HDE 12: Chpt. 1 - The Study of Human Sexuality

case

A _____ study is a popular research method using direct observation, questionnaires, and testing to collect information.

bisexuality sex for pleasure only masturbation

According to 19th-century doctors, which of the following would have been considered problematic? (Select all that apply.)

bisexuality

According to Freud, a biological _____ is the idea that people may be naturally attracted to both sexes.

culture

According to Marget Mead, _____ is more important than personality or biology in the development of sexual behavior.

representative samples

Along with two colleagues, Kinsey expanded his 1937 study of sexual behavior to include _____ , individuals who represent diverse segments of the population of interest.

refractory

Among Masters and Johnson's discoveries is the _____ period, the period after intercourse during which men cannot ejaculate.

field

Bronislaw Malinowski invented participant-observation _____ study, a research method in which the researcher observes behavior outside a clinical setting in its own cultural and linguistic context.

intersectionality

Candace is a researcher who is studying how people's sexuality is impacted by systems of status, power, and privilege embedded in race, gender, social class, national origin, and religion. Candace is engaging in _____ in research.

retrospective

Case studies are often based on the _____ self-report, which is an account of a memory of an event in one's life.

direct observation

Collecting data through _____ provides an opportunity to study natural behaviors in context as they occur.

evolution

Darwin used the theory of _____ to explain how sexuality contributes to the diversity of life.

self-selection

Direct observation in sex research has the possible disadvantage of _____, which means that people who are uncomfortable with themselves, their body, and their sexual performance are unlikely to agree to participate.

Ensuring that no harm is done to participants. Ensuring that data collection is done anonymously. Ensuring that participants are of legal age. Authenticating that the participants' attitudes, experiences and behaviors are truthful.

Ethical guidelines in research include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

They are meticulous and objective.

For what reasons do Havelock Ellis's clinical studies continue to fascinate scientists?

repress

Freud believed that children had sexual feelings and had to _____ their incestuous feelings because they were unacceptable to society and led to fetishism and madness.

the question of frustrated pleasure family dynamics

Freud's approach to sexuality is that it is built upon which of the following? (Check all that apply.)

sexual development ceases after childhood.

Freud's focus on childhood led to the assumption that

politicians

From what area has there been resistance to sex research as a part of broad public planning in the United States?

They should choose the one which will yield the most honest and complete answers.

How should researchers determine what survey method to use?

It was not; politicians blocked it.

How was the 2001 Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior implemented?

interdisciplinary

Human sexuality involves all aspects of the body, mind, heart, and experience and benefits, therefore, from a(n) _____ perspective that helps to integrate all of these into the field of human sexuality.

the discrepancy between public standards of behavior and actual sexual behavior.

In somewhat controversial fashion, Kinsey's work highlighted

protection

In terms of sexual well-being, _____ is keeping your body free of sexually transmitted infections and knowing how to check your body for other medical conditions.

zoology

In what academic area was Alfred Kinsey trained?

be based on love and mutual attraction between equals.

Indicative of 20th-century progressive sex researchers' work to reform society's understanding of sexuality was their belief that marriage should

survey

Kinsey pioneered the scientific _____ study, using a questionnaire to reveal the attitudes and behaviors of a large number of people.

They were engaging in far more types of sexual behaviors than researchers (or the public) expected.

Kinsey's original study revealed what surprising aspects of Americans' behavior?

perversions

Krafft-Ebing called abnormal sexual symptoms _____ , by which he meant unusual or extreme sexual urges or acts.

progressive and empathetic

Krafft-Ebing's treatment recommendations for treatments reveal that he was _____ as compared to his peers.

adolescence

Margaret Mead's groundbreaking work on Samoa compared Samoans and Americans during what phase of life, one that she saw as a time of great turbulence?

teen sex education

Mary Calderone founded the pioneering Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. What was its focus?

contraception

Mary Calderone was the first female doctor to promote _____ .

direct observation in a laboratory

Masters and Johnson believed that what type of sexual research gathering was scientifically accurate?

how people became aroused and what went wrong when they couldn't have an orgasm.

Masters and Johnson pioneered research between 1957 and 1965 in order to better understand

roles context ideas history

Michael Foucault challenged Freud's ideas of sexual unconsciousness and claimed that which of the following shapes sexuality? (Select all that apply.)

People cannot really remember their childhood fantasies, and much of his research focused on that. He only observed patients in his office, not in their daily lives. He only observed adults.

Modern researchers criticize Freud for which of the following?

Women had uncontrollable sexual urges.

Most 19th-century physicians were male and most subscribed to which of the following views about women?

circumcision without anesthesia

Nineteenth-century physician John Harvey Kellogg believed in what "prescription" for curing masturbation in young boys?

greater community participation

Participatory action research (PAR) studies in sex research aim to motivate ____ in the study.

well-being

Sally feels positive, joyful, and excited about her sexual life. Her physical state and mental state are fantastic. Although she is learning the skills and knowledge in this class, one can assume Sally has sexual _____.

dysfunction

Sexual _____ is broadly defined as problems shared by couples that interfere with enjoyment or sexual intercourse or with orgasm.

function

Sexual degeneracy is defined as the impairment of sexual _____ .

cultures

Sexual science is the study of sexual behavior across all the human species, all _____ , and all individuals.

focus

Sexual well-being is reached once pleasure, protection, _____ and purpose in life are achieved.

physiological

Sexuality research that is experimental often focuses on _____ responses to various stimuli.

underlying mental disorder

Sigmund Freud's major research was to understand the _____ in his patients causing distress.

attitudes behaviors knowledge

Surveys and interviews are ways to identify which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

To expand research through numerous positive programs. To implement and strengthen interventions for HIV/AIDS and other problems. To increase awareness through education and media.

