HDFS Final Study Guide

Kervin and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?

12 months

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes divides by mitosis to form two new cells. How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?

23

Clara has been recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. She has fevers frequently and has chronic fatigue. She is also losing weight at an alarming rate. There is no cure for her condition. Given this information, it can be said that Clara has been diagnosed with _____.

AIDS

Which of the following statements is true of the American attitude toward death?

Americans are generally death avoiders and death deniers.

________ are theorized to act much like a fire extinguisher, helping to neutralize free-radical activity and reduce stress caused by damage to cells.

Antioxidants

Which of the following is a similarity between Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease?

Both are progressive in nature.

As an orthopedic surgeon, Carla is advising her patient who is in his mid-20s to make some changes to his diet and include exercises in his daily routine as that would ensure his bone density is normal. Which of the following statements, if true, best supports her advice?

By the end of midlife, bones break more easily and heal more slowly.

Which of the following statements is true of peer groups and peer interactions in middle and late childhood?

Children in middle and late childhood spend approximately thirty percent of their time with peers.

What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?

Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.

Which of the following statements is true of working memory?

Decline in working memory is more likely to occur when individuals do not use effective memory strategies, such as organization and imagery.

Which of the following is an effective strategy for communicating with a dying person?

Eliminate distraction—for example, ask the dying person if it is okay to turn off the TV.

According to Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following statements accurately describes emerging adulthood as a time during which individuals are self-focused?

Emerging adults have little in the way of social obligations, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives.

Which of the following statements is true of the activity of genes?

Events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.

Which of the following is true of changes in sensory functioning in late adulthood?

For adults who are 75 years and older, there is a significant loss of hearing at high and middle frequencies.

Which of the following statements is true of young children and their perception of death?

For some children, a parent's death can be devastating and result in a hypersensitivity about death, including a fear of losing others close to the individual.

Harry is an autistic child and has a short attention span for any task. His intellectual abilities are much lower than other children his age. His pediatrician reveals that Harry has a genetic disorder due to an abnormality in his X chromosome, which has become constricted. Harry most likely suffers from:

Fragile X syndrome.

Angeline's husband passes away in a car accident. Her son, who is in high school, is deeply upset and refuses to speak to anyone. Angeline tries her best to console him and also gives him time to overcome his grief. Considering his age and the current situation, which of the following reactions can Angeline most likely expect from her son?

He will develop abstract conceptions of death.

Ajith was able to pursue gymnastics with the support and encouragement from his family. During his career as a sportsperson, he represented his country at several international gymnastic competitions. In the context of physical performance and development, which of the following is most likely true of Ajith?

He won most of his medals during his late teens.

Samantha gets a blood test done, and the test results indicate that her level of bad cholesterol is high and that she will have to keep it under control. She researches online and finds out that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is referred to as bad cholesterol. Which of the following best explains the reason why LDL is referred to as bad cholesterol?

High levels of LDL cause arteriosclerosis.

Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than forget how to drive a car?

Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory.

In the context of the types of children's play, identify a true statement about pretense play.

In this type of play, children transform the physical environment into a symbol.

Which of the following statements is true about the various aspects of emerging adulthood?

Increased freedom that is available to emerging adults in Western society places a premium on the capacity to plan ahead and make positive choices.

Which of the following does the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Infants should be placed to sleep on their backs.

Which of the following statements is true of perceptual narrowing?

It is a concept where infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed than faces that they have never seen before.

In the context of neurons, which of the following statements is true of the myelin sheath?

It is a layer of fat cells that insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

psychoanalytic

James, who emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.

Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?

Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.

Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?

John summarizes the plot of a novel that he has just read to his friend.

dentify a true statement about Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.

How is sleep in infancy linked to cognitive development?

Lower quality of sleep at one year of age is related to lower attention regulation and behavioral issues by three to four years of age.

During a seminar on suicidal tendencies in adolescents, Nathan learns that females are more likely to attempt suicide than males, but males are more likely to succeed in committing suicide. Which of the following research findings most likely explains the reasoning for what Nathan learned?

