Health Psych Ch 3
Which of these statements expresses a healthy attitude toward seeking medical care? "I believe that if I feel well, I'm healthy." "Only severe symptoms of a disease are worth worrying about." Correct! "When I don't understand my doctor's explanations or instructions, I'll ask questions until I do understand." "When facing a stressful medical procedure, I try not to think about it."
"When I don't understand my doctor's explanations or instructions, I'll ask questions until I do understand."
Who is most likely to seek health care? Correct! A 55-year-old woman with a rapid heartbeat A 26-year-old man with a sprained ankle A 70-year-old woman who attributes her symptoms to age An unemployed 30-year-old mother with four children
A 55-year-old woman with a rapid heartbeat
What is the relationship between adult aging and seeking medical care? Adults always seek medical care more frequently as they age. Adults attribute symptoms to aging, and seek health care less. Correct! Adults avoid or delay care if they attribute symptoms to aging. Adults seek care sooner when they attribute symptoms to aging.
Adults avoid or delay care if they attribute symptoms to aging.
What do researchers like Leape and Berwick (2005) recommend hospitals do regarding medical errors? Assign blame to the persons responsible for them. Focus on successes rather than focus on mistakes. Correct! Analyze the systems that enable errors to happen. Analyze the staff interactions that result in errors.
Analyze the systems that enable errors to happen.
Aspden and colleagues at the Institute of Medicine (2007) found that medication errors in hospitals averaged one per patient per day. How would you best evaluate this estimate? Correct! As an unacceptable figure for medication errors As a low error level in terms of hospital settings As an acceptable level of errors within hospitals As an estimate of errors that is highly inaccurate
As an unacceptable figure for medication errors
According to your text, which of the following is an example of a patient-focused intervention to reduce medical errors? Making the typical nurse shift shorter Correct Answer Asking doctors if they washed hands Making a typical doctor shift shorter You Answered Averting errors via computer systems
Asking doctors if they washed hands
In a group of college students participating in a research study, some are told by an experimenter that their blood pressure measurements are high, and some that theirs are normal. Later, those told of high readings report additional symptoms of hypertension. According to Leventhal's research, why? Because they really did have hypertension Because the feedback caused them anxiety Correct Answer Because a label influenced their perception You Answered Because a label raised symptom awareness
Because a label influenced their perception
In a group of college students participating in a research study, some are told by an experimenter that their blood pressure measurements are high, and some that theirs are normal. Later, those told of high readings report additional symptoms of hypertension. According to Leventhal's research, why? Because they really did have hypertension Because the feedback caused them anxiety Correct! Because a label influenced their perception Because a label raised symptom awareness
Because a label influenced their perception
Ian has recently begun to notice several different symptoms he has never had before and is concerned they could indicate some disease. If he is like most people, what is the first thing he will do? You Answered Go see his primary care doctor. Consult a specialist physician. Correct Answer Consult a lay referral network. Most people would do nothing.
Consult a lay referral network.
According to David Mechanic, which of these symptom characteristics is LEAST likely to determine people's response to illness? Correct Answer Cost of treatment and hospitalization You Answered Perceived severity of the illness Visibility of the symptoms The extent to which the symptoms interfere with normal daily functioning
Cost of treatment and hospitalization
A young child is crying because the pediatrician is about to remove her bandage and she is afraid it will hurt. She begs her father, "Tell him not to do it, Daddy!" Daddy responds, "Talk to Mommy," and as the child turns to her mother, the doctor swiftly removes the bandage before the little girl can anticipate or even feel any pain. Astonished at how quickly and easily it is over, she stops crying. Based on research findings, which factor was effective in this case? Correct! Distraction Reassurance Confidence Modeling
Distraction
Which of the following health services is most commonly covered by health insurance policies in America? Eyeglasses Dental care Correct! Doctor visits Mental health
Doctor visits
Of all ethnic groups, _____ are the most likely to report a visit to a physician. Asian Americans Correct! European Americans African Americans Mexican Americans
European Americans
Which of the following is an example of an institutional intervention whereby hospitals may decrease medical errors? Getting patients to inform physicians of their names Getting personnel to wash hands in between patients Correct! Getting computer systems to identify possible errors Getting patients to correct errors made by personnel
Getting computer systems to identify possible errors
Suppose you develop a headache, sneezing, and coughing. If these symptoms are from a common cold virus, it will run its course in about a week. But if they are from a bacterial infection (e.g., sinusitis, bronchitis), a 10-day course of antibiotics your doctor can prescribe will usually resolve it. What should you probably do? Correct! Go to the doctor if you don't feel better after one week. Go to the doctor immediately for differential diagnosis. Go to the doctor if your symptoms last beyond a month. Go to the doctor only if your symptoms become worse.
