HDFS Exam 1

What is the minimum wage in Michigan?

$8.50/hr.

What group contributed most to the growth in the workforce between 1991 and 2005?

-Ages 35-54 -71% increase

Who are the "invisible Americans?"

-Do not qualify for poverty programs or use public resources -Still considered "Middle class" but hard to define that group and their median household salary.

Burr & Mutchler-- How did minority groups differ related to retirement and work in later life?

-Higher % of blacks and hispanics than whites indicated that they plan to stop work altogether at some point, whites indicated that they planned to reduce their hours. -Minority members say they haven't given much thought to retirement nor do they have current plans and are less likely to identify themselves as retired. -Largest poverty groups are Hispanics. -Higher job satisfaction is associated with the ability to use existing skills, positive view of older workers by supervisors and younger workers, work schedule flexibility, and fringe benefits.

Kain's observations about women and work:

-Increase in cultural stereotypes of women -Ideology of separate spheres -Young, unmarried, college educated women= teaching 1.) Spinsterhood common 2.) Salary enough for food and lodging -Working female immigrants-mainly Irish -Trends: Increasing jobs available for women, majority of women working were unmarried, great segregation in the workplace. -Three Cohort issues: 1.) Race 2.) Ethnicity 3.) Geographic Location

The major findings of the Komarovsky study of blue collar workers:

-Job needs to be highly skilled to be satisfying -Women work for complex reasons, and not just money-- Benefits of working are pay, getting out of the house, communication and friendships developed, challenges and accomplishments, and a need of recognition. -Women valued their work (not just an extension of family role) -There are issues for women with non-clerical tasks and sexual harassment

How does race affect male willingness to share household work?

-Men face a lack of control at work which causes the desire for control in the home. -Caucasians more egalitarian, in theory -African Americans more egalitarian in practice -AA husbands of both employed and non-employed wives are more likely to do housework.

Hochschild: Review the case of Anita and Ray Judson:

-Two children, 1 on the way -Both prepared to leave (just in case/divorce) -Keeping each other in the marriage a.) Anita needs Ray's income; Ray keeping Anita in b.) Anita working for financial independence in case of divorce, keeps Ray on his toes. 1.) Ray's Ideologies: -Traditional, openly used money to boost this ideology, money as passport to manhood, man of the house -Background: Father left, mother left, left in the care of his aunt. 2.) Anita's Ideologies: -Traditional/Egalitarian -"Culturally Poorer" than Ray, she can't use money as an excuse from work at home. Wants to be economically self-sufficient. Staying at home was a fantasy. -Background: Mother became pregnant with another man's child, so her father forced her to leave and take Anita and her 3 siblings with her. Mother taught Anita that you never know when a man will up and leave you, so keep your own bank account. Felt betrayed in previous marriage so took her child and left. 3.) Problems with the Second Shift: -Anita wants Ray to help with the second shift -Ray suggests Anita stop working so she has more time and therefore, wouldn't need help. -Ray offering Anita freedom from work and wanted Anita to, in turn, offer him freedom from housework. Ray wants Anita to not want to work outside the house. -Anita likes to work because it gives her recognition -Ray says his job supports them so hers isn't as important.

Describe the wage gap experienced by women and low wage workers. What is the status in Michigan?

-Women earn $.78 for every $1 males earn -women of color earn $.64. -This wage gap costs American working families $200 billion dollars a year, average of $4,000 per family. -Michigan is one of the worst states for the wage gap, with an average loss of $5,000 per year per family.

What ratio of American workers received paid childcare leave?

1 in 7.

Describe the "stalled revolution"

1. Women have fully entered the full-time labor force, increasingly in male dominated fields 2. Men have not comparably shifted into female-dominated fields or responsibility for household labor and childcare

Implications for elder care-giving for midlife workers:

1.) 25% refused travel 2.) 21% declined training opportunities 3.) 13% consider quitting job 4.) 11.1% refuse relocation 5.) 9% refused promotion 6.) 7% turn down assignments 7.) Majority of elder care comes from families 8.) Mostly females over the age of 40 providing care for mother or mother-in-law

Hochschild: What is gender ideology?

1.) A plan of action through which a person tries to solve problems at hand. Problem with personal gender ideology lies when people think in one way and feel another way. 2.) Types of gender ideologies: a.) Traditional-- women and men both want the women to identify with the home, want the man to identify with work, and want the women to assume less power than the man b.) Transitional-- Women want themselves to identify with work and the home. Want their man to identify with work still. Men are all for a wife that works, but expects her to take on the main responsibilities at the home. c.) Egalitarian-- Women want to identify with the same spheres (work, family, & Housework) as the husband does. Wants an equal amount of power in the relationship.

