Health Psych 10/23

calorie count study

NYC required labeling of all calories; merchants were consistently opposed to adding these to menus-thought it'd kill profits found people bought fewer calories, but sales actually increase (people were making different choices)

nicaragua media BMI study

Nicaragua body images in a city, rural without internet, or town that recently got internet access media exposure: lowest BMI no media: highest BMI some: middle amount of media exposure you have, has a strong correlation of what you rate attractiveness at different BMI levels.

suicide tv shows study

TV shows that showed suicide attempts etc. and measured attempts in viewers with tv shows showing suicide vs. viewers with tv shows without suicide. People who saw the movies with sicide were more likely to attempt

risk of injury: adulthood

"other" is the largest proportion 25-34: OD, car, homicide (not suicide) 35-64: poisoning, car, suicide 65+: falls, car, suicide risk of injuries varies dramatically over lifespan but so does type of injury

smoking prevalence

-15% of American adults smoke -more common in men -geographical differences -rates are highest among native americans -highly correlated with education and poverty (very much a subculture of the situation in which youre living)

the power of nicotine

-addiction = huge problem -challenge of quitting (70% of smokers want to quit, people average quitting about 30x)

explaining the social support health link

-buffering hypothesis -direct effects hypothesis

models of the stress response

-cannon's fight or flight -selye's general adaptation syndrome

learning theories

-classical conditioning -operant conditioning -observational learning/modeling

critiques of learning theories

-cognition can undermine learning (ex. antabuse) -behavior is motivated purely by reward/punishment (its not internally driven--smoking bans=smoke elsewhere)

treating disordered eating

-cognitive behavioral therapy: changes thoughts and behaviors about eating and body image -family based therapy: brings in whole family and helps them understand whats the underlying problem (family learns strategies to reduce factors, situations etc. that are contributing to the problem); very effective -drug therapy: antidepressants; limited evidence that its effective

preventing obesity

-essential to prevent this in childhood (fat kids--> fat adults) -avoid using food as a reward -limit tv -encourage physical activity -get enough sleep

critiques of continuum models

-fail to include a person's current or past behaviors -ignores other factors like race gender status etc. -may only show correlations not causation -combining components from several different models may better predict healthy behavior

creating health behavior changes

-fear based appeals -message framing

Continuum theories of health behavior

-health belief model -social cognitive theory -theories of reasoned action/planned behavior

life skill training approaches to prevent substance abuse

-increase self esteem and social competence -provide strategies for resisting persuasive appeals -teach skills for verbal and nonverbal communication

consequences of tobacco use

-leading cause of preventable mortality in the US -smoking causes 90% of all lung cancer deaths -even light smokers experience health consequences (6x as likely to die from respiratory diseases and 1.5x likely to die with cardiovascular)

preventing disordered eating

-mixed research support (hearing about others' experience had reverse effect) -emphasis on healthy eating exercise (not "dont do this") -critique media images (show photoshop)

family dynamics and EDs

-moms are strong influencer -anorexics: families are usually high achieving and controlling (food =control) -bulimia: families often have conflict, stress, and low support (food=emotion)

negative state and stress

-neuroticism (neg affect) -type A behavior (time urgent, competitive, angry/hostile) -hostility/disagreeableness (worst one)

common features of eating disorders

-overvalue role of appearance -high self criticism -difficulty understanding and regulating emotions

risk factors for unintentional injury

-personality trait (angry/hostile increases likelihood) -conscientiousness (tends to decrease but not always-text&drive) -substance abuse (increases risk) -social influence (increases, especially during adolescence) -poverty (increases risk)

explaining the alcohol consequences link

-physiological effects: impaired information processing and reduced self-awareness -alcohol myopia: individuals cant engage in cognitive processing regarding long term consequences of their behavior and instead base decisions primarily on the most salient and immediate cues (people cant think about long term consequences)

role of personality on stress

-positive states -conscientiousness -internal locus of control/hardiness -negative state

impact of coping styles

-problem focused coping -emotion focused coping

additional effects of stress

-psychological well being (high anxiety, depression, loneliness, etc) -PTSD -bad memory and cognition -behavioral changes (lack of appetite and sleep, increased substance abuse) more likely to relapse if youre: HALT (hungry angry lonely tired)

religion/spirituality and health link

-psychological well being (lower levels of anxiety & depression) -fewer major health problems -longer life expectancy (die at 75 without church but 83 with it unless your religion prohibits medical care)

