation C) increased parasympathetic stimulation D) decreased parasympathetic stimulation E) None of the answers are correct.

Visceral pain that is sometimes felt in more superficial areas of the body is called A) referred pain. B) fast pain. C) slow pain. D) nociceptive pain. E) All of the answers are correct.

Which area of the cerebral cortex would receive input from sensory receptors in the nose? A) olfactory cortex B) the postcentral gyrus C) gustatory cortex D) the general interpretive center E) None of the answers are correct.

Which cranial nerve is associated with balance? A) VIII B) VI C) IX D) XI E) XII

Which is the only cranial nerve to leave the head and neck region? A) X - vagus B) V - trigeminal C) VII - facial D) XII - hypoglossal E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following conditions may produce spinal shock? A) injuries to the spinal cord B) over exercising of the skeletal muscles C) abrasion of the epidermis of an extremity D) a moderately severe blow to the head E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following connective tissue wrappings contains the entire nerve? A) epineurium B) endoneurium C) perineurium D) neurilemma E) fascicle

Which of the following is gray matter? A) neural cortex B) columns C) tracts D) ganglia E) nerves

Which of the following is the first component of the auditory pathway? A) Hair cell stimulation activates sensory neurons. B) The sensory neuron cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion. C) The sensory neuron afferent fibers form the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve. D) The axons of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve synapse at the cochlear nucleus of the medulla. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true of receptors? A) Each has a characteristic sensitivity. B) Each receptor is equally sensitive to several different types of stimuli. C) The most complex, specific, and sensitive receptors are free nerve endings. D) They are evenly distributed over all surfaces of the body. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true of the dura mater? A) The outer (endosteal) layer is fused to the periosteum of the cranial bones. B) It follows precisely and adheres closely to the contours of the brain tissue. C) It consists of three layers around the brain only. D) It contains the subarachnoid spaces. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following terms are acceptable alternate names for the sympathetic chain ganglia? A) lateral ganglia B) splanchnic ganglia C) collateral ganglia D) otic ganglia E) submandibular ganglia

Which white matter fibers connect adjacent gyri? A) arcuate fibers B) association fibers C) longitudinal fasciculi fibers D) commissural fibers E) projection fibers

Within the medulla oblongata, heart rate and force of contraction are regulated in the A) cardiac centers. B) decussation of the pyramids. C) olivary nuclei. D) nucleus cuneatus. E) ascending tracts of white matter.

Motor patterns that are learned, like walking, are called ________ reflexes.

Acquired

The classification of reflexes according to their development includes innate and ________ reflexes.

Acquired

Activation of a sensory neuron results in the conduction of action potentials into the spinal cord along a(n) ________ fiber.

Afferent

Fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater that penetrate the dura mater are called ________.

Arachnoid granulations

Actions that automatically change the position of the head in response to a sudden loud noise are the ________.

Auditory reflexes

The cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in ________.

Autonomic ganglia

The lateral, medial, and posterior cords of the brachial plexus are named with respect to the location of the ________.

Axillary artery

A bundle of nerve fibers is surrounded by A) epineurium. B) perineurium. C) endoneurium. D) neurilemma. E) None of the answers are correct.

A highly specialized region of the sympathetic division that causes widespread sympathetic activation is found in (the) A) brain. B) suprarenal medulla. C) spinal cord. D) kidney. E) None of the answers are correct.

A nerve impulse triggers events at a synapse or junction that A) usually connect the cell bodies of two neurons directly. B) transfer information either to another neuron or to an effector cell. C) continue to respond only if it is myelinated. D) are always inhibitory unless followed by similar impulses. E) None of the answers are correct.

Action potentials result from A) closing of ion channels. B) abrupt changing of the transmembrane potential. C) opening of calcium gates. D) neurons transporting neurotransmitters. E) All of the answers are correct.

Actions for which the sympathetic division of the ANS is responsible include A) constriction of the pupils of the eyes. B) acceleration of heart rate and increase in strength of cardiac contractions. C) constriction of respiratory passages. D) increase in digestive activity and the rate of urine formation at the kidneys. E) All of the answers are correct.

Activation of a motor neuron during the processing of a reflex action A) occurs instantaneously, with the start of the stimulation. B) carries the nerve impulse to the peripheral effector organs. C) typically enhances the original stimulus that triggered the reflex. D) sends a response to peripheral structures by way of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve. E) None of the answers are correct.

Adaptation that results from synaptic fatigue, like that which occurs when you get used to the water temperature in the shower, is a property of A) slow-adapting receptors. B) fast-adapting receptors. C) central adaptation. D) tonic receptors. E) None of the answers are correct.

All plasmalemmae A) respond to the same degree to all different types of stimuli. B) respond to changes in the extracellular environment. C) all respond to each different category of stimulus. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

An inhibitory response A) makes an action potential more likely. B) makes an action potential less likely. C) directly causes an action potential. D) causes ACh release. E) None of the answers are correct.

Antidiuretic hormone from the hypothalamus A) is secreted from the preoptic area. B) is secreted from the supraoptic nucleus and restricts water loss at the kidneys. C) coordinates the autonomic activities that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. D) targets the hypothalamus itself, stimulating the thirst center. E) None of the answers are correct.

Arachnoid granulations A) are projections of the dura mater into the arachnoid mater. B) absorb CSF into the venous circulation. C) occur along the inferior sagittal sinus. D) line the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. E) None of the answers are correct.

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called A) internodes. B) nodes. C) gray matter. D) white matter. E) All of the answers are correct.

Areas of gray matter in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called A) spinal nerves. B) nuclei. C) cranial nerves. D) columns. E) reverberating neurons.

Axons crossing over in the cord pass through the A) anterior white commissure. B) gray commissure. C) posterior white commissure. D) anterior gray horns. E) None of the answers are correct.

Blood and cerebrospinal fluid drain from the brain in (the) A) subarachnoid space. B) dural sinuses. C) ventricles. D) epidural space. E) None of the answers are correct.

Caudal extensions of the dura and pia mater that connect to the sacrum and coccyx make up (the) A) denticulate ligaments. B) coccygeal ligament. C) cordosacral ligament. D) inferior ligament of the spinal cord. E) None of the answers are correct.

Classes of sympathetic receptors include A) stimulatory and inhibitory. B) alpha and beta. C) specialized and generalized. D) gamma and delta. E) All of the answers are correct.

Components of the central nervous system (CNS) include A) peripheral nerves and ganglia. B) the spinal cord and brain. C) autonomic components only. D) efferent components only. E) None of the answers are correct.

Components of the metencephalon include the A) cerebrum and cerebellum. B) cerebellum and pons. C) medulla oblongata. D) thalamus and cerebellum. E) All of the answers are correct.

Compounds that diffuse passively across the blood-brain barrier A) are water soluble. B) are lipid soluble. C) move equally freely in both directions. D) do so in proportions equal to their presence in the bloodstream. E) None of the answers are correct.

Cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic components are A) I, II, III, IV, V, VI. B) III, VII, IX, X. C) II, IV, VI, VII, X. D) VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII. E) None of the answers are correct.

Crossover of information between cerebral hemispheres occurs through the A) fornix. B) corpus callosum. C) external capsule. D) handedness of the individual. E) All of the answers are correct.

Damage to the cupula of the lateral semicircular duct would interfere with our perception of A) the direction of gravitational pull. B) horizontal rotation of the head. C) vertical rotation of the head. D) linear acceleration. E) None of the answers are correct.

Damage to the fovea of the eye interferes with the ability to A) focus the image. B) see color. C) regulate the amount of light striking the retina. D) bleach visual pigments. E) None of the answers are correct.

Deep white matter of the cerebrum is called A) the cerebral cortex. B) projection fibers. C) fissures. D) cerebral nuclei. E) None of the answers are correct.

Examples of receptors that are always active are A) phasic receptors. B) tonic receptors. C) mechanoreceptors. D) tactile receptors. E) chemoreceptors.

General sensory receptors are A) concentrated at the ends of the limbs. B) distributed throughout the body. C) responsible for providing perceptions to the somatomotor cortex. D) able to interpret sensations of many different stimulus types. E) the eye, ear, and nose.

Gluteus maximus is innervated by (the) A) superior gluteal nerve. B) inferior gluteal nerve. C) sciatic nerve. D) pudendal nerve. E) All of the answers are correct.

How do higher centers in the brain influence reflexive motor activities? A) They don't; reflexes are unaffected by activity in higher centers. B) They can enhance or suppress spinal reflexes via descending tracts. C) They influence only the lowest, most stereotyped, levels of motor control. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

Identification of familiar objects by touch, smell, taste, or feel occurs in A) the left cerebral hemisphere. B) the right cerebral hemisphere. C) both cerebral hemispheres. D) neither cerebral hemisphere. E) the left hemisphere in about 78 percent of the population.

If damaged or diseased, which part of the brain would make a person unable to control and regulate the rate of respiratory movements? A) the pneumotaxic center of the pons B) the respiratory rhythmicity center of the medulla C) the olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata D) the vasomotor center of the medulla E) the cerebral peduncles of the mesencephalon

If you are innocently taking a nap in your room, and your cat slinks by you, brushing your arm gently with his tail, the tactile receptor most likely to respond to this stimulus is (a) A) tactile corpuscle. B) free nerve ending of a hair root. C) Ruffini corpuscle. D) lamellated corpuscle. E) None of the answers are correct.

In the autonomic nervous system A) the lower motor neuron directly controls the effector organ. B) there is always a synapse located between the CNS and the effector organ. C) motor neurons do not synapse but are connected by communicating junctions. D) some motor neurons release both ACh and NE. E) None of the answers are correct.

