HEALTH CLASS 2020

What is the relative risk for women and men who smoke for developing lung cancer?

30

What methods are being used to diagnose and treat cancer today? From the list below, choose all of the statements that accurately describe current diagnostic tools and treatment options for cancer.

A common approach for treating cancer is to remove the tumor and the adjacent tissue.Chemotherapy might cause long-term harm to the reproductive system and other body systems.

The risk factors for cancer can be broadly classified as acquired (or environmental, which may be modifiable) and hereditary (or genetic, which are not modifiable). Which of the following are examples of lifestyle risks for cancer?

alcohol use , tobacco use

In which procedure used to treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a balloon catheter threaded through blocked arteries to open them?

angioplasty

The form of cardiovascular disease that is responsible for the most deaths each year is

coronary heart disease

Heart-healthy superfoods include all EXCEPT which of the following?

dairy products

Which of the following are positive steps that a person can take to reduce his or her risk for CVD?

exercising regularly, eating more food low in saturated fat and trans fats, quitting tobacco use, maintaining a healthy weight

"Good" cholesterol is also known as

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Sustained high blood pressure is known as

hypertension

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is

malignant melanoma

Consider how the following behaviors, characteristics, or facts affect the risk for CVD. Determine whether each increases, decreases, or has no effect on the risk for CVD.

(Increases Risks for CVD) being exposed to secondhand smoke having elevated LDL cholesterol having reduced HDL cholesterol having an apple body shape living a sedentary lifestyle (Decreases Risks for CVD) eating a diet low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium and high in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables having a pear body shape sleeping 7 to 8 hours per night consuming monounsaturated fats

Cancer risk factors are both hereditary and environmental. These factors' interactions can increase chances for cancer incidence and cancer progression, as well as influence vulnerability to cancer throughout life. Consider how the following behaviors, characteristics, or facts affect the risk for cancer. Determine whether each increases, decreases, or has no effect on the risk for cancer.

(Increases Risks for Cancer) enjoying two or three alcoholic drinks per day living a sedentary lifestyle being 55 years old or more having a close relative with cancer being exposed to secondhand smoke having a high BMI suffering from depression (Decreases Risks for Cancer) sleeping 7 to 8 hours per night receiving hepatitis B vaccine following My Plate recommendations (Has No Known Effect on Cancer Risk) experiencing a little stress at work

Different types of cancers have different etiologies. Moreover, each type of cancer has different risk factors associated with it. The likelihood of developing certain cancers can be reduced by modifications in lifestyle, immunizations, or medications. Each type of cancer has different symptoms, method of diagnosis, and treatment as well. The types of cancer covered in this activity are lung cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. For each risk factor, detection method, or treatment option, decide which disease or diseases are the best fit.

(Lung Cancer) It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Symptoms include a voice change. (Breast Cancer) One in eight women will be diagnosed with this cancer. Treatment includes drugs like tamoxifen. (Cervical Cancer) The Pap test is a very effective screening method. Receiving a vaccine against HPV can reduce cancer risk. (More Than One Cancer) Heavy smoking is a major risk factor. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer. Five-year survival rate drops when the cancer spreads.

Which of the following is the recommended screening method for prostate cancer?

(PSA The PSA test measures the level of PSA (or prostate-specific antigen) in the blood. Higher levels may indicate prostate cancer.

Which of following can occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted?

(a stroke) when the blood supply to the brain is reduced or temporarily halted, which may result in the death of some brain cells. A stroke is ischemic when the interruption in blood flow is due to plaque or a clot; a stroke is hemorrhagic when it is due to the bulging or rupture of a weakened vessel.

The four main categories of cancers are carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. These categories are based on the type of tissue in which the cancer is found. If Caitlynn has cancer in her bone marrow and experiences an abnormal increase in her number of white blood cells, then into which of the four categories does her cancer fall?

(leukemia) occurs in the bone marrow and the spleen. Unlike carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas, leukemia do not form solid tumors.

CVD is responsible for about one third of all deaths in the United States. The major four CVD described in this activity are: hypertension, atherosclerosis, CHD, and stroke. For each symptom described below, decide which disease is the best fit.

*Hypertension (the "silent killer") -highest rates among African Americans -diagnosed when systolic pressure exceeds 140 *Atherosclerosis(plaque buildup in inner lining of arterial wall) *Coronary Heart Disease (the greatest cardiovascular disease killer) *Stroke (interrupted blood supply to the brain ischemic or hemorrhagic)

Describe Cancer and How It Develops, as Well as Its Impact Compared to Other Major Health Problems in Terms of Morbidity/Mortality, Costs, and Overall Effectiveness of Prevention and ControlPart complete Choose the correct statement below about cancer.