sources of stress

-relationships -school/work -environmental factors (poverty etc) -cataclysmic events (natural disasters) -internal pressures (I want to eat but I could be skinny)

measuring stress

-self report inventories -physiological measures

treating obesity

-set short term goals -create (nonfood) rewards -monitor behavior (increase mindfulness) -make small changes -get social support -institute societal changes

explaining the personality health link

-stress -physiological mechanism -coping strategies -social support -health habits -self report

stage models of health behavior change

-trans theoretical (stages of change) model -precaution adoption process model -health action process approach

types of social support

1) emotional support: caring concern 2)belongingness support: availability of social companion 3) instrumental (tangible) support: concrete assistance with resources or services 4) informational (appraisal) support: advice and guidance about coping with a problem 5) esteem (validation) support: affirmation of self worth you need to give different forms of social support for different problems

risk factors for intentional injury

1) individual differences (psych disorders-depression&suicide/self-harm&anxiety, impulsivity-self harm, perfectionism-suicide and self-harm) 2) substance abuse (plays role in intentional and unintentional) 3) social influence (modeling, suicide contagion) 4) poverty (linked with injuries directed at others, NOT SUICIDE) 5) access to firearms (linked with suicide IPV homicide, etc.)

psychosocial factors contributing to obesity

1) internal external hypothesis 2) restraint theory 3) mood regulation 4) situational factors

psychological factors that contribute to disordered eating

1) media images 2) sociocultural norms 3) family dynamics 4) personality

5 Positive reinforcement models

1) nicotine fixed effect model 2) nicotine regulation model 3) affect regulation model 4) multiple regulation model 5) bio-behavioral model

treating substance abuse

1) pharmacological approaches: manage symptoms caused by withdrawal with rugs like nicotine replacement therapy 2) aversion strategies: create new unpleasant associations (ex. antibuse--people are too smart for this and doesn't help with withdrawal) 3) cognitive behavioral approaches: understand thoughts and behaviors that lead to substance use; whats driving this? stimulus control and response substitution 4) public health approaches: large scale government changes (bans, tase, warning labels, etc.-prevents behavior but can also be used to treat addiction 5) self help programs: non-official method of help that are widely used and thought to be productive (ex. AA etc.)

benefits of social support

1) preventing illness 2) coping with illness 3) recovering from surgery 4) life expectancy

strategies for preventing injuries

1) providing education (ex. skills training and mass media approaches) 2) creating legislation (ex. changed packaging on drugs that could be used to OD) 3) changing communities (ex. modifying the physical environment like golden gate bridge netting or modifying the social norms like mental health stigma operation cease fire, etc.)

preventing substance abuse

1) social influence programs 2) life skill training approaches 3) mass media approaches 4) government based approaches

factors contributing to smoking

1) social learning (mostly in teenagers) 2) media influence 3) personality (risk taking, impulsivity, concern with weight) 4) positive reinforcement

common causes of intentional injury

1) suicide (mostly by gun, mostly teens and middle aged men, more attempts by females, more successes by males) 2) non-suicidal self injury (not a suicidal ideation) 3) homicide and assault (often by known person- risk is function of race and gender) 4) intimate partner violence (IPV) 5) child abuse and neglect (physical sexual emotional etc.) 6) sexual violence (sexual activity without consent)

explanations for alcohol abuse

1) tension reduction theory:people drunk to cope and regulate negative emotions 2) social learning theory:people learn attitudes and behaviors from others 3) personality: harm avoidance decreases risk, extraversion increases risk 4) biological/genetic factors: reduced sensitivity? increased reward? increased risk of developing dependence?

heart disease and life expectancy study

82% of heart disease patients who are married/have a close confidant live 5 years after diagnosis compared to 50% of those without support

tobacco power wall study

@CORNELL WHAT IS THIS

Greys Anatomy study

CPR was much more successful on TV (greys and house) than in real life--example of false observational learning which can have real world consequences on medical decision making

mass media approaches to prevent substance abuse

US program that tries to talk to teenagers about immediate consequences of smoking (yellow teeth, expensive habit, etc.) have been successful

addiction

a condition in which a person has physical and psychological dependence on a given substance

religiosity

a formal link to religious organizations

alcohol use disorder

a medical condition that is characterized by both alcohol abuse and dependence and occurs when drinking causes a person distress or harm

