Head, Face, Neck, Lymph: Anatomy

How many facial bones are there?

The 14 facial bones also articulate at sutures (note the nasal bone, zygomatic bone, and maxilla), except for the mandible (the lower jaw)

Hyoid bone

The highest structure in the neck is the hyoid bone, palpated at the level of the floor of the mouth.

Deep cervical node

deep under the sternomastoid muscle

Thyroid cartilage

(Just above the thyroid isthmus, within about 1 cm, is the cricoid cartilage, or upper tracheal ring.) The thyroid cartilage is above the cricoid cartilage, with a small palpable notch in its upper edge. -the notch is "Adam's apple" in meant

The lymph nodes of the neck

-Preauricular -Postauricular -Tonsillar -Occipital -Submandibular -Submental -Superficial cervical -Posterior cervical -Deep cervical -Supraclavicular

The two triangles of the neck

-The anterior triangle lies in front, between the sternomastoid and the midline of the body; its base is up along the lower border of the mandible, and its apex is down at the suprasternal notch. -The posterior triangle is behind the sternomastoid muscle, with the trapezius muscle on the other side; its base is along the clavicle below.

2 pairs of salivary glands accessible to examination on face

-The parotid glands are in the cheeks over the mandible, anterior to and below the ear. They are the largest of the salivary glands but are not normally palpable. -The submandibular glands are beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw. -A third pair, the sublingual glands, lie in the floor of the mouth.

Trapezius muscle

-The two trapezius muscles form a trapezoid shape on the upper back. -Each arises from the occipital bone and the vertebrae and extends by fanning out to the scapula and clavicle. -The trapezius muscles move the shoulders and extend and turn the head.

The internal and external carotid artery

-the internal carotid artery branches off the common carotid artery and runs inward and upward to supply the brain; -the external carotid artery supplies the face, salivary glands, and superficial temporal area

facial structures

Facial structures also are, in general, symmetrical; the eyebrows, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth appear about the same on both sides. - The palpebral fissures—the openings between the eyelids—are equal bilaterally

Which do adjacent cranial bones unite?

The adjacent cranial bones unite at meshed immovable joints called sutures. *At birth, the bones are not firmly joined, which allows for the mobility and change in shape needed for the birth process. The sutures gradually ossify during early childhood

carotid artery and internal jugular vein

The carotid artery and internal jugular vein lie beneath the sternomastoid muscle. -The external jugular vein runs diagonally across the sternomastoid muscle.

Coronal suture

The coronal suture crowns the head from ear to ear at the union of the frontal and parietal bones

Which cervical vertebra support the cranium?

The cranium is supported by the cervical vertebra: C1, the "atlas"; C2, the "axis"; and down to C7 (vertebra prominens)

Lambdoid suture

The lambdoid suture separates the parietal bones crosswise from the occipital bone.

Major neck muscles

The major neck muscles are the sternomastoid and the trapezius (innervated by cranial nerve XI (the spinal accessory nerve))

Sagittal suture

The sagittal suture separates the sides of the head lengthwise between the two parietal bones.

The skull

The skull is a rigid, bony box that protects the brain and special sense organs, and it includes the bones of the cranium and the face Note the cranial bones: -Frontal -Parietal -Occipital -Temporal

Temporal artery

The temporal artery lies superior to the temporalis muscle, and its pulsation is palpable anterior to the ear.

Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland with a rich blood supply. It straddles the trachea in the middle of the neck -This highly vascular endocrine gland synthesizes and secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), hormones that stimulate the rate of cellular metabolism. -The thyroid has two lobes, both conical in shape, each curving posteriorly between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle. The lobes are connected in the middle by a thin isthmus lying over the second and third tracheal rings.

Occipital node

base of skull

Job of the lymphatic system

detect and eliminate foreign substances from the body. The lymphatic vessels gather the clear, watery fluid (lymph) from the tissue spaces into the circulation

Submandibular node

halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible

Preauricular

in front of the ear

Posterior cervical node

in the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle

supraclavicular nodes

located just above and behind the clavicle, at the sternomastoid muscle

Submental node

midline, behind the tip of the mandible

Superficial cervical node

overlying the sternomastoid muscle

Posterior auricular (mastoid)

superficial to the mastoid process

The supply of lymph nodes is most extensive in....

the head and neck

Sternomastoid muscle

the sternomastoid muscle arises from the sternum and the medial part of the clavicle and extends diagonally across the neck to the mastoid process behind the ear. -It accomplishes head rotation and head flexion

Tonsillar node

under the angle of the mandible