HDFS Quiz 2 (Chapter 4)

Affiliation vs. Abandonment

12-13 years

What process is going on when individuals change their existing way of thinking as a result of new information? Accommodation Equilibration Synthesis assimilation

Accommodation

"After studying in Peru, I realize I cannot work for a large corporation; I am going to be a nurse."

Acheivement

Which of the following parenting styles has been associated with fostering identity achievement?

Democratic

"I'm not worried about what to do after school... who cares."

Diffusion

Feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to the individual

Emotion

By far the most comprehensive and provocative theory of identity development is that of ___ ______

Erik Erickson

Developed comprehensive theory of human development across the Life span. Primary focus was adolescence the time of greatest influence on identity development. Adolescence the time of identity versus identity confusion. Who am I? What am I all about? What am I going to do with my life? What is different about me? How can I make it on my own?

Erik Erickson

"I never had to think about what to do; I'm taking over the farm from Dad."

Foreclosure

"Who would I like to be"

Ideal Self

Establishing a clear and definite sense of who you are and how you fit into the world around you.

Identity Achievement

Failure to form a stable and secure identity.

Identity Confusion

Seventeen-year-old Suzanne is questioning the tenets of the religion in which she was brought up. She is, for the first time, examining her beliefs and considering other belief systems. At the end of the period, she chooses to follow the same religion as her parents.

Identity achievement

Lorraine is 16 years old and when asked what she wants to do when she graduates high school, she replies, "I never really thought about it. I guess I will decide when the time comes.

Identity diffusion

After Bill graduates from high school, he plans to go into his father's business. He has been talking this over with his parents since he was a preschooler and is eager to fulfill his parents' expectations.

Identity foreclosure

Marsha is a 14-year-old who, when asked what she wants to do when she graduates from high school, replies, "Maybe I will get married and have some children, or maybe I will be a neurosurgeon or a fashion designer."

Identity moratorium

What differences exist between the self-understanding of adolescents and that of emerging adults?

In emerging adulthood, self-understanding becomes more integrated

Which of the following statements regarding the corpus callosum is NOT true? -It is a large bundle of axon fibers. -It becomes smaller in adolescence. -Its change in adolescence improves the ability to process information. -All of these are false

It becomes smaller in adolescence.

Each perceived failure lowers self-worth

Maladaptive Perfectionist

Experience anxiety and emotional issues

Maladaptive Perfectionist

Irrational belief that they must be perfect to be accepted

Maladaptive Perfectionist

Pursue excellence to an unhealthy level

Maladaptive Perfectionist

Standards are unattainable

Maladaptive Perfectionist

Carl Rogers argued that a strong discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self is a sign of

Maladjustment

"I want to be a marine biologist... no, a lawyer... no, a hairdresser like my best friends' mom."

Moratorium

What is the main difference between a myelinated cell process and a cell process without myelin?

Myelinated cell processes are more efficient at information processing than non-myelinated cell processes.

Exaggerated sense of SELF-importance

Narcissism

Often exhibit most grandiose behaviors when their self-esteem is threatened

Narcissism

Often unaware of their actual self and how they are perceived by others

Narcissism

Rarely show empathy to others

Narcissism

_____________ is a wish to excel and to experience pleasure from accomplishments

Perfectionism

How to achieve identity?

Personality experimentation Role experimentation

Emotional competencies include

- Being aware that the expression of emotions plays a major role in relationships. - Adaptively coping with negative emotions by using self-regulatory strategies that reduce the intensity and duration of such emotional states. - Understanding the inner emotional states do not have to correspond to outer expressions. - Being aware of one's emotional states without being overwhelmed by them. - Being able to discern others' emotions.

How can adolescents' self-esteem be increased?

- Identify the causes of low self-esteem and the domains of competence important to the self - Provide emotional support- and social approval - Foster achievement - Help adolescents to cope (ex: exercise, meditation, cognitive development therapy) - Unconditional positive regard (Rogers)

Why might adolescents be more moody compared to children or adults?

- Social changes, Elementary to middle and middle to high school. - Spending more time with peers, self-comparison, pushing for more independence from parents

What else may help crystalize identity in adolescence and emerging adulthood?

-Teachers -Coaches -Any social relationship? Erickson thought you had to figure out who you were before you could learn a lot about our selves through exploration of romantic relationships. -Resources and opportunities to experiment

Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces:

-Vocational/career - identity - political identity - Religious identity - Relationship identity - Achievement, intellectual identity - sexual identity - Cultural/ethnic identity - Physical identity

Susan Harter's eight domains of self image

Scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, job competence, romantic appeal, behavioral conduct, close friendship

What process is going on when individuals incorporate new knowledge into their existing knowledge bases? Accommodation Equilibration Synthesis assimilation

assimilation

If a study finds an _________ between self-esteem and depression, it could be equally likely that depression causes low self-esteem or low self-esteem causes depression

association

A person's fluctuating level of self-worth in response to different thoughts, experiences, and interactions with others E.g., as a result of doing very well. Vs. failing an exam

barometric self-esteem

A person's stable and enduring level of self-worth

baseline self-esteem

Identity development can lead to both ____ (exploration) and become more ____ (achievement)

change, stable

concrete terms

childhood

self-concepts connection to Lerner's 5 C's

competence

self-esteems Connections to Lerner's 5 Cs

confidence

The extent to which recent generations of adolescents have higher self-esteem and are more narcissistic than earlier generations is _________ (Arnett, 2013; Donnellan & Trzesniewski, 2010; Eckersley, 2010; Roberts, Edmonds, & Grant, 2010; Twenge & Campbell, 2010)

controversial

An important point is that research on self-esteem is __________ rather than experimental