self efficacy

a person's confidence that he or she can effectively engage in a behavior (part of social cognitive theory)

spirituality

a personal orientation towards religious beliefs but not necessarily practices

health action process appraoch

a stage model of two distinct stages 1)motivation stage: evaluate risk of behavior, potential outcomes from change and self efficacy for making a change (how risky etc) 2) volition stage: making specific plans to carry out these intentions (planning)

risk of injury: adolescents& young adults - age 15-24

accidents is leading cause (new drivers, risk seeking, unintentional OD)

active vs. passive strategies to prevent injury

active strategies: require people to engage in some type of action to prevent injuries from occurring or to decrease the harm resulting from such injuries (ex. wear a helmet) passive strategies: change people's environment (ex. putting in extra airbags, child safety caps etc.)

theory of planned beahvior

an updated version of the theory of reasoned action that accounts for ~perceived behavioral control~ in determining intentions

types of EDs

anorexia bulimia BED subclinical DE

ED personalities

anorexics: perfectionism, rigid, OCD bulimic: depressed anxious negative self image BED: impulsive

procrastination and performance study

asked if people if they procrastinate and recorded when an exam was handed in; procrastinators had lower levels of stress and sickness at the beginning of the semester but were worse at the end

theory of reasoned action

attitudes and subjective norms lead to intentions which in turn lead to behavior -attitudes (+ or - feelings about a behavior) -subjective norms (would other people support you if you engage in this behavior) -intentions (strength of action someone plans to take)

operant conditioning

behaviors can be increased or decreased as a function of the consequences of engaging in them (ex. if I lose 5lbs I get X)

outcome expectancies

beliefs about the consequences of engaging in a particular behavior (part of social cognitive theory)

internal locus of control/hardiness and stress

believes their decisions and behaviors impact their outcomes ex. if i study hard, I'll get a good grade

obesity prevalence

black adults > latinx > white all are increasing

multiple regulation model vs. bio-behavioral model

both of these models include physical and physiological influences BUT ALSO psychological

role of genetics on EDs

brain chemistry: impairments in levels of serotonin and leptin prenatal hormones: exposure to sex hormones during fetal development may play a role (boys w fraternal female twin= more likely anorexic)

breast cancer and social support study

breast cancer patients who attended a social support group live an avg of 36 mo. longer compared to 19mo. of those who didnt this isnt true anymore maybe bc of social media and/or the internet

risk of injury: infancy & childhood- age 5-9

car accident drowning fire/burns

intentional injuries examples

caused by violent behavior towards other or the self -assault -homicide -suicide -non-suicidal self-injury

emotion focused coping

change how you think about the stressor not the stress itself two types: 1) approach (vigilant coping): writing/venting about the problem, finding some benefits, using humor 2) avoidance (minimizing) coping: denying or avoiding thinking about a problem, ignore it

chip color study

college students watched a movie and were given chips. people given red chips ate fewer chips than in other condition purpose was discreet and study was very natural

car rides with passenger study

comparison between having a passenger in the car vs. being on the phone with someone in the car; found passengers are more safe than the phone (passengers are more sensitive to road conditions and can help you see)

heavy drinking

consuming four or more drinks on one day for women and five or more drinks on one day for men

seyle's general adaptation syndrome

describes how stress can lead to health consequences 1) alarm stage: body mobilizes to fight off a threat (physiological responses) 2) resistance stage: body continues to fight off a threat (diverts resources from immune system digestion reproductive etc.) 3)exhaustion stage: body's resources are depleted most well established theory in health psychology

response substitution

develop new ways of handling triggers

Anderson 2016 obesity study

didnt go over !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

consequences of alcohol use

direct: liver damage, brain damage, some types of cancer indirect: accidents, homicides, suicides, STDs, falls, burns (indirect=biggest problem with alcohol)

binge drinking

drinking enough alcohol to reach a .08 BAC

risk of injury: infancy & childhood- age 1-4

drowning car accident homicide

set point theory

each person's body has a certain weight that it strives to maintain

social influence program to prevent substance abuse

emphasize: immediate consequences, manipulation of advertisements, and accurate social norms opposing substance use helps a lot if led by slightly older student models

pro baseball players internal locus study

external locus: they were just too good; internal locus: we don't care who pitches we're doing our thing people who made internal locus decisions lived significantly longer

