HDEV Chapter 19, HDEV Ch 16-19 (Final), HDEV PSY 200 Quiz Chapter 18, hdev chapter 17 middle and late adulthood, HDEV Chapters 17-19 Study Guide, Psychology 17-19 (HDEV), HDEV 17-18, HDEV Chapter 17

Explain the function of hospice.

A way of living with assistance at home without having to go into a retirement or nursing home helping the family care for the dying

Taste Smell deciline

decreases about 9fold from youth.We also lose taste buds.

Deterioration of mental abilities, memory, judgment and reasoning

dementia

What are the kinds of psychological problems in late adulthood?

dementia, alzheimer's, and parkinson's

health habits

depend on individual choice and social context

oldest-old

dependent on others for almost everything, requiring supportive services such as nursing homes and hospital stays generally over age 85

the meaning assigned to death

depends partly on cognitive maturation and personal experience.

What are the symptoms and treatments for depression in the elderly?

depression is masked by physical symptoms physical complaints emotional and often overlooked treatment through antidepressants

Theories of development during late adulthood:

describe how people cope with getting older and approaching death.

palliative care

designed not to treat illness but to relieve suffering

near-death experience

an episode in which a person comes close to dying but survives and reports having left his or her body and having moved towards a bright, white light while feeling peacefulness and joy

the life review

an examination of one's own part in life, engaged in by many elderly people

Hospice

an institution in which terminally ill patients receive palliative care

Treatment for depression

antidepressant drugs and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. If left untreated, can lead to suicide

These enzymes and nutrients disarm free redicals

antioxidants

What factors cause middle adults to change career?

crisis such as divorce, conflict with a coworker, or getting fired may force middle adult to take any job that they can find

Irreversible cessation of vital life functions

deah

What is the roll a doctor has when a person dies?

declares death, time of death, and signs the death ceritificate

secondary aging

the specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person

Demography **

the study of the characteristics of human populations, including size, birth and death rates, density, and destruction

primary aging

the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older

free radical theory

theory of aging that attributes aging to damage caused by the accumulation of unstable molecules called free radicals

cross linking theory

theory of aging that holds that the stiffening of body proteins eventually breaks down bodily processes, leading to aging

As people age:

they generally do not want to waste their time on unimportant social relationships

Episodic or autobiographical memory

things that happened to us.

old-old

those over age 75 Suffer from some losses in body, mind, or social support Still have some strengths

Coping requires...

time and skills to come to terms with it and move ahead with one's life Have a supportive social network helps

bereavement

the sense of loss following a death

Kovorkian

"Dr death"

How has death changed in the past 100 years

*Death occurs later *Dying takes longer *Death often occurs in hospitals *Causes of death have changed *After death

nutrition

*with age the body becomes less efficient at digesting food and using its nutrients *Need fewer calories as we age

adolescence & emerging adulthood

*Age 15-25 *"Live fast, die young, and leave a good-looking corpse" *Guns, cars, suicides, car accidents, homicides, gang wars, foolish dares *Terror management theory

abstract problem solving ability

*As in complex math problems, is not related to older adults' quality of life *"Real-world" or everyday problem-solving skills are crystallized; experiences with people play a helpful role

cross linking theory

*As we age, cell proteins bind to one another in a process called cross-linking, thereby toughening tissues. *Cross-linking stiffens collagen. *believes the stiffening of body proteins accelerates and eventually breaks down bodily processes, leading to some of the effects of aging *Immune system combats cross-linking, but becomes less able to do so as we age

free radicals theory

*Attributes aging to damage caused by the accumulation of unstable molecules called free radicals *Free radicals are produced during metabolism by oxidation, possibly damaging cell proteins, membranes, and DNA. *Damage may cause us to age faster and become more vulnerable to diseases associated with aging

supporting a dying person

*Be there for the person *Ask the person to talk about death and grieve *Be sensitive to the person's feelings, offer consolation and support *People with cognitive impairment may repeat certain thoughts many times *Listen or gently guide the conversation in another direction now and then

body shape and muscles

*Become shorter, losing a centimeter every decade *Vertebrae of the spine begin settling closer together in middle age *Older adults weigh less than in middle age; less muscle tissue *May indicate weakness, thinner bones, fracture risk and disease onset

somatic DNA damage theory

*DNA damages occur continuously in cells of living organisms. *Cellular Aging***

Shared leisure activities:

contribute to marital satisfaction and family well-being.

Frontal lobe disorders (frontotemporal NCD)

*Deterioration of the amygdala and frontal lobes *The parts of the brain that regulate emotions and social behavior *Compassion, self-awareness and judgment fade *Accounts for 15% of dementias in US

selective adaptation

*Epigenetic Theory *the process by which humans and other organisms gradually adjust to their environment *genes for the traits that are most useful will become more frequent, thus making survival of species more likely

John Bowlby

*First to hypothesize four stages to grieving *shock-numbness, yearning-searching, disorganization-despair, and reorganization

program (control process)

*Flow of information *Strategies for memory, retrieval and problem solving *Selective attention *Tend to rely on deductive reasoning and intuitive thought.

Neurocognitive Disorders (NCD)

*Impairment of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease. May be major or mild. *Traditionally called senility, then dementia. *More common with age but abnormal and pathological at any age.

Lewy bodies

*Increase in Lewy body (round deposits of protein) cells in the brain *Visual hallucinations, falling, fainting, attention loss, loss of inhibition *Accounts for 3-5% of dementias in US

arthritis

*Joint inflammation that results from conditions affecting the structures inside and surrounding the joints *Symptoms progress from redness to heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function More common with advancing age *More common in women than men *More common in African Americans than European Americans

terminal decline (or terminal drop)

*Many elderly people lose intellectual power when death is near—the overall slowdown of cognitive abilities in the months/weeks before death. *Not directly caused by age, but the result of being near death.

emotional regulation

*Older adults focus on remaining calm and unperturbed *Difference due to older adults' decreased tendency to express anger and increased priority on regulating emotion

prospective memory classic study

*Older and younger adults asked to call an answering service every day for two weeks at a specific time of their own choice. *20% of younger adults made every call. *90% of older adults did *Use memory strategies *Better at routines

osteoarthritis

*Painful, degenerative disease involving wear and tear on joints *more common among obese *wear and tear

mourning

*Public and ritualistic expression of bereavement *Difference based on religion and culture *Clothing, cards, food, prayers *Often time-limited

spiritual and cultural affirmation

*Role of religion in providing hope at death is evident in every tradition *People who think they might die soon are more likely to believe in life after death

compression of morbidity

*Shortening the time spent in illness before death *Result of lifestyle, attitude, medicine

prevention and treatment

*Slow down senescence (improve overall health) *Improve blood circulation *Prevent hypertension and diabetes *Exercise *Medication for high cholesterol *Avoiding specific pathogens *Continue research for Alzheimer Disease *Early drug treatment when appropriate *There is no know "CURE"

Parkinson's Disease

*a chronic, progressive disease *characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity *sometimes dementia, caused by a reduction of dopamine production in the brain

wisdom

*a cognitive perspective characterized by a broad, practical, comprehensive approach to life's problems *reflecting timeless truths rather than immediate expediency *seems to be more common in the elderly than in the young *Comes from experience and practice with real life problems.

seeking blame and meaning (part of bereavement)

*a common impulse after death is for the survivor to asses blame *the normal grief reaction is intense and irrational at first but gradually eases time, social support, and traditions help

death in adulthood

*a major shift in attitude about death occurs when adults become responsible for work and family *death is not romanticized, but dreaded as something to be avoided or at least postponed *Worry about leaving their work undone

disenfranchised grief

*a situation in which certain people, although they are bereaved, are not allowed to mourn publicly *Unmarried lovers, young children, extended family

incomplete grief

*a situation in which circumstances, such as a police investigation or an autopsy, interfere with the process of grieving *Murders, suicides, soldiers *Major holiday, wartime, disasters

absent grief

*a situation in which overly private people cut themselves off from the community and customs of expected grief *can lead to social isolation *May erupt later in unexpected ways and interfere with life

active euthanasia

*a situation in which someone takes action to bring about another person's death, with the intention of ending that person's suffering *slippery slope - slide into killing people, old/poor, who are not ready to die

What is death?

