health psych CH. 10
52. (p. 208) _____ involves a mindful distancing from the pain experience where patients are trained to control their emotional responses to pain.
#A. Acceptance and commitment therapy B. Counterirritation technique C. Relaxation technique D. Biofeedback training
15. (p. 199) ____ -fibers are unmyelinated nerve fibers, involved in polymodal pain, which transmit dull, aching pain.
#A. C B. A-delta C. B D. A-gamma
44. (p. 205) Which of the following is a traditionally used pain management method?
#A. Counterirritation B. Hypnosis C. Relaxation D. Biofeedback
49. (p. 207) _____ is a psychological pain management technique in which a patient turns his or her attention away from pain by focusing attention on an irrelevant and attention-getting stimulus.
#A. Distraction B. Biofeedback C. Acupuncture D. Counterirritation
34. (p. 203) Which of the following is a reason for chronic pain to get exacerbated?
#A. Inappropriate prior treatments B. Increased sympathetic arousal C. Appropriate prescription of medications D. Decreased stimulation of nociceptors
41. (p. 204) Which of the following is a disadvantage of using morphine as a painkiller?
#A. It can be addictive. B. It is ineffective in relieving chronic progressive pain. C. It is effective only when used in conjunction with other painkillers. D. It cannot be administered to women.
16. (p. 200) Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibres?
#A. Sensory aspects of pain are heavily determined by activity in the A-delta fibers. B. A-delta fibers are unmyelinated nerve fibers that are involved in polymodal pain. C. Dull, aching pain is typically transmitted to the cerebral cortex by A-delta fibers. D. A-delta fibers typically conduct pain signals at a slower rate than C-fibers.
5. (p. 196) Identify the true statement about pain from the following.
#A. The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is largely depends on how it is interpreted. B. Men typically show a greater sensitivity to pain compared to women. C. Cultural differences have no influence over the interpretation of pain. D. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain is usually short in duration and decreases with treatment and the passage of time.
14. (p. 199) A-delta fibers _____.
#A. are small, myelinated fibers. B. typically transmit dull, aching pain. C. cannot respond to mechanical pain. D. transmit pain signals at a slower rate than C-fibers.
24. (p. 201) Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not:
#A. decrease with treatment and the passage of time. B. carry an overlay of psychological distress. C. require individualized techniques for its management. D. increase in severity over time.
20. (p. 201) When acute anxiety reduces sensitivity to pain it is known as _____.
#A. stress-induced analgesia B. stimulation-produced analgesia C. primary hyperalgesia D. opioid-induced hyperalgesia
6. (p. 196) Athletes who continue to play, despite being injured, experience a reduction in pain sensitivity because of increased:
#A. sympathetic arousal. B. parasympathetic arousal. C. psychological distress. D. stimulation of nociceptors.
Obesity accounts for
14% to 20% of all cancer-related deaths
One team of researchers has calculated that if people around the world were to eat an adequate amount of fruits and vegetables, as many as
2.6 million deaths per year would be eliminated
68% of cancer victims live at least
5 years after their diagnosis
32. (p. 202) _____ pain varies in severity, persists for 6 months or longer, and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.
A. Acute #B. Chronic benign C. Recurrent acute D. Chronic progressive
48. (p. 206) _____ is defined as a disorder in which the small arteries in the extremities constrict, limiting blood flow and producing a cold, numb aching.
A. Alzheimer's disease #B. Raynaud's disease C. Parkinson's disease D. Hodgkin's disease
3. (p. 195) Which of the following is the most common reason for euthanasia?
A. Anxiety in a hospital setting B. Substantial cost of treatment #C. Inadequate relief from pain D. Prospect of surgery
11. (p. 197) Which of the following statements is true about chronic pain?
A. Behaviors that arise from chronic pain cannot be measured. #B. Patients with chronic pain disorders show significant loss of gray matter in certain regions of the brain. C. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain usually decreases with treatment and the passage of time. D. Most pain control techniques work well to control chronic pain but are less successful with acute pain.
35. (p. 203) How does compensation provide an incentive for being in pain?
