HDE 100C FINAL EXAM FALL 2023
Eudaimonia
-A sense of integrity and well-being similar to Maslow's concept of self-actualization -eudaimonia entails the basic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
Post-Traumatic Growth
-Beneficial outcomes from experiencing a crisis or negative stressful event
Super's Occupational Choice Theory
-D. Super (1910-1994) -Career choice is driven by desire to achieve full self concept realization -There are 5 stages of development, which can be recycled at later ages
Emotion Focused Coping
-Expressing Emotion → Yell, cry, swear -Suppressing Emotion → Trying not to think about it -Assigning Blame -Wishful Thinking -Escape/Avoidance → Drugs, alcohol, gambling
Health Disparities
-Health disparities refer to gaps in the quality of health and health care among population groups that often parallel differences in socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic background, and education level. -Within countries health disparities occur by social status, family income, race/ethnicity, gender, disabilities, or sexual orientation. differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in U.S. -Unavoidable disparity → Disparity in health outcomes by AGE is unavoidable because aging as the biological process is not subject to intervention -Avoidable disparity → A disparity in health outcomes due to unsafe living environments could be an avoidable cause of inequality
General Adaptation Syndrome
-Homeostasis -Alarm Reaction/ Acute Stress Response Stage -Resistance Stage -Exhaustion Stage
Problem Focused Coping
-Instrumental Action :Gathering information, Seeking resources to help -Cognitive Strategies: Making a plan of action -Chunking: Dividing Problems in Manageable Bits -Refraining from Action
Loneliness
-Loneliness (feelings of isolation) is more harmful in later life because reserves are depleted, increasing the rate of physiological decline -Loneliness influences physiological decline through: -adverse impact on health-promoting behaviors -increased exposure to stressful events -effects on appraisal and coping -Processes -effects on physiological stress responses -influence on restorative processes (e.g., sleep)
Marriage (e.g., age trends; relation to poverty)
-Married adults are less likely than other adults to be in fair or poor health are less likely to suffer from health conditions such as headaches and serious psychological distress -Married adults are less likely to be limited in various activities, including work and other activities of daily living -Married adults are less likely to smoke, drink heavily or be physically inactive. However married men are more likely to be overweight or obese than other men Marriage Trends -Rising share of U.S. adults are living without a spouse or partner -Record-high share of 40-year-olds in the US have never been married (1900-2021) -In 2021 there was a rebound as the rate of marriages increased 18% compared with 2020 -Its the biggest year-to-year increase since the end of world war 2 Age at first marriage is increasing 20-22 yrs old in 1900 22-26 yrs old in 1950 28-30 yrs old in 2019 -The median age at first marriage is roughly four years higher for black than for white women: 30 versus 26 years -Black americans display lower marriage is roughly four years higher for black display lower marriage rates than do other racial and ethnic groups Marital Status and Poverty 65+ -Unmarried older adults are disproportionately poorer than married older adults: the highest rates of poverty are among never-married older adults
Successful Aging
-Most adults pass through adulthood with reasonable happiness and satisfaction, picking up some wisdom along the way and passing it along to those who come behind them. -Staying healthy (exercise), social engagement, etc.
Job Satisfaction
-Older workers are more satisfied with their jobs than younger workers -Job satisfaction is important to the worker because it is closely related to life satisfaction, happiness, and positive affect -it is important to the organization for which we work because it predicts how well we will carry out the job requirements and how long we will stay in that particular job
Wisdom
-One of Erikson's notions was that to achieve wisdom, which is the potential strength to be gained at this stage, older adults must think back over their lives and try to come to terms with the person they once were and the one they are now. -an expert knowledge system in the fundamental pragmatics of life permitting exceptional insight, judgment, and advice involving complex and uncertain matters of the human condition
Coping
-Refers to the thoughts and acts people use to manage the demands of stressful transactions -Major Forms of Coping Behaviors 1.Problem-focused coping: Instrumental Action Gathering information Seeking resources to help Cognitive Strategies Making a plan of action Chunking Dividing Problems in Manageable Bits Refraining from Action 2.Meaning-focused coping: Reframing the Situation Downplaying the Loss 3.Social-focused coping: Seeking emotional support Seeking instrumental support -Coping Effectiveness Defined in terms of whether the form of coping fits the possibilities or lack of possibilities for action in a specific context
Social dominance and Social vitality
-Social dominance (assertiveness) - increase with age -Social vitality (gregariousness) - slight decrease with age
Decision to Retire, major factors
-The decision to retire is related to: Work and retirement values, culture, family, career commitment, hobbies or leisure-time interests, and health -But financial resources is often a primary factor: -How much is saved prior to retirement -Pensions (private, public) -Interest rates -Tax shelters and policies -Inflation -Overall growth of the economy -Men are more likely to retire as a result of early retirement incentive packages; women are more likely to retire as a result of their spouse's retirement -Women tend to retire later, have fewer financial resources, and view retirement as more problematic than do men -Most retirees enjoy treatment; especially aspects that involve family contact and support
Tribalization/Detribalization
-The years of young adulthood are a time of maximal tribalization. We define ourselves by our tribe and our place in the tribe. -If young adulthood is a time of tribalization, the middle years bring detribalization, perhaps part of a deeper shift in personality or meaning systems toward a more individualistic view. -The greater openness to self that emerges at this time includes an openness to unexpressed parts of the self, parts that are likely to be outside the prescribed roles. The change is thus both external and internal.