*an end or a beginning *a private and personal event *a part of the larger culture *something to deny or avoid *something to welcome

grief

*an individual's powerful and personal emotional response to the death of another *Overtakes daily life

death in late adulthood

*anxiety about death decreases, hope rises *a sign of mental health in older adults is acceptance of their mortality *older people write their wills, designate health proxies---performing these actions does not mean that they have given up on life Legacy work

exercise

*becomes difficult *muscles stiffen and atrophy causes less range of motions *less flexibility leads to back problems

skin and hair

*becomes drier, thinner, and less elastic, age spots *hair becomes grayer, turns white, and thins *Male pattern baldness-genetic

endocrine theory

*biological clocks act through hormones to control the pace of aging. *Hormonal stress theory *Hormonal changes foster age-related changes such as puberty and menopause. *Stress hormones are left at elevated levels following illnesses, making the body more vulnerable to chronic conditions such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and heart disease.

death in childhood

*children as young as 2 have some understanding of death, but their perspective differs from that of older family members *children have some comprehension of death—adults cannot assume that children share their perceptions *Preoperational, concrete operational thinking........

rheumatoid arthritis

*chronic inflammation of the membrane that line the joints because the immune system attack its own tissues *affects the entire body

Drug use and abuse

*cigarette leading killer *alcohol is either not at all or over used *use legal drugs *sometimes addictive *misunderstood directions *more than one doctor

similar lifestyle in 4 ways***

*diet was moderate *work continued throughout life *family and community were important *exercise and relaxation were part of daily routine

stereotype threat

*does most harm when individuals internalize other people's prejudices and react with helplessness *if the elderly fear losing their minds because they have internalized the idea that old age always bring dementia, that fear may become a stereotype threat, undermining normal thinking *elderspeak

Social Compensation

*driving

aesthetic sense and creativity

*elderly people seem to gain a greater appreciation of nature and aesthetic experience *more interested in arts, children, human experiences *more likely to reach Maslow's "self-actualization"

aging brain

*elderly think more slowly *brain gets smaller *older people use more parts of their brain

self fulfilling prophecy

*from older people being ageist *fear of losing one's mind undermine cognitive competence *ageism undercuts the ability of elders *most people over 70 think that they are doing better than other people their age***

Death

*highlights cultural differences and ethical dilemmas *is a passage

selective memory

*in areas not related to expertise, selective deficits in long-term memory appear *Happy events between age 10-30, more easily remembered *Emotions remembered better than factual details

relationship between birth rates and longevity

*inverse relationship *as the aged population increases we find fewer births

speed is crucial for

*many aspects of cognition *especially working memory

dulling of the senses

*most troubling part of senescence is the loss of sensory ability *senses become slower and less sharp with each decade

input (memory)

*must cross sensory threshold *cognitiond depends on perception and perception depends on sensation *interference

other factors of cognition other than reduced speed

*past education *current intellectual challenges *health

good death

*peaceful *quick *occurs at the end of a long life *in familiar surrounding *with family and friends present *without pain, confusion, or discomfort

cellular aging

*people grow old because of the cells of their body becoming old, damaged, or exhausted *new cells continually created, each designed as the exact copy of an old cell *this cell duplication may produce aging, because each cell is so complex that minor errors inevitably accumulate

older adults who are better at multitasking and working memory use their

*prefrontal cortex *There is a significant benefit from activities to help with focus *Screen distractions, write down reminders, talking it through

ageism among scientists

*scientists measure age differences in memory in the same way they studied memory in general—in laboratories, in the afternoon, using nonsense syllables *these factors work against older adults, who tend to perform best in familiar settings, in the morning, with familiar words

Individual Compensation

*sex *Compensate for physical changes by optimizing the relationship in other ways. *Life after losing a partner

Vascular NCD

*stroke *temporary obstructions of blood vessels in the brain prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain, causing brain damage *the second most common

brain slowdown

*the elderly react more slowly than young adults *reduced production of neurotransmitters—glutamate, acetylcholine, serotonin and dopamine—that allow a nerve impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another

telomeres

*the ends of chromosomes in the cells, whose length decrease with each cell duplication and seems to correlate with longevity *Stress shortens telomeres

immunological

*the immune system is programmed to decline over time, leading to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus aging and death. *As this immune system declines, cancers grow, effects of viruses appear.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

*the most common cause of NCD *characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality *marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau in the brain *genetic link- but some never develop AD and others without the link do

average life expectancy

*the number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live *Mirrored by geographic location

maximum life span

*the oldest possible age that members of a species can live *under ideal circumstances for humans, the age is approximately 122 years

programmed longevity

*the result of a sequential switching on and off of certain genes *genetic clock—genetically programmed to die *Down's syndrome and other genetic diseases that show "premature aging" support this theory

polypharmacy

*without considering interaction, many drugs commonly taken by the elderly slow down mental processes *inadequate nutrition is connected to overmedication *many medications reduce absorption of vitamins *Clinical trials are done with younger adults

storage (memory)

*working memory declines with age *long term memory - knowledge base continues to grow

Hormonal stress theory focuses on...

- on the endocrine system Hormonal changes foster age-related changes such as puberty and menopause. Stress hormones are left at elevated levels following illnesses -- which makes the body more vulnerable to chronic conditions

the programmed theory

1) Programmed Longevity 2) Endocrine Theory 3) Immunological Theory

What is the criteria for determining brain death?

cortex shuts down, midbrain shuts down, brain stem shuts down

damage or error theory

1) Wear and tear theory 2) Rate of living theory 3) Cross-linking theory. 4) Free radicals theory 5) Somatic DNA damage theory

Adverse Drug Rxns & Substance Abuse: 3 reasons

1.The dosage of drugs is too high. Because bodily functions slow with age (such as the ability of the liver and kidneys to clear drugs out of the body), the same amount of drug can have stronger effects and last longer in older people. 2. Some people may misunderstand directions or be unable to keep track of their usage. 3. Many older persons have more than one doctor, and treatment plans may not be coordinated.

Max life span

115 years

Robert Peck's Development Tasks (3)

1) Ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation. After retirement, people need to find new ways of defining their self-worth outside of their achieve-ments in the workplace, perhaps in terms of roles in the community, activities with friends and family, or in spiritual undertakings.Need to separate work identity from retired identity. 2) Body transcendence versus body preoccupation. At some point in late adulthood, people face inevitable physical decline, and it is in their best interests to come to terms with it by placing more value on cog-nitive activities and social relationships. Some people, of course, run into chronic illnesses or disabilities years earlier and must face the need to transcend body preoccupation prior to late adulthood. All about how you deal with the pills/treatments that increase through older adulthood. 3) Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation. Ego transcendence means preparing in some way to go beyond the physical limitations of one's own lifespan. As death comes nearer, some prepare to transcend death by helping secure the futures of their children or grandchildren. Others work more broadly to benefit a church, synagogue, or mosque, or to leave planet Earth in "better shape" than they found it. Basically being able to put to not over-worry about your life issues.

Three major causes of death of Americans age 65 and older.

1)Heart Disease 2)Cancer 3)Stroke Cancer is the leading cause of death in women between the ages of 40 and 79, and men between the ages of 60 and 79, but heart disease is the nation's leading cause of death among both men and women beyond the age of 80.

_____ of marriages in the United States last for more than 50 years.

20-25%

Immunological Theory

A theory of aging that holds that the immune system is preset to decline by an internal biological clock.

Successful Aging

2006). By and large, the definitions included physical activity, social contacts, self-rated good health, the absence of cognitive impairment and depression, nonsmoking, and the absence of disabilities and chronic diseases such as arthritis and diabetes.

The Conference Board (2010) survey found what?

45% of Americans are happy with their jobs

What percentage of Americans die at home?

66%

Cataract

A condition characterized by clouding of the lens of the eye.

Dementia

A condition characterized by deterioration of cognitive functioning.

Glaucoma

A condition involving abnormally high fluid pressure in the eye.

Cross-linked Theory

A theory of aging that holds that the stiffening of body proteins eventually breaks down bodily processes; leading to aging.

Wear-and-Tear Theory

A theory of aging that suggests that over time our bodies become less capable of repairing themselves.

Osteoporosis

A disorder in which bones become more porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, due to loss of calcium and other minerals.

Living Will

A document prepared when a person is well, directing medical care providers to terminate life-sustaining treatment in the event he or she becomes incapacitated and unable to speak.

What takes place when elderly are moved to retirement homes?

A drastic decline and a loss of independence and very socially selective

Siblings

A lifespan developmental study of twin relation-ships found that, compared with other sibling relationships, the twin relationships were more intense in terms of frequency of contacts, intimacy, conflict, and emotional support. Frequency of contact and emotional closeness declined from early to middle adulthood, but increased again in late adulthood (mean age at time of study = 71.5 years).

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A painful, degenerative disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the membranes that line the joints.

Osteoarthritis

A painful, degenerative disease characterized by wear and tear on the joints.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

A severe form of dementia characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability, and progressive loss of cognitive functioning.

Free-radical Theory

A theory of aging that attributes to aging to damage caused by the accumulation of unstable molecules called free radicals.

Substance abuse

Abuse or misuse of medication (prescription and over-the-counter drugs), much of which is unintentional, pose a serious health threat to older Americans. Forty percent of all prescription drugs in the United States are taken by people age 60 and older, and more than half of them take two to five medications daily (Johnson-Greene & Inscore, 2005). Among the most commonly used drugs are blood pressure medication, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and anti-depressants. It is not true that substance abuse is rare in late adulthood. Millions of older adults are addicted to, or risk becoming addicted to, prescription drugs, especially tranquilizers.

Accidents

Accidents are the ninth leading cause of death among older Americans.

Binding Hypothesis & Associative Memory

According to the binding hypothesis, older adults are impaired primarily in associating items with one another, but not in remembering individual items. A second hypothesis states that the specific impairment is in recollection when the individual attempts to retrieve the information, which may reflect poor binding during encoding, poor use of strategic processes during retrieval, or both.