In the autonomic nervous system two neurons are used outside of the CNS, whereas in the somatic nervous system ________ neuron(s) are used outside of the CNS. A) zero B) one C) three D) four E) ten

In the brains of left-handed people who have extremely good mathematical skills, A) the analytical region is in the right hemisphere more often than in right-handed individuals. B) the analytical region of the brain is in the left hemisphere in approximately 90 percent of cases. C) the analytical interpretive area is always in the right cerebral hemisphere. D) the corpus callosum is unusually large. E) None of the answers are correct.

In the case of most neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the terminal bouton immediately triggers A) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasmalemma. B) release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane. C) generation of an action potential in the axon. D) long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane. E) an action potential.

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration, A) the axon proximal to the injury degenerates. B) macrophages remove the debris of damaged axons. C) Schwann cells completely degenerate. D) no trace is left of the path taken by a previous axon. E) All of the answers are correct.

In what region of the brain would you expect to find a problem in a dyslexic person? A) cerebral nuclei B) occipital lobes C) tectospinal tracts D) cerebellum E) Broca's area

Microglia are (the) A) most numerous neuroglial cell. B) smallest neuroglial cell. C) not a neuroglial cell. D) least numerous neuroglial cell. E) None of the answers are correct.

Movement of nutrients, wastes, and organelles between the cell body and axon terminals is called A) axonal transport. B) axoplasmic transport. C) osmosis. D) diffusion. E) neurofibular contraction.

Myelin is (a) A) cell body. B) mostly lipid. C) special cell that protects neurons. D) special area of the brain. E) None of the answers are correct.

Nerve impulse transmission between cells of the CNS without any delay can be attributed to A) the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells. B) communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells. C) the activity of Schwann cells. D) the number of neurons in the chain. E) drinking an energy drink.

Neural activity that controls the focusing of the eyes passes through the ________ ganglion. A) otic B) ciliary C) optic D) pterygopalatine E) submandibular

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to A) carry nerve impulses. B) support the neurons. C) process information in the nervous system. D) transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. E) All of the answers are correct.

Neurotransmitters are A) produced on command. B) stored in synaptic vesicles. C) never recycled. D) released only at nonvesicular synapses. E) produced by astrocytes.

Nociceptors A) are especially common in the viscera. B) generally have large receptive fields. C) are large, structurally complex receptors. D) always convey very precise local information. E) None of the answers are correct.

Normally, output from the basal nuclei A) increases the stimulation of the primary motor cortex. B) is involved with the coordination of learned movement patterns. C) controls only the cerebellum. D) initiates voluntary movements. E) All of the answers are correct.

Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system that carry motor impulses to targets in the abdominopelvic cavity synapse in a(n) A) intramural ganglion. B) collateral ganglion. C) suprarenal ganglion. D) sympathetic chain ganglion. E) celiac ganglion.

Receptors may be classified as A) effectors and muscles. B) somatic and visceral. C) glands and muscles. D) voluntary and involuntary. E) subconscious and conscious.

Receptors that combine phasic and tonic coding A) do not send sensory information to the CNS. B) convey extremely complicated sensory information to the CNS. C) function in sensations like crude touch. D) are most likely to be peripheral sense receptors. E) perceive sensory information.

Regarding the location of the categorical and representational hemispheres in the brain, A) right-handed people always have the same pattern of hemispheric specialization. B) there may be a link between handedness and sensory and spatial abilities. C) the left hemisphere often controls complex motor patterns in artists and musicians. D) some individuals have no hemispheric specialization. E) All of the answers are correct.

The meninges include A) different layers for the brain and the spinal cord. B) pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater from the inside outward. C) pia mater, dura mater, and venous sinuses from the outside inward. D) two layers of transverse collagen fibers. E) None of the answers are correct.

Scanning data, electrical monitoring, and clinical observations have shown that several cortical areas act as higher order integrative centers A) in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum. B) for complex sensory stimuli and motor responses. C) in the left cerebral hemisphere in all individuals. D) that function more efficiently after a frontal lobotomy. E) None of the answers are correct.

Short reflexes involve sensory neurons and interneurons whose cell bodies are located within A) the brain. B) autonomic ganglia. C) the spinal cord. D) the organ. E) None of the answers are correct.

Special sensory receptors differ from simple receptors in that A) they are surrounded by accessory structures that enhance receptor sensitivity. B) they are restricted in the stimuli to which they respond. C) each can be stimulated by many different types of stimuli. D) they are found in more locations on the surface of the body. E) All of the answers are correct.

Striking of the medial epicondyle of the humerus often compresses the ________ nerve. A) median B) ulnar C) radial D) axillary E) None of the answers are correct.

Structurally free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, and tactile discs are referred to as A) proprioceptors. B) unencapsulated receptors. C) encapsulated receptors. D) crude touch receptors. E) pain receptors.

Swelling of the jugular vein as it leaves the skull could compress which of the following cranial nerves? A) I, IV, V B) IX, X, XI C) V, VII D) VIII, IX, XII E) II, IV, VI

Tactile receptors that provide poor localization are receptors for A) root hair plexus. B) deep pressure. C) fine touch. D) temperature. E) pain.

Testing of a tendon reflex often permits the diagnostician to determine the specific site of nerve damage. A poor biceps tendon response would indicate injury or damage to which spinal segment(s)? A) C4 B) C5- C7 C) C8 and T1 D) C6—C9 E) C3—C6

Thalamic nuclei function to A) pass motor information to the descending tracts and to the spinal cord. B) relay sensory information to the cerebral nuclei and cerebral cortex. C) relay information to the mamillary bodies. D) relay information to the occipital lobes. E) None of the answers are correct.

The "headquarters" of all autonomic function is the A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) cerebral cortex. D) medulla oblongata. E) spinal cord.

The H-shaped mass in the center of the spinal cord is mostly A) white matter. B) gray matter. C) axons. D) black matter. E) None of the answers are correct.

The activities of the nervous system, comprised of conscious thoughts, plans, and actions, A) include the majority of nervous activity. B) represent only a small portion of the activities of the nervous system. C) regulate all vital physiological functions. D) may require instructions or modifications from the ANS to function correctly. E) are all that are necessary to sustain life.

The area of the cerebral cortex responsible for spatial visualization and analysis is located A) in the left hemisphere. B) in the right hemisphere. C) in the prefrontal cortex. D) in both hemispheres. E) None of the answers are correct.

The auditory ossicle that covers the oval window is the A) incus. B) stapes. C) anvil. D) malleus. E) stirrup.

The cervical spinal cord A) contains a smaller amount of gray matter than in other areas of the spinal cord. B) supplies the shoulder girdle and upper limb. C) is smaller in diameter than other regions of the spinal cord. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

The ear and the nasopharynx are connected by the auditory tube, which connects the throat and (the) A) external ear. B) middle ear. C) inner ear. D) cochlea. E) None of the answers are correct.

The epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal medullae A) is all inactivated by enzymes in the bloodstream. B) has a relatively long duration of activity because it may be inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues only. C) affects its targets for only a few seconds. D) provides for localized effects of suprarenal stimulation. E) None of the answers are correct.

The inferior portion of the prosencephalon becomes the A) cerebrum. B) diencephalon. C) cerebellum. D) pons. E) medulla.

The inner ear includes which of the following? A) pinna B) cochlea C) ossicles D) tympanic membrane E) external auditory canal

The kinocilia and stereocilia of the hair cells in the semicircular ducts are embedded in a gelatinous structure called (the) A) ampulla. B) cupula. C) crista. D) organ of Corti. E) None of the answers are correct.

The major divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) include A) the conscious and unconscious nervous systems. B) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. C) pre- and postganglionic fibers. D) the voluntary and involuntary divisions. E) None of the answers are correct.

The median nerve A) arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus. B) arises from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus. C) arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. D) innervates the pronators of the forearm. E) All of the answers are correct.

The neural tissue in the CNS is isolated from the general circulation by the ________.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

The only nerve of the brachial plexus that forms without the mixing of nerve trunks is the ________ nerve. A) long thoracic B) dorsal scapular C) subclavius D) suprascapular E) subscapular

The outermost covering of a myelinated axon is called (the) A) axolemma. B) neurolemma. C) sarcolemma. D) internode. E) None of the answers are correct.

The parasympathetic fibers that are involved in control of the eye are from the A) trigeminal nerve. B) oculomotor nerve. C) glossopharyngeal nerve. D) facial nerve. E) vagus nerve.

The pathway of the sacral parasympathetic nerves A) joins the ventral roots of the spinal nerves. B) forms distinct pelvic nerves that innervate intramural ganglia. C) innervates the skin through the abdominal wall. D) sends fibers directly and independently to the urogenital organs. E) None of the answers are correct.

The primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to A) provide the brain with oxygen. B) isolate the CNS from general circulation. C) drain blood from the brain. D) hook areas of the brain together. E) None of the answers are correct.

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon A) properties of the soma of the neuron. B) the presence or absence of a myelin sheath. C) the number of cell dendrites. D) the type of neurotransmitter present. E) All of the answers are correct.

The spinal nerves enter and exit the vertebral canal through the A) dorsal root. B) intervertebral foramen. C) ventral root. D) vertebral foramen. E) transverse foramen.

The stretch reflex A) is activated anytime a limb or other body segment is extended. B) is exemplified by the knee jerk, or patellar, reflex. C) if functioning normally, indicates that spinal segments T12—L1 are intact. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

The stretch reflex innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve is the A) patellar reflex. B) biceps reflex. C) triceps reflex. D) ankle jerk reflex. E) abdominal reflex.

The surface of the brain is called the A) higher center. B) neural cortex. C) neuronal nuclei. D) white matter. E) basal nuclei.

The sympathetic division of the ANS differs from the parasympathetic division of the ANS in that A) the sympathetic system promotes rest, relaxation, repose, and nutrient uptake, while the parasympathetic system increases alertness and metabolism. B) the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system are relatively longer than those of the parasympathetic system. C) the sympathetic system has relatively longer preganglionic fibers than does the parasympathetic system. D) the sympathetic system is less divergent than is the parasympathetic. E) None of the answers are correct.