Cromartie-- know major trends discussed in the article (charts and graphs posted in Labor Force Status of Families Notes)

1.) Almost 2 in 10 families were maintained by women, almost twice the proportion of that in March 1970. 2.) The share of families maintained by men grew from 2 to 7% over the same period of time as 1. 3.) A family is a group of 2 or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; children need not be members of the group. 4.) 46% of black families are maintained by women, compared with 14 and 12% for their White and Asian counterparts. About 23% of Hispanic or Latino families were maintained by women. 5.) Black families are the least likely to be married-couple families. 6.) In March, 2006 about 7 of 10 mothers of children under 18 were labor force participants. Mothers with younger children were less likely to be in the labor force than mothers of children that are older. 7.) The share of all families that had a husband and wife in the labor force increased from 34% to 42% by the mid-1990's. Since then, the proportion has changed little, reflecting the leveling-off of wives' labor force participation growth. 8.) The proportion of families that were married-couple families in which only the husband was a labor force participant fell from 35% in March of 1975, to 17% in March, 2006. 9.) The share of all families that were maintained by women in the labor force grew from 7% in March 1975, to 13% by March 1997; their proportion has remained essentially the same since then. The share of all families that were maintained by men in the labor force went from 2% to 5% between March 1975 and March 2006. 10.) Overall, about 4 in 5 families had an employed member in 2006. 11.) Asian families were most likely to have at least one employed member (90%) followed by Hispanic or Latino families (87%), white families (83%), and black families (78%). 12.) Families maintained by women are less likely to have an employed member than are other families. 13.) Children in married-couple families are more likely to live with at least one employed parent, than are children in families maintained by women or in families maintained by men. 14.) More than 90% of both white children and Asian children lived with an employed parent, compared with about 88% of Hispanic or Latino children, and 78% of black children. 15.) Families maintained by women or men that have an unemployed member are less likely to have at least one member employed than are married-couple families with an unemployed member. *See Article for More!

What factors affect family leave taking patterns?

1.) Awareness of leave policy 2.) organizational culture 3.) gender norms within the home 4.) "Economically Rationale"

For what reasons does the FMLA allow leave?

1.) Birth of a child 2.) Adoption of a child 3.) Caring for an ill spouse, parent, or child 4.) The employee has a serious health condition that impairs their job performance

The major findings of Rubin's study of blue collar workers:

1.) By age 25, average had worked 8 years with many job changes. 2.) Work, which allowed some freedom and autonomy, the most elite. 3.) For many, work was dull and routine 4.) Women were dependent on spouses work 5.) Negative "spill-over" 6.) Fear of unemployment

Describe the circumstances/conditions of international child labor

1.) Cheaper to have international labor - they can be paid less and won't complain about wages/working conditions. 2.) Not suitable for children and not safe 3.) No long-term benefits for children 4.) 250 child laborers worldwide 5.) Focus lately on child labor has been more globalized; recognition that it exists in informal markets as well as formal (Hidden child labor), more U.S opposition of child labor

What do we apparently miss about the 1950's?

1.) Control/Predictability 2.) Perception of Sameness 3.) Aura of Innocence 4.) Pace of Life 5.) Hopefulness

Hochschild: How do couples reconcile the conflict between gender ideology and the inner reality of their personalities?

1.) Couples reconcile this conflict with "family myths" 2.) Family Myth: -Versions of reality that obscure a core truth in order to manage a family tension linked to the stalled revolution. -Common in middle-class working families -Example: "Upstairs/downstairs Family Myth" --makes Nancy feel as though Evan is pulling his weight in the second shift. He takes care of the basement, the garage, and lawn, while Nancy takes care of the laundry, their child, the cooking, and housekeeping. In reality, Evan is not pulling his weight. His tasks can be done at his leisure/discretion. Nancy's jobs have to be done routinely and keep the family running. The myth prevents tension.

What factors affected women's child care roles in the 20th century?

1.) Decreased fertility rates; bottle feeding 2.) More women entering the workforce 3a.) Compulsory education - changed the economy and women's child care roles, and less necessity to be in the home. b.) Less child care- bottle feeding, lower fertility c.) WWI & Depression- worked primarily out of necessity d.) Women went to work because of their partners were serving in the war or deceased. e.) WWII- 6 million women went to work to be patriotic and to support the government.