This theory describes older adults fare better when engage in social and physical activities.

Activity theory. Physical activity is associated with a lower mortality rate in late adulthoold

What does Hospice do?

Addresses medical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual needs of patients, family, and friends Emphasizes quality of life Considers the entire family, not just the patient, to be the unit of care Provides bereavement counseling after the death Provides continuous help and support to the patient and family

Changes in men and sexuality

Age-related changes tend to occur more gradually in men than in women and are not clearly connected with any one biological event. Men take longer to get erections, they are less hard possibly due to lower testosterone levels. Testosterone production usually declines gradually from about age 40 to age 60, and then begins to level off. However, the decline is not inevitable and may be related to a man's general health. Sperm production tends to decline, but viable sperm may be produced by men in their seventies, eighties, and nineties.

Prejudice against older people

Ageism

These age group is the most rapidly growing segment of the American population

Ages 65 sand up (Late adulthood)

Pathological Aging

Aging in which chronic diseases or degenerative processes, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, lead to disability or premature death.

Pathological Aging

Aging which is caused by disease or degeneration.

Life expectancy men vs women

Although the longevity gap between men and women is narrowing, life expectancy among men trails that among women by about 5 years (75.65 years for men versus 80.69 years for women). The gap is due to the fact that heart disease typically develops later in life in women then men. estrogen provides women some protection against heart disease. Also, men are more likely to die from accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, strokes, suicide, homi-cide, HIV/AIDS, and some forms of cancer. Many of these causes of death reflect unhealthful habits that are more typical of men, such as drinking, reckless behavior, and smoking. Women are more likely to visit the doctor and regularly check them self for breast cancer vs. men and testicular cancer.

examples of NCD

Alzheimer Disease Vascular NCD frontal lobe disorder

Memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability, and progressive loss of cognitive functioning. The leading cause of dementia

Alzheimer's disease

Hospice

An organization that treats dying patients by focusing on palliative care rather than curative treatment.

Anxiety

Anxiety disorders affect at least 3% of people aged 65 and older, but co-exist with depression in about 8% to 9% of older adults. Older women are approximately twice as likely to be affected than older men. Anxiety disorders can be harmful to older people's physical health. When older adults with anxiety disor-ders are subjected to stress, their levels of cortisol (a stress hormone) rise, and it takes a good deal of time for them to subside (Chaudieu et al., 2008). Cortisol sup-presses the functioning of the immune system, making people more vulnerable to illness.

Rheumatoid

Arthritis caused by immune system attaching itself.

This disease causes joint inflammation, swelling, pain, stiffness, and loss of function

Arthritits

Eight Americas

As a matter of fact, some health professionals speak of "eight Americas," which roughly correspond to areas of the country, but more importantly, represent gender, ethnicity, and styles of life. For example, the life expectancy for an Asian American woman living in an upscale county in "America One" is in the upper 80s. The life expectancy for an African American male living in an urban environment with a high risk of homicide in "America Eight" is in the 60s

catarct

Cataracts cloud the lenses of the eyes, reducing vision. Today, outpatient surgery for correcting cataracts is routine. If performed before the condition progresses too far, the outcome for regained sight is excellent.

Cross-Linking Theory

As we age, cell proteins bind to one another in a process called cross-linking, thereby toughening tissues. Cross-linking stiffens collagen—the connective tissue supporting tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone. One result is coarse, dry skin. (Flavored animal collagen, or gelatin, is better known by the brand name Jell-O .) Cross-linking theory holds that the stiffening of body proteins accelerates and eventually breaks down bodily processes, leading to some of the effects of aging (Rat-tan et al., 2006). The immune system combats cross-linking, but becomes less able to do so as we age.

drugs also effect nutrition

Aspirin on vitamin C Antibiotics reduce absorption of some minerals Caffeine reduces water in the body

What do family of patients assume when going to the hospital?

Assume going there gives them the best chance of avoiding death

The stages of AD

At first there are subtle cognitive and personality changes in which people with AD have trouble managing finances and recalling recent events. As AD progresses, people find it harder to manage daily tasks, select clothes, recall names and addresses, and drive. Later, they have trouble using the bathroom and maintaining hygiene. They no longer recognize family and friends or speak in full sentences. They may become restless, agitated, confused, and aggressive. They may get lost in stores, parking lots, even their own homes. They may experience hallucinations or paranoid delusions, believing that others are attempting to harm them. People with AD may eventually become unable to walk or com-municate and become completely dependent on others.

Implicit Memory (automatic)

Automatic memories based on repetition and apparently not requiring any conscious effort to retrieve.

Commonly used drugs that are abused by the elderly

BP meds, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and antidepressant

Ways to support a dying person

Be there for the person Ask the person to talk about death and grieve Be sensitive to the person's feelings, offer consolation and support People with cognitive impairment may repeat certain thoughts many times Listen or gently guide the conversation in another direction now and then

Dementia

Caused by Alzheimer's disease

Midlife transition is theorized to occur when? During this time, what do they begin to believe?

Between the age of 40-45. They have more to look upon than forawrd

Define cataracts and glaucoma

Blurry vision and pressure built up in the eye

Bone Density (Osteoporosis)

Bones in the spine, hip, thigh, and forearm lose the most den-sity as we age. a disorder in which bones become more porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, due to loss of calcium and other minerals. Fifteen to 20% of the people who sustain a hip fracture die within a year. Following the decline in bone den-sity that women experience after menopause, women stand about twice the risk of hip fractures and about eight times the risk of spine fractures that men do.

Restriction

Calorie ______ can reduce the risk of certain diseases and has increased longevity in mice.

Palliative Care

Care that focuses on making one comfortable not a cure.

Normal Aging

In normal aging, physiological processes decline slowly with age and the person is able to enjoy many years of health and vitality into late adulthood.

Osteoarthritis

Caused by wear and tear on the joints over time.

What are the causes of dementia?

Cell degeneration

Whole Brain Death

Cessation of activity of the cerebral cortex and brain stem.

Brain Death

Cessation of activity to the cerebral cortex.

What changes lead to vision disorder

Chemical changes

Define and explain the process of embalming

Cleaning and preserving a body

Grief

Combination of emotions Depression, loneliness, feelings of emptiness, disbelief, and numbness

Depression affects about 10% of older adults. What are some origins for this?

Connected with personality factor of neuroticism (negative emotional state) Possible structural brain changes Possible genetic predisposition of imbalance neurotransmitter noradrenaline Connected with memory lapses & other cognitive impairment

What happens when couples reach the age of 60?

Couples spend more time with each other intimacy becomes important again and the couple becomes more similar to one another

Explain active religious involvement during late adulthood

Creates a sense of meaning, makes life worthwhile with social support and hopefulness

Stiffening of body proteins that leads to break down bodily process

Cross Linking theory

Mourning

Customary methods of expressing grief

Mourning

Customary methods of expressing grief.

What does Osteoporosis do?

Decrease density of the bones because it looses Ca+ and becomes prone to fractures and shortens one's height as well as curvature of spine and forming hump

Dementia

Dementia is a condition characterized by dramatic deterioration of mental abilities involving thinking, memory, judgment, and reasoning. Dementia is not a consequence of normal aging, but of disease processes that damage brain tissue. Some causes of dementia include brain infections such as meningitis, HIV, and encephalitis and chronic alcoholism, infections, strokes and tumors.

What are the stages of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?

Denial, anger, bargaining, and acceptance

Kubler 5 stages of death

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Depression

Depression in older people can be a continuation of depression from earlier periods of life, or it can be a new development. Depression can be connected with the personality factor of neuroticism, possible structural changes in the brain , and a possible genetic predisposition to imbalances of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Depression goes undetected and untreated in older people much of the time (Cochran, 2005). Depression may be overlooked because its symptoms are masked by physical complaints such as low energy, loss of appetite, and insomnia, and because health care providers tend to focus more on older people's physical health than their mental health. Many older people are reluctant to admit to depression because psychological problems carried more of a stigma when they were young. Depres-sion is also connected with memory lapses and other cognitive impairment, such as difficulty concentrating.

Antioxidants

Diets rich in these can help fight off free radicals.

Ego Integrity Versus Despair

Erkison's eighth life crisis, defined by maintenance of belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile despite physical decline and the inevitability of death versus depression and hopelessness.

Cognitive Development

Fluid intelligence declines and crystallized intelligence can continue to improve It seems that the working memories of older adults hold less information simultaneously than the working memories of young adults.

What is the function of the frontal region of your brain?

Directs your attention

What causes the gap in diagnosis and treatment in the elderly population?

Discrimination of their age

What is the disengagement theory?

Disengaging from society and facing death

Older adults and society withdraw from one another as older adults approach death describes this theory

Disengagment Theory

The living will

Document prepared when a person is well. Directing medical care providers to terminate life-sustaining treatment in the event he or she becomes incapacitated and unable to speak Must be drafted in accordance with state laws Applicable only if the person is unable to speak Physicians more likely to follow specific advance directives

Why do people aged 75 and older show decline in comprehension

Due to decline in working memory and impairments in hearing

What is Erkson's 8th and final stage of life?