The sympathetic division of the ANS generally does which of the following A) functions as the "rest and repose" division. B) increases respiratory activities needed for exercise. C) conserves energy. D) promotes sedentary activities. E) controls digestion.

The sympathetic division of the ANS includes which of the following? A) three segmentally arranged sympathetic chains B) two suprarenal medullae

The telencephalon becomes the A) diencephalon. B) cerebrum. C) midbrain. D) pons. E) medulla.

The term subdural hematoma refers to blood accumulation A) outside of the dura. B) between the layers of the dura. C) in the endothelial linings of the brain capillaries. D) in the subarachnoid space. E) under the pia.

The ulnar nerve receives sensory information from the A) pollex. B) fifth digit of the hand. C) hallux. D) upper arm. E) lateral forearm.

The vestibular complex is filled with A) perilymph. B) endolymph. C) CSF. D) plasma. E) None of the answers are correct.

What is the correct sequence of events at a synapse? (1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell axon (3) arrival of nerve impulse at synaptic knob in presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors A) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 B) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 C) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 D) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 E) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3

What region of the brain might be damaged if a person is unable to interpret associated words or commands even though individual words can be comprehended? A) the frontal lobes B) the general interpretive center C) the speech center D) the prefrontal cortex E) All of the answers are correct.

What type of activity by the ANS gives a person a burst of energy? A) The sympathetic division decreases peripheral blood pressure. B) The sympathetic division increases the release of glucose from the liver. C) Parasympathetic stimulation constricts the pupil of the eye. D) The parasympathetic division causes increased motility of the stomach. E) All of the answers are correct.

When a neural pathway splits to involve many areas of the nervous system, the type of processing is known as A) parallel. B) diverging. C) converging. D) serial. E) reverberating.

When a person is exposed to painfully cold temperatures, why do the fingertips, toes, nose, and ear pinnae often respond to the pain before other body regions? A) These are the only regions of the body with receptors for cold. B) Their greater surface area to volume ratio causes them to lose heat faster. C) Their thermoreceptors have a lower threshold of sensitivity to cold. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

When proprioceptors are stimulated, what kind of information is provided to the CNS? A) pH of body fluids B) position of structures C) vibration D) pressure E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following apply to the cranial nerves? A) They are motor only, from the brain to peripheral effectors. B) They are components of the PNS that connect to the brain. C) They all connect directly to peripheral receptors or effectors. D) They are all mixed nerves, with both sensory and motor functions. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a nerve of the cervical plexus? A) median nerve B) lesser occipital nerve C) nerve to subclavius D) axillary nerve E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true of the structures of the sympathetic chain? A) Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the cervical and thoracic regions only. B) Each chain contains about 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, and 4 sacral sympathetic ganglia. C) These nerves have white rami, but lack gray rami. D) About 8 percent of the axons of each spinal nerve are parasympathetic postganglionic fibers. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true of thermoreceptors? A) They are located in the epidermis of the skin. B) Cold receptors are three to four times more common than warm receptors. C) Warm and cold receptors are structurally different. D) Cold receptors are tactile disc receptors. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following regions of the spinal cord follows typical segmenting without mixing roots? A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) All of the answers are correct.

Which unique function of the brain occurs in the postcentral gyrus? A) provides voluntary motor control to the skeletal muscles B) receives primary sensory information of touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temperature C) provides visceral motor responses, serving as center of the autonomic nervous system D) returns cerebrospinal fluid into the circulatory system E) None of the answers are correct.

Stretch receptors that monitor changes in pressure are ________.

Baroceptors

A cerebrovascular accident occurs when A) the reticular activating system fails to function. B) the prefrontal area is damaged. C) the blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off. D) a descending tract in the spinal cord is severed. E) None of the answers are correct.

A group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS that has a descrete boundary is called a A) soma. B) ganglion. C) nucleus. D) column. E) center.

A needle used in a spinal tap must be inserted until its tip is in the A) arachnoid mater. B) epidural space. C) subarachnoid space. D) subdural space. E) peridural space.

A neuron pool is A) a group of identical nerve cells. B) a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions. C) a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions. D) the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerve. E) a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses.

After flowing through the dural sinuses, CSF and blood flow into (the) A) subdural space. B) external jugular vein. C) internal jugular vein. D) carotid artery. E) None of the answers are correct.

Blood oxygen levels are monitored by (the) A) carotid sinus. B) aortic sinus. C) aortic body. D) carotid neurothelium. E) None of the answers are correct.

Chain ganglia that fuse in the cervical and thoracic regions are called the A) otic ganglion. B) sphenopalatine ganglion. C) stellate ganglion. D) ganglion impar. E) intramural ganglia.

Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI all exit the cranium through (the) A) optic canal. B) internal acoustic meatus. C) superior orbital fissure. D) inferior orbital fissure. E) None of the answers are correct.

Cranial nerves that have autonomic components include A) I, II, III. B) IV, V, VI, VII. C) III, VII, IX, X. D) VIII, XI, XII. E) None of the answers are correct.

Damage to the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex would directly affect A) perception of pain. B) the ability to see. C) voluntary motor control. D) the ability to hear. E) the ability to taste.

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) would render you unable to blink your eye when a small bug flew into it? A) I B) II C) III D) V, VII E) VIII, IX

Demyelination A) is the addition of myelin to the axon. B) is the thickening of the myelin sheath. C) is the gradual reduction in myelin. D) only affects Schwann cells. E) only affects oligodendrocytes.

Each rod and cone cell of an eye monitors A) specific rates of movement of objects across the visual field. B) specific colors or tones of black and white. C) a specific receptive field. D) objects at a specific range of distances from the observer. E) None of the answers are correct.

Extensors of the thigh are controlled by the A) tibial nerve. B) fibular nerve. C) femoral nerve. D) obturator nerve. E) iliohypogastric nerve.

Higher brain centers are able to A) have no effect on reflexes. B) act only to suppress spinal reflexes. C) influence spinal reflexes in a series of interactive levels. D) take part after the individual chooses to permit the reflex to proceed. E) train the spinal cord.

How is a person's ability to localize a stimulus affected by the function of a single receptor field? A) Stimuli of all strengths are equally well localized. B) Localization from a single receptor field is not possible; many have to participate for localization to be possible. C) The larger the receptive field, the poorer the ability to localize the stimulus. D) The larger the receptor field, the greater the ability to localize the stimulus. E) By the receptive fields interaction with other receptive fields.

In correct order, the pathway followed by tears cleaning the eyes is: (1) entering the nasolacrimal duct (2) accumulating at the medial canthus (3) passing through the lacrimal puncta (4) entering the lacrimal sac (5) entering the lacrimal canaliculi A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 D) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 E) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5

In the ANS A) preganglionic fibers innervate the peripheral organs. B) preganglionic fibers are unmyelinated. C) there is always a synapse between the CNS motor neuron and the peripheral effector. D) motor neuron pathways synapse in the same patterns as in the somatic nervous system. E) None of the answers are correct.

In the correct order, the steps involved in a neural reflex are: (1) information processing (2) activation of a sensory neuron (3) arrival of a stimulus and activation of a receptor (4) activation of a motor neuron (5) response of a peripheral effector A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 C) 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 D) 1, 4, 5, 3, 2 E) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1

In the mesencephalon, integrating visual information with other sensory inputs and initiating involuntary motor responses are functions of the A) red nucleus. B) substantia nigra. C) superior colliculi. D) cerebral peduncles. E) None of the answers are correct.

In the simplest reflex arc, A) a sensory neuron contacts few interneurons before synapsing on a motor neuron. B) the response is produced by a polysynaptic chain of at least ten neurons. C) the sensory neuron synapses directly with on a motor neuron. D) transmission of the impulse from one cell in the arc to another is electrical. E) None of the answers are correct.

In which ways do the olfactory nerves (N I) differ from the other cranial nerves? A) They does not differ from the other cranial nerves in any significant way. B) The olfactory nerves are very large. C) They are made up of many small, slender fibers that pass through openings in the skull. D) They contains somatic motor as well as autonomic components. E) None of the answers are correct.

The caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus are anatomically separated by (the) A) corpus callosum. B) fornix. C) internal capsule. D) longitudinal fissure. E) All of the answers are correct.

Increases in cardiac and respiratory rates are mediated by ANS fibers A) synapsing in the ciliary ganglion. B) passing through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing. C) exiting from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia. D) in the lesser splanchnic nerves passing through the celiac ganglion. E) None of the answers are correct.

Information about pressure and gas concentration in the aorta travels to the medulla via (the) A) cervical nerves. B) glossopharyngeal nerve. C) vagus nerve. D) thoracic nerves. E) None of the answers are correct.

Information in the optic tract synapses in the A) ventral posterior nucleus. B) pulvinar nucleus. C) lateral geniculate nucleus. D) infundibulum. E) medial geniculate nucleus.

Irregular and unpredictable vasoconstriction in the fingertips and toes (such as occurs in Raynaud's syndrome) would most likely be caused by A) insufficient vasomotor responses by the sympathetic nervous system. B) irregular and unpredictable responses by the parasympathetic division. C) both local and systemic defects in sympathetic response controlling muscle tone in vessel walls. D) defective control of blood pressure by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. E) None of the answers are correct.

Materials are able to enter the CSF from the blood supply because A) there is always a lower concentration gradient in the CSF of all needed molecules. B) the capillaries of the choroid plexus are highly permeable, allowing free exchange. C) specialized ependymal cells use both active and passive transport to secrete CSF. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

Motor fibers travel in the ________ of the spinal cord. A) ascending tract B) medial tract C) descending tract D) posterior tract E) None of the answers are correct.