Males use more lethal means in their suicide attempts than do females.

Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Ann Crouter would say that

Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children.

According to Petersen and Hyde, which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women?

Men usually hold stronger permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts.

In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. In the context of the scenario, which of the following statements would most likely serve as a criticism for Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of stepfamilies?

Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than death of a spouse.

In the context of links between aging, the brain, and cognitive functioning, which of the following statements is true of older adults?

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to use both hemispheres of the brain to compensate for declines in attention.

What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?

Older people keep stress hormones in their system at elevated levels for longer periods than younger people do.

Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?

Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Which of the following statements is true of the development of posture?

Postural control is required for gross motor skills to develop.

_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.

Proteins

During a workshop for mothers, one of the topics of discussion was the increasing use of cell phones and other gadgets by children. During the session, the speaker requested parents to monitor their children's screen time and stressed the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She requested parents to exercise more often so that their children would be encouraged to spend less time with their gadgets and more time involved in physical activities. Which of the following statements explains why the speaker put forth this request?

Studies show that a higher level of screen time increases the risk of obesity for low- and high-activity children.

Which of the following is true of schools in low-income areas?

Teaching is more likely to encourage rote learning.

Terence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation. This disability is also known as developmental arithmetic disorder. On the other hand, Mindy, his classmate, finds it extremely challenging to read or spell simple words. Based on the given information, which of the following statements is true?

Terence has dyscalculia, whereas Mindy has dyslexia.

Which of the following statements is true of the trends in midlife?

The U.S. Census Bureau of 2018 indicates that 15 percent of the U.S. population is older than 65.

Which of the following is true of how parents' work affects the development of their children?

The nature of parents' work has more influence on children's development than whether a parent works outside the home.

Which of the following is an advantage of a dying individual knowing that he or she is dying?

The person can close their lives in a way that is consistent with their own ideas about proper dying.

What is the notable finding of Schaie's assessment of intellectual abilities of parents and their children?

The second generation showed higher levels of cognitive functioning in inductive reasoning.

Which of the following is a similarity between cellular clock, free-radical, and mitochondrial theories?

They attempt to explain aging at the cellular level.

According to the new model of parent-adolescent relationships, which of the following is a benefit of everyday negotiations and minor disputes?

They help adolescents become more autonomous.

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

According to research, which of the following is true of adolescents and how they spend their time?

U.S. adolescents spend about 60 percent as much time on schoolwork as East Asian adolescents do.

Which of the following strategies would be most helpful in improving memory in middle age?

Use an organization strategy to categorize information to be remembered.

In the context of work and aging, which of the following statements is true of older adults?

When older adults engage in complex working tasks and challenging daily work activities, their cognitive functioning shows less age-related decrease.

Which of the following is true of attention?

When two competing tasks are reasonably easy, age differences among adults are minimal or nonexistent.

Researchers have found that ________ reduces the oxidative damage created by free radicals.

a diet restricted in calories but not nutrients

In Patricia Cohen's analysis, which of the following has fueled the emergence of thinking about middle age?

advances in health and more people living to older ages

In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect?

allowing chronic truancy

A recent study reported by De Meyer and others revealed that ________, which is a protein fragment that forms plaques in the brain, was present in the spinal fluid of approximately 75 percent of the individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

amyloid beta

Billy, a preschooler, develops the Oedipus complex for his mother. In the context of the psychoanalytic theory of gender, at what age will Billy renounce this feeling toward his mother?

at 5 or 6 years of age

Suzie, aged three, must eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n)

authoritarian parent.

Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's lifespan stage of _____.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Which of the following is a way of preventing osteoporosis in middle-aged women?

avoiding smoking

What causes autism spectrum disorders?

brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

Jared graduates from college and starts working as a sales executive in a company. He works extra hours on most days in the hopes of getting a quick promotion. Jared believes that working long hours will earn him financial security and help him lead a happy life. Jared most likely believes in what Phyllis Moen describes as the

career mystique.

Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a ________ pattern of growth.

cephalocaudal

A major study conducted by Fisher, Cullen, and Turner in 2000 focused on campus sexual assault, involving a phone survey of 4,446 women attending two- or four-year colleges. As per the study, the highest percentage of women reported being victims of attempted rape by a(n)

classmate.

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

concrete operational stage

Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ in understanding development.

conscious thoughts

Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data are collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using?

cross-sectional

Sandra is turning 50 this year. At this age, she can expect certain age-related conditions, such as loss of strength in her legs and back and difficulty in viewing objects and hearing clearly, to affect her. Of the vision-related issues that affect individuals, which of the following is Sandra most likely to experience because of her age?

difficulty in viewing close objects

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form _____.

eggs and sperm

Eight-year-old Sara's mom has repeatedly called her fat and worthless, which has caused Sara to become withdrawn at home and in school. These actions are best characterized as

emotional abuse.

The human genome has not changed markedly in the last century, yet obesity has noticeably increased. This indicates that _____.

environmental factors play an important role in obesity

Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?

estrogen production and the additional X chromosome

Angelique is in the final stage of breast cancer. Her latest reports indicate that the cancer cells have spread to her lungs and other organs. She knows that she does not have a chance to fight this battle and hence accepts the fact that she will die in a couple of weeks. She requests her doctor to end her life painlessly through medication as she is not able to bear the pain. Which of the following acts is Angelique requesting her doctor to perform?

euthanasia

Reggie, a 16-year-old teenager, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. Going by what is generally observed about parent-adolescent conflict, it is likely that most of the arguments center around:

everyday events of family life.

Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to

excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with the infant.

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, if adolescents fail to develop close friendships, they:

experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.

Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister again. According to most developmental psychologists, Becky's mother should

explain to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others.

According to Piaget, the ________ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.

formal operational

A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of:

genetic code.

James, an American, will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he ________, whereas Nirmal, who lives in Bangladesh, will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he ________.

gets a full-time job / gets married

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns

goodness of fit.

The National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health that surveyed more than 12,000 adolescents found that those who did not eat dinner with a parent five or more days a week:

had dramatically higher rates of smoking and drinking.

According to an increasing number of studies in the United States, compared with younger people, older people:

have better relationships with people they care about.

James is suffering from liver cancer and has been informed by his doctor that he has only a few weeks left to live. He is not able to cope with the pain and is also aware that there is no medication to treat his condition at this stage. Which of the following options will James most likely choose if he wishes to make the end of his life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible?

hospice

Shane's family wants him to decide on the career that he wants to pursue. His parents are doctors and would prefer that he study medicine. However, Shane does not seem very keen on deciding on his career at the moment. In this scenario, which of the following statuses of identity is Shane experiencing?

identity diffusion

Currently in the United States, approximately 90 percent of hospice care is provided

in the patients' homes.

David and Kelley are seeking help for infertility. Under their physician's guidance, they decide to undergo a procedure in which Kelley's eggs are combined in a laboratory disch with her husband's sperms. What is this procedure called?

in vitro fertilization

When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is

insecure resistant.

Research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers

interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.

Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha:

is a female.

In a controversial study to know the extent to which self-esteem changes during adolescence, it was found that self-esteem:

is almost nonexistent in adolescence.

Which of the following is a key developmental task as children move toward autonomy?

learning to relate to adults outside the family on a regular basis

Lillette, 9, has been diagnosed with ________, a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal cells, making her susceptible to bruising and infection.

leukemia

Allen can be described as an average American. He is currently 65 years old. He is likely to live 18.4 more years. Hence, it can be said that Allen has a ________ of 83.4 years.

life expectancy

When developing his class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) _____ approach to developmental change.

lifespan

Susan is 72 years old. She has a body mass index (BMI) of 23. Her dietitian recommends certain measures that she should follow to remain healthy and reduce the risk of diseases. Which of the following is Susan's dietitian likely to recommend?

maintaining a healthy weight

Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, _____ and _____ in her capacities will take center stage.

maintenance / regulation of loss

Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her

metamemory.

Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is a leader in his church and community. Both of his children are in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development?

middle adulthood

Studies support the conclusion that gifted people tend to be:

more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate.