Well-being, 5 ways
-Well-being encompasses quality of life and the ability of people and societies to contribute to the world with a sense of meaning and purpose. 1.Physical → Exercising, eating well, medical care 2.Intellectual → gaining and using knowledge; learning to solve problems 3.Social → Network of friends and family, membership in the community, sense of belonging 4.Emotional → Feeling a sense of worth and purpose; developing strategies to create a healthy outlook on life. 5.Financial → Managing money in ways that build a sense of understanding, competence and control
Workforce and ageism
-a type of discrimination in which opinions are formed and decisions are made about others based solely on the fact that they are in a particular age group. -Emerging adults can also be targets of ageism, when they are perceived as being less capable than their older coworkers or when they are stereotyped as delinquents because of their style of clothes and speech -In most cases, age is unrelated to job performance Older workers often are discriminated against based on their age -64% of older workers have seen or experienced age discrimination (AARP, 2013) -This may affect job satisfaction and decision to retire -Older adults have more trouble finding work if they are unemployed -Older adults are likely to suffer decline in earnings if they find new employment
Positive Grief
-a way of grieving that does not just get a person out of the negative and back to baseline; it is a form of grieving that builds cognitive, emotional and social resources along the way -studies showed that positive emotions, including genuine smiling and laughter, are not only present when the bereaved discuss their recent losses, but seem to promote well-being
Financial literacy
-ability to process economic information and make informed decisions about financial planning, wealth accumulation, debt, and pensions (Lusardi and Mitchell, 2014) -increasingly important for retirement security, especially with the ongoing shift in employer-sponsored pensions from defined-benefit (DB) to defined-contribution (DC) plans
Life Review
-an analytic and evaluative review of our earlier life -Butler argued that in this final stage of life, as preparation for our now clearly impending deaths, we engage in reminiscence, which is an analytic and evaluative review of our earlier life
Disengagement
-early hypothesis that held that late adulthood is a time when people withdraw from activities and relationships in preparation for the end of life -This process was seen as having three features or aspects: -Adults' social "life space" shrinks with age, a change especially noticeable in the period from age 75 on when we interact with fewer and fewer others and fill fewer and fewer roles as we move through late adulthood. -In the roles and relationships that remain, the aging person becomes more individualized, less governed by rules and norms. -The aging person anticipates this set of changes and actively embraces them, disengaging more and more from roles and relationships
Self-Determination Theory
-explanation of personality based on individuals' evolved inner resources for growth and integration -Three needs: Competence Autonomy Relatedness
Death Anxiety
-fear of death -Elements in fear of death: -Age middle-aged adults show the greatest fear of death, and older adults the least with young adults falling somewhere in between the death of one's parents may be especially shocking and disturbing you must face the realization that you are now the oldest generation in the family lineage and thus "next in line" for death in midlife we become more aware of the fear, more preoccupied with death and its imminence many adults grope toward new ways of thinking about death, eventually accepting it in a different way, so that the fear recedes in old age -Religiosity Religiosity: outward expression of spiritual beliefs there is no direct relationship between religiosity and fear of death researchers suggest that those who are high in religiosity are not anxious about death because they believe that there is an afterlife and they have earned a place there Intrinsic religiosity is practiced by people who live their lives according to their religious beliefs and seek meaning in life through their religion Extrinsic religiosity is practiced by people who use religion for social purposes and as an arena for doing good deeds -Gender women have higher levels of death anxiety than men -Personality traits Self-esteem has been related to death anxiety, with high levels of self-esteem seeming to serve as a buffer against the fear of death Sense of purpose in life: discovery of satisfying personal goals and the belief that one's life has been worthwhile. Those who had a higher sense of purpose in life had lower death anxiety