Go to the doctor if you don't feel better after one week.
Fadil, a Serb, is a member of an ethnic minority living in London. Since England has socialized medicine, he does not need private health insurance to access health care. What is most typical for his demographic when he experiences symptoms related to cancer? Correct! He is likely to delay seeking care longer. He is likely to pursue health care sooner. He is likely to avoid seeking health care. He is likely to go to an emergency room.
He is likely to delay seeking care longer.
Why did Lance Armstrong put off seeking medical care for the symptoms he noticed? He was concerned about the expenses of medical care. Correct! He was in denial that he was sick and ignored the pain. He did not know how to get a referral to a specialist. He knew an illness would have no impact on his career.
He was in denial that he was sick and ignored the pain.
Sarah recently obtained health insurance and is looking for a new doctor. Which statement is most accurate about the relationships between choosing a practitioner and health insurance? Her insurance will have no real effect on her choice of practitioner. Correct Answer Her insurance will make Sarah more likely to pursue medical care. You Answered Her insurance, like all policies, only covers in-network physicians. Her insurance, like all policies, covers any practitioner she chooses.
Her insurance will make Sarah more likely to pursue medical care.
What publicity have toxic drug reactions in hospitals received in recent years? Wide publicity but little public concern Strong public concern but little publicity Correct! High publicity, concern; little reduction Low publicity and concern, no reduction
High publicity, concern; little reduction
The five beliefs defined as components of Leventhal's model of disease conceptualization are found to predict patients' distress levels, whether or when they will seek health care, and how well they will manage their disease. Petrie and colleagues' research with asthma patients found that giving patients accurate information about those five components also improved which of them? The amounts of distress patients experience Whether or not patients seek out health care Correct! How well the patients manage their disease How soon the patients will seek health care
How well the patients manage their disease
Fred has symptoms of indigestion that bother him. People in his lay referral network urge him to change his current high-fat, spicy diet. What is most true about this? It is unusual that they would not tell him to see a doctor instead. It is unusual that he would consult them before seeing a doctor. It would be more typical if they advised an alternative therapy. Correct! It is typical that he would consult them before seeing a doctor.
It is typical that he would consult them before seeing a doctor.
Which of these people is most likely to seek health care? Mildred is 72 years old and simply does not feel well. She refers to her symptoms as "the crud." Correct! Melvin is a 63-year-old owner of his own profitable business. He began to feel chest pains yesterday and is concerned. Elmer is 68 years old, never married, and lives alone. For the past 2 years, Elmer has experienced "shortness of breath." Ida is 92 years old and feels fine. However, she is lonely and would "like to talk to someone about her health."
Melvin is a 63-year-old owner of his own profitable business. He began to feel chest pains yesterday and is concerned.
Which of these factors was NOT among the factors identified by Howard Leventhal as a component in the conceptualization of illness? Identification of the disease Correct! Monetary cost of the illness and treatment Cause of the disease Consequences of the disease
Monetary cost of the illness and treatment
What did a 2009 study reveal about the cost of medical care in the United States? Correct! More than half of people filing bankruptcy did so due to medical costs. Medical costs caused hardship but not bankruptcy for most Americans. People who had catastrophic illnesses never needed to file bankruptcy. Only people without health insurance were bankrupted by medical cost.
More than half of people filing bankruptcy did so due to medical costs.
Among Segall's sick role rights and responsibilities, making health-related decisions typically applies most to whom? Correct! Parents Children The poor All of these
Parents
What is the best way to summarize a point made by your text's discussion of hospital errors? The goal of medical practice is ultimately to render it free of all errors. You Answered Systems that inhibit errors are more expensive but make patients safer. Systems to inhibit errors cut hospitalization cost but risk patient safety. Correct Answer Patient safety improves and costs lower via systems that inhibit errors.
Patient safety improves and costs lower via systems that inhibit errors.