Ego Intergrity or despair which is maintenance of the belief that life is meaniful and worthwile

What is Robert Peck's developmental task?

Ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation Body transcendence versus body preoccupation Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation

Staff act harshly towards resident is ___ ____

Elder abuse

Greif

Emotional suffering one has after a death.

Grief

Emotional suffering resulting from a death.

This syndrome is a feeling of loneliness or loss of purpose that parents experience when their kids leave home

Empty Nest Syndrome

What are some changes in women?

Estrogen production decreases Vaginal walls loose elasticity, paler/thinner Sexual activity become painful

Passive

Euthanasia whereby patients death process is not interfered with; Do not resuscitate.

Hospital

Even though times are changing most die here.

memory for specific information. Factual information and experiences that one can declare and recall. Aware

Explicit

Infectious disease kill more of the elderly T/F?

F now it is chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.

Depression affects 50% of adults over age 70.

False

T/F Older adults cant use both programs

False, they can

T/F Older adults fare well in tasks that assess explicit memory but not in tasks that assess implicit memory.

False. Don't fare as well as younger adult in task that measure explicit memory. They peform well in task that assess implicit memory

T/F Older adults more likely than younger adults to seek divorce

False. Less

Agoraphobia

Fear of open, crowded places.

Define relationships in older adults

Fewer friends, closer couples, and more cohabitation

Older Adulthood Social & Emotional Development

For many people, the later years are the best years—especially when they are filled with meaningful activ-ity. The stresses involved in building and maintaining a career, selecting a mate, and rearing children may have receded. Questions of identity may have become settled.Troubling emotions such as depression and anxi-ety tend to decline as we age, whereas positive emo-tions remain fairly steady (Charles et al., 2001). On the whole, older Americans are at least as happy as younger people. According to the National Health Interview Survey, the majority of people 65 and older consider themselves to be in "excellent," "very good," or "good" overall health when compared with other people of their age.

Successful agers are...

Form emotional goals that bring them satisfaction No longer compete in arenas left for younger people Stay optimistic and challenge themselves by taking up new pursuits They focus on maximizing life expereince

Organized way of responding to death according to religious customs and traditions

Funeral arrangement

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

General feelings of dread and foreboding.

This anxiety disorder are general feelings of dread and boredom

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

____ based on on instinct to procreate (rearing kids contribute to life). Enhances meaning of life & self esteem

Generativity

What are is the major psychological challenge of the middle years

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Women feel effects of ___ ____ which describe how they were sought out in the hiring process but found it hard to advance in their employment

Glass Ceiling

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a buildup of fluid pressure inside the eyeball. Glaucoma can lead to tunnel vision (lack of peripheral vision) or blindness. Glaucoma rarely occurs before age 40, and affects about 1 in 250 people over the age of 40, and 1 in 25 people over 80. Rates are higher among African Americans than Euro-pean Americans, and among diabetics than nondiabetics. Glaucoma is treated with medication or surgery.

ageism and disease

Health professionals are less aggressive in treating disease. Caregivers help too much Exercise not as encouraged- older people are expected to slow down

young-old

Healthy, active, financially secure and independent. 60 to 75

Presbycusis

Hearing loss in late adulthood

What is the leading cause of death for adults over the age of 65?

Heart disease

What is the leading cause of death in adults over 80?

Heart disease

Factors causing longevity gap between men and women narrowing are....

Heart disease occurs later in women because of estrogen Other disease e.g. HIV/AIDS are more prevalent in men Men avoid medical attention until it worsen

Self Esteem

Higher in Men. Declines mostly between 70-85. Self esteem levels however were above the midpoint. drop in self-esteem they found among people in their 70s and 80s. The first is that life changes such as retirement, loss of a spouse or partner, lessened social support, declining health, and down-ward movement in socioeconomic status account for the drop in self-esteem. The other hypothesis is positive in that older people are wiser and more content.

shrinking brain

Hinder judgment (driving) White and gray matter reduced

Where do the majority of people in the U.S die?

Hospitals and nursing homes

What is the leading chronic health condition among people over the age of 65?

Hypertension

What are the reasons retirement may be difficult for some?

If one had a very fast paced job with high risk

Why are older adults more at risk for getting cancer?

Immune system becomes incapable of getting rid of precancerous and cancerous cells from the body

What are age-related deficit in associative memory?

Impairment in the initial learning process Specific impairment is in recollectiion when trying to remember Frontal regions of the brain directs an individual's attention to organizing info and strategic process Deterioration is evident in aging in frontal lobes and lesser degree in the medial temporal lobe

memory based on repetition and apparently not requiring conscious effort to retrieve (skills, repetition, habit) Unaware.

Implicit

Socioemotional Selectivity

In order to regulate their emotional lives as they grow older, people limit their social contacts to a few individuals who are of major importance to them. By the time older adults reach their eighties, they are likely to have whittled their social networks down to a few family members and friends. This does not mean that older adults are antisocial. It means, rather, that they see themselves as having less time to waste and that they are more risk-averse; that is, they do not want to involve themselves in painful social interactions. Older adults tend to recall more emotional material with age.

What are personality themes among college educated women?

In their 40s - they score higher on personality scales then women in their 20s In their 60s confidence in power, certaintiy and concern about agin Personal distress toward aging decreases with age

Retirement

Includes regularly putting money aside in plans e.g. investing in stocks, bonds, or a second home. Most of couples make retirement plans jointly

What leads to addiction of these substance abuse?

Incorrect dosage prescribed, misunderstanding directions or are unable to keep track of their usage and having more than 1 doctor

What are some factors that increase job satisfaction?

Increase in expertise, income, and have more realistic perception of their career goals

___ is an important factor in succesful aging and helps older people self esteem. Especially when using the toilet themselves. Whereas those dependent worry more about aging and encountered physical disabilities

Independence

Arthritis

Inflammation of the joints.

Cellular Damage theory

Internal bodily changes and external environmental assaults cause cells and organ systems to malfunction, leading to death

Intentional administration of lethal drugs or other means of producing a painless death without the person's informed consent

Involuntary active euthanasia

this lead to social isolation rather than martial seperation

Involuntary nature of being widowed

Phobic Disorder

Irrational exaggerated fear of an object or situation.

Phobic Disorder

Irrational, exaggerated fear of an object or situation.

Financial matters with death...

Issues concerning estates, inheritance, outstanding debts, insurances, and funeral expenses

Prospective Vs. Retrospective in Late Adulthood

It was found that age-related declines in processing speed and working memory—aspects of fluid intelligence—had important effects on retrospec-tive memory. However, there were age-related declines in prospective memory that appeared to be indepen-dent of processing speed and working memory. In other words, even if fluid intelligence remained intact, pro-spective memory might decline, suggestive of powerful roles for attention and distractibility. Another study found that the age-related decline in pro-spective memory is greatest when the task to be completed is not crucial and the cues used to jog the memory are not very prominent (Kliegel et al., 2008). When the task is important and older adults use conspicuous cues to remind them, age-related declines in prospective memory tend to disappear. However, the adults have to be cognitively intact enough to plan the strategy.

Who modified Kubler-Ross theory?

Jacob. Modified the stage theory to include: Numbness-disbelief, separation distress, depression-mourning, and recovery

Contributes to martial satisfaction and family well-being

Joint Leisure

adolescent and death

Know that life's functions cannot be restored. Exposed to death among older family members and fellow adolescents (More likely than young children to attend funerals). Engage in risky behavior though they recognize that the concept of death applies to them

This theorist adopted Bowblby's stage theory to come up with 5 stages reaction

Kubler Ross

Why did Retsinas critized Kubler-Ross theory?

Kübler-Ross's stages are limited to cases where people receive a diagnosis of a terminal illness Most people die because of advanced years with no specific terminal diagnosis

Factors making adjustments to retirment difficutl?

Lengthy attachment to work Lack of control over the transition to retirement Lack of self-confidence

Robet's Butler __ ___ recalls event of one's life in late adulthood, in an effort to construct a meaningful narrative. Older adults engage in it to make life meaningful, move on w/new relationships and find ego integrity

Life Review

Maxium amount of time a person can live under optimal conditons. Depends on genetic prgraming

Life Span/Longevity

Life Review

Life _______ = looking back over life to find meaning

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory has no known inherent limits, as noted in Chapter 9. Memories may reside there for a lifetime, to be recalled with the proper cues. But long-term memories are also subject to distortion, bias, and even decay.

Long Term Memory

Long-term memory has no known inherent limits. Memories may reside there for a lifetime, to be recalled with the proper cues. But long-term memories are also subject to distortion, bias, and even decay.

Life Review

Looking back on the events of ones life in late adulthood, often in an effort to construct a meaningful narrative.

Presbycusis

Loss of acuteness of hearing due to age related degenerative changes in the ear.