Social Exchange Theory and Situational Model
-people review and weigh their relationships in terms of COSTS and REWARDS -rewards-costs= value of a relationship -context indicates if a factor is a reward or a cost Ex: doing favors, breakups: wasted time or an investment of time
Midlife Crisis
-popular myth that portrays middle age as a time of unstable and unpredictable behavior -the term midlife crisis seems to have come to mean coping successfully with some threatening situation in one's adult life and making personal changes as a result
Stress-Related Growth
-positive changes that follow the experience of stressful life events -depending on the stressful event itself, the personal beliefs of the individual, and the support available, people in dire circumstances are able to later report personal growth, increased wisdom, growth in relationships with others, a new appreciation for life, a new sense of maturity, a stronger religious belief, or a greater sense of self-efficacy and self-confidence
Subjective Well-Being
-refers to individuals' cognitive and emotional evaluations of happiness and the overall quality of their current lives -Most commonly measured by using self report
Phased Retirement
-situation in which an older person continues to work for an employer part time as a transition to retirement. -These phased-retirement plans involve phased pensions, also, so that the workers receive a lower salary, but begin receiving partial pension payments.
Situationalist Model of Stress and Coping
A theory that proposes that stress involves an encounter between an individual and their environment and that a stress response depends upon the appraisal of the stressor and the ability to cope with it
Fight or Flight response
Acute stress response (fight or flight)
Age Discrimination in Employment
Age discrimination in employment act of 1967 (ADEA) States that employment of older persons should be based upon their ability rather than age; applies to 40-65 year olds 1978 - protects up to age 70 1986 - mandatory retirement abolished; except for "when reasonably necessary" 1990- age cannot be used as a factor in downsizing
Daily Hassles
Assessed via: Hassles Scale (Chamberlain & Zika, 1990; Kanner at al.,1981) Interviews (Almeida, 2005) (Almeida & Horn, 2004) Assess everyday stressors that individuals experience Attempts to assess the "drip-drip" effect of stress Traffic, car/bike breakdown, computer problem, navigating busy parking lots, opening consumer products
Attachment Theory:
Bowlby's theory that infants form strong affectional bonds with their caregivers that provide basic security and understanding of the world and serve as a foundation for later relationships.
Bridge Job
Bridge employment: part-time job or less stressful full-time job usually taken after retirement. The downside of these bridge jobs is that they typically pay less and have fewer benefits than full-time work Research shows that workers who take bridge employment are younger, have higher levels of education, better financial conditions, and had lower levels of stress in their previous jobs
Correlation vs Causation:
Correlation Analysis: statistical analysis that tells us the extent to which two sets of scores on the same individuals vary together.
Elder Abuse
Definition → Harm directed against an elderly person within a trusting relationship -Physical -Sexual -Psychological / Emotional -Financial / Material -Neglect
Bereavement
Definition → Real or symbolic loss of a significant object, which may be human or non-human, tangible or intangible Process of getting over another person's death Bereavement is an individual process Physical, intellectual, emotional
Memory Types (e.g., episodic, implicit, prospective)
Episodic: in information processing, the segment of the long-term store that contains information about sequences of events. Implicit:It is acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviours. Prospective: ability to remember to do something later on or at a specific time in the future.
"Good Death"
Euthanasia -refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. -Culture, financial issues, religion, disease, age, and life circumstances influenced perspectives -Studies agree on the individuality of death and dying while revealing a diverse set of preferences
"G," Gf and Gc:
G: general intellectual capacity, which influences the way we approach many different tasks.