Which of the following conclusions is most accurate about childhood vaccinations? Correct Answer People must not equate correlation with causation in experimental research. People find large-scale studies more convincing than emotional anecdotes. You Answered People seek answers elsewhere even when science has plenty of answers. People given new/different information will generally change their beliefs.
People must not equate correlation with causation in experimental research.
Patty and Selma both experience upper abdominal pain. Patty believes hers is from indigestion; Selma believes hers is from a heart condition. What is the most likely outcome? They will both seek medical care because they both have the same symptoms. Neither will seek medical care, as doctors discount women's heart symptoms. Patty will seek medical care first for a condition she thinks easily treatable. Correct! Selma will seek medical care first for a condition perceived as more severe.
Selma will seek medical care first for a condition perceived as more severe.
Tammy discovers a lump in her breast, but puts off calling a doctor. According to research by Leventhal, which is the LEAST likely reason she procrastinates? Correct Answer She does not recognize this as a cancer symptom. She is afraid that she will have to undergo surgery. She is afraid of the side-effects of chemo/radiation. You Answered She believes that she will die regardless of treatment.
She does not recognize this as a cancer symptom.
Muriel has chain-smoked for many years and now has initial symptoms consistent with lung cancer. Which applies most to what she may do? She is likely to seek medical care faster since she is aware of her higher risk. She is likely to seek care as much as non-smokers because cancer is serious. Correct! She is likely to seek care later because of the stigma of smoking and cancer. She is likely to seek care more than non-smokers as she knows her high risk.
She is likely to seek care later because of the stigma of smoking and cancer.
Suppose you want to do online research for a paper on global health issues. The website of which of the following would give you the information you need? The NIH The CDC Correct! The WHO The CFAH
The WHO
For many years, patients with peptic ulcers were told that stress was responsible—until scientists discovered it was not, and the bacterium Helicobacter pylori was responsible for the majority of cases. This relates to which component of conceptualizing disease described by Leventhal? The consequences of a disease Correct Answer The determination of causality You Answered The controllability of a disease The time line for the treatment
The determination of causality
Among factors influencing how people respond to medical symptoms, which of these is NOT classified as a personal factor? The amount of stress the person is under The person's personality traits Correct Answer The ethnic group the person belongs to You Answered The person's perception of his/her body
The ethnic group the person belongs to
Sisters Patty and Selma both had chest pains. Patty thought hers were from heartburn; Selma thought hers were from a heart attack. Their different reactions are determined most by which of the following? Correct! The identity of the disease The time line of the disease The cause(s) of the disease The outcome of the disease
The identity of the disease
According to research by David Mechanic, what LEAST motivates illness behavior? Correct Answer The objective observation that they do not have any symptoms. The subjective perceptions they have about their symptoms. You Answered The realization that their symptoms are persisting over time. The realization that their symptoms are worsening with time.
The objective observation that they do not have any symptoms.
If a patient does not make the decisions regarding health-related issues, what most accurately reflects how that patient can perform routine health care management? The patient can only perform management which s/he decided. Correct! The patient can comply with treatments decided by physicians. The patient who cannot make decisions can do no management. The patient must let decision-maker(s) perform all management.
The patient can comply with treatments decided by physicians.
Which factor influencing interactions between a patient and medical practitioner do your text authors describe as possibly the most important? The practitioner's personal characteristics Correct! The verbal communication between them The personal characteristics of the patient The technical expertise of the practitioner
The verbal communication between them
Lazarou and colleagues (1998) conducted a meta-analysis of research into adverse drug reactions. What did they find about deaths from prescription drugs? These deaths were partially due to incorrect prescriptions. You Answered These deaths were mostly caused by patient dosing errors. Correct Answer These deaths were despite proper prescription and dosing. These deaths were only new admissions for drug reactions.
These deaths were despite proper prescription and dosing.
What is the most accurate way to characterize the outcomes of hospital medication errors in the United States? They cause more illness in patients but not more deaths. They cause more deaths of patients but not more illness. They cause longer hospitalization duration but not costs. Correct! They cause more illness, death, and hospitalization costs.
They cause more illness, death, and hospitalization costs.
Which of these is NOT a reason that alternative medicine has recently become more popular with better-educated people? You Answered They share attitudes toward health and illness with alternative approaches. Correct Answer They have more education making them more knowledgeable of medicine. They have become dissatisfied with standard medical methods and results. They can better afford alternative care frequently not covered by insurance.
They have more education making them more knowledgeable of medicine.