Approximately one of every two men in America will develop cancer.

1. The cardiovascular system is an intricate organ system that allows blood to flow to and from all parts of the body carrying, among other substances, oxygenand nutrients. The system includes the heart and blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries. The heart is a strong muscleabout the size of your fist and contains four chambers. The two upper chambers, called atria, receive blood that was collected from the body or lungs, whereas the ventricles, the two lower chambers, pump the blood from the heart out to the lungs or the body.

Most arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The exceptions are the pulmonary arteriesthat carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where the blood becomes oxygenated. The four chambers beat in an orchestrated manner due to an electrical impulsethat when traveling across the heart muscle, gives a signal that causes the orderly contraction of the chambers. This signal starts in the sinoatrial node (SA node), which functions as a natural pacemaker for the heart.

Metastasis is the process by which malignant cancers spread. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which arises from the pigment-containing skin cells (melanocytes). It was estimated that in 2016, almost 13,500 deaths from melanoma occurred. If not diagnosed and treated early, the disease will most likely become metastatic. Brain metastases are a frequent occurrence in patients with metastatic melanoma. Rank the following steps of the metastasis of melanoma starting with a normal skin cell and ending with brain metastases.

Normal skin cells are present. DNA of skin cell is damaged by sun. Cell begins rapid division and then changes form. Cells invade normal tissue. Cells enter blood and/or lymph. Metastases format distant sites.

Blood passes through a valve and enters the right ventricle. Blood moves up through the pulmonary artery. Blood reaches the lungs and receives oxygen. Blood returns to the left atrium. Blood passes through a valve and enters the left ventricle. Blood moves through the aorta. Blood circulates to the body, becomes deoxygenated, and returns via the veins.

Rank the following steps of blood flow starting and ending the cycle with the circulatory blood entering the right atrium.

Part complete What methods are being used to diagnose and treat CVD today? From the list below, choose all of the statements that accurately describe current diagnostic tools and treatment options for CVD.

Taking a daily aspirin might have risks, especially for otherwise healthy adults. Bypass graft surgeries have a lower recurrence rate than stent insertions do.

Being aware of the stages of cancer development is a crucial step in understanding cancer. If you are familiar with how cancer develops, you can then understand better the importance of early detection and lifestyle changes that could reduce your risk.

The term "cancer" is used to describe a group of diseases in which (abnormal) cells start dividing (uncontrollably) and invade healthy tissues and organs. These cancerous cells can (metastasize) through the blood or the lymphatic system. When the body is already weakened by disease, stress, or old age, the cancer invasion has more of a chance of succeeding. The rapid and abnormal growth of tissue caused by (cellular proliferation) is called a neoplasm and usually develops into a tumor. Most tumors are not (malignant) , but are (benign). In the past, the only way to distinguish between the tumors was to perform a (traditional biopsy.) Malignant tumors can invade normal tissues, damage the DNA or RNA, and permanently alter the genetic sequence, creating (mutations). The (TNM) staging system is used to describe how big a tumor is, the number of lymph nodes affected, and how much it has spread at the time of diagnosis.

The techniques available for diagnosing CVD range from electrocardiograms (ECGs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiograms to positron emission tomography (PET) scans and ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scans. Techniques for treating CVD include numerous surgical and medicinal options. Suppose Corinna undergoes a surgical procedure in which a catheter is inserted into her blocked artery and a balloon is inflated to flatten the plaque in the walls of the artery. What is the name of this procedure?

angioplasty

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

arteries

Which condition is characterized by plaque deposits on the inner linings of arteries?

atherosclerosis

Lymphomas, leukemias, carcinomas, and sarcomas are types of

cancers

Minute blood vessels that permit the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products among body cells are known as the

capillaries

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries. This network of organs and vessels uses blood to carry oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and waste products (e.g., carbon dioxide) to and from all parts of the body. Which of the following vessels in the cardiovascular system exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide directly with body cells?

capillaries

What is the leading cause of death of men and women in the United States?

cardiovascular disease

How many American adults have a higher-than-optimal blood pressure?

more than one in three

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, killing more than 17 million people each year. Which of the following are examples of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors?

not smoking, following a healthy diet pattern, getting the recommended amount of physical activity

Potentially cancer-inducing genes are known as

oncogenes

What percentage of cancer deaths are caused by lifestyle factors?

one-third

When atherosclerosis occurs in the extremities, it is known as

peripheral artery disease

All EXCEPT which of the following play a role in the development of cancer?

practicing stress management skills

When the blood supply to the brain is interrupted and causes brain damage, this is a(n)

stroke

How much greater is the risk of cardiovascular disease for smokers compared to nonsmokers?

two to four times greater

Which vessels carry blood to the heart?

veins