The evolution and current status of labor unions

1.) Dramatic decline in numbers during the second half of the 20th century a.) in 2000, there was the first increase in 20 years, 1999 union membership 16.5 million, current economic crisis also affecting b.) Appeals to new group of workers -- white collar, women, private sector 4.) Today, union members make up about 11.3% of the workforce -States like Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin have had anti-union movements -Unions typically created rigidity, but now working towards flexibility -Union workers have smaller pay gaps -Unionized women earn 38% more than other women -Minority men earn 44% more in unions than white males -In Michigan, if we closed the gender-earning gap, we could lower the poverty rate among single mothers from 31% to 12.9% 5.) Effects of Unions: -Those with unions have: a.) 15.6% higher hourly wages b.) 19.1% more likelihood of health insurance c.) 24.4% more likelihood of pension

The evolution of work/family patterns since the Industrial Revolution

1.) Earlier, women produced products at home for market, but now were being made more frequently in factories. 2.) Demand for women mill workers was great; First women factory workers, men still did agricultural work, but unwilling or unable to enter factories; decrease in Agriculture. 3.) Women and children were now an untapped source of labor and the bulk of the new labor force. 4.) More "women's work" outside of the home: By 1890, only 9 of 360 general groups of industry did not employ women, one in every five females over 10 had become a paid employee by 1900, one-fourth of all employed women in manufacturing—woolen goods, silk goods, hosiery, knit wear, and third largest group of employed women in agriculture. 5.) Families and jobs moved from the city to the suburbs.

Why has there been a growth in women ages 55-64 in the workforce?

1.) Economics-- median annual income is 60% of men's in this same age range 2.) Employers may want mature workers 3.) Types of jobs, for example health services 4.) Midlife women need to work, they are financially at risk

How does gender affect children's work?

1.) Girls consistently do more household work, by adolescence 180% more 2.) gender stereotypes increase as children get older 3.) more boys in paid work

Ehrenreich: What hardships did she experience?

1.) Grueling Work 2.) Hiring/Application Process- "Overly Qualified" most of the time, different tests and questionnaires involved 3.) Needed more than one job at a time to support herself 4.) Making enough money to support the cost of living: food, gas, housing, uniforms, etc. 5.) Housing, moved often due to pricing and distance from work 6.) Minimum wage not enough to live off of 7.) Mentally & Physically Challenged 8.) Employee Politics 9.) Low income housing and transportation problem 10.) Random drug test, yelled at by bosses accused of rule infraction, felt like she was being treated like a child. 11.) Time Theft

Describe midlife female workers. What are their characteristics?

1.) High school graduates or some college 2.) Many live in metro areas 3.) Many are mothers of at least one child under 18 4.) 82% part-time, midlife workers are married and living with spouse 5.) Many are working full-time, in a traditional female occupation (education, health services, financial activities, and wholesale/retail trade) 4.) In prime earning years (earn more than younger or older women- age 40-44) 5.) earnings place them above the poverty line, but could be in danger if they are the sole support of the family, has social security but no private pension. 6.) Higher union rates than other women 7.) Have lower unemployment rates than other women, but stay unemployed longer

Coontz: Myths and Realities of Families in History:

1.) History suggests that most of these setbacks originate in social and economic forces rather than in the collapse of some largely mythical traditional family. Perhaps the most powerful of these sources is the breakdown of America's implicit postwar wage bargain with the working class, where corporations ensured labor stability by increasing employment, rewarding increased productivity with higher wages, and investing in jobs and community infrastructure. 2.) Economic changes are not driven by the rise in divorce and unwed motherhood. Decaying wage and job structures-- not changing family structures-- have caused the overwhelming bulk of income redistribution. And marriage is not the solution to poverty (even if every child in America was reunited with both biological parents, 2/3 of those who are poor today would still be poor) 3.) History demonstrates it's not as simple as returning to one or another family form from the past.

The domestic double standard

1.) It values the role, but no tangible benefits- no economic value attached. 2.) Role of homemaker degraded after positive shift of attitudes regarding work for play

Sweet Text: Chapter 1-- why would the colonial period not be considered the "good old days" of work life?