A. By increasing the ability of patients to continue with life activities uninterrupted #B. By increasing the perceived severity of pain C. By reducing the amount of disability experienced D. By reducing the amount of distress that is reported
42. (p. 204) _____ is a pain control technique that completely eliminates the feeling of pain.
A. Counterirritation #B. Spinal block C. Distraction D. Relaxation
50. (p. 207) Jay fractures his left leg while playing football and now suffers from chronic post-surgical pain. His doctor recommends a psychological technique for pain management. Hence, whenever Jay experiences pain, he listens to his favorite music while trying out new recipes. This helps him deal more effectively with the pain and also helps in reducing the intensity of pain. Which of the following techniques is Jay using to control his pain?
A. Counterirritation B. Biofeedback C. Hypnosis #D. Distraction
47. (p. 206) _____ is a psychological technique for the management of pain and can be thought of as an operant learning process.
A. Counterirritation B. Distraction #C. Biofeedback D. Spinal cord stimulation
46. (p. 206) Which of the following is a psychological technique for managing pain?
A. Counterirritation B. Spinal cord stimulation C. Spinal block #D. Biofeedback
1. (p. 195) Which of the following statements is true of pain?
A. From a medical practitioner's perspective, pain is never a by-product of a disorder. B. It is always easy for individuals to describe pain objectively. #C. It is the symptom most likely to lead an individual to seek treatment. D. Sympathetic arousal that occurs in response to vigorous sports increases pain sensitivity.
36. (p. 203) Which of the following characteristics is most likely to be displayed by patients suffering from chronic pain?
A. Increased communication with family members B. Preference for loud noises C. Reduced pain behavior #D. Discomfort against bright lights
25. (p. 201) Which of the following is an important feature of chronic pain?
A. It typically disappears with the passage of time. #B. It typically begins with an acute pain episode. C. It typically presents psychological profiles that are identical to acute pain. D. It typically lasts for 6 months or less.
33. (p. 202) _____ pain is due to an unidentifiable physical cause.
A. Nociceptive B. Phantom C. Neurogenic #D. Psychogenic
38. (p. 204) _____ is a personality attribute that is associated with chronic pain.
A. Openness to experience B. Agreeableness C. Increased self-esteem #D. Introversion
40. (p. 204) _____ means that a patient no longer feels anything in an area of the body that once hurt.
A. Pain threshold B. Pain sensitivity C. Pain behavior #D. Pain control
9. (p. 199) _____ refers to pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage.
A. Phantom limb sensation B. Thermal damage C. Mechanical nociception #D. Polymodal nociception
12. (p. 197) _____ is a functional pain disorder in which there is no clear tissue damage present.
A. Polymyositis #B. Fibromyalgia C. Hematoma D. Tumefaction
4. (p. 195) Which of the following statements is true about physical pain and social pain?
A. Psychological distress is a key component of physical pain but not social pain. B. There are no similarities in the way that social and physical pain are experienced. #C. Social pain relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry as physical pain. D. Physical pain and social pain are mutually exclusive.
53. (p. 209) Which of the following is a goal of an individualized pain management program?
A. Reducing physical activity B. Increasing reliance on medication #C. Reducing perception of disability D. Increasing the use of health care services
39. (p. 204) According to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, which of the following is commonly referred to as the neurotic triad?
A. Social introversion, anxiety, and schizophrenia B. Depression, delusion, and paranoia C. Anxiety, stress, and hysteria #D. Hypochondriasis, hysteria, and depression
37. (p. 204) Which of the following best describes a pain-prone personality?
A. Societal factors that force an individual to experience pain more intensely #B. A constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain C. An individual's congenital traits that make him or her more vulnerable to pain D. Individuals with personality traits that predispose them to deliberate self-injury
45. (p. 205) _____ is a sensory technique of inhibiting pain where a set of small electrodes is placed near the point at which the nerve fibers from the painful area enter the spinal cord. When the patient experiences pain, he or she activates a radio signal, which delivers a mild electrical stimulus to that area of the spine.
A. Spinal block #B. Spinal cord stimulation C. Acupuncture D. Biofeedback
26. (p. 202) Which of the following statements best describes recurrent acute pain?