Osteoporosis

Loss of calcium in bones which makes them brittle

Sexual changes in women

Many of the physical changes in older women stem from a decline in estrogen production. The vaginal walls lose much of their elasticity and grow paler and thinner. Thus, sexual activity may become painful. The thinning of the walls may also place greater pressure against the bladder and urethra during sex, sometimes leading to urinary urgency and a burning sensation dur-ing urination. Following menopause, women also produce less vaginal lubrication, and lubrication may take minutes, not seconds, to appear. Lack of adequate lubrication is a key reason for painful sex. Women's nipples still become erect as they are sexually aroused, but the spasms of orgasm become less power-ful and fewer in number. Thus, orgasms may feel less intense, even though the experience of orgasm may remain just as satisfying. Despite these changes, women can retain their ability to reach orgasm well into their advanced years.

Self Esteem

May be lower in late adulthood due to life changes and losses.

Federal controlled health insurance for older Americans

Medicare

Treatmet of AD

Medicines can help improve memory functions in people with AD, but their effects are modest. Researchers are investigating whether regular use of anti- inflammatory drugs and antioxidants may lower the risk of developing AD by preventing the brain inflammation associated with AD. Calorie restriction may prevent the accumulation of plaque. Researchers are also investigating whether cognitive training that focuses on the enhancement of memory and processing speed can delay or pre-vent the development of AD.

Memory Retrospective Memories

Memories of the Past. 1)Explicit Memories: memory for specific information, including autobiographical information, such as what you had for breakfast, and general knowledge, such as state capitals. 2)Implicit Memories: are more automatic and recall the performance of tasks such as reciting the alpha-bet or multiplication tables, riding a bicycle, or using a doorknob. Older adults usually do not fare as well as younger adults in tasks that measure explicit memory, but they tend to do as well, or nearly as well, in tasks that assess implicit memory. Implicit memory often includes sensorimotor functions which helps.

Explicit Memory (episodic)

Memory for specific information, including autobiographical information, such as what you had for breakfast, and general knowledge, such as state capitals.

Retrospective Memory

Memory of past events and general knowledge.

Prospective Memory

Memory of things one has planned for the future.

Widowhood

Men have the most difficulty coping. much more likely to lead to social isolation than marital separation (Glaser et al., 2006). The reasons for isolation are physical, cog-nitive, and emotional. Widowhood leads to a decline in physical and mental health, including increased mortal-ity and deterioration in memory functioning (Aartsen et al., 2005). Loss of a spouse also heightens the risks of depression and suicide among older adults, and more so among men than women. Men are more likely to remarry. One reason is simply that women tend to outlive men, so there are more older women who are available. Another is that women, more so than men, make use of the web of kinship relations and close friendships available to them. Men may also be less adept than women at various aspects of self and household care, and therefore seek that help from a new partner.

Suicide

Most common in older people. Highest rates are found among men who have lost their wives or partners, lost social ties or who fear illness and loss of freedom. Fewer older adults suffer from depression than younger adults, suicide is still more frequent amongst older adults especially European American men.

Homes

Most older adults live in their own ______

Recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually evoke anxiety

Panic disorder

Legal matters with death...

Seek legal counsel if there are questions concerning how to handle the deceased person's affairs and to protect the family's financial interests

___ the study of instability - an enduring tendency to experience negative feelings i.e. anxiety, anger, etc

Neuroticism

How can parent help children cope with death?

Not force them to attend the funeral Avoid the usage of euphemisms Answer questions honestly Give them emotional support and reassurance Ensure there is a sense of closure

Jacob's modified theory

Numbness-disbelief separation distress depression-mourning recovery

Implicit

Older adults retain this memory well.

Selective Optimization with compensation

Older people manage to maximize their gains while minimizing their losses (in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment)

Social Contexts of Aging

Older people with plentiful financial resources, large amounts of equity in their homes, and strong ties to their communi-ties are more likely to remain in their homes.

Emotional

One goal in late adulthood may be more ______ than physical or otherwise.

Erosion of cartliage that causes wear and tear of joints. Most common in the knees, hips, fingers, neck and lower back.

Osteoarthritis

"dowager's hump

Osteoporosis can shorten one's stature by inches and deform one's posture, causing the curvature in the spine known as "dowager's hump." Both men and women are at risk of osteoporosis, but it poses a greater threat to women. Men have greater bone mass

How are parents-child relationship evolved?

Parents balance between staying in touch with young adult children and interfering with their life choices. Married children may present new family members (in-laws)

Language Development

People aged 75 and above tend to show a decline in reading comprehension that is related to a decrease in the scope of working memory. Associative memory decreases as well which can make the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon more likely.

Butler & Life Review

People have the ability to reminisce. life reviews can be complex and nuanced, incoherent and self- contradictory, or even replete with irony, tragedy, and comedy. Butler believes that older people engage in life reviews to attempt to make life meaningful, to move on with new relationships as contemporaries pass on, and to help them find ego integrity and accept the end of life. Pilot programs suggest that therapists may be able to relieve depression and other psychological problems in older adults by helping them reminisce about their lives

What did Kunzmann and Bates say about wisdom in older adults?

People with wisdom approach life's problems by addressing the meaning of life By including the past, present, and future, and the contexts in which the problems arise People with wisdom tend to be tolerant of other people's value systems Wise people tend to possess an unselfish love for others and also to be less afraid of death

Twenty Five

Percentage of marriages that last 50+ years.

Guidelines to arrange a funeral

Person should have a good, logical friend to go with him for the arrangements Negotiate services and costs of a funeral home, maintenance fees, opening and closing fees, and the casket Family will incur transportation fee even though veterans are entitled to a free burial plot

assist patients by providing them with lethal doses of drugs . Administer it when patients have been too ill to administer them themselves Never come under public scrutiny due to fear of being convicted

Physician-assisted suicide

Maslow

Physiological needs Safety Love and acceptance Respect Self-actualization Self-transcendence

Ageism

Prejudice against people because of their age.

Presbycusis

Presbycusis is age-related hearing loss that affects about 1 person in 3 over the age of 65 (Sommers, 2008). Hearing ability tends to decline more quickly in men than in women.

Normal Aging

Processes of aging that represent a gradual decline of systems and body functions, enabling people to enjoy health and vitality well into late adulthood.

Telomeres

Protective segments of DNA located at the tips of chromosomes.

Euthanasia

Purposeful taking of life to relieve suffering. Known as mercy killing

What is terminal sedation?

Sedating the patient to the point of death with no pain at all

Panic Disorder

Recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually evoke anxiety.

Sibling relationship

Reflects on the childhood relationship. Some get closer taking care of parents and dont if only one of them is taking care of their parents

Religion

Religious involvemnt is usually associated with less depression and more life satisfaction. Frequent church going has been shown to be associated with fewer problems in the activities of daily living among older people. Consider some of the benefits of frequent church-going found in studies of older African Americans. Older African Americans who attend services more than once a week live 13.7 years longer, on average, than their counterparts who never attend church. several reasons for their relative longevity, including avoidance of negative coping methods such as aggressive behavior and drinking alcohol, success in evading victimization by violence, a sense of hopefulness, and social support.

What are factors that causes low self-esteem in older people?

Retirement, downward socioeconomic status, and declining health. Men express less body esteem than older women

What are different behaviors children may display when dealing with death?

Revert back to younger or needier behaviors Become angry Believe that the deceased must be still alive

Body's immune system attacks its own tissue causing inflammation of the membranes. It affects all of the body and can lea to disablity

Rheumatoid Arthritis

John Bowblby's stages of grieving

Shock-numbness, yearning-searching, disorganization-despair, and reorganization

Advice for helping a bereaved friend or relative cope..

Should not: Worry about what to say Be afraid to talk about the deceased person Stop keeping in touch Assume that because the friend has not called, one cannot call him back

Why would some older adults feel relecutant to move in nursing homes?

Signigifies a loss of independence for them

Marriage

Similarity in personality is less of a contributor to conflict than it is in midlife, consistent with the finding that similarity in conscientiousness and extraversion is no longer strongly associated with marital dissatisfaction. In a study of 120 older Israeli couples, Kulik (2004) found that sharing power in the relationship and divid-ing household tasks contributed to satisfaction in the relationships. Past assistance from one's spouse in a time of need also affected the quality of the mar-riage and life satisfaction for both partners in the relationship.

Tend to maintain close relationship with siblings and long-time friends. They are socially active and involved in volunteer work

Singles and older people without children

sleep apnea

Sleep apnea sufferers stop breathing repeatedly during the night, causing awakenings. Apnea may be more than a sleep problem. For reasons that are not entirely clear, it is linked to increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. Sleep apnea may be treated with surgery to widen the upper airways that block breathing or by the use of devices such as a nose mask that maintains air pressure to keep airway passages open during sleep

Sleep Apnea

Sleep condition where a person stops breathing periodically.

What other sense decrease with age?

Smell decreases nine fold from youth Lost of taste buds in tongue

___ ____ theory emphasize on emotional experience as one ages but limits social contacts to regulate emotions

Sociomotional selectivity

Selective optimization with compensation

Some people choose projects (select) that they can do well (optimize) as their adjustment (compensation) to aging.

What is a complaint older people have in their relationship?

Spending too much time together

Transcendence

Stage of ego development where one is focused on the good of others and leaving behind a legacy.

Negative counterpart of generativity. No meaning to life/purpose.