Beach Framing study

gave people on the beach different brochures with early gain framed or loss framed wording; people given gain framed messages caused them to use sunscreen

the value of giving social support

giving to someone else helps you feel better about yourself, people will be nicer to you, etc.

defensive pessimists

have to play through the negatives and failure in order to succeed (other people find them annoying)

physiological measure of stress

heart rate, blood pressure, cortisol, etc. these things dont require self report but are hard to baseline and white coat effect (scared by docs)

measuring obesity

height and weight tables are out of date measuring variations in muscle tone frame body fat etc. is the better way to measure fat BMI is most common but doesn't separate body fat from muscle

role of genetics on obesity

highly correlated in families, twins (?????? what did ur notes mean @cornell) -impact of food preferences -impact of metabolism

physiological mechanisms and the personality health link

hostile people have higher heart rate and higher cortisol levels

withdrawal

if a person stops using a substance they experience unpleasant symptoms such as irritability, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, nausea, and weight gain

religion geography and health study

if you live in a religious country, you have better health outcomes. it depends on where you live and if religion is a valued social norm

leading cause of death fro 1-44year olds

injuries

junk food NFL loss study

junk food sales after big city NFL loss. More food bought after a loss

government based approaches to prevent substance abuse

laws and regulations

stimulus control

learn to understand and avoid situations that trigger substance abuse

classical conditioning

learning occurs when a previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the same reposes as another stimulus with which its paired (Pavlovs dogs)

loneliness and life span study

likelihood of being alive and degree of loneliness and social isolation (no people to do things with); people who felt the most lonely were much more likely to die (SAD) *being alone and feeling lonely are not the same thing*

social network obesity study

longitudinal study that examined the spread of obesity within a social network; if an individual has a social network with obese people, theyre more likely to be obese as well (study eliminated generational differences)

family therapy ED study

looked at people stopping the behavior with cognitive vs. family based therapy; found family therapy was significantly better and led to much more recovery (ST & LT)

social phobia and reinforcement study

looked at people who were high vs. low in social phobia in a party situation and compared before and after low social phobia: smoking has no effect high social phobia: smoking lowers anxiety and experience a huge benefit; positive reinforcement theory

police officers after katrina study

looked at symptoms of PTSD-people who were high in positive traits tended to show lower symptoms of PTSD

preventing illness and social support study

made people sick; found people with more diverse social support networks are less likely to get the cold

self report inventories

major life events; have you experienced X Y Z events, add that up--> higher the number = high the stress level problem: individual differences in response to these things (ex. pregnancy when happily married vs. after rape); things are also co-mingled daily hassles and uplifts: -hassle: traffic, late, losing things, seeing ex, etc. -uplift: compliments, watch netflix, get laid, etc. problem: these all require self report all of these things lead to physiological measures of stress

married men and social support study

married men are much more likely to have someone tell them they have to go get check and therefore a significantly bigger portion of them go to the hospital if theyre having chest pain vs. single, widowed men etc.

married vs single people and social support study

married people are 2.5 times more likely to be alive 15 years after heart surgery than single people HAPPILY married people are 3.2 times more likely being unhappily married is worse than being single (constant stressor) -->certain kinds of social support are good others are not

heart surgery and coping strategies study

measured optimism and their recovery time; found faster recovery in positive people who were optimistic asked a lot of questions about recovery time can I read about it talk to people etc.

fear based appeals

messages that use negative stimuli to create the threat of impending danger or harm caused by either engaging in particular types of behavior or failing to engage in other positive types of behavior -increased perceived vulnerability -activate parts of the brain that process emotion memory and decision making critiques: -create high levels of anxiety but may not change behavior -anxiety may interfere with cognitive processing -people may respond defensively and actually increase their risky behavior how to fix these issues: -create moderate fear levels -provide specific strategies to handle anxiety -focus on short term consequences -enhance vulnerability (CAN happen to you) -provide self affirmation to increase receptivity (makes it easier for you to accept--ex. youre a great student its a shame you chose to do drugs)

the value of diverse types of support

neighborhood support helps pet support helps (dogs especially, cats suck)

physical effects of stress

nervous system: controls overall reaction to stress endocrine system: works by releasing hormones (increases adrenaline decreases growth and reproduction hormones) cardiovascular system: increases blood pressure and heart rate (lie detector test) immune: defend against infections and disease psychoneuroimmunology: psychosocial factors interact in complex ways with all body systems including the nervous cardiovascular endocrine and immune system