A. The pain is constant and varies in severity, typically persists for 6 months or longer, and is relatively unresponsive to treatment. B. The pain typically goes on for 6 months or less and disappears when the tissue damage is repaired. C. It involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, due to a malignant condition, and typically lasts longer than 6 months. #D. It involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition repeats for more than 6 months.
28. (p. 201) Which of the following is a difference between acute pain and chronic pain?
A. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain has no psychological significance. B. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not require individualized techniques for its management. C. Acute pain involves a more complex interaction of physiological, psychological, social, and behavioral components than chronic pain. #D. Most pain control techniques work well to control acute pain, but are less successful with chronic pain.
22. (p. 201) Which of the following statements is a characteristic of acute pain?
A. Unlike chronic pain, acute pain usually goes on for 6 months or more. #B. Acute pain is usually short in duration compared to chronic pain. C. Acute pain usually presents psychological profiles that are identical to chronic pain. D. Unlike chronic pain, acute pain is usually unresponsive to treatment.
29. (p. 202) Temporomandibular disorder and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____ pain.
A. acute #B. recurrent acute C. chronic benign D. chronic progressive
31. (p. 202) Migraine headache is an example of _____ pain.
A. acute B. chronic benign #C. recurrent acute D. chronic progressive
13. (p. 197) Patients with chronic pain disorders:
A. always present clear tissue damage. B. are characterized by the deactivation of nociceptors in the peripheral nerves. #C. show significant loss of gray matter in the prefrontal, cingular, and insular cortex. D. always present psychological profiles which are identical to patients with acute pain.
2. (p. 195) According to a medical provider, pain:
A. and the severity of an underlying problem are always independent of each other. #B. is a by-product of a disorder and is often considered to be unimportant. C. can always be easily and objectively described by patients. D. has no psychological significance.
21. (p. 201) Typically, endogenous opioid peptides:
A. are pain control drugs manufactured from plants. #B. require additional factors to trigger their arousal. C. exacerbate the transmission of pain signals. D. increase sensitivity to pain.
17. (p. 200) C-fibers:
A. are small, myelinated fibers that transmit sharp pain. #B. strongly influence the affective and motivational elements of pain. C. respond to mechanical or thermal pain but not to polymodal pain. D. typically transmit pain signals more rapidly than A-delta fibers.
18. (p. 200) The periductal gray is a structure in the _____ that provides pain relief when stimulated.
A. cerebellum B. occipital lobe C. meninges #D. midbrain
23. (p. 201) Typically, acute pain:
A. does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time. B. persists for 6 months or longer and increases in severity over time. #C. results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage. D. always requires individualized pain control techniques for its management.
54. (p. 210) Cognitive behavioral techniques are helpful in the treatment of pain because it helps to instill _____ in a patient.
A. drug dependency B. neuroticism C. introversion #D. self-efficacy
51. (p. 207) Distraction is most effective in coping with:
A. high-intensity pain. #B. low-level pain. C. chronic progressive pain. D. severe pain.
43. (p. 205) Surgical techniques to control pain involve:
A. inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area. B. using spinal blocking agents to decrease the transmission of pain impulses from the peripheral receptors to the spinal cord. C. providing biophysiological feedback to a patient about some bodily process of which the patient is usually unaware. #D. creating lesions in pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations can no longer be conducted.
27. (p. 202) Typically, chronic progressive pain:
A. involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition repeats for more than 6 months. B. involves constant pain that varies in severity, persists for 6 months or longer, and is relatively unresponsive to treatment. #C. is associated with degenerative disorders, involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, and lasts longer than 6 months. D. goes on for 6 months or less and disappears when the tissue damage is repaired.
7. (p. 197) One barrier to the treatment of pain is that:
A. pain behavior cannot be measured. B. the psychological profiles for acute and chronic pain are always identical. #C. it is difficult for people to objectively describe pain. D. physical pain and social pain are mutually exclusive.
10. (p. 199) The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the _____ theory of pain.
A. peripheral pattern B. three dimensions C. intensive #D. gate-control
30. (p. 202) Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are degenerative disorders that are typically associated with _____.