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are A) mechanoreceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) proprioceptors. D) nociceptors. E) None of the answers are correct.

Muscles, glands, and special cells that respond to neural stimuli are called A) receptors. B) reflexes. C) effectors. D) axons. E) dendrites.

Norepinephrine released from the sympathetic fibers is usually A) inhibitory. B) reverberating. C) excitatory. D) long lasting. E) None of the answers are correct.

Olfactory receptors are very special because they A) can distinguish from among thousands of chemical stimuli. B) can distinguish at least fifty primary smells. C) are a rare example of neuronal replacement. D) lack structural differences. E) contains receptor populations with different sensitivities.

Organized masses of axons and neuron cell bodies in both the CNS and the PNS A) are usually demyelinated. B) are called neuroglia. C) have distinct anatomical boundaries. D) compose the neural cortex. E) None of the answers are correct.

Polysynaptic reflexes can produce far more complicated responses than monosynaptic reflexes because A) the response time is quicker. B) the response is initiated by highly sensitive receptors. C) the interneurons involved can trigger many muscle groups. D) motor neurons carry impulses at a faster rate than do sensory neurons. E) interneurons speed up processing.

Posterior upper limb muscles are innervated by the A) musculocutaneous nerve. B) ulnar nerve. C) radial nerve. D) median nerve. E) axillary nerve.

Processing centers in the medulla oblongata coordinate which of the following? A) sensory reflexes B) defecation C) coughing reflex D) emotions E) All of the answers are correct.

Research indicates that the pharynx may have special taste buds for A) fat. B) carbohydrates. C) water. D) amino acids. E) fat and cholesterol.

Spinal nerves extending distal to the conus medullaris are collectively referred to as the A) filum terminale. B) denticulate ligaments. C) cauda equina. D) spinal meninges. E) motor neurons.

Splanchnic nerves A) innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wall. B) are unmyelinated. C) control abdominopelvic viscera. D) rejoin the spinal nerves. E) form part of the rami communicantes.

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers A) release norepinephrine. B) innervate the body wall and skeletal muscle fibers. C) innervate as many as thirty-two ganglionic neurons in different ganglia. D) stimulate contraction of smooth muscle fibers. E) None of the answers are correct.

Taste buds are A) proprioceptors. B) mechanoreceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) nociceptors. E) pressure receptors.

The anterior portion of the insula is responsible for A) speech. B) sight. C) taste. D) smell. E) None of the answers are correct.

The anteriorly curving bulge of the eye on which a person may put "contacts" is called (the) A) conjunctiva. B) lacrimal caruncle. C) cornea. D) lacrimal gland. E) None of the answers are correct.

The biceps femoris and the tibialis anterior are innervated by the ________ nerve. A) iliohypogastric B) pudential C) fibular D) inferior gluteal E) lateral femoral cutaneous

The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a) A) ramus communicans. B) ventral ramus. C) dermatome. D) perineurium. E) None of the answers are correct.

The cerebral hemispheres are separated by (the) A) coronal fissure. B) central sulcus. C) longitudinal fissure. D) lateral ventricles. E) None of the answers are correct.

The choroid plexus A) is located on the entire surface area of the brain-ventricle interface. B) is the site of drainage of used cerebrospinal fluid from neural tissues. C) is the site of production of the cerebrospinal fluid. D) is the site where the spinal nerves first enter the medulla. E) None of the answers are correct.

The component of the ANS that increases activity levels in its target organs is (the) A) sacral division. B) cervicothoracic division. C) sympathetic division. D) preganglionic division. E) None of the answers are correct.

The fact that we cannot sense infrared radiation is related to A) our inability to see temperatures. B) our range of sensitivity. C) humans not having receptors for all types of stimuli. D) our inability to process radiation. E) None of the answers are correct.

The factors that determine a cerebral hemisphere to be either categorical or representational A) are unknown. B) are genetically determined. C) depend upon the location of the major functional centers. D) depend upon the handedness of the individual. E) determined by life experience.

The fornix A) connects the parahippocampal gyrus with the thalamus. B) is present in only one cerebral hemisphere, typically the left. C) links the hippocampus with the hypothalamus. D) contains many fibers that end in the caudate nucleus. E) is an integral part of the reticular formation.

The general interpretive center A) is the speech center. B) is responsible for predicting outcomes. C) allows us to interpret what we read or hear. D) allows us to interpret what we see. E) None of the answers are correct.

The gustatory structure with the most taste buds in an adult is the A) filiform papilla. B) fungiform papilla. C) circumvallate papilla. D) pharyngeal wall. E) None of the answers are correct.

The lacrimal glands A) are located in pockets of the lacrimal bone. B) produce less fluid than the ocular conjunctiva. C) produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions. D) function only during stress. E) All of the answers are correct.

The largest nerve in the body that is formed from L4-S3 is the A) tibial. B) brachial. C) sciatic. D) radial. E) None of the answers are correct.

The largest region of the brain is (the) A) cerebellum. B) diencephalon. C) cerebrum. D) brain stem. E) None of the answers are correct.

The levator scapulae, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoid are innervated by the ________ plexus. A) brachial B) lumbar C) cervical D) neck E) axillary

The levels of activity in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are controlled by A) monosynaptic reflexes. B) the spinal cord. C) specific centers in the brain stem. D) visceral motor neurons. E) short reflexes.

The limbic system A) includes nuclei and tracts along the border between the diencephalon and metencephalon. B) maintains consciousness. C) establishes emotional states and related behavioral drives. D) induces an individual to go to sleep. E) None of the answers are correct.

The medial partition between the lateral ventricles is (the) A) arachnoid villi. B) intermediate mass. C) septum pellucidum. D) diaphragma sellae. E) None of the answers are correct.

The meshwork of elastic fibers that make the arachnoid mater look "webby" are (the) A) arachnoid granulations. B) arachnoid extensions. C) arachnoid trabeculae. D) subarachnoid spaces. E) None of the answers are correct.

The most widely used neurotransmitter in the ANS is A) NE. B) epinephrine. C) ACh. D) GABA. E) All of the answers are correct.

The motor actions of the tongue and swallowing are controlled by the A) pons. B) fornix. C) mamillary bodies. D) cerebral nuclei. E) thalamus.

The neuroeffector synapse of a postganglionic sympathetic neuron ends in a large branching network with enlarged areas called A) synaptic knobs. B) terminal arborizations. C) varicosities. D) adrenergic endplates. E) None of the answers are correct.

The norepinephrine released by terminal knobs A) is all inactivated by enzymes in the bloodstream. B) may be inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues only. C) affects its targets for only a few seconds. D) provides for localized effects of suprarenal stimulation. E) None of the answers are correct.

The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons are located in (the) A) posterior gray horn. B) anterior gray horn. C) lateral gray horn. D) gray commissures. E) None of the answers are correct.

The olfactory nerves exit the cranium through the A) nasal conchae. B) optic foramen. C) cribriform plate. D) olfactory bulbs. E) olfactory canal.

The parasympathetic division of the ANS includes A) preganglionic neurons in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord. B) ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic chain. C) preganglionic neurons in the brain stem. D) neurons with a greater range of effects upon the target organs than have the neurons of the sympathetic division. E) None of the answers are correct.

The pia mater is connected to the dura mater to anchor the spinal cord in place at paired structures called A) coccygeal ligaments. B) the conus medullaris. C) denticulate ligaments. D) the filum terminale. E) None of the answers are correct.

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the A) optic chiasm. B) supraoptic area. C) infundibulum. D) pineal gland. E) epithalamus.

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse is called the A) soma. B) Nissl body. C) axon. D) dendrite. E) myelin.

The primary motor area is part of (the) A) reticular formation. B) parietal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) None of the answers are correct.

The primary motor cortex is connected with motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord, and ascending sensory information is carried to the thalamus by (the) A) inferior colliculi. B) red nucleus. C) cerebral peduncles. D) tectum. E) None of the answers are correct.

The process of reverberation involves A) a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits. B) a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction. C) extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons. D) several neuronal pools processing information at one time. E) All of the answers are correct.

The reason the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus are sometimes referred to as the lumbosacral plexus is because A) they have a very large connection between them. B) they are so close together. C) they innervate the same area of the body. D) they both carry only sensory information. E) None of the answers are correct.

The receptors that are found on all autonomic ganglionic neurons as well as at the neuromuscular synapse of the SNS are A) muscarinic receptors. B) beta receptors. C) nicotinic receptors. D) alpha receptors. E) delta receptors.

The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway have cell bodies located in which of the following areas? A) in the olfactory epithelium B) near specialized olfactory receptors within the epithelium C) in the olfactory bulbs D) next to basal cells E) in the olfactory glands, which are located in the underlying lamina propria

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon A) the size of the dendrites. B) the number of axons. C) the number of processes that project from the cell body. D) the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes. E) the overall size of the cell.

The sympathetic nervous system releases ACh at the neuroeffector synapse of A) smooth muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) blood vessels in skeletal muscles. D) digestive glands. E) All of the answers are correct.

The three main anatomical regions into which the ear is divided are A) external ear, tympanum, and stapes. B) malleus, incus, and organ of Corti. C) external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. D) ceruminous gland, cochlea, and utricle. E) None of the answers are correct.

The type of reflex that bypasses the CNS is a(n) A) long reflex. B) parallel reflex. C) short reflex. D) spinal reflex. E) autonomic reflex.

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of sensory neurons. B) ventral rami. C) axons of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of motor neurons. E) interneurons.

The visual cortex is located in the ________ lobe. A) frontal B) temporal C) occipital D) insular E) parietal

Together the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are called the A) rhombencephalon. B) brain stem. C) diencephalon. D) cerebellum. E) gray matter.

Typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector synapses are classified as A) cholinergic. B) norepinephric. C) adrenergic. D) non-secretory. E) None of the answers are correct.