Similar to the epigenetic view, the ________ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.

neuroconstructivist

Mitchell is at the 96th percentile in terms of his BMI. His doctor would likely tell his parents that he is _____.

overweight

According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because

parents often hand down rules in an authoritarian way.

Andrew is 60 and is starting to have memory lapses and struggling to complete things that used to take him no time at all. He finds himself forgetting driving routes that he used to know. Andrew might be experiencing the developmental pattern called _____.

pathological aging

When you see an airplane flying away from you, it appears to get smaller. However, you know that it stays the same size. The difference between your sensation and your perception of the plane illustrates the concept of

perceptual constancy.

Delilah lost her husband Hendricks in a highway accident. Being just 3 years into marriage, she was devastated. 4 months later, she was hassled by problems such as intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, nightmares, sleep disturbance, and problems in concentrating. Delilah is probably experiencing

post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Mark is a 4-month-old toddler. Which of the following emotions would he show at this age?

primary

_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

psychoanalytic

Mike is 14 years old. When asked what he wants to be when he grows up, he promptly replies that he wants to be a lawyer and begins to speak about a recent case and how well the lawyers handled the case. However, his mother casually mentions that Mike's interests change almost every few weeks and that she feels that Mike should attend some career guidance sessions to decide what he wants to become. In the context of Erik Erikson's fifth developmental stage, this period of Mike's life is referred to as a ________.

psychosocial moratorium

Joseph Allen and his colleagues found that adolescents who were securely attached to their parents at 14 years of age were more likely at 21 years of age to report:

relationship competence and fewer problematic behaviors.

When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the ________ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.

rooting

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of

scaffolding.

Darren is an active twelve-year-old boy. When his friend Simon cheats in a game, Darren tends to get irritated. However, Darren controls his anger and tries explaining to Simon why cheating is bad. Which developmental aspect is Darren displaying in his actions?

self-regulation

Margie Lachman and her colleagues argue that having a ________ is one of the most important modifiable factors in delaying the onset of diseases in middle adulthood and reducing the frequency of diseases in late adulthood.

sense of control in middle age

Cindy has worked from home as a freelancer ever since she had a baby. Now that her baby, Hailey, is 15 months old, Cindy has accepted a full-time job offer. Everyday when Cindy drops Hailey off at the day care, Hailey screams and cries for a couple of minutes. Which of the following terms best describes Hailey's behavior?

separation protest

Quimby, a 15-month-old child, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in

social referencing

Venette recounts a funny story that she had recently heard to her friend Clarice. Clarice tells her that she has heard the story before, and, in fact, she had been the one to originally tell the story to Venette. From the scenario, it can be said that Venette has poor ________ memory.

source

Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny most likely describing?

stimulation and ego support

Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged. Most of Ethel's relatives have not lived past the age of 60. Which of the following genes are responsible for the accelerated aging observed in Ethel and her family members?

susceptibility genes

Which of the following was considered to be clear signs of death 30 years ago?

the end of certain biological functions such as breathing

In general, in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations differ from White family orientations in that

the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.

According to fuzzy trace theory, ________ consists of the precise details of the information.

the verbatim memory trace

One factor that has contributed to the survival of centenarians is

their ability to cope effectively with stress.

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

typing on a computer while talking to a friend

Jeanette, a 60-year-old woman, participates in a competition in which the participants are asked to memorize a list of words and then recall them in the same order in less than 2 minutes. In this competition, the participant who recalls the maximum number of words in the right order will be the winner. Unfortunately, Jeanette is not able to recall more than 10 words. In the context of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, Jeanette is most likely showing a decline in the mental ability referred to as

verbal memory.

According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is most likely to deteriorate as a person's age increases?

visual and motor memory

At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by making them learn to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context of the words that are given in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, newspapers, and magazines. This school is using the ________ approach to reading instruction.

whole-language

Mr. Trahan teaches English. He adopts a constructivist approach to learning. In his classroom, it is most likely that the students will be

working in groups to discover the meaning of a poem.