A. recurrent acute pain B. chronic benign pain #C. chronic progressive pain D. acute pain
19. (p. 200) Neurons in the periductal gray connect to the reticular formation in the medulla which makes connections with the neurons in the _____ of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
A. subarachnoid space B. substantia nigra C. septomarginal fasciculus #D. substantia gelatinosa
8. (p. 199) Nociception is the _____ of pain.
A. symptom B. management C. suppression #D. perception
_____ involves a mindful distancing from the pain experience, where patients are trained to control their emotional responses to pain.
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Which of the following statements is a characteristic of acute pain?
Acute pain is usually short in duration compared to chronic pain.
Percent increase for melanoma in people who use tanning beds
An international comprehensive review of research found a 75% increase in melanoma risk among people who used tanning beds in their teenage and young adult years
65. (p. 201-202) Discuss the differences between acute and chronic pain.
Answers will vary Feedback: Acute pain typically results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage, such as a wound or broken limb. As such, it typically disappears when the tissue damage is repaired. Acute pain is usually short in duration and is defined as pain that goes on for 6 months or less. Although it can produce substantial anxiety, anxiety dissipates once painkillers are administered or the injury begins to heal. Chronic pain typically begins with an acute episode, but unlike acute pain, it does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time. The distinction between acute and chronic pain is important in clinical management for several reasons. Firstly, acute and chronic pain presents different psychological profiles. Secondly, most pain control techniques work well to control acute pain, but are less successful with chronic pain which requires individualized techniques for its management. Thirdly, chronic pain involves a more complex interaction of physiological, psychological, social, and behavioral components than acute pain.
68. (p. 206) Explain biofeedback and relaxation techniques for pain management.
Answers will vary Feedback: Biofeedback involves providing biophysiological feedback to a patient about some bodily process that the patient is usually unaware of. Biofeedback training can be thought of as an operant learning process. First, the target function to be brought under control, such as blood pressure or heart rate, is identified. This function is then tracked by a machine, which provides information to the patient. The patient then attempts to change the bodily process. Through trial and error, and continuous feedback from the machine, the patient learns what thoughts or behaviors will modify the bodily function. Relaxation training has been employed with pain patients extensively, either alone or in concert with other pain control techniques. In relaxation, an individual shifts his or her body into a state of low arousal by progressively relaxing different parts of the body. It enables them to cope more successfully with stress and anxiety, which may also ameliorate pain. Relaxation may also affect pain directly in some cases.
67. (p. 204-205) What is pain control? Briefly explain the traditional methods of controlling pain.
Answers will vary Feedback: Pain control can mean several things. It can mean that a patient no longer feels anything in an area that once hurt. It can mean that the person feels sensation but not pain. It can mean that he or she feels pain, but is no longer concerned about it. It can also mean that a person is still hurt, but is now able to tolerate it. The three traditional methods of controlling pain are pharmacological, surgical, and sensory techniques. Pharmacological control of pain is through the administration of drugs such as morphine. Surgical treatment involves cutting or creating lesions in the so-called pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations can no longer be conducted. The most common sensory method of controlling pain is counterirritation, which involves inhibiting pain in one part of the body by stimulating or mildly irritating another area.
69. (p. 208-209) Describe the design and implementation of pain management programs.
Answers will vary Feedback: Pain management programs are interdisciplinary efforts that employ neurological, cognitive, behavioral, and psychological expertise concerning pain. The implementation of these programs has several steps: 1) Initial Evaluation - Patients are evaluated with respect to their pain and pain behaviors. 2) Individualized Treatment - They provide concrete aims, rules, and endpoints so that the patient has specific goals to achieve. 3) Components of Programs - This includes patient education, measures to reduce pain, group therapy, and interventions. 4) Involvement of Family - Many pain management programs involve families. An important goal of family therapy is to help family members develop more positive perceptions of each other. 5) Relapse Prevention - This is included so that patients do not backslide once they are discharged from the program. Relapse prevention techniques that help patients continue their pain management skills can maintain posttreatment pain reduction.
66. (p. 201) Explain the importance of social and psychological components of pain.