Visceral reflexes A) are the most complex functional units in the autonomic nervous system. B) are all monosynaptic. C) provide autonomic motor responses that can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers. D) are enhanced or inhibited primarily by the cerebral nuclei of the brain. E) None of the answers are correct.

What is the connecting tract between halves of the limbic system? A) brain stem B) corpus callosum C) fornix D) reticular formation E) None of the answers are correct.

What is the correct order of passage for visceral motor fibers on their way to a spinal nerve? (1) autonomic ganglion (2) ventral root (3) gray ramus (4) lateral gray horn (5) white ramus A) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3 C) 4, 2, 5, 1, 3 D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 E) 5, 4, 2, 3, 1

When air is drawn in through the nose, A) in a normal, relaxed inspiration approximately 80 percent of the air passes the olfactory organs. B) sniffing repeatedly increases the intensity of the olfactory stimulation and permits sampling of virtually all of the air taken in at each inspiration. C) it is swirled to provide the turbulence that brings airborne compounds to the olfactory organs. D) lipid-soluble materials are absorbed into the mucus prior to being able to be smelled, while water-soluble molecules are sampled directly. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which area of the basal nuclei is responsible for controlling appendicular muscle tone? A) caudate nucleus B) claustrum C) globus pallidus D) amygdaloid body E) thalamus and hypothalamus

Which area of the cerebellum controls balance? A) anterior lobe B) posterior lobe C) flocculonodular lobes D) arbor vitae E) cerebellar nuclei

Which cranial nerves are responsible for all aspects of eye function? A) V, VII, VIII B) I, II, VII C) II, III, IV, V, VI D) IX, XI, XII E) None of the answers are correct.

Which is the correct order of mixing in the brachial plexus? A) root, cord, trunk, peripheral nerves, division B) division, peripheral nerves, cord, trunk, root C) root, trunk, division, cord, peripheral nerves D) trunk, peripheral nerves, cord, division, root E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following applies to postganglionic neurons of the ANS sympathetic division? A) Their cell bodies are located between spinal segments T1 and L2. B) Their cell bodies are situated in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. C) Their axons synapse with the peripheral effector organs. D) Their axons emerge along the ventral roots of the spinal cord between segments T1 and L2. E) Some fibers do not synapse until the collateral ganglia.

Which of the following is a type of special sensory receptor? A) nociceptor B) thermoreceptor C) photoreceptor D) mechanoreceptor E) chemoreceptor

Which of the following is true of receptors? A) They are present in the peripheral parts of the body only. B) Structurally, they are similar to glandular tissue. C) They monitor conditions inside the body or in the external environment. D) All types are capable of responding to all types of stimuli. E) None of the answers are correct.

Where is the headquarters of the reticular formation located? A) myelencephalon B) diencephalon C) metencephalon D) mesencephalon E) telencephalon

Interneurons within the ________ are organized into a smaller number of neuronal pools.

CNS

Aqueous humor is produced at the ciliary body and returns to the circulation after it drains into the ________.

Canal of Schlemm or scleral venous sinus

The ________ link the cerebellum with the brain stem.

Cerebellar peduncles

The choroid plexus secretes about 500 ml of ________ per day, but only about 150 ml is circulating at any time, which means its entire volume is turned over roughly every eight hours.

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood flow to skeletal muscles is controlled by the distribution of ________ fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

Cholinergic

A vascular coat, or network, that consists of a combination of specialized ependymal cells and permeable capillaries for the production of CSF is the ________.

Choroid plexus

A daily pattern of visceral activity that is tied to the day-night cycle is called the ________.

Circadian rhythm

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the abdominopelvic viscera synapse within ________ ganglia.

Collateral ganglia

Blocking of the normal transfer of vibrations through the middle ear is called ________.

Conductive deafness

Sites where information regarding reflexes is processed include the spinal nuclei and the ________.

Cranial centers

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of A) ependymal cells. B) oligodendrocytes. C) satellite cells. D) microglia. E) interneurons.

A communicating junction acts to facilitate A) the passage of neurotransmitters between cells. B) growth of Schwann cells. C) a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane. D) the passage of ions between the cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

A condition called megacolon, which results from excess dilation of the colon proximal to a region of functional obstruction, would most likely be caused by A) a great increase in parasympathetic activity in the local region. B) a great increase in the level of sympathetic activity in the region. C) too much activity in the sympathetic chain ganglia. D) reduction of parasympathetic innervation in the region. E) None of the answers are correct.

A motor neuron going out to smooth muscles of the stomach will pass through the A) gray ramus. B) ventral ramus. C) dorsal ramus. D) white ramus. E) All of the answers are correct.

A sudden rise in blood pressure in the carotid artery would A) initiate the baroreceptor reflex. B) produce a reflex coordinated by the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata. C) cause a reduction in heart rate and force of contraction. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

All of the following are true of fiber tracts in the spinal cord except A) all axons within a tract relay information in the same direction. B) each tract carries sensory or motor information, but not both. C) axons of a single tract are relatively uniform in diameter, myelination, and conduction speed. D) the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried. E) None of the answers are correct.

Areas of the nervous system that are dense in myelinated axons are referred to as A) arachnoid mater. B) gray matter. C) dura mater. D) white matter. E) pia matter.

Blood pressure is monitored by (the) A) baroreceptors. B) carotid sinus. C) aortic sinus. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

By what mechanism is respiratory and cardiac function regulated in the aortic bodies? A) Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure. B) Free nerve endings detect changes in blood vessel size. C) Mechanoreceptors monitor the rate of blood flow. D) Chemoreceptors monitor the concentration of carbon dioxide. E) None of the answers are correct.

Calcium carbonate crystals in the utricle and saccule are called A) maculae. B) otoliths. C) stones. D) statoconia. E) None of the answers are correct.

Cells in the stratum germinativum that are sensitive to fine touch are called A) basal cells. B) keratinocytes. C) melanocytes. D) Merkel cells. E) stem cells.

Cells responsible for information processing and transfer are A) astrocytes. B) neuroglia. C) Schwann cells. D) neurons. E) All of the answers are correct.

Generation of an action potential at an axon of a neuron may be caused by A) stimulation of any portion of the dendrites of the neuron. B) input from various presynaptic cells. C) a change in the number of Schwann cells surrounding the axon. D) stimulation of any portion of the dendrites of the neuron and/or input from various presynaptic cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

If the CNS was susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells? A) microglia B) Schwann cells C) satellite cells D) astrocytes E) ependymal cells

If the greater splanchnic nerve were cut prior to its exit from the celiac ganglion, which of the following structures would be the most severely affected? A) stomach B) spleen C) kidney D) suprarenal gland E) small intestine

If the trochlear nerve of the right eye were damaged, which movement would the person be unable to make? A) looking straight upward B) looking straight downward C) rolling the eye straight to the left (medially) D) rolling the eye down and to the right (laterally) E) rolling the eye upward and to the left (medially)

Information about the strength, duration, and movement of a stimulus is provided by (the) A) labeled line. B) receptive field. C) special senses. D) sensory coding. E) None of the answers are correct.

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers on the heart are innervated by A) sensoriganglionic fibers. B) preganglionic fibers. C) somatic motor fibers. D) visceral motor fibers. E) All of the answers are correct.

Neurons in the hypothalamus that respond to carbon dioxide and acid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are A) mechanoreceptors. B) nociceptors. C) proprioceptors. D) chemoreceptors. E) None of the answers are correct.

Nonvesicular synapses are unique because they have A) two interacting neurons. B) neurotransmitter release. C) a postsynaptic membrane. D) a communicating junction. E) receptor proteins.

Older individuals sometimes use large amounts of perfume because they lose their sense of smell; this is related to A) sensory adaptation. B) central adaptation. C) a decrease in sensitivity of the olfactory cortex. D) a decrease in the number of olfactory receptors. E) None of the answers are correct.

Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is A) norepinephrine. B) epinephrine. C) glutamate. D) acetylcholine. E) GABA.

Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors are A) motor pathways. B) descending pathways. C) efferent pathways. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

Preganglionic fibers connecting the sympathetic chain ganglia to the collateral ganglia make up (the) A) sympathetic chain. B) sympathetic trunk. C) cardiac nerves. D) splanchnic nerves. E) None of the answers are correct.

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) A) nuclei. B) peripheral centers. C) roots. D) ganglia. E) All of the answers are correct.

Select the association that is most closely matched. A) anterior—sensory B) anterior—integrative C) posterior—motor D) posterior—sensory E) None of the answers are correct.

Spinal reflexes A) include monosynaptic reflexes only. B) involve only a single segment of the spinal cord. C) always transmit information to the brain for processing. D) include both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes. E) are monosynaptic and involve only one segment of the cord.

Structures in the head are innervated by the sympathetic division by postganglionic fibers originating in (the) A) inferior cervical ganglion. B) superior mesenteric ganglion. C) inferior mesenteric ganglion. D) superior cervical ganglion. E) None of the answers are correct.

The auditory ossicles connect (the) A) tympanic membrane to the round window. B) cochlea to the tympanic membrane. C) cochlea to the round window. D) tympanic membrane to the oval window. E) None of the answers are correct.

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the A) brain. B) spinal cord. C) nerves. D) brain and spinal cord. E) nerves and muscles.

The collateral ganglia are located A) lateral and posterior to the vertebral column. B) in the wall of the organ to be innervated. C) posterior to the descending aorta. D) anterior and lateral to the descending aorta. E) None of the answers are correct.

The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain is (the) A) longitudinal fissure. B) lateral sulcus. C) parieto-occipital sulcus. D) central sulcus. E) None of the answers are correct.

The innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each axon is the A) fascicle. B) fasciculus. C) epineurium. D) endoneurium. E) perineurium.