bio-behavioral model

nicotine leads to physiological effects that feel good, which leads people to become dependent both physically and psychologically on using nicotine to experience these positive effects you need to physical addition and psychological need to feel good

nicotine fixed effect model

nicotine stimulates reward inducing centers in the nervous system; positive feelings every time you smoke; positive reinforcement theory

restraint theory (obesity theory)

people are trying to lose weight ignore internal signal and instead used cognitive rules (can backfire)

trans theoretical model

people go through distinct stages as they attempt to change a behavior (its a process) 1)pre-contemplation: lack awareness that their behaviors problematic and theyre unmotivated to change (ex. I black out every weekend but its not a problem) 2)contemplation: growing awareness of behavior's costs and susceptibility, seek info and strategies to change (ex. maybe I shouldn't chug alcohol) 3)preparation: small changes as steps toward the ultimate change (ex. I'm going to limit the number of shots I take) 4) action: engaging in new behavior, risk of relapse is strongest here (ex. I'm actually not chugging alcohol and limiting # of shots taken) 5) maintenance: change is sustained (60mo) done in a series of changes not all of a sudden

internal external hypothesis (obesity theory)

people ignore internal cues for eating and instead pay attention to external cues (taste, smell, time of day)

positive states on stress

people in positive states have better health outcomes (extraversion, positive affect, optimism, etc)

biggest loser study

people return to their weight after losing it. all that happened was a short term decrease in metabolic rate then returned to baseline after a while

affect regulation model

people smoke to attain positive affect (to feel good) or to reduce negative things (to feel better); smokers often say they feel alert, can study better, reduces anxiety and stress, etc.; positive reinforcement theory

alcohol and friends study

people tend to think their friends/the typical students wants to drink more than they do

mood regulation (obesity theory)

people use food to regulate emotions

conscientiousness and stress

people who are conscientious have better health outcomes (hardworking motivated persistent)

social cognitive theory

people's behavior is influenced by observing other people engage in that behavior and seeing the outcomes for them, as well as their own confidence they could engage in that behavior -self efficacy -outcome expectancies

consequences of obesity

physical: fitness is more important than weight, causes all kinds of health problems, distribution of weight matters (pear >apple) social and psychological: nobody likes fat people; false personality attributions

board games and ED study

played board game with 3-5 year old girls and let them pick their piece. girls were much less willing to switch for the larger piece

common causes of unintentional injury

poisoning car accidents falls

drunk men study

put men in a room, got half drunk other half sober then showed the men a video of two people hu who cant find a condom and ask should you have sex? would you have sex? all men say you shouldn't have sex, but drunk ones say they'd still have sex while sober say they wouldn't

12 step program vs. other support group study

randomized political trial; 12 step vs. other support group; the 12 step program was much more effective

binge eating disorder (BED)

recurrent episodes of eating large quanitites of food coupled with feeling a loss of control during the binge and guilt after often overweight

bulimia

repeated cycle of binging coupled with behaviors to compensate (purging laxatives etc) often avg weight or somewhat heavy

risky driving gender study

risky deriving behavior for male and female drivers and how it changes when youre alone vs. with a male vs. with a female males are horrible with another man but fine when alone; female drivers tend to be safer than males in general but about even for all conditions

how is the theory of planned behavior and social condition theory similar?

self efficacy and perceived behavioral control are similar concepts. both of these theories say theres a role of confidence involved. perceived behavioral control can feed into intention via the theory of planned behavior BUT can also directly feed into behavior in social cognitive

die hard study

showed males die hard and filled out their likelihood to smoke; those who identified with the protagonist were more likely to smoke and increased desires to smoke in those who already smoked

conscientiousness and life span study

smarter and more dependable kids have better health outcomes such as life expectancy; IQ test fathers socioeconomic status etc. then saw their life expectancy through life; found the more intelligent and conscientious kids had a longer life expectancy

multiple regulation model

smoking is initially used to regulate emotions but over time, smokers emotions become linked with how much nicotine they have in their blood physiological reaction & repeated pairing/conditioning; says its not linked with how you feel, but how much nicotine is in your blood

nicotine regulation model

smoking is rewarding only when the LEVEL of nicotine is above a certain set point in the body; based off of tolerance, only feels good when its adequate or enough

situational factors (obesity theory)

social influences: -presence of others (eat more with people) -social networks (fat people associate with fat people) culture: -portion size -availability of healthy food (price)

direct effects hypothesis

social support benefits health regardless of level of stress

buffering hypothesis

social support provides a buffer from such daily life stress and thus is particularly beneficial to health during times of stress when things are good you don't need it, when they're bad you really need it

the downside of social support

sometimes the supports not useful (ex. me: "i feel like shit" dre:"let's drink!!!")