Answers will vary Feedback: The psychological and social components of pain are important because they are an integral aspect of the pain experience, and influence the likelihood of successful pain control. Chronic pain management is complicated, and it must be thought of not as merely addressing a pain that simply goes on for a long time but as an unfolding complex physiological, psychological, and behavioral experience that evolves over time into a syndrome. By the time a pain patient is adequately treated, this complex interaction of physiological, psychological, social, and behavioral components is tightly integrated making it difficult to modify.
What are the primary contributors to cancer?
Behavior and lifestyle are primary contributors to cancer, making it possible for the rates of cancer to change over relatively short periods.
_____ is a psychological technique for the management of pain and can be thought of as an operant learning process.
Biofeedback
_____ are unmyelinated nerve fibers, involved in polymodal pain, that transmit dull, aching pain.
C-fibers
How can cancer patients be helped in coping with their disease? can increase survival time.
Cancer patients usually benefit from social support from spouse, family, and health care providers, but the type and timing of support affect its benefits. Support groups offer another type of support that is beneficial to some cancer patients, especially in allowing the expression of emotion. Therapists can use cognitive behavioral methods to assist cancer patients in coping with some of the negative aspects of cancer treatments and adjusting to their disease, thus increasing the quality of life for cancer patients, but no evidence exists that psychosocial factors
_____ pain varies in severity, persists for six months or longer, and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.
Chronic benign
Cancer Interventions:
Cognitive behavioral ,Pharmalogic, Support groups
_____ is a psychological pain management technique in which a patient turns his or her attention away from pain by focusing attention on an irrelevant and attention-getting stimulus.
Distraction
56. (p. 197) The childbirth experience and the perception of pain associated with it is uniform for all women across different cultures.
FALSE
57. (p. 197) Pain is easy to treat because patients are comfortable describing it objectively.
FALSE
58. (p. 199) Emotional factors have no effect on the experience of pain.
FALSE
63. (p. 208) Typically, catastrophic thinking reduces the pain experience.
FALSE
_____ is a functional pain disorder in which there is no clear tissue damage present.
Fibromyalgia
How much sun exposure for sufficient vitamin D?
In addition to the usual dietary supply of vitamin D, as little as 5 to 10 minutes of sun exposure of the arms and legs or the arms, hands, and face two or three times a week seems sufficient
_____ is a personality attribute that is associated with chronic pain.
Introversion
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using morphine as a painkiller?
It can be addictive, and patients may build up a tolerance to it
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using morphine as a painkiller?
It can be addictive, and patients may build up a tolerance to it.
Which of the following statements best describes recurrent acute pain?
It involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition repeats for more than six months
Which of the following is an important feature of chronic pain?
It typically begins with an acute pain episode.
Two common forms of AIDS related cancers are
Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Characteristics of someone at risk for skin cancer
Light-skinned, fair-haired, blue-eyed individuals are more likely than dark-skinned people to develop skin cancer, and much of the damage occurs with sun exposure during childhood
_____ is a pain perception that results from a physical damage to the tissues of the body.
Mechanical nociception
Which of the following is a difference between acute pain and chronic pain?
Most pain control techniques work well to control acute pain, but are less successful with chronic pain.
Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibers?
NOT: A-delta fibers are unmyelinated nerve fibers that are involved in polymodal pain.
Why are endogenous opioid peptides important to our body?
NOT: They contribute to the strong emotions often experienced during pain.
Which type of pain can produce a high degree of psychological complications, such as anxiety and depression?
NOT: acute pain
Cancer treatments:
Oncologists: Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Hormonal Treatments Immunotherapy
_____, such as distortions in posture or gait, facial and audible expressions of distress, and avoidance of activities, arise from chronic pain.
Pain behaviors
_____ means that a patient no longer feels anything in an area of the body that once hurt.
Pain control
Which of the following statements is true about chronic pain?
Patients with chronic pain disorders show significant loss of gray matter in certain regions of the brain.
_____ refers to pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage.
Polymodal nociception
_____ is defined as a disorder in which the small arteries in the extremities constrict, limiting blood flow and producing a cold, numb aching.
Raynaud's disease
Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibers?
Sensory aspects of pain are heavily determined by activity in the A-delta fibers.