Stagnation

Bereavement

State of deprivation brought about by the death of a family member or close friend Characterized by feelings of grief and deep sense of loss

Life-Event approach focus on ___ ____ events of the middle adulthoods. Give some examples.

Stressful life. Death of spouse, change in health, caring for one's parent, financial difficulties, concern about appearance/aging or moving/changing in employment, relationship, and responsibilities at work.

The Hochwarter et al., 2001 study found what?

Studied more than 2,000 university employees found that job satisfaction increased steadily throughout middle adulthood. The gains were greater for men, especially white collar workers i.e. professors

What are some reasons depression in the elderly are likely to go undetected and untreated?

Symptoms are masked by physical complains e.g. low energy, loss of appetite and insomnia. Physicians tend to focus on their physical health than mental health

Advice for coping for a grieving person

Take care of himself/herself 1st Not bottle up his/her feelings Not reject offers of help from friends and family Not force himself/herself to get over the trauma Join a bereavement support group

Changes in Men?

Take longer to achieve erection (which are less firm due to lower testosterone) Sperm production declines Nocturnal erections diminish in intensity, duration, and frequency

Sleep Apnea

Temporary suspension breathing while sleeping.

Life Expectancy

Term for the average number of years someone is expected to live

Practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill patient in the last hours or days. Through continuous intravenous infusion of a sedative drug

Terminal sedation

Elder Abuse

The abuse or neglect of senior citizens, particularly in nursing homes.

Active Euthanasia

The administration of s lethal treatment (usually a drug) to cause a quick and painless death.

Research on disengagement theory has shown:

roles of older adults may change, but do not require withdrawal from society.

Medicaid

covers a portion of the health care costs of people of all ages who are otherwise unable to afford coverage. Many older adults use both programs.

Voluntary Active Euthanasia

The intentional administration of lethal drugs or other means of producing a painless death with the person's informed consent. (Dr. Death)

Involuntary Active Euthanasia

The intentional administration of lethal drugs or other means of producing a painless death without the person's informed consent.

Death

The irreversible cessation of vital life functions

Stress

This can decrease immune system function and make us prone to disease.

Religion

This is associated with greater life satisfaction in late adulthood.

Dying

The end stage of life in which bodily processes decline, leading to death.

Late Adulthood

The final stage of development, beginning at age 65

Duncker Candle Problem

The goal is to attach the candle to the wall, using a full matchbox and a thumbtack. older adults use fewer strategies and dis-play slower processing speed in solving complex math problems

Retirement

The group that was most satisfied with retirement maintained leisure and other non- work-related activities as sources of life satisfaction, or replaced work with more satisfying activities. They retired at a typical retirement age and had a wealth of resources to compensate for the loss of work: They were married, in good health, and of high socioeconomic status. The second group retired at a later age and tended to be female. The majority of the third group retired at a younger age and tended to be male. The second and third groups were not as satisfied with retirement. They were in poorer health, less likely to be married, and lower in socioeconomic status than the first group. The third group had a spotty employment record. The whole retired versus retired doctor idea with satisfaction. the following factors impeded adjustment to retirement: a lengthy attachment to work, lack of control over the transition to retirement (e.g., forced retirement at age 65), worrying prior to retirement about what retirement would bring, and lack of self-confidence.

Why does temporal memory for older adults become confused?

They find it difficult to distinguish between what is real and what is an illusion

Life span(longevity)

The maximum amount of time a person can actually be expected to live in a given setting.

Activity Theory

The more active they are in the older years the more they are satisfied. The biggest threat to this is of course physical disability. Activity is linked with lower mortality.

Alzheimer's

The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD) , a progressive brain disease affecting 4 to 5 million Americans. The risk of AD increases dramatically with age (see Figure 17.4). About 1 in 10 Americans over the age of 65 has AD, jumping to more than 1 in 2 among those 75 to 84 years old. AD is rare in people under the age of 65 (Lippa, 2008). Although some dementias may be revers-ible, especially those caused by tumors and treatable infec-tions and those that result from depression or substance abuse, the dementia resulting from AD is progressive and irreversible. Genetic factors are involved and recent research indicates that plaques cause the memory loss and other symptoms. It is the 5th leading killer of older americans.

Death

The most part of this is determined by an absence of EGG recordings.

Euthanasia

The purposeful taking of life to relieve suffering.

What are grandparents and grandchildren relationship?

They view each other in a positive and meaningful light. Grandparent act as a friend and confidants

Other find entering middle as entering "prime of life", why?

They're monetarily geographically and vocationally settled. Most have built system of social support and permanent relationship to depend on

Children see death as ___ when they are young

reversible

Bereavement

The state of deprivation brought about by the death of a family member or close friend.

Thanatology

The study of death and dying

Disengagement Theory

The view that older adults and society withdraw from one another as older adults approach death.

Activity Theory

The view that older adults fare better when they engage in physical and social activities.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

The view that we place increasing emphasis on emotional experience as we age but limit our social contacts to regulate our emotions.

Passive Euthanasia

The withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment to hasten death.

Programmed

Theory of aging that says its in our genes.

Free Radical

Theory that says unstable molecules damage cells

T/F most older adults require institutional care.

This statement is false. More than 2/3 of adults over the age of 65 live in their own homes.

Hospice

This type of care provides help to the patient and family with medical care and counseling.

Social Support

This type of support can be gained from church attendance.

reversible NCDs

Those caused by medication, inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse, depression, or other mental illness can sometimes be reversed

Palliative care

Treatment focused on the relief of pain and suffering rather than cure.

Body transcendence occurs when people get beyond the physical limitations they experience and place more value on social relationships and cognitive abilities.

True

Reminiscence and life review may assist older adults in creating meaning for their lives.

True

T/F many older adults suffer fro long term alcoholism. Intoxication increases quicker because of their slow metabolic rate reduces their ability to metabolize alchol

True

True or False: Many older adults use both programs (normal aging/patho aging)

True

T/F Age is decline in prospective memory

True. Greatest when the task to be completed is not all that important and the hints are clear. but when it is important, they use clear cues to remind themselves

what are key factors that appear to affect the adjustment of the dying?

Type and extent of biological cognitive impairment Pain and weakness Time or phase and philosophy of the person's life Prior experiences with crises

Stages of Dying helps hospital staff and family by...

Understanding the stages they are going through Not imposing their own expectations on them Helping them achieve final acceptance when patients are ready to do so

What is associative memory?

Using learning and elaborative rehearsal in learning. For example, use it to remember sight vocabulary - they associate the written word with the sound of the word

Kugler-Ross

adapted Bowlby's stage theory to describe her 5-stage reaction of terminally ill patients to knowledge of their own impending death. Denial-isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

repeated brain damage leads to

Vascular dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning

Cellular Damage Theories of Aging

Views of aging based in the concept that internal bodily changed and external environmental insults, such as carcinogens and poisons, cause cells and organ systems to malfunction, leading to death.

Programmed Theories of Aging

Views of aging based on the concept that the processes of aging are governed, at least in parts, by genetic factors.

Active

Voluntary _______ euthanasia, like giving a patient pills which would end their life.

Intentional administration of lethal drugs or other means of producing a painless death with the person's informed consent

Voluntary active euthanasia:

Associative Memory

We use associative learning, and associative mem-ory, to remember that the written letter A has the sound of an A . We also use associative memory to develop a sight vocabulary; that is, we associate the written the with the sound of the word; we do not decode it as we read. It turns out that aging has a more detrimental effect on associative memory than on memory for single items. Neurological research shows that deterioration is evident in aging in the frontal lobes and to a lesser degree in the medial temporal lobe, thus logically impairing binding, rec-ollection, and the use of effective strategies for the retrieval of information.

Passive Euthanasia

Withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment to hasten death One form is withholding life-sustaining techniques in terminally ill people who clearly specify their wishes

What are some factors triggering midlife crisis?

Women are asked to discontinue birth control, menopause, death of a parent or child leaving the nest

Define generalized anxiety disorder

Women are more anxious, many people that have depression often have anxiety in some form as well

pathological aging

aging in which chronic diseases or degenerative processes such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer lead to disability or premature death

Fear of open crowded places

agoraphobia

Propective Memory

aids us in remembering things we have planned to do in the future, despite the passage of time and despite the occurrence of interfering events. In order for prospec-tive memory to succeed, we need to have foolproof strate-gies, such as alarm reminders on our cell phones, or we need to focus our attention and keep it focused. Distractibility will prevent us from reaching the goal.

elderspeak

a condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than normal speech

cataract

a condition categorized by clouding of the lens of the eye

dementia

a condition characterized by deterioration of cognitive functioning

glaucoma

a condition involving abnormally high fluid pressure in the eye

osteoporosis

a disorder in which bones become more porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, due to loss of calcium and other minerals

living will

a document that indicates what medical intervention an individual wants if he or she becomes incapable of expressing those wishes

Define a living will

a document with directions on what to do if someone cannot make decisions for themselves

Medicare

a federally controlled health insurance pro-gram for older Americans and the disabled, only partially subsidizes the health care needs of these groups.

physician-assisted suicide

a form of active euthanasia in which a doctor provides the means for someone to end his or her own life

With ego transcendence comes

a lower reported self-esteem because older adults are more realistic and accepting about themselves.

rheumatoid arthritis

a painful, degenerative disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the membranes that line the joints

osteoarthritis

a painful, degenerative disease characterized by wear and tear on joints

health care proxy

a person chosen by another person to make medical decisions if the second person becomes unable to do so

Body transcendence is:

a positive reaction one may have in response to changes in the body with age or illness.

ageism

a prejudice in which people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age against young and old

alzheimer's disease

a severe form of dementia characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability, and progressive loss of cognitive functioning

passive euthanasia

a situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally, through the cessation of medical intervention

immunological theory

a theory of aging that holds that the immune system is preset to decline by an internal biological clock

wear and tear theory

a theory of aging that suggests that over time our bodies become less capable of repairing themselves

According to Butler (2002), reminiscence is:

a way to make life meaningful.

do not resuscitate (DNR)

a written order from a physician (sometimes initiated by a patient's advance directive or by a health care proxy's request) that no attempt should be made to revive a patient if he or she suffers cardiac or respiratory arrest

According to Peck's (1968) amplification of Erikson's theory, people need to:

accept the changes their bodies experience with aging.