The 2001 Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior (2001) included which of the following as part of its policy vision? (Select all that apply.)

the United Nations

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formulated by what organization?

interdisciplinary

The _____ perspective is the holistic integration of research in different disciplines to describe and explain all of human sexuality.

hypothesis

The ______ is the proposition set forth to explain some observation, method, or data analysis.

Europe

The late-19th-century trend of studying sexuality in a scientific manner began in _____.

correlation

The relationship between two variables, such as the effects of playing violent games and the effects of watching violent movies, is seeking to find a(n) _______ , or a relationship.

independent

The variable that is manipulated and changed by the experiment is the _____ variable.

false

True or false: Influencing laws and policies regarding sexual behavior is beyond the scope of interdisciplinary research when studying sexuality.

false

True or false: Internet questionnaires are increasingly popular with researchers because they have almost zero methodological issues.

true

True or false: Masters and Johnson's work disproved Freud's belief that the only real orgasm for women is in the vagina.

To better understand human sexual behavior. To help predict the sexual behaviors of others. To influence laws and policies regarding sexual behavior.

What are the three primary goals of interdisciplinary sexuality research?

clinical studies of what went wrong with people's sexuality

What aspect of sexuality did Havelock Ellis study?

the World Health Organization (WHO)

What organization has played the most critical role in championing the link between sexual health and reproductive, sexual, and gender orientation rights?

It had no role; it was largely left out.

What role did human sexuality rights play in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

talk therapy focused on becoming comfortable with sex

What technique did Masters and Johnson develop to help couples deal with sexual dysfunction?

psychoanalysis

What was the popular technique used by Freud, which ascribes behaviors to unconscious desires?

female sexuality

What was the topic of Kinsey's second study, which resulted in media headlines?

retrospective bias

When a case study depends upon retrospective self-reports, there is a danger of _____, a distortion that may result in a person not remembering certain aspects of an event clearly, or perhaps misremembering the event altogether.

questionnaires testing direct observation

When a researcher utilizes case study, the professional may use which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Interviewers can ask follow-up questions for clarification. They allow researchers to build rapport. The interviewer can vary the sequence of questions depending on responses.

Which of the following are advantages to face-to-face interviews? (Select all that apply.)

They are less costly compared to face-to-face interviews. They can ensure anonymity.

Which of the following are among the advantages of using questionnaires in research? (Select all that apply.)

He focused more on language than on actual social behavior. He tended to focus too exclusively on Western society.

Which of the following are among the criticisms of Foucault's work? (Select all that apply.)

The right to teach and learn about sex. The right to respect people's bodies. The right to be sexually active or not.

Which of the following are among the sexuality rights that have been added to already recognized human rights?

The personal nature of the interaction may lead to purposeful omissions of information. They can be expensive to conduct.

Which of the following are disadvantages to face-to-face interviews? (Select all that apply.)

talking therapy free association dreams

Which of the following are foundational in Freud's psychoanalysis? (Select all that apply.)

It has evolved to be a much more positive study than it began.

Which of the following best describes sexology?

It is a never-ending process.

Which of the following statements about sexual literacy is true?

Magnus Hirschfeld

Which researcher privately helped found the homosexual rights movement in Germany?

Magnus Hirschfeld

Who founded the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin, a first-of-its-kind treatment center?

Data is increasingly collected via the Internet.

Why is it especially important today to authenticate participants' data as truthful and to ensure that participants are not harmed in sex research?

experimental

Yan is conducting research in which he studies physiological responses to sexual imagery, specifically genital responses which he monitors by multiple instruments. In what type of research is Yan involved?

Participatory

_____ action research is a newer social method of gathering and using information that involves strong community participation.

research

_____ designs is the broad, general term for scientific models that lay out the aims, methods, and analysis of data.

universal

_____ human rights are freedoms to which all humans are entitled.

Social justice

_____ is defined as the fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges in society that imply respect, dignity, and the application of human rights in people's daily lives.

sexuality

_____ literacy is defined as the knowledge and skills needed to promote and protect sexual well-being.

Quantitative

_____ research focuses on gathering numerical information and encoding it into numeric form.

random

_____ sampling is when every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Erogenous

_____ zones of the body are highly sensitive to sexual stimulation.

Objectivity

______ refers to the absence of personal bias.

sexual negotiation

discussion and interaction that lead to agreement about sexual relationships

sexual empowerment

taking responsibility for one's own sexuality, making one's own choices, and respecting one's own needs, desires, and values

sexual selfhood

the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive and negative feelings