Holland's SIREAC (RIASEC) Theory
Holland's SIREAC (or RIASEC) theory (1973) -Career choice is driven by interest -Vocational preferences -Workers seek occupations in which there is congruence between their personality type and that of the occupation -Evidence suggests there is a relationship between personality and occupation -Congruence leads to greater success and satisfaction? -Six basic types of personality-interests constellations
Aging Workforce
How can we build a healthier older workforce? Address ageism Provide adequate training opportunities Adapt jobs to enable working while managing responsibilities with work Allow choices regarding retirement by helping individuals prepare financially for retirement
Life Expectancy:
How long a person is expected to live
Erikson's three stages in adulthood
Intimacy vs. Isolation (love) Struggle between need for intimacy and commitment, and needs for independence Generativity vs. Stagnation (care) Struggle to find meaning in life through the way that one gives to others that will outlive them Ego Integrity vs. Despair (wisdom) Struggle to assess one's choices in life
Social Determinants of Health
Life-enhancing resources, such as food supply, housing, economic and social relationships, transportation, education and health care, whose distribution across populations effectively determines length and quality of life
Longitudinal vs. Cross-Sectional Designs vs. Time Lag:
Longitudinal: research method in which data is gathered over a period of time from the same group of people as they age. Cross-sectional: in the study of development, research method in which data is gathered at one time from groups of participants who represent different age groups.
Mortality, Morbidity:
Mortality rate: rate of dying in any one year. Morbidity rate: Illness rate
Normative, nonnormative
Normative: Nonnormative life events: aspects that influence one's life that are unique to the individual.
Big Five / Five Factor Trait Model
OCEAN
Age Dependency Ratio (aka aged- or old age- dependency ratio)
Old age dependency ratio Defined as the population of older adults / population of working aged adults x 100 (us census) The ratio - changes 30.4 in 2022 (for every 100 working-age people, there were 30 persons 65+) 21.6 in 1990 19.7 in 1975
Social Engagement
People of any age who have regular social contact with family and friends enjoy better health and well-being than those who are more isolated, but it is especially true in later adulthood
Plaques and Tangles:
Plaques: fat-laden deposits formed in the coronary artery walls as a result of inflammation. Tangles:
Primary, Secondary Aging:
Primary aging: physical changes that are gradual, shared, and largely inevitable as people grow older. Secondary Aging: physical changes that are sudden, not shared, and often caused by disease, poor health habits, and environmental events as people grow older.
Major Life Events
Social Readjustment Scale (Holmes & Rahe, 1967) -Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (Rahe, 1987) -Trauma, divorces, marriages, births, deaths, retirement, institutionalization of parent/spouse -Certain major life events can also cause changes in personality -Women who reported one, two, or three or more major life events in the previous 5 years were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer during the next 15 years than those who reported no major life events. The more events reported, the greater incidence of breast cancer.
Mandatory Retirement
The ADEA has the following exception: -Allows a mandatory retirement age if the employer can show that age is a "bona fide occupational qualification" (BFOQ) -Generally, to establish a BFOQ, the employer must demonstrate an objective safety issue (e.g., law enforcement officials, firefighters, etc.) -An increasing percentage of people in the United States over age 65 are remaining in the labor force. Some reasons are that they are healthier, there is no mandatory retirement for most workers, jobs have become less physically demanding, and they can't afford to retire
Hedonia
The Pleasant Life (happiness); experience as much positive emotion as you can (hedonia
Three Good Things
The Three Good Things activity gets students thinking positively by reflecting on good things that happen to them. For this activity, are encouraged to write down three positive things that have happened to them every day for a week.
Positive Psychology
The scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
Life Satisfaction
Three "lives" of (paths to) life satisfaction (Seligman et al,. 2008) -The Pleasant Life (happiness); experience as much positive emotion as you can (hedonia) → drawbacks: experience of positive emotion is 50% heritable, not very modifiable; also it habituates like French Vanilla Ice Cream -Life of Engagement (parenting, leisure, work, time stops); capable of flow, eudaimonia, ... knowing what your strengths are and re-crafting work/life to use these skills in the best way possible -Meaningful Life (giving, belonging, most venerable); using one's strengths to belong and offer service to something larger than you are
Memory Processes:
ability to retain or store information and retrieve it when needed.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
according to Carstensen, the explanation that people emphasize more meaningful, emotionally satisfying social relationships as they become older because they are more aware of the end of life than younger people
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory:
according to Carstensen, the explanation that people emphasize more meaningful, emotionally satisfying social relationships as they become older because they are more aware of the end of life than younger people.
Stereotype Threat:
anxiety that arises when members of a group are put in positions that might confirm widely held, negative stereotypes about themselves; this anxiety often results in confirmation of that stereotype.