The large connection between the lumbar and sacral plexuses is called (the) A) sciatic nerve. B) tibial nerve. C) pelvic plexus. D) lumbosacral trunk. E) None of the answers are correct.

The largest cerebral lobe is the ________ lobe. A) parietal B) temporal C) insular D) frontal E) occipital

The major function of the superior colliculi includes reflexes involved with A) the ears. B) the nose. C) the taste buds. D) the eyes. E) None of the answers are correct.

The medial muscles of the thigh are innervated by the A) iliohypogastric nerve. B) genitofemoral nerve. C) femoral nerve. D) obturator nerve. E) saphenous nerve.

The primary function of the lens of the eye is to A) provide the coloring of the eye. B) maintain the shape of the eye. C) focus the visual image onto the optic disc. D) focus the visual image on the retinal photoreceptors. E) All of the answers are correct.

The size difference between the tympanic membrane and the oval window causes vibrations to A) change tone. B) become faint. C) become more frequent. D) amplify. E) None of the answers are correct.

The somatic motor association area, also called the premotor cortex, is responsible for A) involuntary motor skills. B) voluntary skeletal activity. C) subconscious, voluntary activity. D) patterned, learned activity. E) None of the answers are correct.

The speech center A) lies along the primary sensory cortex. B) regulates the pattern of the understanding of words. C) coordinates information from the secondary and special association areas of the entire cortex. D) occurs in the same hemisphere as the general interpretive center. E) All of the answers are correct.

The subarachnoid space is A) between the arachnoid mater and the underlying dura mater. B) filled with fat. C) between the arachnoid mater and the periosteum. D) filled with cerebrospinal fluid. E) a potential space only.

The system of fluid-filled tubes and chambers of the inner ear is called (the) A) bony labyrinth. B) endootic space. C) cochlea. D) membranous labyrinth. E) All of the answers are correct.

The term enteric nervous system refers to A) the set of neurons in the lower thoracic region of the cord that controls the small intestine. B) the complex of nerves covering the esophagus. C) the rather large network of nerves involved in the inferior mesenteric plexus. D) the fact that the digestive system uses many short reflexes and is capable of regulating itself without the CNS. E) There is no such thing as an enteric nervous system.

The ulnar nerve is found in the ________ plexus. A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) brachial E) sacral

The ventral root of a spinal nerve transmits ________ information ________ the spinal cord. A) sensory; toward B) sensory; away from C) motor; toward D) motor; away from E) visceral; toward

Tissue responses to neurotransmitters A) are always excitatory. B) result from opening ion channels. C) are always inhibitory. D) vary depending upon the response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter. E) result from the formation of second messengers.

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system? A) anywhere in the CNS B) near or at a neuron cell body C) alongside an unmyelinated axon in the CNS D) along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not E) None of the answers are correct.

Visual information from the retinas first arrives for processing at A) the hippocampus. B) the temporal lobes. C) the occipital lobes. D) the lateral geniculate nuclei. E) None of the answers are correct.

When the blood supply to a portion of the brain is cut off, the resulting damage is called A) amnesia. B) cerebral palsy. C) atherorsclerosis. D) a stroke. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which cerebral nucleus is most lateral and lies immediately adjacent to the insula? A) amygdala B) putamen C) caudate nucleus D) claustrum E) globus pallidus

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei housed in the pons? A) IV, V, VII B) IV, V, VI, VII C) V, VII, VIII, IX D) V, VI, VII, VIII E) VII, VIII, IX

Which of the following cranial nerves transmit sensory impulses from the taste buds? A) I, II, IV B) III, VI, VIII C) VII, IX, XI D) VII, IX, X E) V, VII, IX, XI, XII

Which of the following is a sympathetic chain ganglion? A) celiac ganglion B) superior mesenteric ganglion C) inferior mesenteric ganglion D) paravertebral ganglion E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is true of sensory adaptation? A) It is an increase in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. B) It occurs when the receptors of sensory neurons retain a constant level of activity. C) It is not dependent upon synaptic fatigue. D) It is the decline in activity along the afferent fiber after an initial strong response. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following may be released by cells of the sympathetic division? A) epinephrine B) norepinephrine C) ACh D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following selections lists only types of glial cells? A) astrocytes and parenchymal cells B) apocrine and exocrine cells C) merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells D) microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells E) None of the answers are correct.

Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? A) mitochondria B) free and fixed ribosomes C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) All of the answers are correct.

Which organ contains 95 percent of the neural tissue in the body? A) spinal cord B) nerves C) thalamus D) brain E) None of the answers are correct.

Which type of cell can only be found in the central nervous system? A) neurons B) satellite cells C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes E) None of the answers are correct.

The activity of the nervous system is dependent upon A) large amounts of energy. B) cellular connections. C) a proper extracellular environment. D) a proper intracellular environment. E) All of the answers are correct.

The area that connects the cell body to the axon is called the A) neurofibril. B) Nissl body. C) axoplasm. D) initial segment. E) axon hillock.

Pathways leading from the receptors to the CNS are called A) afferent pathways. B) efferent pathways. C) sensory pathways. D) motor pathways. E) both afferent and sensory pathways.

Regulating motor output associated with muscle tone is the function of which mesencephalic center? A) inferior colliculi B) substantia nigra C) cerebral peduncles D) amygdaloid body E) red nucleus

Sense organs include (the) A) eye. B) ear. C) olfactory organs. D) taste buds. E) All of the answers are correct.

Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of ________ that contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Dorsal root ganglia

Groups of neuron cell bodies in the dorsal root are called ________.

Dorsal root ganglia

The outermost layer of the meninges is the ________.

Dura mater

Subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include A) the somatic nervous system. B) the autonomic nervous system. C) the special sensory receptors. D) the visceral sensory receptors. E) All of the answers are correct.

The CSF produced by the choroid plexus of the brain circulates through the A) ventricles of the brain. B) central canal of the spinal cord. C) dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves. D) cervical, brachial, and lumbosacral plexuses. E) ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.

A fiber passing through a gray ramus is most likely to be A) sympathetic. B) unmyelinated. C) heading toward the body wall. D) carrying an action potential that will cause NE release. E) All of the answers are correct.

Autonomic nerve plexuses in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities wherein sympathetic postganglionic fibers mix with parasympathetic preganglionic fibers include which of the following? A) cardiac B) pulmonary C) celiac D) hypogastric plexus E) All of the answers are correct.

Brain regions that can affect the regulatory activities of the ANS include (the) A) hypothalamus. B) limbic system. C) thalamus. D) cerebral cortex. E) All of the answers are correct.

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are under the control of the A) somatic nervous system. B) parasympathetic division. C) sympathetic division. D) central nervous system. E) autonomic nervous system.

Complex sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes are coordinated by specific processing centers in the medulla, which include A) vasomotorcenter. B) cardiac center. C) swallowing center. D) vomiting and coughing centers. E) All of the answers are correct.

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) would reduce a person's ability to taste salty and sweet foods? A) XII B) IX C) VII D) IX, X, XI E) VII, IX, X

Endolymph has A) potassium levels. B) high sodium levels. C) the same ions as extracellular fluid anywhere else in the body. D) the same ions as cerebrospinal fluid. E) high potassium and low sodium levels.

Factors that contribute to a conscious perception of taste include which of the following? A) the tactile sensation of the texture of foods B) the speed at which food is ingested C) the strength of the aroma of the food D) the intensity of the color of the food E) All of the answers are correct.

Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? A) controlling and adjusting the activities of the other systems B) receiving input from the senses C) stimulating muscles and glands to contract D) integrating and processing data E) All of the answers are correct.

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include A) providing sensory information to the CNS only. B) making higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs. C) carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems only. D) carrying information up and down the spinal cord. E) providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems.

General functions of the parasympathetic division include A) pupillary constriction. B) secretion by digestive glands. C) secretion of hormones that promote nutrient absorption by peripheral cells. D) constriction of the respiratory passageways. E) All of the answers are correct.

Generally speaking, the ANS A) causes relatively short-term changes. B) is always active. C) can inhibit or activate an organ. D) releases several different neurotransmitters. E) All of the answers are correct.

Generally speaking, the nerves of the lumbar plexus control the A) anterior thigh. B) medial thigh. C) abdominal muscles. D) skin of the medial side of the knee. E) All of the answers are correct.

Injury to the neurons of the otic ganglion would affect the function of (the) A) heart. B) digestive tract. C) sweat glands. D) pupils. E) salivary glands.

Parasympathetic ganglia in the head include the A) collateral and celiac. B) splanchnic and mesenteric. C) ciliary and pterygopalatine. D) submandibular and otic. E) ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic.

The autonomic division of the nervous system directs A) voluntary activity. B) conscious control of skeletal muscles. C) behavior. D) emotions. E) processes that maintain homeostasis.

The blood vessels that directly supply the spinal cord are found in the A) dura mater. B) epidural space. C) subarachnoid space. D) arachnoid mater. E) pia mater.

The brain region that you would suspect to be damaged in a person who displayed violent or antisocial behavior would be the A) premotor cortex. B) primary sensory cortex. C) auditory association area. D) cerebellum. E) prefrontal cortex.

The cervical plexus A) consists of the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1—C4, and some fibers from C5. B) gives rise to motor branches that innervate the muscles of the neck. C) gives rise to the phrenic nerve, which provides the sole motor supply to the diaphragm. D) gives rise to branches that supply the skin of the neck, shoulder, and upper chest region. E) All of the answers are correct.

The epidural space contains A) cerebrospinal fluid. B) lymph. C) denticulate ligaments. D) gray matter. E) connective tissue and blood vessels

The epithalamus controls day and night cycles through the secretion of the hormone A) oxytocin. B) thyroid hormone. C) acetylcholine. D) DHEA. E) melatonin.