Kira can relieve her chronic asthma symptoms by using her rescue inhaler. Sandy has tried many and varied treatments for years, but with little success. John, who is allergic to bee stings, always carries an Epi-Pen. Tommy had not considered steroids because of long-term side-effects, but his current inhaler is no longer managing his severe asthma episodes, and he has heard stronger medication can be more effective. Who is most likely to seek further medical treatment? Kira Sandy John Correct! Tommy
Tommy
In the United States, people are considered to be ill Correct! after they have been officially diagnosed by a health care provider. if they have an elevated temperature for at least 24 hours. when a disease process first begins. whenever they feel sick.
after they have been officially diagnosed by a health care provider.
Using modeling to help children in the hospital prepare for stressful medical procedures is not successful in helping children prepare for surgery but can help with less serious procedures. is successful with children but not with adolescents or adults. Correct! can be more successful than drugs when modeling is combined with a cognitive behavioral intervention. can be effective if the parents of the young patient are not allowed to participate.
can be more successful than drugs when modeling is combined with a cognitive behavioral intervention.
Margaret finds a lump in her breast but delays seeking medical attention because she is worried it might be breast cancer. According to Leventhal, Margaret is worried about the Correct! consequences of her disease. timeline of her disease. determination of her disease. identity of her disease.
consequences of her disease.
From the 20th to the 21st century, the predomination of physicians as medical providers ________, while the popularity of alternative health care providers_________. Correct! decreased; increased increased; decreased stabilized; increased decreased; stabilized
decreased; increased
Malone has been in the hospital for 2 weeks due to injuries from an automobile crash. Because he is hospitalized, he does not have to work; he receives three healthy meals a day; and most of his normal, everyday decisions are made for him. In such circumstances, Malone will probably enjoy his hospital stay. become addicted to pain medication. experience less stress than usual. Correct! experience more stress than usual.
experience more stress than usual.
Art has a high income and Kenny has a low income. As Americans, Art is likely to experience _______ symptoms, report_____ health, and be _______likely to seek medical care than Kenny is. Correct Answer fewer; better; more more; worse; less fewer; worse; more You Answered more; better; less
fewer; better; more
When people with chronic diseases view their conditions as acute, they experience greater management of illness. greater psychological distress. Correct! greater psychological comfort. greater medication overdoses.
greater psychological comfort.
Research has found that in the last decade and a half, medical errors in hospitals have decreased a lot. have increased a lot. have not increased. Correct! have not decreased.
have not decreased.
Jane and Betty are both experiencing fever and nausea. Jane's friend Myrna asks her if she is sick and tells her that she looks terrible, but when she sees Betty, Myrna says nothing about Betty's appearance. Research suggests that Jane is likely to seek health care but to advise Betty not to. Correct! is more likely than Betty to seek health care. will seek alternative health care rather than go to a physician. and Betty will both make appointments with a physician
is more likely than Betty to seek health care.
In America today, if somebody has a catastrophic illness and has health insurance coverage, the health insurance will cover all associated medical expenses. will not cover any of the medical expenses. Correct! may not cover many huge medical expenses. may cover all medical, plus other, expenses.
may not cover many huge medical expenses.
People experiencing high levels of stress are _____ likely to report symptoms and ______ likely to have their symptoms acknowledged as indicating a disease. more . . .more Correct Answer more . . .less You Answered less . . .less less . . .more
more . . .less
Cathy has a wealthy family and Wanda has a poor family. Both are U.S. citizens. Based on research, Wanda is _______likely to be hospitalized, _______likely to seek medical care, and _______likely to develop serious illness. less; more; less Correct Answer more; less; more You Answered less; less; more more; more; less
more; less; more
As of 2016, the NCHS found _______of Americans did not have health insurance. under 1/10 Correct! over 1/10 over 1/4 under 1/20
over 1/10
Patients' _________ with their practitioner can lead to patients following medical advice and continuing use of medical services, like obtaining checkups. payment plan Correct! satisfaction differences all of the above
satisfaction
Maud has not been feeling well due to a sore throat. She has taken aspirin and spent most of the day in bed. Her actions would be defined as Correct! sick role behavior. illness behavior. both a and b. neither a nor b.
sick role behavior.
To help people 65 years old and older, the United States Congress established the Health Maintenance Act. Medicaid. You Answered Medicare. Correct Answer the Dole/Clinton Act of 2001.
the Dole/Clinton Act of 2001.