Useful Field of View:
area of the visual field that can be processed in one glance.
Anxiety Disorder:
category of mental health disorders that involves feelings of fear, threat, and dread when no obvious danger is present.
Dementia:
category of various types of brain damage and disease that involve significant impairment of memory, judgment, social functioning, and control of emotions.
Neurons (structure, function):
cells in the brain and nervous system.
Menopause:
cessation of women's menstrual periods, occurring 12 months after the final menstrual period; climacteric.
Lifespan Development (theory, assumptions, history):
concept that individuals develop careers in stages, and that career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of their lives.
Mild Cognitive Impairment:
condition in which patients show some cognitive symptoms, but not all those necessary for a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
Extroversion
defined by the general tendency to experience positive emotions, as well as by traits such as sociable, lively, and active
Cancer:
disease in which abnormal cells undergo rapidly accelerated, uncontrolled division and later move into adjacent normal tissues.
Diabetes:
disease in which the body is not able to metabolize insulin.
Cardiovascular Disease:
disorder of the heart and blood vessels that occurs more frequently with age.
Convoy Model:
ever-changing network of social relationships that surrounds each of us throughout our lives.
Reliability:
extent to which a test instrument gives the same results repeatedly under the same conditions.
Validity:
extent to which a test instrument measures what it claims to measure.
Developmental Psychology:
field of study that deals with changes that take place in behavior, thoughts, and emotions of individuals as they go from conception to the end of life.
Cohort Effects:
group of people who share a common historical experience at the same stage of life.
Cognitive Reserve/Resilience:
higher levels of thinking and reasoning.
Internal Working Model:
in Bowlby's attachment theory, the set of beliefs and assumptions a person has about the nature of all relationships based on specific experiences in childhood
Intimacy
in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the ability young adults develop that allows them to enter into intimate relationships without losing their own sense of self.
Self-Actualization
in Maslow's theory, the drive to become everything that one is capable of being. It is reached when more basic needs are met.
Episodic Memory:
in information processing, the segment of the long-term store that contains information about sequences of events.
Vocational interests
in vocational psychology, personal attitudes, competencies, and values a person has relating to his or her career; basis of Holland's theory of career selection.
Insomnia:
inability to have normal sleep patterns.
Telomeres:
lengths of repeating DNA that chromosomes have at their tips.
Cohabitation:
living together in an intimate partnership without marriage.
Hayflick Limit:
maximum number of times cells are programmed to divide for a species.
Bone Mass Density:
measurement of bone density used to diagnose osteoporosis.
Biological Theories of Aging:
model of development proposed by Bronfenbrenner that points out that we must consider the developing person within the context of multiple environments.
Social Clock:
patterns of change over adulthood in social roles; time schedule of the normal sequence of adult life experiences.
Atherosclerosis:
process by which fat-laden deposits called plaques form in the artery walls.
Selective Optimization with Compensation
process described by Baltes and Baltes in which older people cope with limitations by selecting their activities, optimizing their strategies, and compensating for their losses.
Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory:
process described by Baltes and Baltes in which older people cope with limitations by selecting their activities, optimizing their strategies, and compensating for their losses.
Alzheimer's Disease:
progressive, incurable deterioration of key areas of the brain
Reminiscence Bump:
review of one's personal memories.
Osteoporosis, osteopenia:
severe loss of bone mass.
Biopsychosocial Model of Stress
stress involves three components: an external component, an internal component, and the interaction between the external and internal components
Antioxidants:
substances that protect against oxidative damage from free radicals.
Positivity Bias:
tendency for older adults to remember emotionally positive stimuli over emotionally negative stimuli.
Aging in Place:
the ability of older people to remain in their own homes their whole lives.
Maximum Life Span:
the longest an individual from a species can live; for humans it is about 120 years.
Resilience
the maintenance of healthy functioning following exposure to potential trauma
Loneliness:
the perception of social isolation.
Healthspan:
the time in a person's life that they are in good health
Presbyopia:
visual condition caused by loss of elasticity in the lens, resulting in the inability to focus sharply on nearby objects.
Friendships:
voluntary interpersonal relationships carried out within a social context.
Volunteerism
volunteerism is based on people working together to contribute to just and peaceful change in communities across the globe. The act of contributing out of one's own free will, for broader societal benefit, is fundamental to our humanity and to the creation of an equitable and peaceful world