_____ is a pain control technique that completely eliminates the feeling of pain.
Spinal block
_____ is a sensory technique of inhibiting pain where a set of small electrodes is placed near the point at which the nerve fibers from the painful area enter the spinal cord. When the patient experiences pain, he or she activates a radio signal, which delivers a mild electrical stimulus to that area of the spine.
Spinal cord stimulation
55. (p. 195) Pain has social causes and consequences.
TRUE
59. (p. 199) Nociceptors in the peripheral nerves first sense injury and, in response, release chemical messengers, which are conducted to the spinal cord.
TRUE
60. (p. 201) The brain controls the amount of pain an individual experiences by transmitting messages down the spinal cord to block the transmission of pain signals.
TRUE
61. (p. 203) Chronic pain is not necessarily present every moment, but the fact that it is chronic forces sufferers to organize their lives around it.
TRUE
62. (p. 208) In cognitive behavioral therapy, patients are taught how and when to employ overt and covert behaviors in order to make adaptive responses to a pain problem.
TRUE
64. (p. 209) Relapse prevention techniques that help patients continue their pain management skills can maintain posttreatment pain reduction.
TRUE
Why are endogenous opioid peptides important to our body?
They are the natural pain suppression system of the body.
Why are minor pains critical for survival?
They provide low-level feedback about the functioning of our body systems.
Which of the following best describes a pain-prone personality?
a constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain
Jay fractured his left leg while playing football and now suffers from chronic postsurgical pain. His doctor recommended a psychological technique for pain management. Now, whenever Jay experiences pain, he listens to his favorite music while trying out new recipes. This helps him deal more effectively with the pain and also helps in reducing the intensity of pain. Which of the following techniques is Jay using to control his pain?
a. counterirritation b. biofeedback c. hypnosis d. distraction
A-delta fibers:
are small, myelinated fibers.
The most dangerous characteristic of tumor cells is their
autonomy—that is, their ability to grow without regard to the needs of other body cells and without being subject to the restraints of growth that govern other cells.
Which of the following characteristics is most likely to be displayed by patients suffering from chronic pain?
avoidance of loud noises
Which of the following is a similarity between physical pain and social pain?
b. Both social and physical pain enhance the neurobiological effects of the brain. c. Social pain relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry as physical pain. d. Physical pain and social pain are mutually exclusive.
Leukemias are cancers that originate in the
blood or blood-forming cells, such as stem cells in the bone marrow. These three types of cancers—carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias— account for more than 95% of malignancies.
How does compensation provide an incentive for being in pain?
by increasing the perceived severity of pain
In _____, an individual shifts his or her body into a state of low arousal by progressively loosening different parts of the body.
c. coping skills training d. relaxation
Malignant growths fall into four main groups:
carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas.
Exposure to another sexually transmitted virus—the human papillomavirus, or HPV—increases risk for two types of cancer:
cervical cancer and oral cancer.
Men's sex practices can also increase female partners' likelihood of getting
cervical cancer. When men have multiple sex partners, specifically with women who have had many sex partners, their female sex partners are at increased risk of cervical cancer.
Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are degenerative disorders that are typically associated with:
chronic progressive pain
dietary fat is also a risk for cancer, especially
colon cancer
Consumption of preserved meat (such as ham, bacon, and hot dogs) raises the risk of
colorectal cancer (Williams & Hord, 2005). A possible risk associated with red meat is the method of cooking; charred, smoked, or overcooked red meats may be a factor in this risk and saltcured or heavily salted meats also raise risks for stomach cancer
Sarcomas are cancers that arise from cells in
connective tissue, such as bone, muscles, and cartilage.
Which of the following methods is one of the oldest known techniques of pain control?
counterirritation
Surgical techniques to control pain involve:
creating lesions in pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations can no longer be conducted.
Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not:
decrease with treatment and the passage of time.
During the past 50 years, the relationship between melanoma mortality rates and geographic latitude has gradually
decreased; residence in areas of the United States with high ultraviolet radiation is no longer a risk factor for melanoma but remains a risk for other types of skin cancer
Which of the following is a barrier to the treatment of pain?
difficulty faced by patients in objectively describing pain
Which of the following characteristics is most likely to be displayed by patients suffering from chronic pain?
discomfort because of bright lights
Carcinomas are cancers of the
epithelial tissue, cells that line the outer and inner surfaces of the body, such as skin, stomach lining, and mucous membranes.