Older people face greater risk of ____ that can be prevnted by equiping home with saftey features and wearing proper glasses and hearing aids

accidents

Administration of a lethal treatment to cause a quick and painless death

active euthanasia

Life reviews:

are an attempt to make life meaningful.

Older adults are:

are less likely to want to remarry than younger adults.

Anxiety disorders:

are more common in older women than older men.

Men who are widowed:

are more likely to remarry than women who are widowed.

Older adults who never had children:

are often more dependent upon their spouses than those with children.

A research study examining older gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults reported that:

around 17% of them were dissatisfied with their own sexual orientation

Explain active euthanasia

assisted suicide

Prospective memory

attemp in remembering things planned for the future irrespective of the time or other commitments

Free Radical Theory

attributes aging to damage caused by the accumulation of unstable molecules called free radicals . Free radicals are produced during metabolism by oxidation, possibly damaging cell proteins, membranes, and DNA (Sierra, 2006). Most free radicals are naturally disarmed by nutrients and enzymes called antioxidants . Most antioxidants are either made by the body or found in food. As we age, our bodies produce fewer antioxidants (Rattan et al., 2006). People whose diets are rich in antioxidants are less likely to develop heart disease and some cancers.

implicit memory

automatic memories based on repetition and apparently not requiring any conscious effort to retrieve

What concerns would an elderly person most likely fear of living in the city?

being victimized of crimes

diversity of reactions

bereaved people depend on the customs and attitudes of their culture to guide them though their irrational thoughts and personal grief

Life expectancy has grown due to...

better medicine and vaccination

Erikson ego identity versus despair

biggest challenge is to maintain the belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile despite physical decline and the inevitabil-ity of death. Ego integrity derives from wisdom, as well as from the acceptance of one's lifespan being limited and occurring at a certain point in the sweep of history. We spend most of our lives accumulating things and relationships, and Erikson also argues that adjustment in the later years requires the wisdom to let go.

cessation of activity of the cerebral cortex

brain death

What are the part of the brain that controls autonomic functions?

brain stem

when is a person dead?

brain waves cease

technology and senses

can compensate for loss eye surgeries, glasses, universal design

what is the leading cause of death for both men and women

cardiovascular disease

___ cloud the lenses of the eyes, reducing vision

cataracts

Explain the cellular damage theory of aging

cells do not repair themselves

Define whole brain death

cessation of all brain parts

physical appearance

changes continue among the elderly, often with emotionally destructive results

Pathological Aging

chronic diseases or degenerative processes, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, lead to disability or premature death. Older persons typically need more health care than younger persons.

ageism and cognitive decline

cognitive decline is rooted not in the older person's body and brain but in the surrounding social context—cultural attitudes can lead directly to age differences in cognition

Explain a living will and it's consequences

directions to resuscitate or not

Couples who show more affectionate behavior is when they...

discuss conflict and disagree rarely

What is dementia?

disoriented thought processes

Experiments show older adults use

display slower processing speed in solving complex math problems than younger adults

diseases of the elderly

do not have any particular disease heart attacks, strokes, lower-respiratory diseases, and cancer

Who completes the death certificate? And who are contacted to remove the body from home or the hospital

doctors, funeral directors

End stage of life in which bodily processes delcines

dying

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that the conflict during late adulthood is:

ego integrity vs. despair

____ helps people not fear death and accept it with peace

ego transcendence

driving (yes this is a fact) TF question

elderly drivers have fewer auto accidents than younger adults take their time home by dark drive less

Calorie Restriction

estricting calories by approximately 30% may trigger anti-aging responses that evolved to increase the chances of survival when food is scarce. For example, calorie restriction in humans, non-human primates, and other mammals lowers blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar and insulin levels. It strengthens the immune system and lowers the fat mass (Roth et al., 2004). Calorie restriction also fends off Alzheimer-like symptoms in rhesus monkeys.

Define autobiographical memory

explicit

Big 5 Personality Traits

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousnesss, neuroticism, and openness to experience

Old age and reminiscence have what in common?

extremely common

Agoraphobia

fear of open, crowded places. Tends to be of recent origin and may involve the loss of social support systems due to the death of a spouse or close friends.

Middle adults have ___ friends. May because...

fewer; place value on the friends they do have. Male friends are more competitive and less intimate than woman

Cellular Clock Theory

focuses on the built-in limits of cell division. After dividing about fifty times, human cells cease dividing and eventually die (Hayflick, 1996). Researchers find clues to the limits of cell division in telomeres , the protec-tive segments of DNA at the tips of chromosomes. Telomeres shrink each time cells divide. When the loss of telomeres reaches a critical point after a number of cell divisions, the cell may no longer be able to func-tion (Epel et al., 2006). The length of the telomeres for a species may determine the number of times a cell can divide and survive. Cells can roughly divide up to 50 times before problems can be seen.

Hormonal Stress Theory

focuses on the endocrine sys-tem, which releases hormones into the bloodstream. Hor-monal changes foster age-related changes such as puberty and menopause. As we age, stress hormones, including corticosteroids and adrenaline, are left at elevated levels following illnesses, making the body more vulnerable to chronic conditions such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and heart disease. The changes in production of stress hor-mones over time may be preprogrammed by genes.

Damaged causes by the accumulation of ___ _____ called ___ _____ describes this theory

free radical theory

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

general feelings of dread and foreboding. May arise from the perception that one lacks control over ones life.

Semantic memory

general knowledge such as the author of hamlet.

Program Theories sees aging as ___ ____ whereas Cell division theory focuses on built-in __ _____

genetic factors Cell division

This condition involves abnormally high fluid pressure in the eye. Leads to tunnel vision or blindness

glaucoma

important for the mind and body

good exercise and nutrition

demographic pyramid

graph of population by ages

What does activity after retirement have to do with anything?

greater happiness, self-esteem, and health

Social networks in older adults can attribute to what?

greater social support

Presbyopia

hardening of the lens of the eye making sight worse.

Widows and widowers:

have increased risk for depression and suicide.

Older couples tend to:

have less conflict when they have similar personality characteristics.

Friendships during late adulthood:

help provide emotional closeness.

Retrospective memory

helps retrieve info from the past

How is self-esteem defined in late adulthood?

higher self-esteem from higher independence, lower self-esteem from lower independence

Immunological Theory

holds that the immune system is preset to decline by an internal biological clock. For example, the production of antibodies declines with age, rendering the body less able to fight off infections. Age-related changes in the immune system also increase the risk of cancer and may contribute to general deterioration.

Socioemotional selectivity theory addresses:

how people view events emotionally or nonemotionally.

Explain how a person behaves when they are dying

how they act when they are stressed

Immunological theory

immune system is preset to decline by an internal biological clock

What is contributed to widowhood?

increased levels of stress hormones, depression, anxiety, and body deterioration. Greater decline in physical, emotional, and mental health.

arthritis

inflammation of the joints

Arthritis

inflammation of the joints.function. Children can also be affected by arthritis, but it is more common with advancing age. Arthritis is more com-mon in women than men and in African Americans than European Americans. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthri-tis are the two most common forms of arthritis.

Older adults who cohabit have a ___ and ___ relationship. They see it as an alternate lifestyle

intimate, stable

What is the function of the medial temporal lobe of the brain?

involved in word recognition

According to Peck (1968), ego transcendence:

involves helping future generations and leaving a legacy of oneself.