The nerve immediately inferior to the 12th rib is the A) sciatic nerve. B) phrenic nerve. C) abdominal nerve. D) ilioinguinal nerve. E) 12th intercostal or thoracic nerve

The spinal meninges function to A) protect the spinal cord. B) stabilize the spinal cord. C) absorb shocks to the spinal cord. D) assist in delivering nutrients and oxygen to the spinal cord. E) All of the answers are correct.

The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve? A) X B) XII C) VII D) IX E) XI

The suprachiasmatic nucleus A) coordinates daily cycles. B) receives input directly from the retina. C) outputs to the hypothalamic nuclei. D) regulates the pineal gland. E) All of the answers are correct.

The sympathetic division of the ANS generally A) stimulates tissue metabolism. B) increases alertness. C) prepares the body to deal with emergencies. D) is called the "fight or flight" division. E) All of the answers are correct.

The term "general senses" refers to the sensations of A) temperature. B) pain and proprioception. C) touch. D) pressure and vibration. E) All of the answers are correct.

Types of synapses include which of the following? A) axoaxonic B) axodendritic C) axosomatic D) neuroeffector synapses E) All of the answers are correct.

Unmyelinated axons of the sympathetic division A) may pass through the gray ramus. B) are postganglionic sympathetic fibers. C) release NE. D) may innervate effector organs. E) All of the answers are correct.

What aspect of hearing will be lost if the auditory cortex is damaged? A) High-frequency sounds will be unable to be interpreted. B) The individual will respond to sounds and have normal acoustic reflexes. C) Sound interpretation and pattern recognition will be difficult or impossible. D) Tones and patterns will become incomprehensible. E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? A) neuromuscular synapse B) neuroglandular synapse C) neuroneural synapse D) neuroaxonic synapses E) both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? A) visceral sensory neurons B) bipolar neurons C) interoceptors D) proprioceptors E) exteroceptors

Which of the following are nerves of the posterior division of the brachial plexus? A) radial nerve B) axillary nerve C) musculocutaneous nerve D) ulnar nerve E) both radial and axillary nerves

Which of the following arises from the lumbar portion of the lumbosacral plexus? A) superior gluteal nerve B) peroneal nerve C) tibial nerve D) pudendal nerve E) saphenous nerve

Which of the following bodily activities is affected by actions of the parasympathetic nervous system? A) release of glucose into the blood by the liver B) decrease in urine output as a result of vasoconstriction of the kidneys C) increase of the ability of the blood to coagulate D) stimulation of the breakdown of fat E) accommodation of the lens of the eye for close vision

Which of the following is (are) true of a motor response triggered by a reflex stimulus? A) It can be simple or complex, depending upon the reflex arc involved. B) It may involve responses from interactions between multiple interneuron pools. C) It may cause a strong action, because the effector organ acts in an unopposed manner. D) It may be damped by mediation from the centers in the brain. E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is a sympathetic reflex? A) defecation B) swallowing C) urination D) coughing E) pupillary reflex

Which of the following is innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS? A) heart B) digestive system C) lungs D) esophagus E) sweat glands

Which of the following is involved in the control of the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity? A) pelvic nerves B) the sacral region of the spinal cord C) the parasympathetic nervous system D) intramural ganglia E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following nerves innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle? A) subscapular nerves B) suprascapular nerves C) musculocutaneous nerve D) axillary nerve E) thoracodorsal nerve

Which of the following reflexes responds to stretch? A) vasomotor reflex B) baroreceptor reflex C) defecation reflex D) urination reflex E) All of the answers are correct.

Which spinal segments have been damaged if a person has difficulty typing? A) C1 and C2 B) C3 and C4 C) C5—C6 D) C5—C7 E) C8—T1

Which stretch reflex is the most appropriate to test when attempting to diagnose damage to the radial nerve? A) the knee jerk B) the ankle jerk C) the biceps tendon jerk D) the brachioradialis tendon jerk E) the triceps jerk

While sliding into second base a baseball player fractures his fibula. Which nerve and its branches need to be assessed for damage? A) superior gluteal nerve B) genitofemoral nerve C) saphenous nerve D) sciatic nerve E) common fibular nerve

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________.

Ependymal cells in the ventricles

A(n) ________ is a regional anesthesia produced by the injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space near targeted spinal nerve roots.

Epidural block

The characteristic of the neuron plasmalemma that allows it to conduct impulses is called ________.

Excitability

Cholinergic synapses always have ________ effects upon the ganglionic neurons.

Excitatory or stimulatory

Receptors for general senses that provide information about the environment outside of the body are ________.

Exteroceptors

A group of cell bodies within the PNS is called a nucleus.

False

A neuron classified on the basis that it delivers information to the CNS is a motor neuron.

False

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite, with the soma between them is a pseudounipolar neuron.

False

A neuron with the dendrite continuous with the axon, and the cell body off to the side is a bipolar neuron.

False

A somatic motor neuron controls smooth and cardiac muscles.

False

Bipolar cells give off axons to the optic nerve.

False

Calcium carbonate crystal in the macula are called cristae.

False

Facial nerves control chewing and swallowing.

False

Glossopharyngeal nerves control movements of the tongue.

False

Half of NXII's supply originates in the cervical spinal cord.

False

Lens contains highly organized collagen fibers causing it to be transparent.

False

Monosynaptic reflexes have a long delay between stimulus and response.

False

N VII is the largest cranial nerve.

False

Raised group of hair cells in the ampulla are called otoliths.

False

Regional anesthesia produced by the injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space near targeted spinal nerve roots is a spinal tap.

False

Retinal cells that provide color vision are the horizontal cells.

False

The bony cochlea coils around a central hub, which is called the spiral ganglion.

False

The cervical plexus is responsible for innervating the upper limb.

False

The clinically safe region of the spinal cord from which CSF can be extracted is tapped in a process called an epidural block.

False

The facial nerves pass through the foramen rotundum.

False

The hair cells of the cochlear duct are found in the modiolus.

False

The lateral nuclei of the thalamus play a role in emotions, memory, and learning.

False

The optic nerves pass through the superior orbital fissue.

False

The outermost layer of the meninges is the pia mater.

False

The posterior nuclei of the thalamus impact emotional state and integrate sensory information.

False

The rods and cones of the retina synapse with approximately six million ganglion cells.

False

The sclera contains blood vessels that nourish the deep portion of the retina.

False

The vagus nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal.

False

Visceral reflexes maintain normal upright posture.

False

The superior sagittal sinus is located in between layers of the ________.

Falx cerebri

A slender strand of fibrous tissue from the pia mater that blends into the coccygeal ligament and forms the most inferior extension from the spinal cord that anchors it to the sacral region is the ________.

Filum terminale

The mandibular branch of N V pass through the skull by way of the ________.

Foramen ovale

Preganglionic neurons send their axons to synapse on ________.

Ganglionic neurons

The ________ is the area of gray matter that surrounds the central canal.

Gray commissure

Each taste bud contains approximately 40 slender receptors, called ________, and a number of supporting cells.

Gustatory cells

Walking on hot coals in an example of a ________ altering reflex activity.

Higher center

The ________ cells of the retina form a network that inhibits or facilitates communication between visual receptors and bipolar cells.

Horizontal

The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral ________.

Horns

The brain processing center that coordinates reflexive responses to acoustic stimuli is the ________.

Inferior colliculus

The term for a reflex that is genetically determined is a ________ reflex.

Innate

Because a reflex response to a stimulus occurs before the individual is aware of it, it is said to be a(n) ________ type of response.

Involuntary

Specific patterns of stimulation of the reticular formation in the mesencephalon produce a variety of ________ responses.

Involuntary motor

Shaking the head "no" causes changing of the signal originating from the ________ semicircular canal.

Lateral

A person who has poor emotional control and difficulty in remembering past events might have a lesion in the ________.

Limbic system

The increased amount of gray matter in the lumbar region of the spinal cord is known as the ________.

Lumbosacral enlargement

Hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in the oval ________.

Maculae

The ________ branch of the trigeminal nerve is the largest, and exits the cranium through the foramen ovale.

Mandibular

The CSF produced by the choroid plexus reaches the subarachnoid space through two lateral apertures and a single ________ in the roof of the fourth ventricle.

Median aperture

Another name for the myelencephalon is the ________.

Medulla oblongata

The ________ connects the third and fourth ventricles.

Midbrain/cerebral aqueduct

A(n) ________ reflex causes a finger to be moved out of danger extremely quickly after it comes into contact briefly with an extremely hot pot of chili.

Monosynaptic

The ________ in the medulla oblongata relay information from the brain stem to the cerebellar cortex.

Olivary nuclei

The two optic nerves, one from each eye, reach the diencephalon at the ________.

Optic chiasm

Hair cells of the cochlear duct are found in the ________.

Organ of Corti

The auditory tube is also called the Eustachian tube or the ________.

Pharyngotympanic tube

The ________ innervates the diaphragm.

Phrenic nerve

The stretch reflex is an example of a ________ reflex because it maintains the body's upright position.

Postural

A person with an injury or illness involving infection of the middle ear who has difficulty maintaining body orientation may be experiencing difficulties with his or her ________.

Postural reflexes

The region of the brain that allows a person to determine answers to such questions as how long ago an event occurred, or in what sequence events occurred, is the ________.

Prefrontal cortex

The axons carrying information from the thalamus to the sensory cortex are collectively known as the ________.

Projection fibers

A ________ is a large, heavily branched neuron with a pear-shaped soma and numerous large dendrites running out into the gray matter of the cerebellum.

Purkinje cell

The gray and white rami that allow information exchange between the spinal nerves and the autonomic ganglia are collectively called the ________.

Rami communicantes

A specialized cell that monitors conditions either inside the body or in the external environment is a sensory ________.

Receptor

Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity, such as a touch receptor that is very sensitive to pressure but relatively insensitive to chemical stimuli. This trait is called ________.