correlational

Each life period is characterized by a particular development issue or "____"

crisis

Parents have a ________ (or authoritative) parenting style

democratic

Low self-esteem has been implicated in __________, anorexia nervosa, delinquency, and other adjustment problems, and even suicide (Kuhlberg, Pena, & Zayas, 2010)

depression

_______ adolescence is a time when emotional highs and lows occur more frequently (Rosenblum & Lewis, 2003)

early

A current concern is that too many of today's college students grew up receiving ______ ______ and as a consequence have inflated self-esteem (Graham, 2005; Stipek, 2005)

empty praise

Compared to identity, however, personality seems to be more stable, especially by late adolescence - Defined as _____ characteristics of persons

endurring

Crisis has been equated with "________"

exploration

"Who I dread becoming"

feared self

not for exploration in the four identity statuses

foreclosure and diffusion

I recognize contradictions in my personality.... Which is the REAL me??? I'm shy around my relatives, but outgoing with my friends.... I'm aware that I sometimes show a FALSE self to others that isn't really the me or the way I think and feel

formal operational

ability to perceive multiple aspects of a situation or idea mean that self-understanding becomes more complex in adolescence.

formal operational

Inspired by Erikson's theory, Marcia constructed the Identity Status Interview that classified adolescents into one of _____ identity statuses

four

Nick's parents told him that he did a "good job" for everything, even when his performance was mediocre or poor. Nick's college sociology teacher gave him a C+ on a paper and included constructive criticism on his writing and critical thinking skills. According to research, Nick will

have difficulty handling criticism.

_____ changes appear to directly correspond to changes in adolescent brain development

hormonal

The emotional fluctuations of early adolescence may be related to variability in _______ levels during this period (e.g., cortisol)

hormone

subcatagory of possible selve

ideal and feared

Identity formation is founded partly on _________ made in childhood For example, children identify with parents Adolescents reflect on identifications and decide which they want to embrace

identifications

During adolescence, through self-understanding individuals develop an integrated sense of _________.

identity

Richard was asked to debate issues concerning premarital sex in his health class. His parents always taught him that premarital sex was wrong and that they would be very disappointed if they discovered that he had participated. After thoroughly investigating the consequences of premarital sex, Richard came out against it.

identity achievement

Peer judgments gain ________ importance in adolescence (Prinstein & Dodge, 2010; Villanti, Boulay, & Juon, 2010)

increasing

Catherine Cooper and her colleagues have found that a family atmosphere that promotes both ______ and ________ is important to exploration

individuality, connectedness

no for commitment in the four identity statuses

moratorium and diffusion

More recent research shows notable declines in the college student population __________ since the 1990s

narcissism

1. puts down others by teasing, name-calling, or gossiping 2. uses gestures that are dramatic or our of context 3. engages in inappropriate touching or avoids physical contact 4. gives excuses for failures 5. brags excessively about achievements, skills, appearance 6. verbally puts self down; self depression 7. speaks too loudly, abruptly, or in a dogmatic tone

negative indicators of behavioral self-esteem

Erikson believe we have _______ (integrated/core) identity

one

________ are important "identity agents" for adolescent development

parents

Social contexts such as the family, _________, and schools (Roussitt & others, 2010)

peers

_______________ is an especially powerful correlate of self-esteem in adolescence (Harter, 2006)

physical appearance

The most powerful contributor to global self-esteem in adolescence is

physical appearance.

________ performance and self-esteem are only moderately correlated (Baumeister & others, 2003)

school

parents form a _____ attachment for their children

secure

Becomes more complex in adolescence

self-concept

Domain-specific evaluation and assessment of self (e.g., academic, athletic, also gender, sexuality, ethnicity, traits and characteristics

self-concept

Refers to what attitudes one has about self in this domain -These attitudes help to motivate and direct one's behavior

self-concept

Emotion is closely connected to ________

self-esteem

a personal overall sense of worth and well-being

self-esteem

Cognitive representation of self (concepts). Based on the roles and memberships that define you, social comparisons , differentiation. A view of both the current self and the ideal self. becomes more integrated with development.

self-understanding

Long term associations from _______ in childhood to specific traits in adulthood

temperament

"Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of ___, ____ and ____ The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other is understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole."

thinking, feeling, behaving

Trisha's parents are concerned that at age 15, she seems to be unsure of what she wants to pursue for a career. Last month she was interested in nursing and now she is looking into social work. Trisha's parents should know that her behavior is

typical for adolescents of her age.

For each issue or crisis, there is a developmentally healthy path and an _____ _____

unhealthy path

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

Temperament

yes for commitment in the four identity statuses

achievement and foreclosure

yes for Exploration in the four identity statuses

achievement and moratorium

"Who am I"

actual self

abstract personality - trait focused

adolescence

Which of the following statements regarding the amygdala is TRUE? It is the seat of emotions. It is part of the limbic system. It matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex. All of these are true.

all of these are true

The prefrontal cortex is primarily involved with -reasoning. -higher order processing. -emotional regulation. -all of these.

all of these.

1. gives others directives of commands 2 uses voice quality appropriate for situation 3. expressed opinions 4. Sits with others during social activities 5. works cooperatively in a group 6. Faces other when speaking or being spoken to 7. Maintains eye contact during conversation 8. Initiates friendly contact with others 9. Maintains comfortable space between self and others 10. has little hesitation in speech, speaks fluently

positive indicators of behavioral in self-esteem

"Who might I become"

possible selves

________ _________ a period when adult responsibilities are postponed as young people try on various possible selves

psychosocial moratorium

_____ change is associated with an increase in negative emotions (Dorn & others, 2006)

pubertal