By the time they enter school, kids realize death is ____

irreversible

Osteoarthritis

is a painful, degenerative disease char-acterized by wear and tear on joints. By the age of 60, more than half of Americans show some signs of the dis-ease. Among people over the age of 65, two of three have the disease. The joints most commonly affected are in the knees, hips, fingers, neck, and lower back. Osteoarthritis is caused by erosion of cartilage, the pads of fibrous tissue that cushion the ends of bones. As cartilage wears down, bones grind together, causing pain (Axford et al., 2008). Osteoarthritis is more common among obese people because excess weight adds to the load on the hip and knee joints. Health professionals use over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, acetaminophen, ibupro-fen, naproxen) and prescription anti-inflammatory drugs to help relieve pain and discomfort (Axford et al., 2008). In severe cases, joint replacement surgery may be needed. Specific exercises are also sometimes prescribed.

high blood pressure (hypertension)

is a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, cognitive impairment, and many other aliments of late adulthood

Rheumatoid Arthritis

is characterized by chronic inflammation of the membranes that line the joints because the body's immune system attacks its own tis-sues. The condition affects the entire body. It can produce unrelenting pain and eventually lead to severe disability. Bones and cartilage may also be affected. Onset of the dis-ease usually occurs between the ages of 40 and 60. Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat it.

Happiness during retirement:

is determined by factors such as control over the transition and financial resources.

Marital satisfaction in late adulthood:

is higher when there is an equal division of labor and power in the relationship.

dependency ratio

is the ratio of self-sufficient, productive adults to dependents (children and the elderly) in a given population

Factors that reduce retirement satisfaction include:

lack of control of transition to retirement

Late adulthood

last developmental stage beginning at 65

According to Kleiber and Kelly's (1980) model of leisure activities in late adulthood:

leisure may become central to the retiree's identity and self-acceptance.

This helps avoids depression during retirement

lesisure activities

Amount of time a person can be expected to live in a given setting

life expectancy

Define long term memory

limitless

Advance directives

living will health care proxy

presbycusis

loss of acuteness of hearing due to age-related degenerative changes in the ear

Unemployed adults display ___ physical and psychological well-being than their ___ couterparts

lower, employed

Older woman likely to take ___ ___ jobs as long as they like the work

lower-paying

Research has shown that depression:

may be related to structural changes in the brain.

Untreated depression in older adults:

may lead to suicide, particularly in older men.

ecological validity

measure in realistic settings i.e. test in the morning

way to predict an older person's intellect

measuring vision, hearing, or smell

Federal controlled health insurance for all ages who cannot afford it

medicaid

Independence Vs. Dependence

the more independent the individual the better the mental health. Independence in toileting is especially important in enabling older people to avoid slippage in self-esteem.

Insomina

medication is generally the common treatment. Others include keeping a regular schedule challenging exaggerated worries about the consequences of remain-ing awake, using relaxation techniques, and exercise. Sleep problems in late adulthood may involve physical changes that bring discomfort. Sometimes they symptomize psychological disorders such as depres-sion, anxiety, or dementia. Men with enlarged prostate glands commonly need to urinate during the night, causing awakening. Other contributing factors include loneliness, especially after the death of a close friend, spouse, or life partner.

During middle adulthood, a core issue of marriage is:

meeting shared and individual responsibilities

explicit memory

memory for specific information

Retrospective Memory

memory of past events and general knowledge

retrospective memory

memory of past events and general knowledge

prospective memory

memory of things one has planned for the future

The burdern of care falls on...

middle age daughters

Sandwich generation describes...

middle-age taking care of their aging parents and children/grandchildren

This is the time of dramatic self-doubt and anxiety which people sense the passing of their youth

midlife crisis

A British study of leisure activities in older adults showed:

most adults in the survey were involved in one or more leisure activity.

demographic shift

most nations still have more children than other adults but that is shifting

Does attending funerals as an adolescent harm one?

no

___ ____ represents gradual decline of system and body functions

normal aging

Hayflick limit

the number of times a human cell is capable of dividing into two new cells—the limit for most human cells is approximately 50 divisions, an indication that the life span is limited by our genetic program

Ardelt (2008) stated that ego transcendence is:

the quieting of the ego

During late adulthood, people:

often form networks that will provide various forms of support.

Divorce

older adults are less likely than younger to seek divorce

Gay and Lesbian Relationships

older gay men and lesbians has shown that, as with heterosexuals, gay men and lesbians in long-term partnerships tend to enjoy higher self-esteem, less depression, fewer suicidal urges, and less alcohol and drug abuse

Disengagement Theory

older people and society mutually with-draw from one another as older people approach death. People in late adulthood focus more on their inner lives, pre-paring for the inevitable. Because of retirement, government or industry now supports them through pensions or charity rather than vice versa. Family members expect less from them.How accurate is this theory? Probably not very. It seems that well-being among older adults generally increases when they pursue goals rather than withdraw from society

Sleep

older people need roughly 7hrs.

extensive daily care

only 10% of those over age 65 People tend to overestimate the dependency of elders because the needy attract attention.

falling

osteoporosis (fragile bones) ***fear of falling

Hospice care focuses on

palliative care

___ ____ represents chronic disease or degenerative processes lead to disability or premature death

pathological aging

Irrational, exaggerated fear of an object of situation

phobic disorder

Research on activity theory has shown:

physical activity is associated with lower mortality rates in late adulthood.

Define depression and how to recognize it

physical complaints and emotional

Ageism

prejudice against people because of their age

ageism

prejudice against people because of their age

The loss of acuteness of hearing due to age realted degenerative changes in the ear

presbycusis. hearing declines more quickly in men than woman

normal aging

processes of aging that undergo a gradual decline, enabling people to enjoy health and vitality well into late adulthood

Two main categories of

programmed theory damage or error theory

Cellular Damage Theories of aging

propose that internal bodily changes and external environmental assaults (such as carcinogens and toxins) cause cells and organ systems to malfunction, leading to death.

telomeres

protective segments of dna located at the tips of the chromosomes

Panic Disorder

recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually evoke anxiety.

Problem Solving

research suggests that for the vast majority of older adults, abstract problem- solving ability, as in com-plex math prob-lems, is not related to their quality of life. "Real-world" or every-day problem-solving skills are usually of greater concern.

Selective Optimization With Compensation

reshaping of one's life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment. More successful agers are more selective with whom they are engaging with. These people tend to have a better impact on their lives. They are better able to recognize what I should do more of and what I should do less of

output

seattle longitudinal study

4 parts of information processing theory

sensing (input) memory (storage) control process (program) output

compression of morbidity

shortening of disease

What sleep disorders more common in later adulthood?

sleep apnea and insomnia Meds may be prescribe or alternatives e.g. maintaing regular sleep (7 hrs), relaxation technique

dates?

slide 10

Dead or not?

slide 8

graying america

so many people are living longer that we are in the midst of a graying america. n 1900, only 1 person in 25 was over the age of 65. Today, that figure has more than tripled, to 1 in 8. By mid-century, more than 1 in 5 Americans will be 65 years of age or older. By the year 2050, we expect to see the percentage of Americans over the age of 75 to double

Grand-parenting viewed as positive life event because

spend higher proportion of their time w/their grandchildren in recreational and educational activities and leave the hard work of raising them for the parents Tend to be more involved with maternal grandparents Grandkids tend to spend more time with their grandmothers then grandfathers

limit of cell division are found in ___

telomers (protective segments of DNA located at the tips of chromosomes)

sleep apnea

temporary suspension of breathing while asleep

Nursing homes:

that are well-selected and well-staffed can help disoriented and frightened adults.

life expectancy

the amount of time a person can actually be expected to live in a given setting

life expectancy

the amount of time a person can actually be expected to live in a given setting. Today, the average American newborn can expect to live about 78 years, but there are important differences in life expectancy according to gender, race, geographic location, and health-related behavior

A core issue in early adulthood relating to marriage is:

the development of a shared life

late adulthood

the final stage of development, beginning at age 65

rate of living theory

the greater an organism's rate of oxygen basal, metabolism, the shorter its life span

wear and tear theory

the human body wears out because of the passage of time and exposure to environmental stressors

Explain the similarity in personalities of married couples

the longer couples are together the more similar they begin to act

lifespan/longevity

the maximum amount of time a person can live under optimal conditions

life span (longevity)

the maximum amout of time a person can live under optimal conditions

What is activity theory and how do you apply it?

the more active one is the greater happiness and quality of life one has

T/F Religion is associated with less depression and more life satisfaction

true it helps avoid negative coping methods, evading being victimized by violence, hopefulness, and social support

cellular damage theories of aging

views of aging based on the concept that internal bodily changes and external environmental insults, such as carcinogens and poisons, cause cells and organ systems to malfunction, leading to death

programmed theories of aging

views of aging based on the concept that the processes of aging are governed at least in part by genetic factors

Programmed theories of aging

views of aging based on the concept that the processes of aging are governed, at least in part, by genetic factors. Longevity tends to run in families.

What are the difference theories of ageing?

wear and tear and program cells

Over time bodies become less capable of repairing themselves describes this theory

wear-and-tear

Wisdom

wise people approach life's problems in a way that addresses the meaning of life. They consider not only the present, but also the past and the future, as well as the con-texts in which the problems arise. They tend to be tolerant of other people's value systems and to acknowledge that there are uncertainties in life and that one can only attempt to find workable solutions in an imperfect world. Ardelt (2008a, 2008b) adds emotional and philosophical dimensions to the definition of wisdom. She suggests that wise people tend to possess an unselfish love for others and tend to be less afraid of death.

Research on socioemotional selectivity theory has shown:

younger adults react to events less emotionally than older adults.