1.) Lives were short 2.) Division of Labor was uneven 3.) Multiple forms of abuse and exploitation were present 4.) Workplace protections were nonexistent 5.) Supports for families rested almost entirely on kin networks and local charity

The reasons for income inequity in the current economy:

1.) Manufacturing to service 2.) technology 3.) global competition 4.) economic crisis of '08/'09 continues to have effects

The characteristics/concerns about paid household labor:

1.) No Salary 2.) No job-security or benefits- all rewards given voluntarily based on a relationship 3.) No disability provisions 4.) No compensation for overtime/vacation 5.) No retirement funds or hours towards social security 6.) All security, compensation based upon a human relationship 7.) often trapped by racism, language barriers, lack of education.

Davis-- How does shift work affect parenting?

1.) No significant effects emerged predicting parental involvement related to parents' work schedules. However, as adolescents matured, they spent less time with their parents and they also spent significantly more time with mothers than fathers. 2.) Adolescents reported more intimacy with mothers who were shift workers, than mothers who were standard, daytime workers 3.) Adolescents reported significantly less intimacy when a parent had a daytime schedule vs. a nonstandard schedule-- More intimacy with mothers vs. fathers whether the comparison was between daytime working mothers and fathers or between shift working mothers and fathers. 4.) Adolescents reported more frequent and intense conflicts with mothers than fathers. Day shift mothers of adolescent boys had the highest rate of conflict, but day shift fathers of adolescent girls had the lowest rate of conflict. However, daughters of fathers working nonstandard shifts reported the highest levels of conflict of any father-adolescent dyad, and their reports of conflict were not significantly lower than those of mother-adolescent dyads, regardless of shift. 5.) When fathers had non-standard schedules and spouses reported conflict in marriage, adolescents reported less intimacy with both 6.) Mothers' knowledge did not vary as a function of how much they worked outside the home, but fathers' were less knowledgeable about their adolescents when they worked a non-standard shift than when they worked during the day. Mothers reported always knowing more about their adolescents, in general, as well. 7.) Day shift parents knew significantly less and and reported more conflict 8.) No differences as a function of marital conflict for shift-working parents

Describe shift workers. How does shift work affect workers and their families? Who is most likely to do shift work?

1.) Shift workers are scheduled during periods of time during which different groups of workers perform their duties. This includes both long-term "night shifts" and work schedules in which employees change or rotate shifts. 1/2 of all part-time employees work afternoon, night, or rotating shifts. 2.) Most likely to do shift work is African Americans, Men, Singles, Younger Workers, and Immigrants. 3.) Effects of shift work includes problems with sleep and appetite, lack of time to spend with spouses and family (exclusion from family activities), could be a temporary solution to child-care, but not recommended as a long-term, full-time solution.

Why is outsourcing of household work a growing trend?

1.) Sizes of homes grew increasingly larger 2.) Time Constraints 3.) Fewer people have the skills to clean own home, they were not taught how to.

Sweet Chapter 3-- In what ways are families doing without?

1.) Sleep 2.) Childcare 3.) Less Participation in family rituals

Sweet text: Chapter 1-- How was the "ideal worker" defined?

1.) Someone who works at least 40 hours a week all year round 2.) Framed around a traditional life for men 3.) Excludes mothers of child-bearing age

What are strengths and weaknesses of the FMLA?

1.) Strengths: -allows leave for a variety of family medical reasons -gender neutral policy -more women are taking leaves, and longer leaves 2.) Weaknesses: -unpaid leave -"economically rationale" for women to take leave -eligibility requirements -leave is short compared to other countries -employees need to give 30 day notice -there is no indication as to whether more fathers take leave or take longer leaves when entitled to them

What legislation discussed in class helped correct disparities for female workers?

1.) The Retirement Equality Act (1984) -Established minimum standards for pensions -Social Security -Personal savings and other assets

Coontz-- Historical Overview Part I:

1.) The revolutionary ferment produced the first stirrings of feminism and women's rights. 2.) Feminist ideals faded as industrialization and wage labor took work away from the small family farms and businesses, excluding middle-class wives from their former economic partnerships. 3.) As women left the workforce, children entered it by the thousands 4.) For every 19th century middle-class family that was able to nurture its women and children comfortably inside the family circle, there was an Irish or German girl scrubbing floors, a Welsh boy mining coal, a black girl doing laundry, a black mother and child picking cotton, and a Jewish or Italian daughter making dresses, cigars, or artificial flowers in a sweatshop. 5.) The nuclear family was not the focus of emotional life-- romantic friendships were common, as was prostitution in major cities. 6.) WWI combined with a resurgence of feminism hastened the collapse of victorian values. 7.) Longer lifespans put a strain on marriages, same-sex friendships were considered competitors to love-- dissatisfaction in adequate relationships/marriages climbed and the youth culture began to purchase romance novels and become more sexualized. Dating emerged over calling (moral dangers of automobiles.) 8.) In the 1920's, for the first time, a majority of children were born to male breadwinner, female-homemaker families. Child labor laws and the spread of mass education allowed more parents to keep their children out of the workforce. Immigrant families continued to pull their offspring out of school to support the family. AA families kept their children in school longer and wives were much more likely to work outside of the home.