Obesity is strongly related to cancer of the
esophagus, breast (in postmenopausal women), endometrium, and kidney.
Many patients who receive radiation therapy anticipate their treatment with
fear and anxiety, dreading loss of hair, burns, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and sterility.
Aflatoxin is a
fungus that grows on improperly stored grains and peanuts; exposure to this toxin increases the risk for liver cancer
The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the _____ theory of pain.
gate-control
Cancer is a
group of diseases characterized by the presence of new cells that grow and spread beyond control.
Cancer of the lungs, breast, prostate, and colon/rectum account for about
half of all cancer deaths in the United States, and mortality rates for each of these sites are currently declining.
Which of the following is the most common reason for euthanasia?
inadequate relief from pain
Which of the following is a reason for chronic pain to get exacerbated?
inappropriate prior treatments
For a medical provider, pain:
is a by-product of a disorder, and it complicates diagnosis.
Typically, chronic progressive pain:
is associated with degenerative disorders, involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, and lasts longer than six months.
Distraction is most effective in coping with:
low-level pain.
lymphoma, a cancer of the
lymphatic system, which is one of the rarer types of cancer.
Kaposi's sarcoma is a
malignancy characterized by soft, dark blue or purple nodules on the skin, often with large lesions.
Neoplastic cells may be benign or
malignant, although the distinction is not always easy to determine.
HPV-related oral cancer is twice as common in
men as women (Chaturvedi,
The periductal gray is a structure in the _____ that provides pain relief when stimulated.
midbrain
alcohol does increase risk for cancers of the
mouth, esophagus, breast, and liver
Eating a diet rich in carotenoids probably lowers the risk of cancer of the
mouth, larynx, pharynx, and lungs; high betacarotene intake has a similar benefit for the risk of cancer of the esophagus, as does a diet rich in vitamin C.
Cancer patients treated with chemotherapy experience some combination of
nausea, vomiting, fatigue, loss of coordination, decreased ability to concentrate, depression, weight change, loss of appetite, sleep problems, and hair loss.
the most common of cancer is the presence of
neoplastic tissue cells, which have nearly unlimited growth that robs the host of nutrients and that yields no compensatory beneficial effects.
What symptoms is most likely to cause a person to seek treatment?
pain
Abdominal fat is a risk not only for cardiovascular disease but also for cancer of the
pancreas, endometrium, and kidney.
People who eat foods high in folate, one of the B vitamins, probably decrease their chances of developing
pancreatic cancer.
Which of the following features is a component of pain management programs?
patient education
Men's sexual practices can also increase the risk of
prostate cancer.
Pain serves as a(n) _____ mechanism to alert a person to damage.
protective
synergistic effect with smoking, so studies of different populations may yield
quite different risk factor rates, depending on the combination of risks that cigarette smokers have in addition to their risk as a smoker.
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
rapidly growing tumors spread through the circulatory or lymphatic system.
Migraine headache is an example of _____ pain.
recurrent acute
Temporomandibular disorder and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____ pain.
recurrent acute
Which of the following is a goal of an individualized pain management program?
reducing perception of disability
benign growths tend to remain localized, whereas malignant tumors tend to
spread and establish secondary colonies.
When acute anxiety reduces sensitivity to pain, it is known as:
stress-induced analgesia
C-fibers:
strongly influence the affective and motivational elements of pain.
Neurons in the periductal gray connect to the reticular formation in the medulla which makes connections with the neurons in the _____ of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
substantia gelatinosa
The three most common therapies are also the three most stressful:
surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Athletes who continue to play, despite being injured, experience a reduction in pain sensitivity because of increased:
sympathetic arousal
Risks from smoking, drinking, and sun exposure can have a
synergistic effect, multiplying the chances of developing cancer.
high-fat diet also contributes to high cholesterol levels, which appeared as a risk factor for
testicular cancer in men—raising the risk 4.5 times
Selenium is a
trace element found in grain products and in meat from grain-fed animals.
Beta-carotene is one of the carotenoids, a form of
vitamin A found abundantly in foods such as carrots and sweet potatoes.