Women and those with higher education are more likely to seek health information from their friends and family. Correct! the Internet. newspapers and magazines. television.
the Internet.
Which of these industrialized nations has the greatest restrictions on access to health care? France China Germany Correct! the United States
the United States
Although the terms "disease" and "illness" are often used interchangeably, they have somewhat different meanings. Technically, disease refers to psychological disorders. the experience of being sick. Correct! the process of physical damage. an existing, official diagnosi
the process of physical damage.
Most adults would profit from the techniques that hospitals use to prepare children for hospitalization. The main barrier to preparing all patients who undergo stressful medical procedures is that adults do not have the time for these procedures. Correct Answer these procedures add to medical costs. You Answered patients find the preparation as stressful as the procedures, so preparation adds to the overall stress of hospitalization. these procedures are not effective.
these procedures add to medical costs.
Women are more likely than men to seek health care, possibly because they feel less stress than men. they tend to be more introverted. they have more diseases than men. Correct! they may be more sensitive to their internal body status.
they may be more sensitive to their internal body status.
When diabetes patients viewed their illness as acute, rather than chronic, their illness management was You Answered better. Correct Answer worse. unchanged. better for a few months, then worse.
worse.
Sandra has Crohn's disease, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms. According to research findings, if Sandra is typical of most people, which factor will make her most likely to see a doctor? If she is experiencing the most severe instances of symptoms You Answered If her physical functioning is compromised by her symptoms If the quality of her life is sufficiently impaired by symptoms Correct Answer If she is sufficiently anxious about coping with the symptoms
If she is sufficiently anxious about coping with the symptoms
Andy has a chronic health condition but no health insurance. What is most accurate about his going to a hospital emergency room when he feels his symptoms are worse? It is necessary, as convenient care clinics require health insurance. It incurs less expense than physician practices and convenient care. Correct! It detracts from provision of care to patients having acute illnesses. It is inappropriate, as with a chronic condition, he cannot be sicker.
It detracts from provision of care to patients having acute illnesses.
What is possible about adverse outcomes from not having health insurance in America today? The only harm it causes is to the health of the uninsured. Correct! It may reduce care quality and raise costs for the insured. The only harm it causes is to overload emergency rooms. It may raise uninsured health crises, but not mortality risk.
It may reduce care quality and raise costs for the insured.
In the rights and responsibilities defined by Segall, he has conceived of American sick role behavior in a way that your text authors find erroneous. accurate. Correct! idealistic. realistic.
idealistic.
Edna waited almost 2 weeks after her sinuses started bothering her before she made the appointment to see her doctor. Making the appointment would be considered sick role behavior. Correct Answer illness behavior. psychotic behavior. You Answered health-seeking behavior.
illness behavior.
Finding a label for symptoms tends to catastrophize the problem. tends to make women believe that the problem is more serious but tends to make men believe that the problem is less serious. Correct! is an important component of personal understanding of illness. is less important than receiving support from family and professionals.
is an important component of personal understanding of illness.
Poor people, in comparison to wealthy people, utilize health care _______, and when they do their illnesses are _________. Correct! less often; severe less often; not severe more often; severe more often; not severe
less often; severe
The proportion of Americans using standard health care who also use alternative health care is ________ compared to the proportion of Americans using alternative health care who also use standard health care. bigger equal Correct! smaller similar
smaller
Parents who reassure children who are about to undergo stressful medical procedures, telling them that "There's nothing to be afraid of," provide effective models. decrease the anxiety level in their children, but raise it in themselves. are more effective than filmed models in helping a child cope with the stressful medical procedure. Correct! tend to increase rather than decrease their children's fears.
tend to increase rather than decrease their children's fears.
The "nonperson" treatment that hospital patients experience arises from Correct Answer the requirement that patients follow hospital routine. You Answered intentional efforts by hospitals to transfer control from patients to staff. physicians who do not care about their patients' well-being. all of these.
the requirement that patients follow hospital routine.
Gail has not been feeling well lately. According to the model of illness conceptualization described by Howard Leventhal and his colleagues, Gail is likely to deny her symptoms. Correct! try to label her symptoms in a non-threatening way. repress her symptoms and get to the point where she believes she does not experience them. exaggerate her symptoms and attempt to get all the sympathy she can.
try to label her symptoms in a non-threatening way.