What factors affected the work patterns of women in the 19th and 20th centuries?

1.) Types of jobs available to women increased 2.) Majority still unmarried 3.) Great segregation in the workforce 4.) Compulsory education- education required of every person. 5.) Less child care because of decreased fertility rates and bottle feeding. 6.) WWI & Great Depression- women worked primarily out of necessity. 7.) WWII- 6 million women went to work.

NCFR F7-- what were the findings of the gender and household work study?

1.) Wives estimate that they do 13 hours more per week (26 total), husbands believe it is 6.5 more hours than them. 2.) Married women and men overestimate their own contribution to housework. 3.) Women spent about 15 hours per week on household work, which increases to 212.3 hours when secondary activities are included increasing the gender ga from 5 hours to 8.2 hours

Sweet Chapter 2-- What groups are most likely to be among the working poor?

1.) Women 2.) Racial Minorities 3.) Younger adults 4.) The less educated

Ehrenreich: What were her experiences in Maine?

1.) chosen because predominantly white population; easier for an English-speaking Caucasian to enter the low wage workforce. 2.) Lives in motel for $120 a week, was able to pay $100 deposit out of pocket 3.) Accepts job as housekeeper at Merry Maids Company and as a dietary aide at an elderly facility a.) Merry Maids-- Paid much less than the company charges for services; very little time for breaks when working long hours on their feet; Ted= Man in Managerial Position-- No sympathy for pain or illness of employees, Stereotypical gender ideologies, co-worker breaks her ankle, gets angry about Ted's lack of concern. 4.) Implications of Experiences in Maine: -Low wage workers cannot afford to take off work for illness or injury and work through the pain for the money -Some workers are stuck in the low wage track because they cannot afford to take the time off to look for a new job.

Coontz: Historical Overview Part II: Compared to today:

1.)The great depression followed by world war II happened and divorce rates fell but desertion and domestic violence rose, murder rates were high, marriages and births plummeted. WWII started a marriage boom, but subsequently a doubling in divorce - social commentators blamed working women and inadequate mothers. 2.) By the mid 1950s the age of marriage and parenthood had dropped dramatically, divorce rates bottomed out and the birthrate increased. 3.) Today, majority of mothers work outside the home, 50% live with both biological parents, ¼ live with single parents and more than 21% live in stepfamilies. ¾ of 18-24 year olds have never been married while 50% of all first marriages and 60% of remarriages end in divorce 4.) The 1950s was the most atypical decade in the entire history of American marriage and family life. Today's families are closer to older patterns than were the '50s families. Median age at first marriage today is about the same as it was at the beginning of the century, proportion of never-married people is lower. 5.) High school graduation rates are at an all time high; minority test scores rose steadily from 1970-1990; poverty rates among the elderly have continued to fall while life expectancy has risen 6.) Families have always been vulnerable to rapid economic change and have always needed economic and emotional support from beyond their own small boundaries

Hochschild: What is meant by "The Stalled Revolution?"

1.)The strain between change in women and the absence of change in much else -lack of social arrangements that ease life for working parents -Lack of men who share the second shift 2.) Most men have not adapted to the changes in women 3.) Arguments rooted from friction between faster changing women and slower changing men. 4.) Women are departing more from their mothers way of life-- men are doing so, less.

Retirement Video (When I'm 65)-- What are the main differences between advice givers (fiduciaries) and product sellers (suitability)?

Advisers are held to the fiduciary standard, meaning that they are required to put their client's interests above their own (act in the best interest of their client). Product Sellers, however, are held to the suitability standard, meaning that they only have to make recommendations that are consistent with the best interests of the underlying customer; Instead of having to place his or her interests below that of their client, product sellers just have to reasonably believe that any recommendations being made are suitable for clients, in terms of their financial needs, objectives, and unique circumstances.

Who is covered by FMLA?

Establishments with 50 or more employees

Sweet Chapter 2-- What did Sweet say about reliance on extended kin relationships?