Receptor specificity

The name of the mechanism in which pain sensations from visceral organs are often perceived as originating in more superficial regions is ________.

Referred pain

As an axon regenerates in the PNS, ________ wrap around it along its original path.

Schwann cells

The insertion point for extraocular muscles is the sclera.

Sclera

A type of information processing wherein neuronal pools function in sequence, with one pool activating a second, the second activating a third, etc., is called ________.

Serial processing

If individuals have suffered brain damage in the ________, they may be unable to speak, even though they know what words to use, or, conversely, they may speak constantly but use all of the wrong words.

Speech center

The meningeal membranes are continuous with the connective tissues surrounding the ________ and their peripheral branches.

Spinal nerves

Hair cells of the cochlea are monitored by sensory neurons located in the ________.

Spiral ganglion

Autonomic regulation of skeletal muscle length is provided by the ________.

Stretch reflex

The cerebrospinal fluid is located in the ________.

Subarachnoid space

To transmit a nerve impulse, acetylcholine diffuses across a space called the ________ to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

Synaptic cleft

The glands that produce a lipid-rich lubricant that prevents the eyelids from sticking together are called ________.

Tarsal glands

The taste receptors are clustered in individual ________ lying along the sides of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue and adjacent regions of the pharynx and larynx.

Taste buds

In the cochlear duct, the hair cells' stereocilia are embedded in the ________.

Tectorial membrane

Descending instructions along the ________ of the spinal cord adjust peripheral muscle tone to complement the reflexive movements of the head or neck.

Tectospinal tracts

The ________ is a connective tissue sheet that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

Tentorium cerebelli

The fold of dura mater in the transverse fissure is the ________.

Tentorium cerebelli

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse on neurons of ________ ganglia.

Terminal or intramural

Somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature.

True

Special sensory receptors receive information in the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth.

True

Spinal tap and lumbar puncture are synonymous.

True

Stretch reflexes provide automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length.

True

N IX monitors blood pressure.

True

N X controls abdominopelvic viscera.

True

Oculomotor nerves help focus the lens of the eye.

True

A branch of the facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen.

True

A bright light shining in one or both eyes will trigger the consensual light reflex.

True

A bundle of axons in the PNS is called a nerve.

True

A bundle of axons within the CNS that shares a common origin, destination, and function is called a tract.

True

A connection between the brain and other organs in the body is called a pathway.

True

A group of axons in a specific region of the spinal cord is called a column.

True

A neuron with several dendrites but a single axon, which may have many branches is a multipolar neuron.

True

A small neuron with processes that cannot be distinguished from axon to dendrite is called an anaxonic neuron.

True

A somatic motor neuron controls skeletal muscle.

True

Acquired reflexes develop following repeated exposure to a stimulus.

True

Amacrine cells modulate communication between two layers of cells in the retina.

True

N III controls eye movements.

True

The cauda equina is made of spinal nerves below L2 of the vertebral canal.

True

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that monitor the receptors in the cochlear duct are contained in the spiral ganglion.

True

The ciliary body attaches to and adjusts the lens.

True

The coccygeal ligament and filum terminale support the spinal cord in spinal canal.

True

The cochlear duct is separated from the tympanic duct by the basilar membrane.

True

The conus medullaris is found at L1 to L2 level of vertebral canal.

True

The glossopharyngeal nerves pass through the jugular foramen.

True

The iris is the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil.

True

The lumbosacral enlargement is responsible for innervating the lower limb.

True

The medial nuclei of the thalamus provide conscious awareness of emotional states.

True

The membrane attached to the inner wall of the cochlear duct that causes the stereocilia of the hair cells to distort when it bounces up and down is the tectorial membrane.

True

The oval window is covered by the stapes footplate.

True

The patellar reflex is also known as the "knee jerk" reflex.

True

The posterior nuclei of the thalamus relay visual and auditory information.

True

The round window separates the cochlear chamber from the middle ear.

True

The saccule is part of vestibule.

True

Special sensory information for balance travels on cranial nerve ________.

VIII

The ________ of the spinal nerves are the portions that participate in the formation of nerve plexuses.

Ventral rami

Reflexes that control vital organs are classified as ________ reflexes.

Visceral or automatic

The special sense that humans typically rely upon more than any other is the sense of ________.

Vision

Degeneration of an axon distal to the site of an injury is called ________.

Wallerian degeneration

The ganglia of the sympathetic chain contain preganglionic fibers that enter the chain via the ________.

White rami

The first branch of each spinal nerve, which communicates with an autonomic ganglion, is myelinated and is called a ________.

White ramus

All of the synapses and neuroeffector synapses of the parasympathetic division of the ANS use the neurotransmitter ________.

acetylcholine

All postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release ________ at their effector.

acetylcholine

The most common neurotransmitter is _______.

acetylcholine

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is called ________.

adaption

The two types of sympathetic receptors are ________ and beta.

alpha

The function of structures within the middle ear is to ________ and transmit sound waves to the inner ear.

amplify

White matter tracts that interconnect areas of neural cortex within a single cerebral hemisphere contain ________ fibers.

association

A brain region that is responsible for the adjustment of voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memories of previous movements is the ________.

cerebellum

The amygdaloid body at the tail end of the caudate nucleus is the contribution of the ________ to the limbic system.

cerebrum

The largest region of the brain, and the region where all conscious thought processes and intellectual functions originate, is the ________.

cerebrum

The large number of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the white matter of the spinal cord are organized into tracts and ________.

columns

The processes of a neuron that function to receive input from other neurons are called the ________.

dendrites

The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.

endocrine

Both alpha and beta receptors are stimulated by ________.

epinephrine

Descending branches of the vagus nerve and splanchnic nerves leaving the sympathetic chain are contained within the ________ plexus.

esophageal

A sudden decline in blood pressure in the carotid artery will trigger the vasomotor reflexes.

false

Changes in the diameter of peripheral vessels to regulate blood pressure are caused by the pupillary reflexes.

false

Irritation of the lining of the respiratory tract will trigger the vomiting reflex.

false

Glial cells outnumber neurons in the nervous system by a ratio of approximately ________ to one.

five

In the PNS the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________.

ganglia

In the ANS, it is the axons of ________ neurons that reach the target organs.

ganglionic

Upon stimulation, sympathetic preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses with ________ neurons.

ganglionic

The source of energy that is required constantly by the neural tissues of the brain is ________.

glucose

Damage to the central portion of the temporal lobe is most likely to cause deficits in ________.

hearing

The ________ plexus contains the parasympathetic outflow of the pelvic nerves, sympathetic postganglionic fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglion, and splanchnic nerves from the sacral sympathetic chain.

hypogastric

Distortion of the stereocilia toward the kinocilium causes an ________ in output.

increase

The first branch of the lumbar plexus is the ________ nerve.

iliohypogastric

The superior and ________ mesenteric ganglia surround the base of the similarly names arteries.

inferior

Polysynaptic reflex arcs differ from monosynaptic reflex arcs in that the former have ________, which are not present in the latter.

interneuron(s)

Neurons that form a link between other neurons in the CNS are called ________.

interneurons

________ provide information about the internal environment. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

interoceptors

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors that monitor the position of skeletal muscles and ________.

joints

Receptors found at the cholinergic neuroeffector synapses in the parasympathetic division of the ANS are called ________.

muscarinic

The nervous system includes all of the ________ tissue in the body.

neural

Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, which form part of the cytoskeleton of the perikaryon, extend into the dendrites and the axon.

neurofibrils

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system affect target organs through the controlled release of chemicals known as ________.

neurotransmitters

In the parasympathetic division, the postsynaptic membrane of a ganglionic neuron has ________ receptors that are excited by acetylcholine.

nicotinic

The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse.

nonvesicular

The neurotransmitter ________ is released from most postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

norepinephrine

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus secretes ________, which stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and prostate gland.

oxytocin

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus secretes ________, which stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the uterus.

oxytocin

A person who sustains damage to the spinal cord at the level of the lumbar plexus will suffer from ________.

paraplegia, or paralysis of the lower trunk and limbs

The sensory information arriving at the CNS is called a sensation; a ________ is a conscious awareness of a sensation.

perception

A feature of the capillaries of the choroid plexus that makes the secretion of CSF possible is that these capillaries are highly ________.

permeable

A ________ receptor becomes active only when stimulated.

phasic

Visceral motor neurons with cell bodies in the CNS are called ________ neurons.

preganglionic

The afferent division of the PNS begins at the ________ and ends at the CNS.

receptors

At a neuromuscular synapse, the action potential is generated in the plasmalemma, or ________, of a muscle fiber.

sarcolemma

Irritation of the muscles of the posterior aspect of the thigh can also cause irritation of the ________ nerve.

sciatic

Based on their response, stretch reflexes are classified as ________ reflexes.

somatic

The information that arrives at a sensory receptor is called a ________.

stimulus

The postganglionic fibers that control sweat glands are from the ________ division.

sympathetic

The thoracolumbar division of the ANS is also called the ________ division.

sympathetic

The ________ forms the final relay point for ascending sensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex.

thalamus

The main branches off of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus are the subscapular and ________ nerves.

thoracodorsal

The cell body of a neuron may contain synapses numbering in the ________.

thousands

Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________.

tracts

A low light level reaching the visual receptors will trigger the pupillary reflex.

true

Smooth muscle contractions that propel materials and mix them with secretions in the digestive tract are controlled by output of the ________ nerve.

vagus

The changes in the diameter of peripheral blood vessels is the ________ reflex.

vasomotor

The nuclei of the thalamus that project sensory information to the primary sensory cortex of the cerebrum belong to the ________ group.

ventral

A neuromuscular synapse is a type of ________ synapse in which a neuron communicates with a muscle fiber instead of another neuron.

vesicular

Irritation of the digestive lining activates the ________ reflex, which reverses the pattern of movement of the smooth muscle in the walls of the stomach.

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