implementation intentions

specific plans of how where and when to preform a behavior; the gap between intention and action (ex. deciding to vote before or after work is a stronger predictor of voting than when people just say theyre going to but dont plan it)

college students and weight beliefs study

sruveyed incoming college students and seniors and asked how much other people weigh/exercise etc. and found that everyone thinks other people exercise and care about being thin more than me; theres an adjusting to the norm thing for older students

risk of injury: infancy & childhood- age 10-14

suicide car accident homicide

Boston Marathon 911 study

surveyed NY and Boston people to ask about exposure to different events and their reactions; didn't find differences in acute stress; people exposed to these things were more sensitized than others; found you didnt have to be there to be sensitized bc of media but it was different type of sensitization than if you were there in person

subclinical disordered eating

symptoms of disordered eating that doesn't meet the diagnostic criteria

perceived behavioral control

the extent to which a person believes that he or she can successfully enact a behavior (very similar to self efficacy)

health belief model

the likelihood of a person engaging in a behavior is a function of 5 factors: -susceptibility (belief about your risk ) -severity (how severe are consequences) -barriers (factors working against benefits) -benefits (factors working against barriers) -cues to action (any reminder about potential health problems that could motivate change in behavior) these 5 factors help me decide whether to engage in a behavior or not

message framing

the way that a behavior is presented and shifts in wording van significantly impact persuasiveness of a message gain framed: focus on the positive outcome that can be attained OR negative outcome that can be avoided by avoiding a behavior -ex. detect cancer early by getting mammograms -ex. using condoms prevent STDs and getting preg loss framed: focus on the negative outcomes that may occur from failing to adopt a behavior -ex. failing to wear a condom increases your risk of getting STDs personalized health promotion: can be the most effective; (adopt healthy behaviors, managing pain and illness, screening for health conditions all vary)

managing relapse

theories of addiction: -moral (self control) theory - disease model -social learning theory relapse prevention programs: -help people identify situations that may trigger relapse -help people learn new ways to cope with these situation

stress and the personality health link

type A people have higher stress

updates to models of stress response (cannon & seyle)

types of stressors -not one size fits out duration of stressors -short term has less impact than LT -individual differences in biological levels and tend-and-befriend (women prefer to affiliate with others during times of stress) -role of appraisal: the meaning of an event matters more than the actual event (primary: assess situation; secondary: assess resources available) -benefits of stress: pressure is good sometimes

types of unjury

unintentional and intentional

risk of injury: infancy & childhood- age >1

unintentional suffocation homicide car accident

whats driving the religion spirituality health link?

unknown, but could be: -healthier behavior? -social support -sense of meaning -more adaptive coping

precaution adoption process model

very similar to trans-theoretical but 7 stages 1) not even aware of the disease/problem (like pre-contemplation) 2) aware but dont believe theyre personally at risk (some smokers get addicted but i wont) 3) believe they're at risk but wont take protective action (contemplation) key decision point here! Take action or dont 4) decide action is unnecessary 5) decide to take action 6) begin changing behavior 7) maintain behavior over time

observational learning/modeling

watching someone else engage in particular behavior and seeing or hearing its consequences (ex. kids watching smoking parents)

anorexia

weight loss, difficulties maintaining appropriate body eight for height and age, often involves distorted body image seen mostly in upperclass white women

cannon's fight or flight

when confronted with a stressor, your body reacts physiologically to either run from the stress or fight it off problem: immediate short term vs long term ongoing stressors (lion vs. poverty)

movie and snack choice study

when you're sad (sad vs. neutral vs. happy movie) you eat M&Ms not raisins

problem focused coping

you confront and change the stressor (take direct action make a plan)

conclusions on coping styles

you get the best effect when you match the coping style with the problem better to use problem focused: failing chem better to use emotion focused: making a hard decision both are important

tolerance

your body no longer responds at the same levels to a particular dose, but rather needs larger and larger doses to experience the same effects