Family and kinship networks are critical to the performance of work, but because of the reciprocity inherent in the codes of family life, kinship ties are not only resources, but can also operate as constraints. Who counts as kin and the roles that specific kin play in the lives of workers varies greatly.

Sweet Chapter 2-- What proportion of workers has a standard 9-5 schedule?

Fewer than 40% of employees in the United States.

What group of immigrant women has the highest work force participation?

Filipino-American

Smith "Wives and Breadwinners"-- What was wives increased contribution to family earnings due to?

Husband's decrease in employment and earnings

What was Kiki Peppard's experience?

Kiki was a single mother trying to support her two kids and herself. She was turned down by many employers because she was single and a mother, because they thought she would take too much time off work. Employers also felt that she abused the system using the food pantry and food stamps, so that was another reason why they wouldn't hire her.

Why do highly trained women leave the workforce?

Lack of family time, pressures of working long hours, and glass ceiling

During the latter part of the current recession, who (gender) was most likely to be laid off and why?

Males, due to wage level and type of work.

What is true of health care in the U.S?

Most children are healthy so it would be inexpensive to provide American children with health insurance. The health system in the U.S lags behind many other countries and is very expensive, most low income families cannot afford healthcare/insurance and go without it.

What president vetoed childcare legislation?

Nixon

What countries are comparable to the U.S on parental leave policy?

Papua New Guinea Lesotho Swaziland

Retirement Video (When I'm 65)-- What historically has been the biggest problem with 401(k)s? What should you be aware of when saving for retirement (e.g., matching, fees, actively vs. passively managed)?

People just aren't signing up, costs are too high, there's poor guidance, and employer neglect; The 401(k) plan was never meant to be a mainstream pension plan, and is a poor substitute for one. It's a voluntary program that was intended to supplement retirement savings and they cost too much because employers can pass along most of the costs to employees, which eats away at returns. The goal of retirement savings is to maintain a stream of income to support you for the rest of your life. The more you pay, the less you get.

Sweet Text: Chapter 2-- How were "sandwiched" workers defined?

Providing care for younger and older generations at the same time

Brower-- What did senior executives report about a strong emphasis on work-life support?

Providing work-life support contributes to... 1.) Employee Engagement 2.) Productivity 3.) Cost Savings 4.) Attraction 5.) Retention

Retirement Video (When I'm 65) -- What are the limitations to the social security system? What are the proposed ways to make the system solvent?

Social Security was not meant to fund a 20-25 year long retirement. The longer you wait to claim social security, the higher the benefit.

Describe the 3 stages of the "Separate Sphere's Model"

Stage 1: Work and Family are two separate things. Equal but no connection. Stage 2: Transitional (Today)-- Work --> Family and Family --> Work (Work is more dominant and influential than family life in this stage, more work affecting families- spillover, less interference of work with family matters.) Stage 3: Integrated-- Work and Family both equal in size and influence, ideal, and balanced.

Economic Trends in the 1950's (13)

Tax-Based Support: 1.) Increased Housing Costs 2.) Business and industry moved to the suburbs to escape taxes 3.) Removed employment opportunities 4.) Created pockets of intense poverty in cities 5.) Reduction of tax leads to infrastructure system decay 6.) After the war, more women were at home again and creating more babies (baby boom) 7.) Number of salaried workers doubled 8.) Reduces public workers 9.) Drop in divorce rates; lower age of marriage 10.) High birth rate 11.) Focus on child-rearing 12.) Job and education segregation by gender 13.) Defined gender roles

What is the "mommy tax?"

The decrease in income mothers face once they have kids, either from having to leave the workforce or the decrease in income after reentering the workforce.

Sweet Chapter 3-- How is "spillover" defined?

The process by which attitudes and behaviors carry over from one role to another

Sweet Text: Chapter 1-- What did Sweet say about work and family institutions from a historical perspective?

They overlapped to such a great extent that these domains were inextricably intertwined in the day-to-day lives of people. Rather than "work" or "family" there was, more or less simply, "life." Work and family were pushed together in intimate ways.

Ehrenreich: What jobs did she have?

Waitress, Wal-Mart Employee, Hotel Housekeeping 4.) Florida-- waitresses at 2 places, Hotel Maid 5.) Maine-- Merry Maid, Elderly Residential Facility 6.) Minnesota-- Wal-Mart Employee

Sweet Chapter 2-- How did Phyllis Moen define "The gendered life course"?

Women's and Men's vastly different and unequal pathways.

What group is most likely to benefit from an increase in minimum wage?

white women in unskilled, entry level jobs.